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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer networks'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Steller, Ryszard, Grazyna Kedziora, Monika Trojanowska-Tomczak, Katarzyna Ciesla, and Jakub Skorupski. "Polymer Based Composites with Interpenetrating Networks Structure." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 7, no. 2 (June 10, 2013): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht07.02.181.

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2

Samuel, A. E., I. C. Eromosele, S. Y. Kamba, and D. S. Samaila. "Production of Sequential Interpenetrating Polymer Networks from Ximenia americana Seed Oil-based Polyurethanes and Polystyrene." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 28, no. 2 (February 25, 2024): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.21.

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Interpenetrating polymer network are combinations of two or more polymer in network form. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the production and characterization of sequential polyurethane-polystyrene interpenetrating polymer networks from different diisocyanates and varied styrene content using Ximenia americana seed oil as base material. The polymer networks were characterized for their Tensile, Swelling and Thermal properties. The tensile strength and tensile modulus for MDPU-1.50-PS polymer networks, 57.86 ±5.42 - 422.85±15.25 MPa and 2.26±0.91 - 11.08±4.21 MPa respectively are higher than the values represented for HDPU-1.50-PS and TDPU-1.50-PS polymer networks, but the latter polymer networks are higher in values for elongation at break than the former. This is also corroborated by the swelling mass ratio (qm) with values for HDPU-1.50-PS and TDPU-1.50-PS networks higher than those for MDPU-1.50-PS, consistent with lower polystyrene crosslinks in the former polymer networks. Thermal studies present HDPU-1.50-PS-20 as the most stable network at 10% degradation, but at higher degradation temperatures MDPU-1.50-PS-20 polymer network shows stability up to 6000C with 19.40g residual weight of char polymer. This study shows that derivatised Ximenia americana seed oil is suitable as starting material for preparation of an interpenetrating polymer network.

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3

Kaitz, Joshua A., Catherine M. Possanza, Yang Song, Charles E. Diesendruck, A. Jolanda H. Spiering, E. W. Meijer, and Jeffrey S. Moore. "Depolymerizable, adaptive supramolecular polymer nanoparticles and networks." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 12 (2014): 3788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py01690k.

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4

Zou, Weike, Binjie Jin, Yi Wu, Huijie Song, Yingwu Luo, Feihe Huang, Jin Qian, Qian Zhao, and Tao Xie. "Light-triggered topological programmability in a dynamic covalent polymer network." Science Advances 6, no. 13 (March 2020): eaaz2362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz2362.

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Dynamic covalent polymer networks exhibit unusual adaptability while maintaining the robustness of conventional covalent networks. Typically, their network topology is statistically nonchangeable, and their material properties are therefore nonprogrammable. By introducing topological heterogeneity, we demonstrate a concept of topology isomerizable network (TIN) that can be programmed into many topological states. Using a photo-latent catalyst that controls the isomerization reaction, spatiotemporal manipulation of the topology is realized. The overall result is that the network polymer can be programmed into numerous polymers with distinctive and spatially definable (thermo-) mechanical properties. Among many opportunities for practical applications, the unique attributes of TIN can be explored for use as shape-shifting structures, adaptive robotic arms, and fracture-resistant stretchable devices, showing a high degree of design versatility. The TIN concept enriches the design of polymers, with potential expansion into other materials with variations in dynamic covalent chemistries, isomerizable topologies, and programmable macroscopic properties.

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5

Parada, German Alberto, and Xuanhe Zhao. "Ideal reversible polymer networks." Soft Matter 14, no. 25 (2018): 5186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm00646f.

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6

Nakagawa, Shintaro, and Naoko Yoshie. "Star polymer networks: a toolbox for cross-linked polymers with controlled structure." Polymer Chemistry 13, no. 15 (2022): 2074–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py01547h.

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This review provides comprehensive knowledge on synthetic methods of star polymer networks – structurally controlled three-dimensional networks of polymer chains by means of end-linking between monodisperse star polymers.

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7

Guo, Xinru, Feng Liu, Meng Lv, Fengbiao Chen, Fei Gao, Zhenhua Xiong, Xuejiao Chen, Liang Shen, Faman Lin, and Xuelang Gao. "Self-Healable Covalently Adaptable Networks Based on Disulfide Exchange." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 3953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14193953.

