Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polymère couche mince'
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Travailleur, Lucy. "Composites mortier-polymère en couche mince : impact du séchage et de la colonisation microbienne." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2040.
Full textPolymer-modified mortars are widely used as protection and/or repair materials. Indeed, the addition of polymer allows modifying the properties of materials especially by promoting their adhesion, while reducing their permeability. However, studies rarely take into account the actual conditions of application on worksite. Those studies are generally realised on massive materials whereas, in fact, polymer-modified mortars are applied into thin layers. In addition, on site, the requirements regarding materials curing are not always applied, and water transfers car occur. Finally, studies on material durability do not consider possible interactions between polymer-modified mortars and microorganisms, which lead to moderate yet aesthetically detrimental degradations. Accordingly, the aim of this thesis is to study the behaviour of polymer-modified mortars applied into thin layers when they are exposed to worksite conditions. To do so, studies were realised in order to understand better the properties of polymer-modified mortars at early age. Firstly, it was showed that polymers have a delaying effect on cement hydration. This effect was partially linked to the adsorption of polymer on cement grains, but mostly due to the complexation of calcium ions following polymer hydrolysis. Then, polymer-modified mortars were exposed to an air flow during hardening, in order to simulate their air drying when curing conditions are not respected. It was noted that polymers do not allow slowing down water evaporation. Besides, mortars with a thickness of less than 20 mm do not retain enough water to ensure cement hydration after 24 hours of drying. Further studies were realised on hardened polymer-modified mortars in order to evaluate their resistance to biocolonisation in the case of their use as a protection material for façades and sewer systems. In the first case, results showed an influence of curing on the bioalteration of mortars, which needs to be verified in a new test campaign. Besides, the colonisation of mortars was limited by the high surface pH of the samples, even after three months. This study allowed recommending the necessity of an abiotic pre-treatment in order to reduce the surface pH to allow the growing of microorganisms. In the second case, results showed that polymer-modified mortars behaved the same way as neat Portland mortars. Indeed, after four months of conservation in the biodeterioration chamber, all mortars showed deterioration depths of 0.5 to 1 mm. Thus, the presence of polymers does not limit biodeterioration
Kahouli, Abdelkader. "Etude des propriétés physico-chimiques et (di-)électriques du parylène C en couche mince." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENT019.
Full textThis work of thesis consisted in undertaking a thorough study of the physicochemical properties of theparylene C, which is a chlorinated polymer, in relationship with its electric and dielectric properties. These lastdetermined mainly the behavior of the permittivity and the dielectric losses according to the temperature (ofnitrogen up to 300 °C) on a wide frequency range (10-4Hz – 1 MHz). The analyses by x-rays diffraction showedthat this polymer had a a - monoclinical crystalline structure with a rate of crystallinity of 45 %. This rate isslightly depending on the thickness for layers thicknesses higher than 50 nm. Specific annealing applied to theparylene C made it possible to modify the rate of crystallinity and values from 30% to 75 % of crystallinitycould be obtained. A linear relation between the rate of crystallinity and the temperature of annealing wasproposed. The dielectric analyses made it possible to highlight three principal mechanisms of relaxation: b, g,a. In addition, a mechanism of interfacial polarization (Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars) was identified at hightemperature (beyond the glass transition). The molecular mobility of the chains around the glass transitionwas analyzed in-depth and the results (index of fragility, thermodynamic parameters...) were positionedcompared to the data of the literature concerning of other polymers
Lacroix, Carine. "Etude des mélanges de polymères semi-conducteur / ferroélectrique en films minces : application en électronique organique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0315/document.
Full textIn this thesis, the mesostructure and the electric/photoelectric behavior of ferroelectric/semi-conductor polymer blends in thin films have been studied for organic electronic applications. The semi-conductivity property of P3HT was associated with the ferroelectricity of P(VDF-TrFe) in one active layer. It has been observed that the intrinsic properties of both materials remained with the bi-continous morphology of these thin films. Memory devices were fabricated based on the 10 % P3HT – 90 % P(VDF-TrFe) active layer and the modulation of the injection properties by the ferroelectric field has been studied. We have also demonstrated that the P3HT/P(VDF-TrFe) thin films exhibit optoelectronic properties which depend on the polarization state of P(VDF-TrFe). The influence of the ferroelectric field on the photogeneration of charges of P3HT and the variation of the photocurrent with the polarization state of P(VDF-TrFe) were determined
Kahouli, Abdelkader. "Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et (di)-électriques du parylène C en couche mince." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627040.
Full textVan-Straaten, Manon. "Dépôt de films minces de poly(méthacrylates) par iCVD : des mécanismes de croissance à la Polymérisation Radicalaire Contrôlée." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1154.
Full textRecent progress in micro and nanotechnologies require the development of new synthesis process for various material thin films. Polymers, thanks to their properties, are very interesting for fields like microelectronic or biomedical. To respond to this need, many Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) technologies are studied. This work focuses on a new method called initied Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD). This deposition method gives many advantages as its soft operational conditions (solvent free, low temperature), versatility and conformity. In order to improve the understanding of synthesis mechanism in iCVD, the first part of this work is about the poly(methacrylates) thin films growth kinetic. The study reveals two-regime growth kinetics. A model for the growth mechanism based on the microscopic and macroscopic analysis of thin layers from the two regimes is proposed. The first regime, at the early stage of the growth, is characterized by a slow deposition rate and polymers with low molecular mass. When the second regime appears, the deposition rate is higher and constant and polymers have higher molecular mass. These evolutions could to be explain by the growth film ability to stock monomers and thus increase the local monomer concentration. Poly(methacryaltes) growth kinetics are also investigated on polymeric and porous organosilicate layers. It appears than iCVD is a deposition method that can fill nanometrics pores with polymer really quickly. Moreover, to have a better control on polymer synthesized by iCVD (molecular weight, macromolecular architecture), the possibility to used a Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization (RDRP) method with iCVD process is discussed. The last part of this work concerns the use of Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization with the iCVD process thanks to silicon samples pre-functionalized with RAFT agent
Bonnet, Laetitia. "Synthèse de couches minces de polymères par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur par une polymérisation amorcée in-situ (iCVD) : mécanisme de croissance et application aux capteurs de gaz." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1258/document.
Full textMiniaturization of microelectronic devices is mandatory for cost, space and performance benefits. Easy-to-use gas sensors can then be designed and detection of low level of toxic gases can be achieved. The sensor performances are closely dependent on the sensitivity of the thin film towards the targeted gas. This study focuses on sensitive polymer thin films deposited by initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD). This innovative deposition method has the advantage to be solvent-free and does not require high reaction temperatures, which allows its use in many fields, including nanocomponent fabrication. The iCVD process parameters are investigated and their influence on the thin film properties discussed. The study of the growth mechanism reveals an unexpected two-regime growth of the deposited films. The first regime, in the early stage of the deposition process, is characterized by a relatively slow growth. In the second regime, the growth rate slightly increases and the film thickness increases linearly with the deposition time. Based on microscopic and macroscopic data gained on poly(neopentyl methacrylate) thin films, a model for the growth mechanism of the polymer thin film is proposed. The change of regime appears to be correlated to the thin film thick-ness. This study shows the presence of a critical thickness. Moreover, the monomer concentration building up where the polymerization takes place is the most significant parameter to understand the film growth. It is also the key parameter to enable the deposition of reproducible and thickness controlled films, which is required for gas sensor applications. Finally, polymethacrylate films, obtained by iCVD, are tested as sensitive layers and low toluene gas concentration (ppm) can be detected, while the gas sensors are reversible
Mokni, Marwa. "Optimisation et analyses des propriétés physico-chimiques et diélectriques du parylène D." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY080/document.
