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1
Nguyen, Thanh-Danh, Van-Hai Nguyen, Jongwoo Song, Jongdeok An, Ngoc-Thuan Truong, Chi-Hien Dang, and Chan Im. "Molecular Weight-Dependent Physical and Photovoltaic Properties of Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s with Butyl, Hexyl, and Octyl Side-Chains." Polymers 13, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 3440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193440.
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A series of poly-3-alkylthiophenes (P3ATs) with butyl (P3BT), hexyl (P3HT), and octyl (P3OT) side-chains and well-defined molecular weights (MWs) were synthesized using Grignard metathesis polymerization. The MWs of P3HTs and P3OTs obtained via gel permeation chromatography agreed well with the calculated MWs ranging from approximately 10 to 70 kDa. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the crystalline melting temperature increased with increasing MWs and decreasing alkyl side-chain length, whereas the crystallinity of the P3ATs increased with the growth of MWs. An MW-dependent red shift was observed in the UV–Vis and photoluminiscence spectra of the P3ATs in solution, which might be a strong evidence for the extended effective conjugation occurring in polymers with longer chain lengths. The photoluminescence quantum yields of pristine films in all polymers were lower than those of the diluted solutions, whereas they were higher than those of the phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester-blended films. The UV–Vis spectra of the films showed fine structures with pronounced red shifts, and the interchain interaction-induced features were weakly dependent on the MW but significantly dependent on the alkyl side-chain length. The photovoltaic device performances of the P3BT and P3HT samples significantly improved upon blending with a fullerene derivative and subsequent annealing, whereas those of P3OTs mostly degraded, particularly after annealing. The optimal power conversion efficiencies of P3BT, P3HT, and P3OT were 2.4%, 3.6%, and 1.5%, respectively, after annealing with MWs of ~11, ~39, and ~38 kDa, respectively.
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Kubota, Mayara, Ricardo Fernandes, and Santana de. "Electrical, optical and structural characterization of interfaces containing poly(3-alkylthiophenes)(P3ATs) and polydiphenylamine on ITO/TiO2: Interaction between P3ATs polymeric segments and TiO2." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, no. 00 (2024): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc231125024k.
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With the aim of studying the use of conjugated polymers poly(3- methylthiophene) (P3MT), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and polydiphenylamine (PDPA) to make up the active layer of inverted organic solar cells forming the interface with TiO2, and also help shed light on the optical and electronic properties applied to develop this technology, the interfaces between films containing P3MT, P3HT and PDPA on ITO electrode were electrochemically prepared, after chemically depositing a film of TiO2. The systems under investigation were designated ITO/TiO2/P3MT, ITO/TiO2/PDPA/P3MT, ITO/TiO2/PDPA, ITO/TiO2/P3HT and ITO/TiO2/PDPA/P3HT and characterized by Raman techniques (Spectroscopy and Microscopy), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Photoluminescence (PL). In this study, the aromatic, semiquinone and quinone segments in the polymer matrices of the poly(3-alkylthiophenes)(P3ATs) and PDPA at these interfaces were monitored and characterized by comparison with films of their homopolymers by means of Raman spectroscopy and EIS. Raman imaging demonstrates that the P3MT film can be incorporated into the titanium oxide crystalline lattice. The systems containing P3MT or P3HT were found to strongly interact with the TiO2, stabilizing the P3AT radical cation segments, and the presence of PDPA destabilized this interaction. These findings were complemented by low-temperature (15 K) PL spectra, revealing a reduction in the intensity and displacement of the band associated with radical cation emission, observed in the absence of TiO2 in the system under investigation.
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Medrano-Solís, Alma B., María E. Nicho-Díaz, and Hailin Hu. "Synthesis and Characterization of Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) applied in a Dual Electrochromic Device." MRS Proceedings 1767 (2015): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.226.
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ABSTRACTThe polyaniline (PANI) and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HTr) are polymers synthesized easily, can be deposited as a film by various techniques, are materials that exhibit a variety of colors to go through oxidation processes and reduction by applying an external potential, both polymers have an immediate response rate of color. The electrochemical behavior of the PANI and P3HTr is complementary, that is, if a positive potential to the device is applied, the PANI film is oxidized while the P3HTr film is reduced, on the other hand, if a negative potential is applied, the PANI film is reduced while the P3HTr film is oxidized. Both films in its redox process are clarified and obscured at the same time, this color change provides a significant difference in optical transmittance on a dual electrochromic device (DED's).In this research, regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) was synthesized and characterized, films were deposited by spin-coating and dip-coating techniques. Polyaniline films were deposited by chemical bath and spin-coating techniques. Dual electrochromic devices based on P3HTr and PANI were prepared. The devices were studied by UV-vis spectroscopy at three different voltages: 1.4 V, 0 V and -1.4 V, optical kinetic tests were also performed at 550 nm applying a positive potential (1.4 V) and negative (-1.4 V). The results indicated the wavelength where both (PANI and P3HT) reach the greatest difference in transmittance. The influence of deposit type of polymer films on electrochromic response was determined.
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Fatin Hana Naning, Syed Abdul Malik, and Hafizul Fahri Hanafi. "Isotherm Behaviour of P3OT, P3HT and PCBM Langmuir Layer on Ionic Subphase." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 29, no. 3 (February 8, 2023): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.29.3.168174.
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Isotherms are generally curves that depict the phenomena that govern a substance’s mobility at a constant temperature and pH. In this study, the Langmuir layer of P3OT, P3HT and PCBM were characterised by computing their surface pressure as a function of the surface area available to the molecules at the interface to obtain a curve called surface pressure – area (Π-A) isotherm. All three polymers were spread on two types of subphases - DI water and water containing bivalent metal ions, Pb2+. None of the Langmuir layers exhibits discrete gas-liquid-solid phase transitions on the water subphase. However, more stable Langmuir layers formed when lead ions were added to the water subphase. The stability enables the capping of lead ions between the polymer chain or within the balls, which can be implemented in flexible electronic devices.
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Chen, Jean Hong, Jian Yi Li, Lung Chuan Chen, and Ching Iuan Su. "Morphology and Microstructure of Aggregates and Gelation Behaviour of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in Xylene Solution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.115.
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In this work, we investigate the morphology and microstructure of the aggregates, and the gelation behaviour of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) conjugated polymer in xylene solution as functions of P3HT concentration and aging time by the means of ageing time test, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible absorption (UV-vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The result reveals that the gelation time of P3HT/xylene solution decreases markedly with increasing P3HT concentration. The photophysical properties of the P3HT aggregates in P3HT/xylene solution increase as P3HT concentration and ageing time are raised. It indicates that the well soluble P3HT polymer chains in xylene solution present microphase separation and self-assemble into stiff sheetlike structure, which associates by rodlike nanowhiskers of P3HT polymers during aging. Upon prolonged aging, the sheetlike structure of P3HT aggregates to from the three-dimension network that improves the electronic particle mobility in the organic solar cell.
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Sairam, Koneti, and A. Sivagami. "Comparison the Electrical Characteristics of PEDOT: PSS Tandem Solar Cell and P3HT Tandem Solar Cell by Varying Thickness." Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21095.
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Aim: This project aims to improve the electrical characteristics in the polymer tandem solar cell by changing polymers with thickness to increase the efficiency. Methods and Materials: The PEDOT: PSS and P3HT Polymer was chosen as a group having 20 samples in each respectively. The electrical characteristics are stimulated by varying the polymer with thickness. Changing the polymer material leads to improved efficiency in the tandem solar cell. Results: The Independent T test was done which reveals that the P3HT (P = 0.553) was found to be statistically significantly compared with PEDOT: PSS polymer material. Conclusion: The analysis we found P3HT appeared to have better efficiency than PEDOT: PSS polymer tandem solar cell from Green energy. While P3HT(p=0.583) having the better significance compared with PEDOT: PSS (p=0.883).