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Introducing dynamic covalent bonding into thermoset polymers has received considerable attention because they can repair or recover when damaged, thereby minimizing waste and extending the service life of thermoset polymers. However, most of the yielded dynamic covalent bonds require an extra catalyst, high temperature and high-pressure conditions to trigger their self-healing properties. Herein, we report on a catalyst-free bis-dynamic covalent polymer network containing vinylogous urethane and disulfide bonds. It is revealed that the introduction of disulfide bonds significantly reduces the activation energy (reduced from 94 kJ/mol to 51 kJ/mol) of the polymer system for exchanging and promotes the self-healing efficiency (with a high efficiency of 86.92% after being heated at 100 °C for 20 h) of the material. More importantly, the mechanical properties of the healed materials are comparable to those of the initial ones due to the special bis-dynamic covalent polymer network. These results suggest that the bis-dynamic covalent polymer network made of disulfide and inter-vinyl ester bonds opens a new strategy for developing high-performance vitrimer polymers.

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8

Xiu, Kemao, Jianchuan Wen, Nuala Porteous, and Yuyu Sun. "Controlling bacterial fouling with polyurethane/N-halamine semi-interpenetrating polymer networks." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 32, no. 5 (February 8, 2017): 542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911516689334.

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N-halamine-based interpenetrating polymer networks were developed as a simple and effective strategy in the preparation of antimicrobial polymers. An N-halamine monomer, N-chloro-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate, was incorporated into polyurethane in the presence of a cross-linker and an initiator. Post-polymerization of the monomers led to the formation of polyurethane/ N-halamine semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. The presence of N-halamines in the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance infrared, water contact angle, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The N-halamine contents in the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks could be readily controlled by changing reaction conditions. The distribution of active chlorines within the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks was characterized with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Contact mode antimicrobial tests, zone of inhibition studies, and scanning electron microscopy observations showed that the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks had potent antimicrobial and antifouling effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Release tests demonstrated the outstanding stability of the N-halamine structures in the new semi-interpenetrating polymer networks.

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9

Kim, Sung Chul. "Interpenetrating Polymer Networks." Kobunshi 35, no. 11 (1986): 1030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.35.1030.

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10

Thapliyal, P. C. "Interpenetrating Polymer Networks." Composite Interfaces 17, no. 2-3 (January 2010): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092764410x490509.

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11

Frisch, Harry L. "Interpenetrating polymer networks." British Polymer Journal 17, no. 2 (June 1985): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980170212.

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12

Song, Jake, Qiaochu Li, Pangkuan Chen, Bavand Keshavarz, Brian S. Chapman, Joseph B. Tracy, Gareth H. McKinley, and Niels Holten-Andersen. "Dynamics of dual-junction-functionality associative polymer networks with ion and nanoparticle metal-coordinate cross-link junctions." Journal of Rheology 66, no. 6 (November 2022): 1333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/8.0000410.

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We provide a canonical introduction to dual-junction-functionality associative polymer networks, which combine high and low functionality ( f) dynamic cross-link junctions to impart load-bearing, dissipation, and self-repairing ability to the network. This unique type of network configuration offers an alternative to traditional dual-junction networks consisting of covalent and reversible cross-links. The high- f junctions can provide load-bearing abilities similar to a covalent cross-link while retaining the ability to self-repair and concurrently confer stimuli-responsive properties arising from the high- f junction species. We demonstrate the mechanical properties of this design motif using metal-coordinating polymer hydrogel networks, which are dynamically cross-linked by different ratios of metal nanoparticle (high- f) and metal ion (low- f) cross-link junctions. We also demonstrate the spontaneous self-assembly of nanoparticle-cross-linked polymers into anisotropic sheets, which may be generalizable for designing dual-junction-functionality associative networks with low volume fraction percolated high- f networks.

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13

Аlekseeva, Т. Т., and N. V. Iarova. "Temperature- and pH-sensitive hydrogels of sequential Ti-containing interpenetrating polymer networks." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 3 (May 2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-136-3-42-49.