Full textThis work is mainly focused on the elaboration and the characterization of parylene D thin films of few micrometers deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The goal of this study is to evaluate the potentialities of this polymer in order to replace the parylene N or C for specific applications or to integrate it in new applications. A first study consisted in evaluating the impact of the CVD process parameters (temperature of sublimation, temperature of pyrolysis, substrate temperature) on the surface morphology, the molecular structure and dielectric changes of parylene D. For that, we were based on several analyzes techniques as FTIR, XRD, DSC, TGA, AFM, SEM, DMA. Thermal stresses were applied to parylene D to evaluate their performance at high temperature (>200°C) and the changes on the crystal structure (size of crystallites, percentage of crystallinity,…) or the stability of the thermal properties (temperature of transition, temperature of crystallization, melting point) and dielectric properties (the dielectric permittivity, the dissipation factor, the electrical conductivity and the electric modulus). Dielectric and electrical properties of Parylene D were investigated by dielectric spectroscopy in a wide temperature ranges from -140°C to 350°C and frequency from 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz, respectively. (a, b and g)-relaxation mechanisms, interfacial polarization related to Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars and electrode polarization have been identified in this polymers. The dielectric performances of Parylene D have been also compared with parylenes N and C which are used in wide industrial applications. Optimized and controlled conditions of the CVD process of parylenes D are proposed in this work in relation to the properties. The obtained results open a new way for specific applications
Rognin, Etienne. "Caractérisation et applications des écoulements de polymères en films minces nanoimprimés." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI037/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a theoretical and experimental work on nanoscale flows of polymer melts. Different leveling dynamics emerge from the analytical and numerical study of the reflow of a polymer film that is first nanoimprinted and then annealed above its glass transition temperature, depending on the initial topography of the film. These concepts were applied to the manufacturing of optical devices from the reflow of complex nanostructures. A method to measure the Newtonian viscosity and the terminal relaxation time of a thin polymer film was also developed. Finally, an exploratory work on a residual-layer-free nanoimprint process based on dewetting is presented. Emphasis was put on the accurate computation of the disjoining pressure in stratified media with the modern Lifshitz theory based on the optical properties of the interacting materials
Dupas, Julien. "Mouillage de polymères solubles." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00781130.
Full textRoche, Soline. "Propriétés viscoélastiques et plastiques par nano-indentation de couches minces polymères solides : étude en température et en pression." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ECDL0013.
Full textThe topic of this study was to mechanically characterize in nanoindentation and nanoscratch thin polymers layers. The goal is to improve the understanding of thin polymer layer elastic behavior laid on hard substrate. Tests in nanoindentation and nanoscratch were done on thin polymer films laid on different substrates. A rheologic model was used in order to extract the film elastic properties from the measured value linked to {film+substrate}. A specific behavior of thin polymer film has been identified: the anvil effect. In indentation, it is observed in two different ways : increase of the conservation film modulus with the hardness, linked to the film hardening, and decrease of the loss tangent with the hardness, which is explained by increasing the vitreous transition temperature. In scratch test, this effect is related to the increase of the film mechanical properties. Nanoindentation tests have highlighted residual stresses, mainly thermal driven. A new methodology to characterize those residual stresses for a thin polymer film was presented. An interpretation of the anvil effect is proposed. This effect is linked to thin layer pressurized, confined between diamond indenter and hard substrate. Its mechanical properties grow with hydrostatic pressure. This phenomenon is greater for thin layers (< 50μm) with lower mechanical properties than those of the substrate. A logarithmic type evolution law is proposed. A temperature study show isothermal curves of the conservation modulus with the pressure are shifted. The anvil effect can be described by a unic curve, applying additive constants determined at a given reference temperature. It is the same for the film loss tangent. Moreover, the consequences of the anvil effect on the use properties of polymer coating are analyzed: scratch resistance and the adhesion to substrate. A fundamental application of thin film was studied multilayer coatings. It seems that anvil effect is a phenomenon to consider for improvement of mono or multilayer coating scratch resistance. The results obtained on thin layers allow to choose two mix of basecoat and topcoat in order to have an improved bilayer. We have demonstrated that a basecoat between the topcoat and the hard substrate allow an improved scratch resistance of the final coating
Beaumesnil, Mathieu. "L'identification et quantification d'additifs dans les carburants et les lubrifiants par HPTLC-MS et techniques de dérivatisation." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR061.
Full textOil companies increase the quality of their products such as fuels by using additives. A large variety of additives can be used, such as antioxidants or antiknock agents. In this study, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to quantify some additive in diesel fuel without sample preparation. HPTLC is an analytical technique used to characterize and quantify compounds in mixtures. To increase polymer detection and signal quality, derivatization methods were used.In order to confirm the analyte identification and to provide structural information, a method based on the direct coupling of HPTLC to mass spectrometry (MS) was developed. Ionization sources such as DESI (desorption electrospray ionization), DART (direct analysis in real time) and MALDI (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization) were evaluated. It appeared that MALDI was the most suitable source to efficiently desorb the additives on HPTLC plate. After several tests and optimizations on different stationary phases and ionization sources, a HPTLC-MALDI method was developed on cellulose and allowed to detect surfactant in diesel fuel at real concentration. At the same time, ASAP (atmospheric solids analysis probe) was coupled for the first time to HPTLC
Whiteley, Amelia Jane. "Ingénierie de surfaces antimicrobiennes : combinaison de topographie et de fonctionnalisation par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur par polymérisation amorcée in situ et plasma atmosphérique froid." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALI043.
Full textAs biofilms continue to cause damage in many different industries, leading to health issues, device failure and numerous costs, the traditional strategies used to fight against biofouling are being questioned. Indeed, the rise of antibioresistance and concerns over the toxicity of other biocides bring to light the limits of such approaches. Rather than focusing on eliminating biofilm, bioinspired strategies suggest limiting the initial bacterial adsorption by developing hydrophobic or hydrophilic surfaces. In this thesis, hydrophobic fluorine-free organosilicate thin films were deposited using two innovative deposition methods: Dielectric Barrier Discharge Cold Atmospheric Plasma (DBD-CAP) and initiated Chemical Vapour Deposition (iCVD), respectively leading to plasma polymers and conventional polymers. iCVD was also used to functionalise surfaces with superhydrophilic poly(vinylpyrrolidone). While the latter had interesting wettability properties, it’s solubility made it an impossible coating for devices to be found in bacterial suspensions or other liquid media. To overcome this, the organosilicate precursor was used as a crosslinking agent and both monomers were simultaneously injected into the iCVD reactor, creating hydrophilic and insoluble copolymers. As well as depositing these polymers on planar surfaces, they were used to coat substrates with microscale topography brought by nanoimprint lithography, and roughness achieved by plasma etching. Indeed, it has previously been shown in the literature that there are many advantages in combining chemistry and topography for antibiofouling surfaces. Finally, the developed surfaces were incubated with bacterial suspensions to assess their influence of bacterial adhesion
Alshikh, Khalil Mohammad. "Réalisation en optique intégrée sur verre d'un doubleur de fréquence et d'un amplificateur paramétrique utilisant un polymère non linéaire." Grenoble INPG, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPG0086.