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García-Escobar, C. H., M. E. Nicho, Hailin Hu, G. Alvarado-Tenorio, P. Altuzar-Coello, G. Cadenas-Pliego, and D. Hernández-Martínez. "Effect of Microwave Radiation on the Synthesis of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and the Subsequent Photovoltaic Performance of CdS/P3HT Solar Cells." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1926972.
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Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a semiconductor polymer that has been proved to be a good electron donor in organic or hybrid solar cells. In this work, a detailed study of P3HT synthesis in CH2Cl2solvent by oxidative method with and without MW assistance has been conducted. Effects of synthesis process parameters on the physical properties of P3HT products and their application in hybrid CdS/P3HT photovoltaic devices were studied. It is observed that the use of MW as well as the reaction time affected the reaction yield and properties of the polymer products. It was found that, by the traditional method (without MW), the maximum yield and the properties of the polymer products were similar after 2 h or 24 h of synthesis. The optimal reaction time with MW for P3HT polymerization in CH2Cl2solvent was 1 h, and the obtained P3HT product showed similar or better properties than those P3HT polymers synthesized by the traditional method in the same solvent. The effect of using MW during the synthesis was to increase yield and crystal size of P3HT. Larger energy conversion efficiency of ITO/CdS/P3HT/CP-Au devices was obtained when the P3HT product had higher molecular weight and head/tail-head/tail (HT-HT) triad contents.
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Melnikov, Alexey P., Martin Rosenthal, Tim Erdmann, Anton Kiriy, and Dimitri A. Ivanov. "Thermal Properties of Poly(3-(2′-Ethyl)Hexylthiophene): Study with a Real-Time Combination of Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering and Ultrafast Chip Calorimetry." Key Engineering Materials 869 (October 2020): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.869.375.
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Here we report on reorganization on heating of a perspective organic semiconductor poly(3-(2′-ethyl)hexylthiophene) (P3EHT). P3EHT is an analogue of a well-known poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), which has comparable optoelectronic properties and the advantage of a lower processing temperature. The processes of structural reorganization during heating of P3EHT have been explored with a combination of synchrotron X-ray scattering and ultrafast chip calorimetry. The signature of reorganization has been identified from an increase of d-spacing of 100 peak of the P3EHT unit cell. It was observed that reorganization operates during heating of P3EHT at conventional rates of a DSC experiment (i.e., at 10 deg/min), whereas it is largely suppressed at a heating rate of 100 deg/s. Despite the absence of reorganization at high heating rates the calorimetric curves exhibit pronounced double melting, which corroborates the model of the negative pressure building up during crystallization of semi-rigid chain polymers.
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Orlova, M., S. Didenko, D. Saranin, O. Rabinovich, A. Panichkin, and I. Borzykh. "New Polymer Systems for Use in Organic Photovoltaics." International Journal of Nanoscience 17, no. 05 (October 2018): 1750022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x17500223.
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In this paper, new polymers for use in organic photovoltaics were investigated. PPBI, PNBI and copolymer MULT are considered as a potential alternative or an effective dopant for P3HT and PCBM. The choice of these materials allows us to find out new information on the prospects and properties of heterocyclic polymers — for thermal stability and resistance to the environment for organic solar cells. The levels of HOMO and LUMO of new heterocyclic polymers were measured, and the results were compared with those of P3HT: PCBM. The level of new polymer MULT photoluminescence was determined. The absorption blend for P3HT: PCBM peak absorption shift was detected by adding 5% (by mass) of the new polymer MULT, the value of 30–40[Formula: see text]nm to longer wavelengths. Data obtained by cyclic voltammetry showed deep HOMO levels of heterocyclic polymers in values of about [Formula: see text]6[Formula: see text]eV, which is promising in terms of acceptor properties.
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Borazan, Ismail, Yasin Altin, Ali Demir, and Ayse Celik Bedeloglu. "Characterization of organic solar cells using semiconducting polymers with different bandgaps." Journal of Polymer Engineering 39, no. 7 (July 26, 2019): 636–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0052.
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Abstract Polymer-based organic solar cells are of great interest as they can be produced with low-cost techniques and also have many interesting features such as flexibility, graded transparency, easy integration, and lightness. However, conventional wide bandgap polymers used for the light-absorbing layer significantly affect the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells because they collect sunlight in a given spectrum range and due to their limited stability. Therefore, in this study, polymers with different bandgaps were used, which could allow for the production of more stable and efficient organic solar cells: P3HT as the wide bandgap polymer, and PTB7 and PCDTBT as low bandgap polymers. These polymers with different bandgaps were combined with PCBM to obtain increased efficiency and optimum photoactive layer in the organic solar cell. The obtained devices were characterized by measuring optical, photoelectrical, and morphological properties. Solar cells using the PTB7 and PCDTBT polymers had more rough surfaces than the reference cell using P3HT. The use of low-bandgap polymers improved Isc significantly, and when combined with P3HT, a higher Voc was obtained.
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Kyokunzire, Proscovia, Ganghoon Jeong, Seo Young Shin, Hyeong Jun Cheon, Eunsol Wi, Minhong Woo, Trang Thi Vu, and Mincheol Chang. "Enhanced Nitric Oxide Sensing Performance of Conjugated Polymer Films through Incorporation of Graphitic Carbon Nitride." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021158.
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Organic field-effect transistor (OFET) gas sensors based on conjugated polymer films have recently attracted considerable attention for use in environmental monitoring applications. However, the existing devices are limited by their poor sensing performance for gas analytes. This drawback is attributed to the low charge transport in and the limited charge–analyte interaction of the conjugated polymers. Herein, we demonstrate that the incorporation of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) into the conjugated polymer matrix can improve the sensing performance of OFET gas sensors. Moreover, the effect of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) on the gas sensing properties of OFET sensors based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), a conjugated polymer, was systematically investigated by changing the concentration of the g-C₃N₄ in the P3HT/g-C₃N₄ composite films. The obtained films were applied in OFET to detect NO gas at room temperature. In terms of the results, first, the P3HT/g-C₃N₄ composite films containing 10 wt.% g-C₃N₄ exhibited a maximum charge carrier mobility of ~1.1 × 10−1 cm2 V−1 S−1, which was approximately five times higher than that of pristine P3HT films. The fabricated P3HT/g-C₃N₄ composite film based OFET sensors presented significantly enhanced NO gas sensing characteristics compared to those of the bare P3HT sensor. In particular, the sensors based on the P3HT/g-C₃N₄ (90/10) composite films exhibited the best sensing performance relative to that of the bare P3HT sensor when exposed to 10 ppm NO gas: responsivity = 40.6 vs. 18.1%, response time = 129 vs. 142 s, and recovery time = 148 vs. 162 s. These results demonstrate the enormous promise of g-C₃N₄ as a gas sensing material that can be hybridized with conjugated polymers to efficiently detect gas analytes.
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Wakahara, Takatsugu, Kun’ichi Miyazawa, Osamu Ito, and Nobutaka Tanigaki. "Preparation of Composite Films of a Conjugated Polymer and C60NWs and Their Photovoltaic Application." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2895850.
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Composite films of conjugated polymers, such as poly[2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), with C60nanowhiskers (C60NWs) were prepared. The photoluminescence originating from the conjugated MDMO-PPV polymers was effectively quenched in the composite film, indicating a strong interaction between the conjugated polymer and C60NWs. The photovoltaic devices were fabricated using C60NW (conjugated polymer) composite films, resulting in a power conversion efficiency of ~0.01% for P3HT with short length thin C60NWs, which is higher than that previously reported for thick C60nanorods. The present study gives new guidance on the selection of the type of C60NWs and the appropriate polymer for new photovoltaic devices.
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Švrček, Vladimir. "Excitation energy transfer in conjugated polymer/silicon nanocrystal-based bulk heterojunctions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 11 (August 6, 2010): 2121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-12-01.