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Hydrogels of sequential Ti-containing interpenetrating polymer networks based on hydrophilic cross-linked polyurethanes with different molecular weight of polyethylene glycols and Ti-containing copolymer were synthesized based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and titanium isopropoxide. The composition of sequential interpenetrating polymer networks was determined by the degree of equilibrium swelling of the polyurethane networks in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and Ti-containing comonomer. It was established that the content of the second component of the interpenetrating polymer networks increases with increasing the average molecular weight value of the polyurethane network. It was shown that the obtained highly sensitive hydrogels of Ti-containing interpenetrating polymer networks react to the changes in the temperature and pH. These factors significantly change the equilibrium water content in the hydrogels. Differential scanning calorimetry allowed determining the phase transitions that are characteristic of bound and free water, which is a part of the hydrogel of polyurethanes, interpenetrating polymer networks and Ti-containing interpenetrating polymer networks. The results showed that the content of bound water and the degree of its binding to the components of the interpenetrating polymer networks depend on the chemical structure of the network, the nature of a second polymer component (which is a part of the interpenetrating polymer networks), the polarity and hydrophilicity of macromolecules, and the size of hydrogel cells. Regardless of the nature of the second polymer component, there is a general trend for all interpenetrating polymer networks: the total water content increases with increasing the average molecular weight of the polyurethane matrix networks.

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14

Allcock, Harry R., Karyn B. Visscher, and Ian Manners. "Polyphosphazene-organic polymer interpenetrating polymer networks." Chemistry of Materials 4, no. 6 (November 1992): 1188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm00024a016.

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15

Lang, Michael, Stefan Kreitmeier, and Dietmar Göritz. "Trapped Entanglements in Polymer Networks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 5 (November 1, 2007): 873–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3539422.

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Abstract This work focuses on density, complexity, and experimentally observable effects of trapped entanglements in polymer networks. Using the bond-fluctuation method we crosslinked and end-linked systems with a random initial distribution of polymer and crosslinker. The structure of the generated networks has been analyzed by knot theory and graph theory concerning defects, ring structures, and trapped entanglements, resulting in a detailed description of network topology and connectivity. The knowledge on network structure is used to analyze computer simulations of swelling and solfraction experiments. The simulated swelling experiments show that the size of the fully swollen network depends strongly on the presence of trapped entanglements although the zero second Money-Rivlin term upon deformation indicates the absence of a tube like environment for individual network chains. Permanently trapped rings and the formation of network defects affect the weight of the measured gel component as function of the degree of crosslinking. The experimentally observed shift in size of the gel can be estimated based on the data of this study and is typically smaller than the shift due to ineffective reactions that lead to the formation of dangling rings and network defects.

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16

Lohani, Alka, Garima Singh, Shiv Sankar Bhattacharya, and Anurag Verma. "Interpenetrating Polymer Networks as Innovative Drug Delivery Systems." Journal of Drug Delivery 2014 (May 14, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/583612.

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Polymers have always been valuable excipients in conventional dosage forms, also have shown excellent performance into the parenteral arena, and are now capable of offering advanced and sophisticated functions such as controlled drug release and drug targeting. Advances in polymer science have led to the development of several novel drug delivery systems. Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) have shown superior performances over the conventional individual polymers and, consequently, the ranges of applications have grown rapidly for such class of materials. The advanced properties of IPNs like swelling capacity, stability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity and biodegradability have attracted considerable attention in pharmaceutical field especially in delivering bioactive molecules to the target site. In the past few years various research reports on the IPN based delivery systems showed that these carriers have emerged as a novel carrier in controlled drug delivery. The present review encompasses IPNs, their types, method of synthesis, factors which affects the morphology of IPNs, extensively studied IPN based drug delivery systems, and some natural polymers widely used for IPNs.

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17

Fromm, Katharina M., Jorge L. Sagué, and Laurent Mirolo. "Coordination Polymer Networks: An Alternative to Classical Polymers?" Macromolecular Symposia 291-292, no. 1 (June 8, 2010): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201050509.

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18

Panyukov, Sergey. "Theory of Flexible Polymer Networks: Elasticity and Heterogeneities." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040767.

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A review of the main elasticity models of flexible polymer networks is presented. Classical models of phantom networks suggest that the networks have a tree-like structure. The conformations of their strands are described by the model of a combined chain, which consists of the network strand and two virtual chains attached to its ends. The distribution of lengths of virtual chains in real polydisperse networks is calculated using the results of the presented replica model of polymer networks. This model describes actual networks having strongly overlapping and interconnected loops of finite sizes. The conformations of their strands are characterized by the generalized combined chain model. The model of a sliding tube is represented, which describes the general anisotropic deformations of an entangled network in the melt. I propose a generalization of this model to describe the crossover between the entangled and phantom regimes of a swollen network. The obtained dependence of the Mooney-Rivlin parameters C 1 and C 2 on the polymer volume fraction is in agreement with experiments. The main results of the theory of heterogeneities in polymer networks are also discussed.