Full textVilmin, Thomas. "Quelques Propriétés des Polymères en Couches Minces." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00083656.
Full textDans une première partie nous étudions le comportement, en adhésion et en friction, d'une couche de chaînes polymères greffées sur un substrat solide plat. On modélise dans un premier temps l'interdigitation entre cette "brosse" et un élastomère au contact, statique ou en translation horizontale. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence des phénomènes de saturation aux fortes densités de greffage. On s'intéresse ensuite à la dissipation d'énergie liée à l'extraction des chaînes lors du décollement de l'élastomère ou lors de sa mise en mouvement.
Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse on étudie plusieurs aspects de la stabilité d'un film fin de polymères déposé sur un substrat glissant tel que les brosses étudiées dans la première partie. Nous nous intéressons au rôle joué par la viscoélasticité de ces films lors de la croissance d'une instabilité de surface, et lors de leur démouillage. En particulier, nous montrons que la présence de contraintes résiduelles, permise par la viscoélasticité, est une cause de déstabilisation des films de polymères et accélère le démouillage. La friction entre le film et le substrat se révèle aussi être un paramètre déterminant de la dynamique de l'instabilité et du démouillage.
Martwong, Ekkachai. "Design of surface-attached hydrogel thin films with LCST/UCST temperature-responsive properties." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS120.pdf.
Full textTemperature-responsive surface-attached hydrogel thin films with various LCST/UCST (Lower/Upper Critical Solution Temperature) were designed for specific applications. The chemical polymer networks covalently attached on plane solid substrates were synthesized by a versatile and straightforward approach using thiol-ene click chemistry. It consists in coating ene-reactive polymers and dithiol crosslinkers on thiol-modified substrates, the thiol-ene click reaction allowing simultaneous cross-linking between chains and grafting on the surface. The CLAG (Cross-Linking And Grafting) strategy provides chemically stable and reproducible hydrogel films with a wide range of thickness and with the desired temperature-responsive properties. Ene-functionalized hydrophilic polymers can be synthesized using free radical copolymerization of the desired monomer with allyl methacrylate in organic solvent or co-solvent with water. Another way is the synthesis in water in two steps: the desired monomer is copolymerized with acrylic acid and then the copolymer is post-modified by amidification. Three polymer families were investigated: poly(PEGMA), poly(acrylamide) derivatives and poly(zwitterions). The transition temperature of the hydrogel films is determined by measuring the thickness in aqueous solutions at different temperatures with ellipsometry. Poly(PEGMA) hydrogel films show LCST properties with the transition temperature increasing with the number of PEG units. The LCST ranges from 15 °C to 60 °C with two to five PEG units in the pendant chains. The LCST can also be adjusted using mixed copolymers hydrogel. Poly(acrylamide) derivatives hydrogel films have both LCST and UCST properties. Poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel films show very interesting UCST behavior in addition to be anti-fouling, which is very promising for biology applications
Bailly, Loïc. "Cellules photovoltaïques organiques souples à grande surface." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01005188.
Full textMarque, Pascal. "Proprietes spectroelectrochimiques des couches minces de polythiophenes : application electrochromique." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066396.
Full textLi, Xiguang. "Graphene/polymer nanocomposites : viscoelasticity, forced assembly, and nanosandwich." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENAM0001/document.
Full textGraphene is an atomically thick, two-dimensional nano-sheet with advanced mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. As a result, the addition of graphene and graphene derivative nanoparticles to polymer matrices has been a major strategy towards development of new materials in the field of composites. However, from a fundamental point of view, the origins of the advanced properties of graphene-based nanocomposites have been little investigated. In particular, changes in the viscoelastic properties of the polymer matrix due to specific interactions between the polymer and the graphene reinforcing elements can cause higher than expected apparent reinforcement. In addition, there is little work on characterizing the strength of the interface between the graphene used for reinforcement and the polymer matrixes. From a more engineering point of view, the design of polymer nanocomposites made of in-plane oriented graphene to create a two-dimensionally reinforced structure has also not been previously undertaken. The present dissertation is composed of three major works focusing on these problems.The first part focuses on how to use a viscoelastic micromechanics approach to account for the effects of glass transition temperature Tg changes to correct the apparent stiffening of graphene oxide nanocomposites. It is found that graphene oxide stiffens the polymer matrices by increasing the Tg, which significantly modifies their thermo-viscoelasticity. This leads to apparent reinforcements that are not due to the stiffness of the graphene oxide itself, and largely explains anomalously high moduli reported in the literature for such graphene oxide/polymer matrix nanocomposites.The second part focuses on a forced assembly multi-layer co-extrusion method to create films made of alternating layers of neat polymer / oriented graphene nanoplatelet filled polymer. The morphology of the layers (35 ~ 40 nm thick) containing oriented graphene was established by electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of the materials were determined and the two-dimensional stiffening could be related to the oriented graphene nanoplatelets in the layered films. Taking into account the change of Tg, more than 100% intrinsic reinforcement was estimated for 2 wt % of graphene in the nanolayers. The results were analyzed and interpreted via an analytical model based on Mori-Tanaka analysis.The third part focuses on extending a nano-bubble inflation method to the investigation of a novel graphene nano-sandwich with the purpose of investigation of the graphene / polymer interface. At small strains, significant mechanical reinforcement was observed for both graphene-reinforced rubbery and glassy PEMA layers. The interfacial mechanics between graphene and polymer layers was investigated and a “yield-like” interfacial slip was observed in the mechanical response of the nano-sandwich structures
Leray, Isabelle. "Diffusion de molécules aromatiques dans les couches minces de polymères contenant des porphyrines : application à la détection de composés organiques volatils." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DENS0020.
Full textSiretanu, Igor. "Nanostructuration contrôlée de films de polymères." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14326/document.
Full textIt is well known that the importance and the applications of surface structuration in Nature and in technology are widespread. Simple patterns, such as surface waves, are indispensable in some natural processes and may have direct application to technological innovations. In this thesis I investigate novel methods of structuring and control structure formation process in thin polymer films, particularly at temperatures lower than their glass transition. We have found that the surface of glassy polystyrene can be reconstructed at room temperature either by direct or indirect application of an electric field, strongly suggesting that a layer of enhanced mobility indeed exists at the surface of this glassy polymer. Additionally through this thesis we present a novel developed way to induce and control submicron structures on hydrophobic substrates by a single, simple treatment step based on treating the substrate with degassed aqueous solution. This nanostructuration is the result of close adsorption of charged species on the hydrophobic polymeric surface building a high electric field, which, combined with the mobility of the polymer surface, induces the deformation of the polymer substrate. Since, the direct study of properties of this specific near free surface region of thin polymer films is very rare due to the limited suitable experimental techniques; we have completed an extensive study of influence of supporting substrate and the temporal relaxation of previously polymer structured surfaces by above described methods
Mabrouk, Manel. "Structure électronique des couches minces organiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4343.