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An excitation energy transfer in a bulk heterojunction based on freestanding silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) and conjugated polymers {poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV)} is demonstrated. The electrochemical etching process is employed for fabrication of freestanding and polymer soluble Si-NCs. Formation of a bulk heterojunction is confirmed by a difference in a work function of both polymers and an ionization potential of the NCs. An annealing step significantly influences the polymer chain conformation and electronic interaction between the polymer and the NC, which improves the exciton energy migration. The presence of the Si-NCs in polymers suppresses the relative intensity of vibronic peaks, resulting in a red-shift of the blend photoluminescence (PL) spectra. This phenomenon is attributed to a temperature-dependent migration process of singlet exciton and Dexter excitation energy transfer from the polymer to the NC. Compared to MEH-PPV polymer, a lamella-type stacking structure of the P3HT and an abridged PL spectra overlap with NCs decreases an excitation energy transfer rate. At the same time, an improvement in photocurrent generation is recorded when Si-NCs are embedded in P3HT polymer. After Dexter-like excitonic energy transfer, the PL emission of both blends is controlled through a quantum confinement effect and electron-hole recombination in Si-NCs.
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Nosidlak, Natalia, Piotr Dulian, Dariusz Mierzwiński, and Janusz Jaglarz. "The Determination of the Electronic Parameters of Thin Amorphous Organic Films by Ellipsometric and Spectrophotometric Study." Coatings 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100980.
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The aim of this work was the determination of the basic optical parameters and electronic structure of conjugated polymer films by two commonly used techniques—spectrophotometry and ellipsometry. Poly(3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and poly(3-octylthiophene (P3OT) conductive polymers films deposited on a glass substrate by the spin-coating technique showed very comparable surface structures composed of grains of similar sizes and shapes. X-ray tests confirmed that the polythiophene layers are amorphous, which confirmed the correctness of the choice of the optical models used. Selected optical models (Lorentz, Tauc–Lorentz and Cody–Lorentz) have been applied in order to determine the thickness, and optical parameters such as refractive index and extinction coefficient, absolute absorption and electronic parameters (energy gap Eg, amplitude A and broadening B). Spectral absorption determined from spectrophotometric measurement is similar to the absorption spectrum obtained from the ellipsometry method with the application of oscillator models.
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Arrigoni, Alessia, Luigi Brambilla, Chiara Castiglioni, and Chiara Bertarelli. "Conducting Electrospun Nanofibres: Monitoring of Iodine Doping of P3HT through Infrared (IRAV) and Raman (RaAV) Polaron Spectroscopic Features." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (December 4, 2022): 4308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234308.
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Aligned polymer nanofibres are prepared by means of the electrospinning of a chlorobenzene solution containing regioregular poly(3-hexyltiophene-2,5-diyl), P3HT, and poly(ethylene oxide), PEO. The PEO scaffold is easily dissolved with acetonitrile, leaving pure P3HT fibres, which do not show structural modification. Polymer fibres, either with or without the PEO supporting polymer, are effectively doped by exposure to iodine vapours. Doping is monitored following the changes in the doping-induced vibrational bands (IRAVs) observed in the infrared spectra and by means of Raman spectroscopy. Molecular orientation inside the fibres has been assessed by means of IR experiments in polarised light, clearly demonstrating that electrospinning induces the orientation of the polymer chains along the fibre axis as well as of the defects introduced by doping. This work illustrates a case study that contributes to the fundamental knowledge of the vibrational properties of the doping-induced defects—charged polarons—of P3HT. Moreover, it provides experimental protocols for a thorough spectroscopic characterisation of the P3HT nanofibres, and of doped conjugated polymers in general, opening the way for the control of the material structure when the doped polymer is confined in a one-dimensional architecture.
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Clark, Sean M., Jonathan A. Campbell, and David A. Lewis. "Synthesis and Characterisation of High Fullerene Content Polymers and Their Use in Organic Photovoltaic Devices." Australian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 11 (2015): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch15284.
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Narrow dispersity polymers with a high tethered fullerene content were synthesised by first polymerising poly(chloromethyl styrene) using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation and subsequently functionalising them with pristine fullerene. The polymers comprised 52 % by weight fullerene, corresponding to approximately one fullerene per monomer in the polymer with a different morphology to poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) : phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) systems. Bulk heterojunctions formed from the polymer tethered fullerene (PTF) with P3HT yielded functioning organic photovoltaic devices with power conversion efficiencies ranging from 0.0030 to 0.22 % as the PTF was increased from 1 : 0.8 to 1 : 1.3. Process optimisation resulted in a maximum efficiency of 0.4 %.
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Serrano-Garcia, William, Seeram Ramakrishna, and Sylvia W. Thomas. "Electrospinning Technique for Fabrication of Coaxial Nanofibers of Semiconductive Polymers." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235073.
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In this work, the electrospinning technique is used to fabricate a polymer-polymer coaxial structure nanofiber from the p-type regioregular polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and the n-type conjugated ladder polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) of orthogonal solvents. Generally, the fabrication of polymeric coaxial nanostructures tends to be troublesome. Using the electrospinning technique, P3HT was successfully used as the core, and the BBL as the shell, thus conceptually forming a p-n junction that is cylindrical in form with diameters in a range from 280 nm to 2.8 µm. The UV–VIS of P3HT/PS blend solution showed no evidence of separation or precipitation, while the combined solutions of P3HT/PS and BBL were heterogeneous. TEM images show a well-formed coaxial structure that is normally not expected due to rapid reaction and solidification when mixed in vials in response to orthogonal solubility. For this reason, extruding it by using electrostatic forces promoted a quick elongation of the polymers while forming a concise interface. Single nanofiber electrical characterization demonstrated the conductivity of the coaxial surface of ~1.4 × 10−4 S/m. Furthermore, electrospinning has proven to be a viable method for the fabrication of pure semiconducting coaxial nanofibers that can lead to the desired fabrication of fiber-based electronic devices.
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Mulderig, Andrew J., Yan Jin, Fei Yu, Jong Keum, Kunlun Hong, James F. Browning, Gregory Beaucage, Gregory S. Smith, and Vikram K. Kuppa. "Determination of active layer morphology in all-polymer photovoltaic cells." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 5 (August 18, 2017): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576717010457.
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This study investigates the structure of films spin-coated from blends of the semiconducting polymers poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly{2,6-[4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene]-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)} (PCPDTBT). Such blends are of potential use in all-polymer solar cells in which both the acceptor and the donor material generate excitons to contribute to the photocurrent. Prompted by threefold performance gains seen in polymer/fullerene and polymer blend solar cells upon addition of pristine graphene, devices are prepared from P3HT/PCPDTBT blends both with and without graphene. This report focuses on the morphology of the active layer since this is of critical importance in determining performance. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is utilized to study this polymer blend with deuterated P3HT to provide contrast and permit the investigation of buried structure in neat and graphene-doped films. SANS reveals the presence of P3HT crystallites dispersed in an amorphous blend matrix of P3HT and PCPDTBT. The crystallites are approximately disc shaped and do not show any evidence of higher-order structure or aggregation. While the structure of the films does not change with the addition of graphene, there is a perceptible effect on the electronic properties and energy conversion efficiency in solar cells made from such films. Determination of the active layer morphology yields crucial insight into structure–property relationships in organic photovoltaic devices.
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Jarosz, Tomasz, Kinga Kepska, Przemyslaw Ledwon, Marcin Procek, Wojciech Domagala, and Agnieszka Stolarczyk. "Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Grafting and Molecular Dilution: Study of a Class of Conjugated Graft Copolymers." Polymers 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020205.
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A type of graft copolymer based on polysiloxane and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) has been synthesised and its properties have been studied alongside those of its parent conjugated polymer—regioregular P3HT. Electrochemical analysis has revealed more significant changes in conformation of the copolymer film than was observed for P3HT. UV-Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical investigation provided evidence of improved doping reversibility of the copolymer, despite its marginally increased band gap, as also confirmed by electroconductometric analysis. Evidence has been shown, indicating that polaron mobilities in both P3HT and the copolymer are higher than those of bipolaronic charge carriers, even though both systems exhibit standard doping/dedoping patterns. The grafted copolymer was tested in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Preliminary studies show a great potential of these polymers for application in photovoltaics. Power conversion efficiency of up to 2.46% was achieved despite the dilution of the P3HT chains in the copolymer.