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19

Ross-Murphy, Simon, John Stanford, Robert Stepto, and Richard Still. "Networks 84 — 7th European polymer network group meeting." British Polymer Journal 17, no. 2 (June 1985): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980170201.

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20

Askadskii, Andrey A., Sergey V. Matseevich, and Tat’yana A. Matseevich. "Selection of structural elements of cross-linked polymers used in construction." Vestnik MGSU, no. 3 (March 2021): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2021.3.347-359.

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Introduction. For the first time, a model and a principle for constructing an appropriate computer program for the selection of polymer networks with a given interval of a number of physical characteristics are proposed. These characteristics include density, the temperature of the onset of intense thermal degradation, thermal conductivity, water permeability, and the stress-optical coefficient. As an example, 16 smallest base fragments are given, which, when attached to each other, allow the selection of structural fragments of repeating fragments of polymers of the following classes: polyolefins, vinyl polymers, polystyrene, polyamides, polyethers and polyesters, polycarbonates, polyetherketones, polyimides, polysulfides, polysulfones, silicone polymers, polyurethanes, cellulose derivatives, methacrylic polymers, etc. The purpose of the study is to develop a model for writing a computer program that allows the selection of structural fragments of network polymers possessing specified intervals of physical characteristics. For polymers used in the construction industry, the most important are the glass transition temperature, the stress-optical coefficient, density, water permeability, and thermal conductivity. Materials and methods. A repeating fragment of the network is selected from the smallest basic fragments, which are connected to each other using a control matrix of interactions. The matrix contains labels that allow you to control the interaction of carbon with three carbon atoms, with a carbon atom and two nitrogen atoms, with two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom, with two carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, with four carbon atoms. There are also labels that control the interaction of carbon atoms included in the aromatic cycles with two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom, with four carbon atoms, with four nitrogen atoms, with two carbon atoms and one sulfur atom, and three oxygen atoms. This makes it possible to select a huge amount of cross-linked polymer. Results. As an example, the possible chemical structure of 14 cross-linked nodes of the polymer network is presented and the corresponding calculations are carried out, showing the adequacy of the model and the principle of constructing a computer program. The structures of the five cross-linked nodes of polymer network were used and the following physical characteristics of the resulting networks were calculated: density, the temperature of the onset of intense thermal degradation, water permeability, thermal conductivity, and the stress-optical coefficient. All these characteristics are important for the manufacture of building materials. Conclusions. The results of the work allow us to write a real computer program for the selection of repeating fragments of polymer networks that have a given interval of a number of important physical characteristics of network polymers. Among these characteristics are not only those listed above, but also other characteristics, such as glass transition temperature, Hildebrand solubility parameter, surface energy, heat capacity, intermolecular interaction energy, permittivity, etc.

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21

Romano, Angelo, Ignazio Roppolo, Elisabeth Rossegger, Sandra Schlögl, and Marco Sangermano. "Recent Trends in Applying Ortho-Nitrobenzyl Esters for the Design of Photo-Responsive Polymer Networks." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 2777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122777.

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Polymers with light-responsive groups have gained increased attention in the design of functional materials, as they allow changes in polymers properties, on demand, and simply by light exposure. For the synthesis of polymers and polymer networks with photolabile properties, the introduction o-nitrobenzyl alcohol (o-NB) derivatives as light-responsive chromophores has become a convenient and powerful route. Although o-NB groups were successfully exploited in numerous applications, this review pays particular attention to the studies in which they were included as photo-responsive moieties in thin polymer films and functional polymer coatings. The review is divided into four different sections according to the chemical structure of the polymer networks: (i) acrylate and methacrylate; (ii) thiol-click; (iii) epoxy; and (iv) polydimethylsiloxane. We conclude with an outlook of the present challenges and future perspectives of the versatile and unique features of o-NB chemistry.

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22

Osipenko, Alexandra, and Irina Garkushina. "The Effect of the Synthesis Method on Physicochemical Properties of Selective Granular Polymer Sorbents." Polymers 14, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14020353.