Full textThis thesis presents research work on self-organized metal-organic monolayers. We have theoretically investigated the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of two-dimensional TM-Pc (Pc: phthalocyanine) and TM-TCNB (TCNB: tetracyanobenzene) where TM is the transition metal for the 3d, 4d or 5d series. The calculations are performed by density functional theory taking into account the Hubbard term (DFT+U) using the VASP simulation code (Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package). In addition, the adsorption of the Fe-Pc molecule on the gold surface Au(111) was studied via SGGA and SGGA+U
Mabrouk, Manel. "Structure électronique des couches minces organiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4343.
Full textThis thesis presents research work on self-organized metal-organic monolayers. We have theoretically investigated the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of two-dimensional TM-Pc (Pc: phthalocyanine) and TM-TCNB (TCNB: tetracyanobenzene) where TM is the transition metal for the 3d, 4d or 5d series. The calculations are performed by density functional theory taking into account the Hubbard term (DFT+U) using the VASP simulation code (Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package). In addition, the adsorption of the Fe-Pc molecule on the gold surface Au(111) was studied via SGGA and SGGA+U
Davied, Sylvie. "Films minces de polymères conducteurs électroniques : nouvelle méthode d'élaboration." Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10141.
Full textAmarouchene, Yacine. "Étude de l'interaction polymère-écoulement." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12531.
Full textBotiz, Ioan. "Processes of Ordered Structure Formation in Polypeptide Thin Film Solutions." Mulhouse, 2007. https://www.learning-center.uha.fr/opac/resource/processes-of-ordered-structure-formation-in-polypeptide-thin-film-solutions/BUS4012009.
Full textTransforming thin solid films of PS-PBLG into solutions, via exposure to solvent vapor, allowed us to nucleate and grow in such solutions ordered ellipsoidal 3D structures containing millions of molecules. These structures were randomly oriented but homogeneously distributed on the film surface and possessed an anisotropic shape which we attributed to asymmetric growth in lateral directions. The experiments presented in this work proved that the size of ellipsoidal structures (limited due to decrease of supersaturation) was found to be increasing with the decrease of polymer concentration in film solution. Consequently, the ordering of polypeptides in a film solution at two consecutive polymer concentrations led to a bimodal distribution of ellipsoidal structures on the film surface. Performing experiments under different environmental conditions allowed us to conclude that polymer solubility could be influenced via surrounding gas-phase humidity variation. Increasing the humidity of the surrounding gas-phase led to a decrease of the value of polymer solubility and to an increase of interfacial tension between the ordered structures and the solution. We proposed that complexation of PBLG by water, via hydrogen bonding interactions, led to a "new" polymer which causes the formation of solid ordered structures also at low polymer concentrations. We tested this hypothesis by using besides water also other protic nonsolvents like methanol or trifluoroacetic acid. At the end, we have shown that the process of ordered structure formation was reversible upon varying humidity or vapor pressure of a protic non-solvent in the surrounding gas-phase
Hamieh, Moustafa. "Stabilité et demouillage des couches minces de polystyrène proche de la transistion vitreuse." Mulhouse, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MULH0838.
Full textRogier, Benoît. "Couches minces de zircone sur polymères : propriétés adhésives et interfaciales." Mulhouse, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MULH0524.
Full textJongsma, Jelmer Eelke. "Étude de structures adhésives de polymères en couches minces." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2013.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis has been created around an industrial development target: increase the internal pressure resistance of a metal food container with a peelable closure during sterilization processes. The critical part of the closure is the thermo-sealed zone of the aluminium membrane and the metal ring. The seal and peel medium is a thin layer (20 µm) of polypropylene and polyethylene. Improvements are proposed by geometrical changes in the sealing, membrane and closure. More fundamental research was done on the heterogeneity of the stress distributions in the sealed zone, adhesively bonded zone. For the elastic case, a qualitative homogeneity criterium for the shear stress distribution in the adhesively bonded zone was derived. Under the assumption of homogeneous stress distributions, global shear creep measurements at elevated temperatures on the sealed zone gave unsatisfactory results. Local deformation measurements at elevated temperatures were necessary but difficult because of the seal- width / thickness ratio of around hundred. The local deformation observations proved the heterogeneity of the deformation along the sealing. Two deformation mechanisms were observed. First, the shear deformation along the whole sealing, this deformation is likely to be heterogeneous. Second, a local deformation initiated by plastic deformation in the aluminium membrane. The second deformation mechanism has a local character and might create a failure in the sealing with a propagating character along the sealing. The heterogeneous or even local character of the observed deformations made quantitative analysis of the adhesive properties very difficult
Piluso, Pierre. "Développement de nouvelles formulations à base de polymères fonctionnels pour la mise au point de papiers techniques à propriétés spécifiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1090.
Full textThis PhD work dealt with the study of the acetalization reaction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in aqueous medium by non-water soluble aldehydes bearing long alkyl chains and a vinyl end group such as 10-undecenal in specific conditions: in 8 wt% concentrated PVA solutions and with low acetalization degree (AD) from 0.33 mol% to 5.6 mol%. The main purpose of this grafting reaction is to obtain an activated surface on water casted polymer films. First, the impact of reactants concentrations, pH and reaction atmosphere on the acetalization kinetics was studied with a model compound first, pentane-2,4-diol, then with PVA. A new 1H NMR titration method allowed to carry out in situ quantification of the amount of reactant and of grafted aldehyde.On main objectives of this work was to obtain the highest DA while keeping PVA solutions viscosity as low as possible to keep a sufficiently low solution viscosity for a solvent cast process. The impact of AD by 10-undecenal on PVA solution organization and on the rheological properties of 8 wt% PVA aqueous solutions were investigated first until 1.85 mol% AD. A surface vinyl groups quantification method was developed through chemical labeling of the vinyl groups at the surface of solvent casted PVA films and 1H NMR titration of the labels. This method allowed the study of vinyl groups orientation toward the surface of acetalized PVA films until 1.48 mol% AD.The influence of PVA molar mass and of aldehyde alkyl chain length on acetalization kinetics and solutions viscosity was also studied. The use of a low molar mass polymer appeared to be an efficient way to obtain highly modified films while keeping a low 8 wt% acetalized PVA solution viscosity
Ho, Caroline. "Etude de l'adhérence de couches minces de SiO2 sur substrat polymère." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0030.