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SCHNEIDER-POLLACK, SAMANTHA, MONA DOSHI, JEFF GELDMEIER, and ANDRE J. GESQUIERE. "P3HT CHAIN MORPHOLOGY IN COMPOSITE P3HT/PCBM NANOPARTICLES STUDIED BY SINGLE PARTICLE FLUORESCENCE EXCITATION POLARIZATION SPECTROSCOPY." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 08, no. 03n04 (December 2013): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048013500082.
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The use of conjugated polymers such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in the active layers of plastic electronic devices could provide a more practical and accessible form of energy production and storage. The efficiency of these devices is intimately connected to the morphology of the polymer chains in the active layer materials, as polymer folding affects mesoscale material morphology. The latter in turn influences electronic structure and thus performance of the active layer. It is, however, highly challenging to determine molecular structure and folding properties in a bulk material. Here, it is shown that through the use of nanoparticles as a model system for the bulk material insight in molecular morphology can be gained through single particle fluorescence excitation spectroscopy. The study of P3HT chain morphologies was accomplished through the investigation of neat (0 wt% PCBM) P3HT nanoparticles and 25, 50 and 75 wt% PCBM blended P3HT nanoparticles. A striking discontinuous trend in P3HT chain morphology as a function of PCBM blending ratio was observed, where P3HT morphologies at 25 wt% and 75 wt% blending ratios appear to be more disordered than those observed for the 50 wt% blending ratio. These data suggest that at least from the morphological perspective, the 1:1 blending ratio appears to yield the better P3HT chain alignment. [Formula: see text]Special Issue Comment: This paper about solving single molecule conformations is related to the papers in this Special Issue on mathematical models for treatment of single molecule trajectories,1 nonblinking inorganic nanocrystals,2 and hybrid quantom dot–fullerence composite nanoparticles.3
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Chen, Wei Xing, Yong Qiang Gu, Chun Yan Luo, and Xiao Long Zhang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Polythiophene Derivatives with Different Alkyl Substitution Groups." Materials Science Forum 815 (March 2015): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.815.477.
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Three kinds of poly (3-alkylthiophene), such as poly (3-butylthiophene) (P3BT), poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly (3-dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT) were prepared by the Grignard Metathesis Method (GRIM). Their chemical structures are characterized by FTIR,1H-NMR and GPC.1H-NMR result shows that regioregular structure of these polymers is relatively higher. The GPC results show that the molecular weight of the polymers is 8.42×104, 1.06×105and 1.21×104g/mol with molecular weight distributions of 1.41, 2.18 and 1.18, respectively. The DSC result shows that the glass transition temperature of three kinds of polymers is 120.8, 146, 118 °C, respectively. UV absorption spectrum and fluorescence spectroscopy of three polymers in THF solution show that the maximum absorption wavelength is 448 nm, 470 nm, 390 nm, and the maximum emission wavelength is 531, 535, 527 nm with the band gap of 2.06, 1.86, 2.21 eV, respectively.
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Lee, Sooyong, Hwajeong Kim, and Youngkyoo Kim. "Hole Injection Role of p-Type Conjugated Polymer Nanolayers in Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 2283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182283.
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Here, we report the hole injection role of p-type conjugated polymer layer in phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanolayers (thickness = ~1 nm thick), which were subjected to thermal annealing at 140 °C by varying annealing time, were inserted between indium tin oxide (ITO) anodes and hole transport layers (N,N′-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)-benzidine, NPB). The 1 nm-thick P3HT layers showed very weak absorption in the visible light range of 500~650 nm. The device results disclosed that the presence of P3HT layers were just able to improve the charge injection of OLEDs leading to an enhanced luminance irrespective of thermal annealing condition. The highest luminance and efficiency were achieved for the OLEDs with the P3HT layers annealed at 140 °C for 10 min. Further annealing for 30 min resulted in turn-down of device performances. The emission color was almost unchanged by the presence of P3HT layers even though the color coordinates were marginally fluctuated according to the annealing time. The present result delivers the possibility to use p-type conjugated polymers (i.e., P3HT) as a hole injection layer in OLEDs.
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Jarosz, Tomasz, Karolina Gebka, Kinga Kepska, Mieczyslaw Lapkowski, Przemyslaw Ledwon, Pawel Nitschke, and Agnieszka Stolarczyk. "Investigation of the Effects of Non-Conjugated Co-Grafts on the Spectroelectrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties of Novel Conjugated Graft Copolymers Based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene)." Polymers 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101064.
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A new type of polysiloxane copolymers, with conjugated–regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and non-conjugated-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-grafts have been synthesised, and their properties have been studied alongside those of the parent conjugated polymer (P3HT). Spectroelectrochemical and conductometric analyses revealed an early rise of the conductance of the polymers. Once spectral changes begin taking place, the conductance is stable, implying a loss of mobility of charge carriers, even though standard doping/dedoping patterns are observed. Prototype bulk heterojunction solar cells have been fabricated, based on P3HT/[6,6]-Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), as well as by substituting P3HT for each of the copolymers. The prototype solar cells achieved PCEs of up to 2.11%. This is one of the highest reported power conversion efficiency (PCE) for devices based on P3HT with low average molecular weight Mn = 12 kDa. Strong correlation between the structure of the copolymer and its photovoltaic performance was found. Elongation of PEG copolymer chain and the use of methyl group instead of terminal hydroxyl groups significantly improved photovoltaic performance.
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Nagamatsu, Shuichi, Masataka Ishida, Shougo Miyajima, and Shyam S. Pandey. "P3HT Nanofibrils Thin-Film Transistors by Adsorbing Deposition in Suspension." Materials 12, no. 21 (November 5, 2019): 3643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213643.
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A novel film preparation method utilizing polymer suspension, entitled adsorbing deposition in suspensions (ADS), has been proposed. The poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) toluene solution forms P3HT nanofibrils dispersed suspension by aging. P3HT nanofibrils are highly crystallized with sharp vibronic absorption spectra. By the ADS method, only P3HT nanofibrils in suspension can be deposited on the substrate surface without any disordered fraction from the dissolved P3HT in suspension. Formed ADS film contains only the nanostructured conjugated polymer. Fabricated polymer thin-film transistor (TFT) utilizing ADS P3HT film shows good TFT performances with low off current, narrow subthreshold swing and large on/off current ratio.
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Agee, Alec, Thomas Mark Gill, Gordon Pace, Rachel Segalman, and Ariel Furst. "Electrochemical Characterization of Biomolecular Electron Transfer at Conductive Polymer Interfaces." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 170, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 016509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb239.
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Bio-electrochemical systems (BESs) are promising for renewable energy generation but remain hindered by inefficient electron transfer at electrode surfaces. As the toolbox of bio-anode materials increases, rigorous electrochemical characterization of emerging materials is needed. Here, we holistically characterize the electrochemical interaction of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), an electron shuttle in biological systems and a cofactor for oxidoreductase enzymes, with the bio-inspired mixed conducting polymer poly{3-[6′-(N-methylimidazolium)hexyl]thiophene} (P3HT-Im+). The behavior of this polymer is compared to the equivalent polymer without the histidine-like imidazolium. We find improved conductivity and charge storage in imidazolium-containing polymers beyond what is explained by differences in the electroactive area. The P3HT-Im+ further shows internal charge storage but with negligible faradaic contribution, indicating that charge storage capacity may translate to improved biocatalysis non-intuitive ways. Finally, one-electron transfer is observed between FMN and glassy carbon, while a bio-similar two-electron transfer is observed for the P3HT-Im+. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a concerted two-electron transfer between FMN and an electrode interface, which we attribute to the bio-inspired, histidine-like imidazolium functional groups in the polymer. These studies demonstrate the importance of bio-relevant materials characterization when such materials are deployed in BESs.