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Investigation of the effect of the polymer synthesis method on physicochemical properties of sorbents is one of the topical problems in the chemistry of macromolecular compounds that has high scientific and practical interest. Determination of the optimal synthesis method will make it possible to create sorbents with physicochemical properties that led to the realization of effective sorption. In this work, we investigated the effect of synthesis methods (Pickering emulsion polymerization and precipitation polymerization in solution) of granular polymers based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate on physicochemical and sorption properties. The synthesis by Pickering emulsion polymerization led to improvement of the n-propyl alcohol diffusion into the polymer network and to the formation of more homogeneous and structurally stable polymer networks. Creating selective polymer networks by Pickering emulsion polymerization compared to precipitation polymerization in solution led to an increase in porosity, creation of more segregated surface of granules, improvement of binding sites availability at the temperature of 37 °C, and formation of the homogeneous sorption surface with high affinity to target molecules at 25 °C and 37 °C. Selective polymers synthesized by both polymerization methods had the largest values of available sorption surfaces areas for target molecules at 37 °C.

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23

Nemoto, Norio. "Rheology of Polymer Networks." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 30, no. 5 (2002): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology.30.231.

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24

Díaz, David Díaz. "Amphiphilic Polymer Co-Networks." Gels 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels6020018.

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Amphiphilic Polymer Co-networks: Synthesis, Properties, Modelling and Applications is a new and very interesting book published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and edited by Prof. Costas S. Patrickios (University of Cyprus). Herein, a brief review of the most important features of the book and its contents is provided from a personal perspective.

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25

Prager, S., D. Adolf, and M. Tirrell. "Welding of polymer networks." Journal of Chemical Physics 84, no. 9 (May 1986): 5152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.450818.

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26

Edwards, S. F. "Dynamics of polymer networks." Physica Scripta T35 (January 1, 1991): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1991/t35/002.

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27

Broedersz, C. P., and F. C. MacKintosh. "Modeling semiflexible polymer networks." Reviews of Modern Physics 86, no. 3 (July 24, 2014): 995–1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.86.995.

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28

TSUNODA, SEI. "IPN (Interpenetrating Polymer Networks)." Sen'i Gakkaishi 48, no. 8 (1992): P464—P468. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.48.8_p464.

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29

Graessley, William W., and Lewis J. Fetters. "Thermoelasticity of Polymer Networks." Macromolecules 34, no. 20 (September 2001): 7147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma010989p.

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30

Rubinstein, Michael, and Sergei Panyukov. "Elasticity of Polymer Networks." Macromolecules 35, no. 17 (August 2002): 6670–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0203849.

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31

Cohen, Noy, Kaushik Dayal, and Gal deBotton. "Electroelasticity of polymer networks." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 92 (July 2016): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2016.03.022.

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32

Dawson, Robert, Andrew I. Cooper, and Dave J. Adams. "Nanoporous organic polymer networks." Progress in Polymer Science 37, no. 4 (April 2012): 530–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.09.002.

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33

Panyukov, Sergey. "Loops in Polymer Networks." Macromolecules 52, no. 11 (May 22, 2019): 4145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00782.

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34

Patrickios, Costas S., and Theoni K. Georgiou. "Covalent amphiphilic polymer networks." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 8, no. 1 (March 2003): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(03)00005-0.

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35

Rogovina, L. Z., A. T. Dembo, P. R. Skitanth Sharma, H. L. Frisch, and M. Schulz. "Swollen interpenetrating polymer networks." Polymer 41, no. 8 (April 2000): 2893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00471-1.

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36

Che, Sai, and Lei Fang. "Porous Ladder Polymer Networks." Chem 6, no. 10 (October 2020): 2558–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2020.08.002.

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37

Andrieu, X., J. P. Boeuve, and T. Vicédo. "New conducting polymer networks." Journal of Power Sources 44, no. 1-3 (April 1993): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(93)80187-t.

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38

Lipatov, Yu S., and L. V. Karabanova. "Gradient interpenetrating polymer networks." Journal of Materials Science 30, no. 10 (May 1995): 2475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00362122.

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39

Weder, Christoph. "Organometallic Conjugated Polymer Networks." Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 16, no. 2 (June 2006): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10904-006-9044-9.

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40

Weder, Christoph. "Organometallic Conjugated Polymer Networks." Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 17, no. 1 (February 7, 2007): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10904-007-9113-8.

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41

Lipatov, Yu S., and L. V. Karabanova. "Gradient interpenetrating polymer networks." Journal of Materials Science 30, no. 4 (February 1995): 1095–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01178451.

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42

Hu, Z., X. Lu, J. Gao, and C. Wang. "Polymer Gel Nanoparticle Networks." Advanced Materials 12, no. 16 (August 2000): 1173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200008)12:16<1173::aid-adma1173>3.0.co;2-z.