Full textBesides its main function of providing visual correction, ophthalmic lenses offer additional benefits, such as anti-scratch and anti-reflective properties, in order to optimize visual comfort. These features are brought by coatings deposited on top of the plastic polymeric substrate constituting the lens. More specifically, an anti-scratch hardcoat of a few microns thick is deposited by wet chemical methods, followed by the evaporation of an anti-reflective stack within the nanometric scale. The challenge is to ensure interface quality between layers. Considering their small dimensions, assessment of mechanical adhesion within the ophthalmic stack is mostly performed qualitatively to this day. The aim of this research is to provide a quantitative estimate of the mechanical adhesion at the most sensitive interface of the structure, located between the SiO2 layer of the anti-reflective stack and the hardcoat. Among the 300 adhesion tests described in the literature, adhesion test by compression has been chosen because of its ability to replicate defects observed in real life. Moreover compression tests offer the advantage of allowing uniaxial and contactless mechanical application within the observation area. Mechanical adhesion at this interface has been estimated quantitatively by studying buckle morphologies generated by compression tests. In order to study dimensions of straight-sided buckles, development of in situ compression test under an optical profilometer was carried out. Special attention was given to experimental conditions during application of compressive stress on test specimen. Both designs of samples and compression testing stage were revised to promote substrate’s strain homogeneity. Mechanical adhesion of samples which underwent different deposition processes was assessed. Influence of process parameters as well as impact of ageing on mechanical adhesion was evaluated. In order to better describe the experimental scenario and gain a greater understanding of mechanisms of adhesion between the SiO2 layer and the hardcoat, a numerical model was developed. Mechanical properties of materials composing the interface were characterized by nanoindentation and coupled with nanoindentation models taking into account influence of substrate for thin SiO2 layer. Interfacial delamination through buckling of the SiO2 layer was simulated using cohesive surface technique. Interfacial parameters allowing close compliance with experimental results are presented. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate leading factors allowing proper description of buckling scenario
Ahmadi, Kandjani Sohrab. "Réseaux de surface auto-organisés dans les films minces d'azo-polymères." Angers, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592269.
Full textNature is a beautiful combination of patterns. Natural patterns are self-organized. Well defined self-organized patterns also can appear in laboratory conditions for different systems. In this thesis we present pattern formation via self-organization of azo molecules under light illumination. Illuminated azo molecules undergo a trans-cis-trans photoisomerization and diffuse in the polymer film far from brightness. We show that it is possible to form spontaneous patterns on the surface of azo-polymer films under coherent light exposure. The pattern orientation depends on light polarization and polarization multiplexing for more than two states is possible. The experimental results for different incidence angle are fitted by a simple theoretical model based on stimulated Wood's anomalies. Various patterns were inscribed by varying input beam polarization and incidence angle. Under incoherent beam illumination, diffusion of azo-molecules is random (no correlation between them) and it is impossible to create a well defined pattern. Presence of an additional low power coherent beam causes pattern formation. Information about formed pattern in the coherent region, propagate in a self-organized manner and cover whole region of incoherent beam. Only a few percent of informed molecules is enough for self-organization. In addition, we also studied light induced birefringence and surface relief grating formation in a series of azo-polymers. Some possible applications of these patterns are presented
Tran, Thanh Hien. "Couches minces copolymères plasma anti-buée élaboration et caratérisation : élaboration et caratérisation." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1012/document.
Full textThe PhD work is focused on the deposition of a multilayer coating with an anti-fog top layer obtained thanks to the plasma copolymerization of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers and an intermediate barrier layer, also obtained by plasma deposition on polycarbonate. The work is divided into 3 parts: the independently preparations of the two monolayers, barrier and anti-fogging ones, then the barrier-antifog multilayer deposition. The characterization of the thin films obtained is based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.The barrier plasma-layer is issued from by the mixture of dioxygen and one of these three organosilicon precursors : hexamethyledisiloxane ; 2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane ; triethoxyfluorosilane. The influence of the plasma conditions such as discharge power, monomer/dioxygen ratio, deposition duration on the chemical structure and the hydrophobicity of the different types of the organosilicon layers was studied. The results of permeation with liquid water or dioxygen show that the barrier property of the organosilicon layer is more efficient than that of the fluorinated layer. Anti-fog plasma-copolymer is synthetized from two hydrophilic and hydrophobic precursors deposited by pulsed plasma mode. The precursors such as 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate and acrylic acid were selected for the hydrophilic part while the 1H, 1H, 2H-perfluoro-1-decene will be associated to the oleophobic part. The dependence of the chemical structure and the morphology of the anti-fog layers is studied according to the hydrophilic/oleophobic distribution and the deposition time
Guesmi, Ismaël. "Dépôt de couches minces de cuivre sur substrats polymères de forme complexes par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron avec ionisation de la vapeur." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703850.
Full textBerhault, Aurélie, and Aurélie Berhault. "Développement d'un film mince à base de polymère thermo-sensible pour la détection d'analytes cibles." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37621.
Full textLes polymères stimuli-sensibles ont considérablement attiré l’intérêt scientifique grâce à leur capacité à changer de conformation ou d’état de solvatation sous l’influence d’un stimulus externe tel que la température, le pH, la lumière, les champs électriques et magnétiques ou encore la composition du solvant. Ces polymères peuvent être préparés sous différentes formes (micro-/nanoparticules, films minces, membranes, polymère peigne, micelles …) et sont utilisés dans diverses applications telles que l’ingénierie tissulaire, la vectorisation/libération de médicaments et les (bio)capteurs. Dans le domaine des capteurs, les polymères stimuli-sensibles sont souvent utilisés comme transducteurs entre le milieu à analyser et la plateforme de détection. Le but de cette étude est de développer un film transducteur à base de polymère thermo-sensible pour la détection du fer. La première étape consiste à synthétiser un microgel de poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acide acrylique) (PNIPAM-co-AAc) via une polymérisation radicalaire par précipitation en utilisant un monomère thermo-sensible (NIPAM), un co-monomère (AAc) et l’agent de réticulation N, N’-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BIS). La réaction mène à des microgels dotés d’une température critique inférieure de solubilité (LCST) définie comme la température à laquelle le microgel subit une transition d’un état gonflé à un état replié. Dans le but d’étudier la taille du microgel, la concentration en monomères et la vitesse d’agitation sont variés. Ensuite, les quantités de co-monomère (AAc) et de réticulant (BIS) sont variés afin d’étudier le comportement thermo-sensible. Toutes ces synthèses produisent des microgels dont la LCST se situe autour de 30-32°C avec une excellente réversibilité de la transition de l’état gonflé vers l’état replié. Considérant la nature de l’objet (microgel), la synthèse utilisée dans ce projet est reproductible d’un point de vue taille de microgel et LCST. Afin de prouver le concept de détection, les microgels sont fonctionnalisés avec la dopamine qui contient des groupements catéchol connus pour leur affinité spécifique avec les ions du fer. La LCST des microgels fonctionnalisés est décalée vers les plus hautes températures et la transition de phase est moins brutale. La deuxième étape du projet consiste à déposer le microgel sur un substrat en verre revêtu d’une fine couche d’or fonctionnalisée avec la cystéamine. Différents paramètres (pH, concentration, température, durée de trempage) sont variés afin d’optimiser la déposition du microgel. La microscopie à force atomique (AFM) est utilisée pour observer la surface du microgel déposé et déterminer les conditions optimales de déposition. Suite à cette étape, la spectroscopie par résonance de plasmon de surface (SPR) est utilisée dans le but d’étudier les comportements thermo- et iono-sensibles du film mince de microgel.