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Smith, Matthew K., Thomas L. Bougher, Kyriaki Kalaitzidou, and Baratunde A. Cola. "Melt-processed P3HT and PE Polymer Nanofiber Thermal Conductivity." MRS Advances 2, no. 58-59 (2017): 3619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.499.
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ABSTRACT Thermal management is a growing challenge for electronics packaging because of increased heat fluxes and device miniaturization. Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are used in electronic devices to transfer heat between two adjacent surfaces. TIMs need to exhibit high thermal conductivity and must be soft to minimize thermal contact resistance. Polymers, despite their relative softness, suffer from low thermal conductivity (∼0.2 W/m-K). To overcome this challenge, we infiltrate nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with molten polymer to fabricate large area arrays of vertically aligned polymer nanofibers. Nanoscale confinement effects and flow induced chain elongation improve polymer chain alignment (measured using polarized Raman spectroscopy) and thermal conductivity (measured using the photoacoustic method) along the fiber’s long axis. Conjugated poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and non- conjugated polyethylene (PE) of various molecular weights are explored to establish a relationship between polymer structure, nanofiber diameter, and the resulting thermal conductivity. In general, thermal conductivity improves with decreasing fiber diameter and increasing polymer molecular weight. Thermal conductivity of approximately 7 W/m-K was achieved for both the ∼200 nm diameter HDPE fibers and the 100 nm diameter P3HT fibers. These results pave the way for optimization of the processing conditions to produce high thermal conductivity fiber arrays using different polymers, which could potentially be used in thermal interface applications.
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Chen, Jung-Yao, Chien-You Su, Chau-Hsien Hsu, Yi-Hua Zhang, Qin-Cheng Zhang, Chia-Ling Chang, Chi-Chung Hua, and Wen-Chang Chen. "Solvent Effects on Morphology and Electrical Properties of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Electrospun Nanofibers." Polymers 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2019): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091501.
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Herein, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) nanofiber-based organic field-effect transistors were successfully prepared by coaxial electrospinning technique with P3HT as the core polymer and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the shell polymer, followed by extraction of PMMA. Three different solvents for the core polymer, including chloroform, chlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, were employed to manipulate the morphologies and electrical properties of P3HT electrospun nanofibers. Through the analyses from dynamic light scattering of P3HT solutions, polarized photoluminescence and X-ray diffraction pattern of P3HT electrospun nanofibers, it is revealed that the P3HT electrospun nanofiber prepared from the chloroform system displays a low crystallinity but highly oriented crystalline grains due to the dominant population of isolated-chain species in solution that greatly facilitates P3HT chain stretching during electrospinning. The resulting high charge-carrier mobility of 3.57 × 10−1 cm2·V−1·s−1 and decent mechanical deformation up to a strain of 80% make the P3HT electrospun nanofiber a promising means for fabricating stretchable optoelectronic devices.
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Možíšková, Petra, Patricie Heinrichová, Martin Šedina, Martin Vala, Jan David, and Martin Weiter. "The influence of transport layers on the photodegradation stability of polymer solar cell structures." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0170.
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Abstract A light exposure degradation study of electrically active polymers – high-glass-transition-temperature poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene) (Tg-PPV); poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT); and poly(2-methoxy-5-(3′-7′- dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MDMO-PPV) – in pure form and blends with [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) was conducted to assess the influence of the employed transport layers on the materials’ photodegradation stability. Devices were prepared on quartz glass and silicon (Si) substrates with a transport layer prepared from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) or titanium dioxide (TiO2). Photodegradation processes in ambient air demonstrated that the polymers were thermally stable in the dark; thus, the material deteriorations not only were caused by thermal stress, but also from light-induced processes. Degradation processes of pure polymers may be considered as fast – in the order of hours – but retardable by blending of polymers with PCBM. The deposition of polymer blends on an additional layer of PEDOT:PSS or TiO2 revealed that the polymer blends studied in this work (except for P3HT) presented higher stability against polymer chain scission when deposited onto the TiO2 layer. Kinetic analysis undertaken during this work revealed that the photodegradation processes were followed by two degradation steps. Degradation kinetics were evaluated according to a Perrin-like model for absorption assessments and according to simple exponential for emission measurements.
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D S, Suresh, M. Vandana, S. Veeresh, H. Ganesh, Y. S. Nagaraju, H. Vijeth, M. Basappa, and H. Devendrappa. "Low Cost Synthesis and Characterization of Donor P3HT Polymer for Fabrication of Organic Solar Cell." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1221, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1221/1/012060.
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Abstract Over the years, the conjugated polymers acts as electron donor material in the active layer of Organic solar cells (OSCs). By altering means of doping, prepare a composite with suitable materials from Poly (p-phenylene vinylene) PPV polymer toPM6 polymer which gives Power conversion efficiency (PCE) can vary from ~ 2% to ~15%. But these are expensive, complicated synthetic procedure and less availability. To overcome this,the conjugated polymer Poly (3-Hexyl Thiophene)(P3HT) synthesized through oxidative coupling of 3-HT monomer and Ferric chloride (FeCl3) as an oxidant which is low cost, available and very easy method of synthesis. We investigated synthesized P3HT material that shows the Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR) peaks shows that intramolecular interactions from thiophene ring, alkyl chain and polymer chain, FESEM Images reveals morphology consists of condensed layers in micrometer dimensions and Cyclic voltammetry studies gives oxidation and reduction potentials to promote the higher ionization potential of the compound to use as donor material in OSCs.
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OGURTSOV, N. A., M. V. BORYSENKO, and A. A. PUD. "PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED COMPOSITES OF POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) WITH DOPED POLY(3-METHYLTHIOPHENE)." Polymer journal 45, no. 2 (May 15, 2023): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.45.02.125.
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The combination of properties of intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and functional nanostructured template materials opens up prospects for their use in various fields, ranging from bioelectronics to sensors and energy conversion. Successful combinations solve one of the important drawbacks of many ICPs, created by their insolubility and infusibility, and help to achieve their full potential in thermally processable materials. When developing such hybrid materials, it is necessary to take into account the sensitivity of ICP properties to interphase interactions due to extended π-conjugation in these polymers. However, this aspect of ICP-based nanocomposites has not been sufficiently studied yet. In this paper we investigate the effect of template submicron poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) particles and the nature of the dopant on properties of poly(3-methylthiophene) (P3MT) precipitated as the shell at the PVDF core surface in the course of the 3MT oxidative polymerization. For this purpose, we compare the properties of P3MT phase of the composites with the properties of the neat P3MT doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS), perfluorooctanoate (PFO) and chloride anions. In the formed composite core-shell particles the P3MT is in the form of asymmetric nanoparticles which are localized almost exclusively at the surface of PVDF particles. According to the conjugation length, neat polymers form the following series: P3MT-Cl > P3MT-DBS > P3MT-PFO as evidenced by the IR spectral analysis. In their composites the conjugation length of P3MT doped with Cl- does not change noticeably, while for the DBS and PFO anions cases it increases and for the DBS case it exceeds that of Cl- case. X-ray phase analysis showed an increase in the degree of crystallinity of P3MT-Cl and P3MT-DBS phases in the composition of composites by 1.4 and 1.3 times relative to the corresponding values for the neat doped P3MTs. Such an increase can be caused by the influence of the local electric field of the dipoles of the electroactive part of the crystalline phase of PVDF (β- and γ-phase) on the spatial arrangement of charged P3MT macromolecules formed on the surface of PVDF. Thermogravimetric studies show an increase in the thermal stability of the doped P3MT phase of nanocomposites while conductivity measurements reveal a significant effect of the nature of the dopant anion.
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Konstantinova, Elizaveta A., Alexander S. Vorontsov, and Pavel A. Forsh. "Investigation of Photoelectron Properties of Polymer Films with Silicon Nanoparticles." Surfaces 2, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces2020028.