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43

Zhang, Huan, Yanzhou Wu, Jinxia Yang, Dong Wang, Pengyun Yu, Chi To Lai, An‐Chang Shi, et al. "Superstretchable Dynamic Polymer Networks." Advanced Materials 31, no. 44 (September 6, 2019): 1904029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201904029.

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44

Patrickios, Costas S. "Polymer Networks: Recent Developments." Macromolecular Symposia 291-292, no. 1 (June 8, 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201050501.

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45

Lindén, L. Å., J. F. Rabek, E. Adamczak, S. Morge, H. Kaczmarek, and A. Wrzyszczynski. "Polymer networks in dentistry." Macromolecular Symposia 93, no. 1 (April 1995): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19950930139.

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46

Godovsky, Yu K. "Thermomechanics of polymer networks." Progress in Colloid & Polymer Science 75, no. 1 (December 1987): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01188361.

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47

Bartolotta, A., G. Di Marco, G. Carini, G. D'Angelo, G. Tripodo, A. Fainleib, and V. P. Privalko. "Relaxation in semi-interpenetrating polymers network of linear polyurethane and heterocyclic polymer networks." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 235-237 (August 1998): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(98)00612-7.

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48

Raschip, Irina Elena, Cornelia Vasile, Diana Ciolacu, and Georgeta Cazacu. "Semi-interpenetrating Polymer Networks Containing Polysaccharides. I Xanthan/Lignin Networks." High Performance Polymers 19, no. 5-6 (October 2007): 603–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008307081202.

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The polysaccharides are important materials in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and related biomedical applications. Xanthan gum is a microbial polysaccharide of great commercial significance. It is well known as one of the best thickening polymers due to its high intrinsic stiffness related to the helical conformation stabilized in the presence of excess salt. It is used in a wide variety of foods for a number of important reasons, including emulsion stabilization, temperature stability, compatibility with food ingredients, and its pseudoplastic rheological properties. Due to its properties in thickening aqueous solutions, as a dispersing agent, and stabilizer of emulsions and suspensions, xanthan gum is used in pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and agricultural products, as well as in textile printing pastes, ceramic glazes, slurry explosive formulations, and rust removers. In this work the crosslinking of a mixture of xanthan and lignins in the presence of the epichlorohydrin, leading to superabsorbant hydrogels with high swelling rate in aqueous mediums, was studied. The swelling properties of these composite hydrogels were investigated. Three different types of lignin have been used namely: aspen wood lignin (L), annual fiber crop lignin (GL) and lignin epoxy-modified resin (LER). Semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels in various ratios were prepared. The influence of gravimetric ratio between components of the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks, as well as the kinetics of water sorption will be discussed. The maximum swelling degree of the hydrogels and the swelling rate constant were determined as a function of the hydrogel's composition. It has been established that the nature of lignin significantly influences swelling process, the chemical modified lignin having a particular behavior.

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Vallittu, Pekka K. "Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs) in Dental Polymers and Composites." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 23, no. 7-8 (January 2009): 961–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856109x432785.

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Sun, Linghui, Zhirong Zhang, Kaiqi Leng, Bowen Li, Chun Feng, and Xu Huo. "Can Supramolecular Polymers Become Another Material Choice for Polymer Flooding to Enhance Oil Recovery?" Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 4405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204405.

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High molecular polymers have been widely studied and applied in the field of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). At present, the focus of research has been changed to the design of polymer networks with unique properties such as anti-temperature and anti-salinity, good injection and so on. Supramolecular polymers have high viscoelasticity as well as excellent temperature, salt resistance and injection properties. Can supramolecular polymers become another material choice for polymer flooding to enhance oil recovery? The present review aims to systematically introduce supramolecular polymers, including its design strategy, interactions and rheological properties, and address three main concerns: (1) Why choose supramolecular polymers? (2) How do we synthesize and characterize supramolecular polymers in the field of oilfield chemistry? (3) What has been the application progress of supramolecular polymers in improving oil recovery? The introduction of a supramolecular interaction system provides a new idea for polymer flooding and opens up a new research direction to improve oil recovery. Aiming at the “reversible dynamic” supramolecular polymers, the supramolecular polymers are compared with the conventional covalent macromolecular polymer networks, and the challenges and future research directions of supramolecular polymers in EOR are discussed. Finally, the author’s viewpoints and perspectives in this emerging field are discussed.

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