Stimuli-responsive polymers have attracted considerable scientific interest because of their ability to undergo conformational or solvation state changes under the influence of an external stimulus such as temperature, pH, light, magnetic and electric field or solvent composition. These polymers can be prepared in various architectures (as micro-/nanoparticles, thin films, membranes, polymer brushes, micelles …) and have found application in diverse fields, including tissue engineering, drug delivery and as (bio)sensors. In the field of sensors, stimuliresponsive polymers are often used as transducers between the environment to be analyzed and the detection platform. In this study, we aim to develop a transducer film based on a thermo-responsive polymer for iron detection. The first step is to synthesize a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PNIPAM-co-AAc) microgel via free radical precipitation polymerization using a thermo-responsive monomer (NIPAM), a co-monomer (AAc) and a crosslinker (N, N’-methylenebisacrylamide) (BIS). This polymerization yields microgels which exhibit a Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST), identified as the temperature at which the microgel undergoes a transition from a swollen state to a collapsed state. In order to study the microgel size, the monomer concentration and the stirring speed were varied. Then, the comonomer (AAc) and crosslinker (BIS) quantities were varied to study the thermo-responsive behaviour. All of these syntheses produce microgels with a LCST around 30-32°C and an excellent reversibility in terms of transition from the swollen state to the collapsed state. Considering the nature of the object (microgel), the synthesis used in this project is reproducible in terms of microgel size and LCST. To demonstrate the detection concept, microgels are functionalized with dopamine that contains catechol groups known for their specific affinity for the iron ions. The LCST of functionalized microgels shifts toward higher temperatures and their phase transition is less sharp. The second step of the project consists of depositing the microgel on a glass substrate coated with a gold thin film functionalized with cysteamine. Different parameters (pH, concentration, temperature, dipping duration) were varied in order to optimize microgel deposition. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to observe the surface of the microgel to determine the optimal coating conditions. After this step, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the thermo- and iono-responsive behaviours of the microgel thin film.
Stimuli-responsive polymers have attracted considerable scientific interest because of their ability to undergo conformational or solvation state changes under the influence of an external stimulus such as temperature, pH, light, magnetic and electric field or solvent composition. These polymers can be prepared in various architectures (as micro-/nanoparticles, thin films, membranes, polymer brushes, micelles …) and have found application in diverse fields, including tissue engineering, drug delivery and as (bio)sensors. In the field of sensors, stimuliresponsive polymers are often used as transducers between the environment to be analyzed and the detection platform. In this study, we aim to develop a transducer film based on a thermo-responsive polymer for iron detection. The first step is to synthesize a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PNIPAM-co-AAc) microgel via free radical precipitation polymerization using a thermo-responsive monomer (NIPAM), a co-monomer (AAc) and a crosslinker (N, N’-methylenebisacrylamide) (BIS). This polymerization yields microgels which exhibit a Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST), identified as the temperature at which the microgel undergoes a transition from a swollen state to a collapsed state. In order to study the microgel size, the monomer concentration and the stirring speed were varied. Then, the comonomer (AAc) and crosslinker (BIS) quantities were varied to study the thermo-responsive behaviour. All of these syntheses produce microgels with a LCST around 30-32°C and an excellent reversibility in terms of transition from the swollen state to the collapsed state. Considering the nature of the object (microgel), the synthesis used in this project is reproducible in terms of microgel size and LCST. To demonstrate the detection concept, microgels are functionalized with dopamine that contains catechol groups known for their specific affinity for the iron ions. The LCST of functionalized microgels shifts toward higher temperatures and their phase transition is less sharp. The second step of the project consists of depositing the microgel on a glass substrate coated with a gold thin film functionalized with cysteamine. Different parameters (pH, concentration, temperature, dipping duration) were varied in order to optimize microgel deposition. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to observe the surface of the microgel to determine the optimal coating conditions. After this step, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the thermo- and iono-responsive behaviours of the microgel thin film.
Nguema, Agnandji Edwin. "Génération et détection Terahertz : application à la caractérisation de matériaux en couches minces." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13796/document.
Full textThis work concerns the characterization of thin film materials by terahertz time domain spectroscopy. For this purpose, we elaborated a terahertz setup in which the terahertz emission and terahertz detection are based on the use of femtosecond laser, semiconductors, ultrafast photoswitches or electro-optic crystals. The study of dielectric function of ferroelectrics thin film (barium titanate/-Ba1-xSrxTiO3) with temperature, give the importance of soft phonon mode. Finally, the electromagnetic behavior of conducting polymers based on polyaniline was made, in particular their shelding effectiveness in millimeter and sub-millimeter length
Bec, Sandrine. "Micro-pyrolyse de couches minces de polymères précurseurs de céramiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00151134.
Full textDans un premier temps, l'analyse du comportement de dépôts pyrolysés sous différentes atmosphères est effectuée avec un dispositif de micro-pyrolyse spécialement développé pour cette étude. Il permet d'observer en microscopie optique la surface du dépôt en continu pendant le traitement thermique. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence plusieurs phénomènes pendant le chauffage. En particulier, nous montrons que la fissuration des dépôts se produit pendant la montée en température, vers 580°C sous azote ou sous argon. Des caractérisations chimiques montrent que, dans ces conditions, les dépôts sont du type SiCNO avec une couche oxydée (SiO2) en surface (épaisseur 100 nm environ).
Des modélisations mécaniques issues de la littérature, puis la construction d'un modèle monodimensionnel simple nous permettent de décrire la fissuration et le décollement des dépôts de manière plus quantitative.
La dernière partie de ce travail consiste en la détermination des paramètres principaux qui gouvernent cette fissuration. La caractérisation mécanique des dépôts à différents stades de la transformation du précurseur est effectuée par nanodureté. Nous montrons que la fissuration des dépôts coïncide avec un brutal accroissement des propriétés mécaniques du matériau (dureté et module d'Young) entre 550°C et 650°C, couplé à une augmentation importante du retrait à ces températures. Nous en déduisons que la fissuration résulte de la transition polymère/céramique.
Hassenforder, Philippe. "Preparation et etude de couches minces cristallines de polydiacetylenes." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066289.
Full textHamon, Loïc. "Comportement des polymères et des mélanges en couches minces : de la transition vitreuse à la distribution d'additifs." Mulhouse, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MULH0660.
Full textWe study here the behaviour of stereoregular PMMA and blends of PMMA - PEO oligomers in supported thin films. The alm of these works is, firstly, to understand the dynamical behaviour (chain mobility) in thin polymer films and then, to correlate this with additives distribution. Interactions beetwen polymer chains and substrats are at the origin of the thickness dépendant glass transition température in the PMMA thin films, but the use of différent tacticities allows to display the importance of polymer chain conformation. Conformations are influenced by the thin film mode of préparation (spin-coating) and the kind of solvent. So, variations of Tg are diseussed in terms of conformational rearrangements but also, disentanglement of chains. The study of polymer blends pointed out that the PEO do not modify dynamical behaviour of the film. Consequently, PMMA chain conformation and the thin film structure are not influenced by addition of small molecules. It's necessary to use high surfactant oligomer to change thin film properties (dewetting) and measure a surface excess
Pierre, Alain. "Aptitude à la déformation de polymères thermodurcissables appliques en couche mince sur un substrat métallique." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0038.