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Hybrid samples consisting of polymer poly-3(hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and silicon nanoparticles were prepared. It was found that the obtained samples were polymer matrixes with conglomerates of silicon nanoparticles of different sizes (10–104 nm). It was found that, under illumination, the process of nonequilibrium charge carrier separation between the silicon nanoparticles and P3HT with subsequent localization of the hole in the polymer can be successfully detected using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. It was established that the main type of paramagnetic centers in P3HT/silicon nanoparticles are positive polarons in P3HT. For comparison, samples consisting only of polymer and silicon nanoparticles were also investigated by the EPR technique. The polarons in the P3HT and Pb centers in the silicon nanoparticles were observed. The possibility of the conversion of solar energy into electric energy is shown using structures consisting of P3HT polymer and silicon nanoparticles prepared by different methods, including the electrochemical etching of a silicon single crystal in hydrofluoric acid solution and the laser ablation of single-crystal silicon in organic solvents. The results can be useful for solar cell development.
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Darmawan, Muh Iman, Cari Cari, Agus Supriyanto, Hadian Mandala Putra, and Fathurrahman Fathurrahman. "POLY ORGANIC POLYMER (3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE) P3HT as LIGHT SENSITIVITY in PROTOTYPE DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS (DSSC)." Indonesian Physical Review 4, no. 2 (June 6, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ipr.v4i2.84.
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This research aims to review the characteristic of the nature of electricity polymer material poly(3-hexylthiophene) P3HT against increasing efficiency solar cells based on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The testing sample has done electricity P3HT el-kahfi 100/ I-V meter. The optical properties use spectrophotometer UV visible 1601 PC and characterizing IV DSSC use Keithley 2600 a type. The absorbance of P3HT polymer 1% has an absorption peak in the wavelength range of 300-650 nm. Thus the P3HT polymer material can absorb light in the visible wavelength range. The electrical properties of P3HT 1% indicate that the material has a response to light. In bright conditions, P3HT 1% shows a conductivity of 3.7x10-3Ω-1m-1 and in dark conditions 2.2x10-3Ω-1m-1. Meanwhile, Pt (Hexacloroplatinic IV) Platina as the opposing electrode can improve the performance of DSSC, which is because Pt (Hexacloroplatinic IV) functions as a catalyst to accelerate the redox reaction with electrolytes. The use of P3HT 1% can improve DSSC performance. DSSC using 1% P3HT and using Pt (Hexacloroplatinic IV) as the opposing electrode produced an efficiency value of 1.8x10-2%.
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Kim, Na Kyung, Jin Woo Bae, Hyeon-Ki Jang, Jong-Chan Lee, Kigook Song, Byung-Soo Kim, In Jun Park, Jong-Wook Ha, Soo-Bok Lee, and Eun-Ho Sohn. "Enhanced biocompatibility in poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based organic thin-film transistors upon blending with poly(2-(2-acetoxyacetyl)ethyl methacrylate)." RSC Advances 6, no. 20 (2016): 16540–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra21465c.
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Polymer blends with both biocompatibility and OTFT characteristics are developed by mixing a biocompatible polymer, PHEMAAA and a conducting polymer, P3HT at different weight ratios (i.e. P3HT/PHEMAAA = 75/25, 50/50, 25/75).
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Kim, Hyun-Ji, Kie Yong Cho, Seung Sang Hwang, Dong Hoon Choi, Min Jae Ko, and Kyung-Youl Baek. "Controlled synthesis of multi-armed P3HT star polymers with gold nanoparticle core." RSC Advances 6, no. 54 (2016): 49206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra06926f.
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Well-defined multi-armed P3HT star polymers with a gold nanoparticle (NP) core were synthesized by an arm-first method based on a ligand exchange reaction between linear end-functionalized P3HT (P3HT-SH) and gold NPs.
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Cacique-Espinoza, Itzel Argemi, Marisol Güizado-Rodríguez, Miriam Rangel-Ayala, Victor Barba, and José Maldonado-Rivera. "Development of regio-regular poly(3-hexylthiophene) by direct arylation using Fagnou's conditions." Renewable Energy, Biomass & Sustainability 2, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.56845/rebs.v2i1.20.
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Semiconducting polymers are widely studied due to their applications in photovoltaic devices, the predominant conjugated polymer used in organic solar cells (OSCs) is semicrystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) P3HT, which can be produced by easy, low-cost and environmentally friendly methods such as direct arylation polymerization (DArP) (N.S. Gobalasingham et al. 2018). Due to its solution processing, deposition on different types of substrates, even flexible, with technologies such as spin coating and roll to roll, it is a feasible option for large-scale production. In this work we present the synthesis, physicochemical characterization of a regio- regular P3HT by the direct arylation method using Fagnou conditions and its evaluation on the active layer of OSCs with bulk heterojunction architecture.
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Nemani, Srinivasa Kartik, and Hossein Sojoudi. "Barrier Performance of CVD Graphene Films Using a Facile P3HT Thin Film Optical Transmission Test." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9681432.
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The barrier performance of CVD graphene films was determined using a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin film optical transmission test. P3HT is a semiconducting polymer that photo-oxidatively degrades upon exposure to oxygen and light. The polymer is stable under ambient conditions and indoor lighting, enabling P3HT films to be deposited and encapsulated in air. P3HT’s stability under ambient conditions makes it desirable for an initial evaluation of barrier materials as a complimentary screening method in combination with conventional barrier tests. The P3HT test was used to demonstrate improved barrier performance for polymer substrates after addition of CVD graphene films. A layer-by-layer transfer method was utilized to enhance the barrier performance of monolayer graphene. Another set of absorption measurements were conducted to demonstrate the barrier performance of graphene and the degradation mechanism of graphene/P3HT over multiple wavelengths from 400 to 800 nm. The absorption spectra for graphene/polymer composite were simulated by solving Fresnel equations. The simulation results were found to be in good agreement with the measured absorption spectra. The P3HT degradation results qualitatively indicate the potential of graphene films as a possible candidate for medium performance barriers.
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Gáspár, Szilveszter, Tiziana Ravasenga, Raluca-Elena Munteanu, Sorin David, Fabio Benfenati, and Elisabetta Colombo. "Electrochemically Synthesized Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanowires as Photosensitive Neuronal Interfaces." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 4761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164761.
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Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a hole-conducting polymer that has been intensively used to develop organic optoelectronic devices (e.g., organic solar cells). Recently, P3HT films and nanoparticles have also been used to restore the photosensitivity of retinal neurons. The template-assisted electrochemical synthesis of polymer nanowires advantageously combines polymerization and polymer nanostructuring into one, relatively simple, procedure. However, obtaining P3HT nanowires through this procedure was rarely investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the template-assisted electrochemical synthesis of P3HT nanowires doped with tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAHFP) and their biocompatibility with primary neurons. We show that template-assisted electrochemical synthesis can relatively easily turn 3-hexylthiophene (3HT) into longer (e.g., 17 ± 3 µm) or shorter (e.g., 1.5 ± 0.4 µm) P3HT nanowires with an average diameter of 196 ± 55 nm (determined by the used template). The nanowires produce measurable photocurrents following illumination. Finally, we show that primary cortical neurons can be grown onto P3HT nanowires drop-casted on a glass substrate without relevant changes in their viability and electrophysiological properties, indicating that P3HT nanowires obtained by template-assisted electrochemical synthesis represent a promising neuronal interface for photostimulation.
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Zhang, Wen Zhi, Yang Jing Lin, Jian Long Zheng, Hong Shu Chen, Wei Xing Chen, and Xin Li Jing. "Study of Hybrid Photovoltaic Materials with Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) and CdS Nanoparticles by Spectroscopic Techniques." Advanced Materials Research 704 (June 2013): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.704.212.