Full textThe goals of this Ph. D. Thesis are to propose a way of studying how a thin organic coating (usually a varnish) applied on a metallic substrate can deform, and, in the particular case of the deep drawing of boxes, to determine the key parameters linked to the structure of the varnishes and to the deep drawing conditions, which have the main effects on the ability of the varnish to resist to deformations. To achieve this goals, we have chosen to evaluate the ability to deep drawing of thermoset coatings as a function of different variables: structure of the varnish (mean molecular mass between cross links or glass transition temperature Tg), and deep drawing parameters (speed and temperature versus Tg). Since industrial varnishes are very complex ones and their composition is very seldom known, we have decided to synthesize model epoxy/amine varnishes. These systems have a simple and well defined reaction scheme. Their structure may be modified at will in order to magnify the differences between them. Deep drawn cans were produced with aluminum plates lacquered with various model and industrial varnishes. This study enabled us to propose a methodology to study the ability of an organic coating applied on a metallic substrate to deform. In the case of the deep drawing of boxes, we have emphasized the effects of the structure of thermoset varnishes, of the deep drawing temperature and speed on their ability to deep drawing. Moreover, our results suggest the role of other parameters: tribology and adhesion, role which should perhaps be precisely determined
Zaitsev, Andrii. "Exploration de la voie plasma pour la synthèse de nanostructures et de nanocomposites à base de polyaniline." Thesis, Le Mans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEMA1014/document.
Full textPolymer nanostructures are of great interest due to their unique properties such as high shape factor. This property is essential for applications where surface interactions are involved. One example of such an application is the gas detection. Polyaniline (PANi) has been shown as a promising material for ammonia detection. Conventional synthesis (chemical orelectrochemical) of PANi nanofibers has been widely described in the literature but this way has many drawbacks. They include several steps (synthesis, purification, deposition on the substrate) and the use of chemicals (oxidants, acids) which are not environmentally friendly. The polymerization assisted by cold plasma (PECVD) allows overcoming it, as only themonomer is used and is directly polymerized on the substrate. This thesis work aims to develop plasma polyanilinenanostructures while retaining the monomer unit in the polymer. The key parameter that determines thenanostructuring process is the discharge power. At high power, highly structured films are obtained but the monomer molecules are totally fragmented. On the contrary, low power allows conservation of the monomer unit but no surface structuring is observed. We developed a method which combines the advantages of each regime. This "bottom-up" process consists to vary the input power during deposition in two or three stages. Parameters influencing the chemical and morphological structures are determined and the two and three steps methods are compared. Furthermore, the "top-down" synthesis of nanostructures by etching the PANi layer is also studied according to the plasma parameters (power and discharge time, etching gas flow rate and substrate bias). Finally, in plasma phase, we synthesized nanocomposite by combining PANi nanostructures and sputtered Pd particles. The chemical structure of the PANi films is characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR and XPS. In order to highlight the nanostructuring of thin films, SEM and AFM microscopy areused. The latter one allows also the calculation of the roughness and specific surface of the PANi. EDX spectroscopyis used to bring out the presence of palladium and to quantify it. Finally, the obtained layers are characterized under gas byabsorbance variation measurements in order to determine their sensitivity and response time to ammonia
Martwong, Ekkachai. "Design of surface-attached hydrogel thin films with LCST/UCST temperature-responsive properties." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS120/document.
Full textTemperature-responsive surface-attached hydrogel thin films with various LCST/UCST (Lower/Upper Critical Solution Temperature) were designed for specific applications. The chemical polymer networks covalently attached on plane solid substrates were synthesized by a versatile and straightforward approach using thiol-ene click chemistry. It consists in coating ene-reactive polymers and dithiol crosslinkers on thiol-modified substrates, the thiol-ene click reaction allowing simultaneous cross-linking between chains and grafting on the surface. The CLAG (Cross-Linking And Grafting) strategy provides chemically stable and reproducible hydrogel films with a wide range of thickness and with the desired temperature-responsive properties. Ene-functionalized hydrophilic polymers can be synthesized using free radical copolymerization of the desired monomer with allyl methacrylate in organic solvent or co-solvent with water. Another way is the synthesis in water in two steps: the desired monomer is copolymerized with acrylic acid and then the copolymer is post-modified by amidification. Three polymer families were investigated: poly(PEGMA), poly(acrylamide) derivatives and poly(zwitterions). The transition temperature of the hydrogel films is determined by measuring the thickness in aqueous solutions at different temperatures with ellipsometry. Poly(PEGMA) hydrogel films show LCST properties with the transition temperature increasing with the number of PEG units. The LCST ranges from 15 °C to 60 °C with two to five PEG units in the pendant chains. The LCST can also be adjusted using mixed copolymers hydrogel. Poly(acrylamide) derivatives hydrogel films have both LCST and UCST properties. Poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel films show very interesting UCST behavior in addition to be anti-fouling, which is very promising for biology applications
Liang, Chenghua. "Caractérisations électriques de polymères conducteurs intrinsèques Polyaniline / Polyuréthane dans une large gamme de fréquence (DC à 20 GHz)." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596089.
Full textTeyssedre, Hubert. "Simulation du procédé de nanoimpression thermiquesur silicium revêtu d’un film polymère ultramince." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENAM0047/document.
Full textSurface nanostructuring is an intriguing field of materials physics that has been largely ado-pted for both aesthetic and functional purposes. Nanostructures can be present in nature (water repellent effect of the lotus leaf) or produced for industrial applications, and they can be manufactured by lithography. Thermal nanoimprint is the process studied in this thesis, which is an inexpensive method to replicate the micro- and nanostructures of a mold into the surface of a substrate. This embossing method consists in printing the mold into a thin film of thermoplastic polymer (50 to 500 nm in thickness) previously deposited on the substrate. A further etching step may transfer the imprinted patterns into the latter. The aim of this work is to evaluate the imprint speeds of the structures in thin polystyrene films on a silicon substrate. A numerical simulation software has been developed, which uses the Constrained Natural Elements Method (C-NEM). Our main contribution was to integrate three essential phenomena at the nanoscale: surface tension, wetting, and slip at the fluid-solid interface. Combined with a non-linear viscous behavior, this is shown to describe partially but sufficiently the physical phenomena that occur during printing. Therefore, this work lies halfway between simple analytical models, with a very limited scope of use, and complex models too expensive for simulation, such as finite strain viscoelasticity. Finally, this thesis addresses the problem of the characterization of a polymer in thin films. One of the major challenges faced here was to apply the macroscopic mechanical behavior to thin films. The experimental validation of the theory developed in the first part has corroborated this approach and revealed its limitations. This set of theoretical and experimental developments is a first step towards the design of a numerical tool for optimizing the thermal nanoimprint process
Arnold, Céline. "Formation de films minces polymères à partir de nanocolloides composites." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6038.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the formation of waterborne polymer films and is part of the integrated European project Napoleon (NAnostructured waterborne POLymEr films with OutstaNding properties). Two main topics were investigated: the drying mechanisms and the distribution of the surfactant in the latexes and the dry films. The effect of some relevant physicochemical parameters (composition, size of the particles, pH of the latex) has been studied on a range of homogeneous and composite (containing a mineral filler: laponite or montmorillonite) acrylic latexes stabilized with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The surface of the dry films was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The bulk of the films was investigated during drying by magnetic resonance profiling (MRP) and in the dry state by confocal Raman spectroscopy in order to obtain essentially the distribution of the surfactant. A model based on the transport and the diffusion of the surfactant during drying has been developed to explain the formation of SDS aggregates in the films. Finally, Monte Carlo simulation was used to study the adsorption/desorption of the surfactant at the water/particle interface in a drying latex
C̆yz̆iūtė, Brigita Abakevic̆ienė. "Processes of deposition and testing of mechanical properties of polymers and metal coated polymers." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Abakeviciene-Cyziute-Brigita/2008-Abakeviciene-Cyziute-Brigita-These.pdf.
Full textLe but de ce travail de thèse était de caractériser, en relation avec leurs microstructures, les propriétés mécaniques de films polymères seuls ou revêtus de films minces de matériaux métalliques. Pour cela, deux micromachines de déformation très similaires ont été développées à l'Université de Kaunas et de Poitiers, qui se différencient par leur technique de mesure de déformation sans contact avec l'échantillon, à savoir respectivement la technique par interférométrie de granularité laser et celle de suivi de marqueurs par corrélation d'images. Les élongations permises par les deux équipements autorisent l'étude de la déformation à la fois élastique et plastique des films polymères et polymères revêtus de films minces métalliques. Les substrats ont été des films de Kapton® HN ou de PET revêtus par évaporation par canon à électrons sur chaque face de films minces de Al, Ag, Cr et Ni de 0. 5 μm d'épaisseur. Les modules d'Young (Ef) des couches métalliques ont été déduits des courbes contrainte-déformation des films polymères seuls et revêtus. Pour les films d'Al et Ag, les valeurs de Ef calculées sont en bon accord avec celles couramment rapportées dans la littérature pour les matériaux massifs (Eb), tandis que pour Ni et Cr les valeurs de Ef sont nettement plus faibles que celles de Eb. Il a été corrélativement observé que les couches d'Al et d'Ag étaient uniformes, tandis que celles de Ni et Cr étaient nettement plus irrégulières et présentaient des fissures. Les microstructures et les interfaces métal/polymère ont été principalement étudiées pour le système Ag/PET. L'influence de la couverture métallique sur la composition de l'interface, sa structure, sa morphologie et la taille des particules a été étudiée par XPS, AFM et XRD. De plus, le rôle de la température de dépôt a été étudié sur une plage allant de 20°C à 140°C, c'est-à-dire en dessous et au-dessus de la température de transition vitreuse, Tg = 80°C pour le PET, afin de comprendre mieux comment la microstructure, les contraintes internes, la composition chimique et la morphologie du système Ag/PET peuvent être influencées. Les films d'Ag de 1μm d'épaisseur évaporés à différentes températures sont en compression, texturés (111) au dessous de Tg et non texturés au dessus. La texturation existe dès le début de la croissance du film, à une épaisseur de 20 nm lorsque le film est encore discontinu. Sur la plage de température étudiée, la taille des grains d'Ag ne dépend pas de la température de déposition et les films déposés sont majoritairement composés d'Ag pur avec une oxydation partielle de surface
Alet, Pierre-Jean. "Cellules photovoltaïques en couches minces à base de silicium nanostructuré et de polymère semiconducteur." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPXX0055.
Full textThis thesis presents an exploratory work on a new design of hybrid solar cells, which are based on a junction between an inorganic material (silicon) and a polymer (P3HT). This structure is intended to improve the efficiency of organic based solar cells while maintaining low costs. Here, we investigate its experimental feasibility, and we analyze its performance. The hetero-junction between silicon and P3HT has been studied on bilayer devices. We have shown that this junction generates electrical power under illumination, and that both silicon and P3HT can contribute to the photocurrent. Power conversion efficiencies up to 1. 6% have been obtained. A large amount of work has been done to simplify the fabrication process and to improve its reliability. Two new nano-structured silicon layers have been developed. “Nanosponge” layers, where the typical dimension of pores is 20nm, have been obtained by metal-catalyzed plasma-enhanced CVD at 175C°. Silicon nanowires have been grown by a completely new process: the substrates are transparent conductive oxides, the catalysts are generated in situ, and the growth temperature is below 300C°. The würtzite (Si-IV) phase has been identified in some wires, and various growth modes are observed. Both kinds of layers may also find applications in inorganic solar cells
Lmimouni, Kamal. "Contribution à l'étude des structures métal-polymère conducteur-métal : application à la réalisation de diodes électroluminescentes." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10038.
Full textEgunov, Aleksandr. "Strain-engineering of thin polymer films : a novel route for the development of functional materials and microfluidic devices." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH1619.
Full textTwo systems of stress creation in the polymer films were developed, each based on the swelling gradient in the direction normal to the film. This swelling may be caused either by the presence of a crosslinking density gradient in the direction normal to the surface (poly (4-vinylpyridine film) crosslinked by UV or in the thermally or ionically crosslinked chitosan films; or by asymmetric penetration of solvent vapor in the film (here polydimethylsiloxane surface-oxidized). A third self-rolling polymeric system has also been realized by the creation of a permanent strain in the polydimethylsiloxane film by selective extraction of a non-cross-linked additive, silicone oil. A theoretical model of self-rolling process based on the linear theory of elasticity has been proposed
Barlier, Vincent. "Composites pour la conversion photovoltaïque élaborés par génération in situ de TiO2 en film mince de Poly (N-vinylcarbazole)." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10036.
Full textThis study focuses on the elaboration of TiO2:poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) thin films and on their applications as acceptor:donor systems in photovoltaic devices. First, thin films elaborated from a dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles in a solution of PVK were studied highlighting the limits of this route on the nanostructuration. Then an original approach based on in situ generation of TiO2 in polymer thin film from hydrolysis-condensation reactions of titanium alkoxide was investigated. To increase the miscibility between organic and inorganic phases, a new synthesized TiO2 precursor bearing ligands close to the repetitive units of the polymer was used: titanium tetrakis (9H-carbazole-9-yl-ethyl-oxy). This new TiO2 precursor allows obtaining TiO2:PVK interpenetrating network more homogeneously mixed than those elaborated from a more classical TiO2 precursor as titanium isopropoxide. Influence of the nature of ligands was discussed as well on the reactivity of titanium alkoxides as the photoelectric properties of the photovoltaic devices
Pluchon, David. "Conception de micro-résonateurs 2D et 3D en photonique intégrée sur polymère : de l'approche théorique à la caractérisation optique." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S035.
Full textStudy of micro-resonators in polymeric integrated photonics has recently emerged due to many applications in various fields. The work ranges from design to optical characterization of such integrated structures. The first part concerns the production of spherical resonators (3D) by micro-fluidics processes. Later, families of resonant 2D structures shaped as stadium and disc were produced by thin film deposition processes. Lithography called deep UV was used to achieve such resonant cavities. All the optical characterization of these systems was carried out on micro-optical bench using broadband spectral sources and optical spectrum analyzer. The presence of specific resonant modes called whispering gallery modes has been demonstrated with a view to adapting these structures for future sensors