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Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was synthesized via chemical oxidative reaction at room temperature with anhydrous ferric chloride as oxidant. The hybrid films of P3HT were prepared by doping inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles of CdS. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, UV-vis, fluorescence and resonance light scattering (RLS) spectra were applied to characterize the photophysical properties of P3HT and doped polymer. The results indicated that the infrared absorbance of hybrid films increased with the increase of doped CdS content. The intensity of UV absorption presented a slight increase, the blend spectra were simply the sum of the absorptions of the constituent parts of the composite solution. With the addition of CdS nanoparticles, the emission peak of P3HT was shifted to longer wavelengths. The shift from 543 to 567 nm was due to the fluorescence resonance energy transfer between CdS nanoparticles and P3HT, and then the red-shift from 567 to 573 nm was caused by the agglomeration of CdS nanoparticles. RLS spectra revealed that the maximum scattering wavelength of systems initially showed a blue-shift, and then exhibited a pronounced red-shift with the addition of CdS nanoparticles. These findings provided insights into the role of spectroscopic techniques in studying the photophysical properties of composites. Our further work is toward investigating the mechanism and dynamic process of exciton interaction between polymers and inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles.
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Nassir, Lamis Faaz, and Mohammed Hadi Shinen. "Study of Electrical Properties of PMMA/P3HT Films." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 3 (March 26, 2022): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.3.nq22039.
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The influence of P3HT particles on the electrical characteristics of the polymer PMMA is investigated in this paper. The spin coating process was used to prepare samples of (PMMA-P3HT) thin films, the weight of P3HT are (0.02, 0.04 and 0.06) wt. %. The D.C. electrical conductivity of the (PMMA-P3HT) thin film is revealed by the experimental results increases with rising temperature, whereas the activation energy of the (PMMA-P3HT) thin film decreases with increasing concentrations of the(P3HT)thin films.
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Rosmani, C. H., A. Z. Zainurul, M. Rusop, and S. Abdullah. "The Optical and Electrical Properties of Polymer Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) P3HT by Heat Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 1109 (June 2015): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.419.
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The polymer of poly (3-hexylthiophene) was active layer in application such as solar cells. In this paper, P3HT has been chosed to know the effect of temperature onto P3HT. The optical properties of P3HT were measured by using photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and UV-Vis measurement. The polymer of P3HT has been spin coated on the glass by using spin-coating method for thin films produced. The temperature was measured start at 60°C to 180 o C. From PL result the peak was exist at range 500-600 nm and started moved to left side when temperature increase. The UV-Vis result showed at range 400-500 nm towards to blue shifted. After heat treatment, the optical absorption spectra for the thin film of P3HT on the glass showed a distinct red-shifted with developing vibronic features of P3HT and the quenched photoluminescence (PL) spectrum was considerably restored .Keywords: P3HT; temperature; Uv-Vis; photoluminescence; PL; I-V
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Kim, Youn, Yeon Ju Kwon, Seungwan Ryu, Cheol Jin Lee, and Jea Uk Lee. "Preparation of Nanocomposite-Based High Performance Organic Field Effect Transistor via Solution Floating Method and Mechanical Property Evaluation." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051046.
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We demonstrate that using nanocomposite thin films consisting of semiconducting polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EEG) for the active channel layer of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) improves both device performances and mechanical properties. The nanocomposite film was developed by directly blending P3HT solution with a dispersion of EEG at various weight proportions and simply transferring to an Si/SiO2 substrate by the solution floating method. The OFET based on P3HT/EEG nanocomposite film showed approximately twice higher field-effect mobility of 0.0391 cm2·V−1·s−1 and one order of magnitude greater on/off ratio of ~104 compared with the OFET based on pristine P3HT. We also measured the mechanical properties of P3HT/EEG nanocomposite film via film-on-elastomer methods, which confirms that the P3HT/EEG nanocomposite film exhibited approximately 2.4 times higher modulus (3.29 GPa) than that of the P3HT film (1.38 GPa), while maintaining the good bending flexibility and durability over 10.0% of bending strain and bending cycles (1000 cycles). It was proved that the polymer hybridization technique, which involves adding EEG to a conjugated polymer, is a powerful route for enhancing both device performances and mechanical properties while maintaining the flexible characteristics of OFET devices.
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Abbas, Hayder Abdulmeer, Wissem Cheikrohou Koubaa, and Estabraq Talib Abdullah. "Synthesis, Characterization and Functionalization of P3HT-CNT Nanocomposite Thin Films with Doped Ag2O." East European Journal of Physics, no. 1 (March 5, 2024): 342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2024-1-32.
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This research focuses on the synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT) and Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) (pristine polymer) with Ag doped (CNT/ P3HT@Ag) nanocomposite thin films to be utilised in various practical applications. First, four samples of CNT solution and different ratios of the polymer (P3HT) [0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 wt.%] are prepared to form thin layer of P3HT@CNT nanocomposites by dip-coating method of Ag. To investigate the absorption and conductivity properties for use in various practical applications, structure, morphology, optical, and photoluminescence properties of CNT/P3HT @Ag nanocomposite are systematically evaluated in this study. In this regard, the UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 350 to 700 nm is used to investigate the absorption, transmission spectrum, extinction coefficient (k) and refractive index of the samples prepared at room temperature. The XRD results indicate a slight increase in the crystallite size of the synthesized (CNT/ P3HT@Ag) nanocomposite compared to CNT/P3HT nanocomposite, which can be attributed to the better dispersion of the P3HT and its favorable wrapping around the carbon nanotube structures. FESEM results show that the Ag nanoparticles are acting as a bridge between the CNT and P3HT, creating a strong bond between the two materials that is strong enough to form thicker tubular structures. An appreciable increase in absorbance intensity (approximately 552 nm) is obtained by adding silver nanoparticles to the CNT/P3HT matrix at 0.5% of P3HT. Additionally, the prepared CNT/P3HT@Ag thin films show greater transmittance – more than 42%, 45%, 49%, and 48% for P3HT concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%, respectively. The preparation of the samples' extinction coefficient (k) and refractive index data show that the inclusion of silver nanoparticles to the CNT/P3HT nanocomposite matrix has a significant improvement over the previous samples (CNT/P3HT composite).
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Jo, Gyounglyul, Jaehan Jung, and Mincheol Chang. "Controlled Self-Assembly of Conjugated Polymers via a Solvent Vapor Pre-Treatment for Use in Organic Field-Effect Transistors." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020332.
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A facile solution-processing strategy toward well-ordered one-dimensional nanostructures of conjugated polymers via a non-solvent vapor treatment was demonstrated, which resulted in enhancements to the charge transport characteristics of the polymers. The amount of crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanofibers was precisely controlled by simply varying the exposure time of solutions of P3HT solutions to non-solvent vapor. The effects of non-solvent vapor exposure on the molecular ordering and morphologies of the resultant P3HT films were systematically investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy (POM), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The non-solvent vapor facilitates the π–π stacking in P3HT to minimize unfavorable interactions between the poor solvent molecules and P3HT chains. P3HT films deposited from the non-solvent vapor-treated P3HT solutions exhibited an approximately 5.6-fold improvement in charge carrier mobility as compared to that of pristine P3HT films (7.8 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 vs. 1.4 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1). The robust and facile strategy presented herein would be applicable in various opto-electronics applications requiring precise control of the molecular assembly, such as organic photovoltaic cells, field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, and sensors.
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Wu, Yinghui, Dong Wang, Jinyuan Liu, Houzhi Cai, and Yueqiang Zhang. "Atomic Force Microscope Study of Ag-Conduct Polymer Hybrid Films: Evidence for Light-Induced Charge Separation." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091819.
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Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM), electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) are used to study the microscopic processes of the photo-induced charge separation at the interface of Ag and conductive polymers, i.e., poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-bʹ]dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT). They are also widely used in order to directly observe the charge distribution and dynamic changes at the interfaces in nanostructures, owing to their high sensitivity. Using SKPM, it is proved that the charge of the photo-induced polymer PCPDTBT is transferred to Ag nanoparticles (NPs). The surface charge of the Ag-induced NPs is quantified while using EFM, and it is determined that the charge is injected into the polymer P3HT from the Ag NPs. We expect that this technology will provide guidance to facilitate the separation and transfer of the interfacial charges in the composite material systems and it will be applicable to various photovoltaic material systems.
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Jeong, Ganghoon, Seo Young Shin, Proscovia Kyokunzire, Hyeong Jun Cheon, Eunsol Wi, Minhong Woo, and Mincheol Chang. "High-Performance Nitric Oxide Gas Sensors Based on an Ultrathin Nanoporous Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Film." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010132.
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Conjugated polymer (CP)-based organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have been considered a potential sensor platform for detecting gas molecules because they can amplify sensing signals by controlling the gate voltage. However, these sensors exhibit significantly poorer oxidizing gas sensing performance than their inorganic counterparts. This paper presents a high-performance nitric oxide (NO) OFET sensor consisting of a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) film with an ultrathin nanoporous structure. The ultrathin nonporous structure of the P3HT film was created via deposition through the shear-coating-assisted phase separation of polymer blends and selective solvent etching. The ultrathin nonporous structure of the P3HT film enhanced NO gas diffusion, adsorption, and desorption, resulting in the ultrathin nanoporous P3HT-film-based OFET gas sensor exhibiting significantly better sensing performance than pristine P3HT-film-based OFET sensors. Additionally, upon exposure to 10 ppm NO at room temperature, the nanoporous P3HT-film-based OFET gas sensor exhibited significantly better sensing performance (i.e., responsivity ≈ 42%, sensitivity ≈ 4.7% ppm−1, limit of detection ≈ 0.5 ppm, and response/recovery times ≈ 6.6/8.0 min) than the pristine P3HT-film-based OFET sensors.
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Jarząbek, Bożena, Paweł Nitschke, Marcin Godzierz, Marcin Palewicz, Tomasz Piasecki, and Teodor Paweł Gotszalk. "Thermo-Optical and Structural Studies of Iodine-Doped Polymer: Fullerene Blend Films, Used in Photovoltaic Structures." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050858.
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Optical and structural properties of a blend thin film of (1:1 wt.) of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) doped with iodine (I2) and then exposed to a stepwise heating were reported and compared with the properties of doped P3HT films. The UV-Vis(T) absorption measurements were performed in situ during annealing runs, at the precisely defined temperatures, in a range of 20–210 °C. It was demonstrated that this new method allows one to observe the changes of absorption spectra, connected with the iodine release and other structural processes upon annealing. In addition, the thermally-induced changes of the exciton bandwidth (W) and the absorption edge parameters, i.e., the energy gap (EG) and the Urbach energy (EU) were discussed in the context of different length of conjugation and the structural disorder in polymers and blends films. During annealing, several stages were distinguished and related to the following processes as: the iodine escape and an increase in P3HT crystallinity, the orderly stacking of polymer chains, the thermally inducted structural defects and the phase separation caused by an aggregation of PCBM in the polymer matrix. Moreover, the detailed X-ray diffraction studies, performed for P3HT and P3HT:PCBM films, before and after doping and then after their thermal treatment, allowed us to consider the structural changes of polymer and blend films. The effect of iodine content and the annealing process on the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells parameters was checked, by the impedance spectroscopy (IS) measurements and the J-V characteristics registration. All of the investigated P3HT:PCBM blend films showed the photovoltaic effect; the increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) upon iodine doping was demonstrated.
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Xu, Wei-Long, Hongchun Yuan, Jin Xiao, Chao Xiong, and Xifang Zhu. "Morphology, photophysics and optoelectronics of P3HT nanoparticles and TiO2 nanorods composite." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 16-19 (July 26, 2017): 1744053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217440532.
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Morphology and photophysics of polymers are critical to the performance of organic optoelectronics. In this work, poly(3-thiophene) (P3HT) nanoparticles were successfully fabricated by the miniemulsion and reprecipitation methods. The P3HT nanoparticles demonstrated uniform distribution with the domain size of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]40 nm. The photophysics of P3HT nanoparticles was investigated by absorption and steady-state and time-resolved PL spectroscopy. P3HT nanoparticles showed more ordered and longer conjugation length than pristine P3HT. At the same time, P3HT nanoparticles showed aggregate species which are favorable for interchain charge transfer. The organic/inorganic hybrid photodetectors based on P3HT and TiO2 nanorods were fabricated. The superior performance of the photodetector based on P3HT nanoparticle and TiO2 nanorods comes from the efficient charge transfer and large donor/acceptor interface.
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Huang, Ping-Tsung, Yi-Hao Chen, Bo-Yu Lin, and Wei-Ping Chuang. "Homogenized Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/Methanofullerene Film by Addition of End-Functionalized Compatibilizer and Its Application to Polymer Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/762532.
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A uniformed poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blended film prepared by using spin-coating process is achieved by addition of 10% hydroxyl group end-functionalized P3HT (HOC-P3HT-COH) as a compatibilizer. Ratio of P3HT/PCBM on a spin-coated film has been improved from 1 : 1.22 on the edge and 1 : 0.85 in the center of substrate (substrate size, 2 cm × 3 cm) to 1 : 1.03 on the edge and 1 : 0.94 in the center for P3HT/HOC-P3HT-COH/PCBM film (1 : 0.1 : 1). Homogeneous and reproducible polymer solar cell with an average of 3.71% power conversion efficiency under AM1.5G irradiation is fabricated with 10% HOC-P3HT-COH in P3HT/PCBM layer.
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Hernández-Martínez, Diego, Ulises León-Silva, and Maria Elena Nicho. "Corrosion protection of steel by poly(3-hexylthiophene) polymer blends." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 62, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-12-2013-1331.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of thermal treatment on the corrosion protection of steel by using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and P3HT/PS(polystyrene) or P3HT/PMMA(polymethyl methacrylate) blends coatings in sulfuric acid solution. Design/methodology/approach – The polymer coatings were thermally treated at two different temperatures (100 and 200°C, respectively) and were compared with the polymer coatings dried at room temperature in their application as protective coatings against corrosion of A36 steel. The corrosion resistance of polymer coatings-covered steel substrates was evaluated by using potentiodynamic polarization curves and linear polarization resistance. Findings – At 25 and 100°C, polymer coatings showed a better protection of the A36 steel, and the corrosion rate diminished in three orders of magnitude with regard to the bare steel. Morphological study showed that the increased temperature benefited the integration of the two polymeric phases; however; the temperature of 200°C affected the film quality, generated cracks and holes, which affected the barrier properties of the coatings. Research limitations/implications – The research involved the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of the polymeric coatings (P3HT, PS/P3HT y PMMA/P3HT), as well as their application as coatings in the steel to prevent corrosion. The effect of thermal treatment of the protective coatings on steel corrosion was studied. Practical implications – This paper aims to contribute to reducing the problem of metal corrosion through the use of polymer coatings. Social implications – Today, majority of metal surfaces are subject under the protection to prevent a very common phenomenon, that is corrosion. Corrosion is the result of chemical reactions that occur between a metal or a metal alloy and its environment. Corrosion creates a degradation of the material that has an impact on some economic, environmental and even social aspects, here the great importance of its protection. Originality/value – It is shown in this study that the P3HT coating provides better corrosion protection of the A36 steel than the PS and PMMA coatings. However, mixtures of P3HT with PMMA and PS protected the steel from corrosion by two and three orders of magnitude similar to the simple P3HT coating. Polymer blends improved adhesion to the substrate and mechanical property of the coating, and in addition, the polymer blends made cheaper coating.
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Wang, Wen, Lu Ying Liang, Wei Wang, He Min Zheng, Zong Xiong Xu, Yong Kun Lei, Hong Yu Lin, and Qi Dan Ling. "The Preparation of Higher Ordered Poly(3-hexylthiophene) by Oxidative Method." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.272.
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Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was synthesized by a modified simple FeCl3 oxidative polymerization. The use of mixed solvents provides a low-cost and effective method to prepare the higher ordered P3HT. The SEM result shows that the assembling of P3HT tends to produce nanowires with 1, 4-dioxane as the poor solvent. The XRD result shows that the formation of P3HT nanowires can enhance the order and regularity of the polymer. The conformation transformations of P3HT chains were analyzed by ultraviolet visible light absorption spectrum. The results show that the higher ordered P3HT was obtained. The higher ordered P3HT can improve the utilization rate of the sunlight when applied in solar cells.