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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer modelling usingy'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Saadatfar, M., and A. Soleimani. "Simulation of Spherical Nanoindentation of Nanocomposites Using FEM." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 1188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.1188.

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The study of polymer/clay nanocomposites has attracted major research and commercial interests due to their superior mechanical and thermal properties to those of the neat polymers. The present work is to modelling the spherical nanoindentation of exfoliated polymer /clay nanocomposite that has nonlinear elastic behavior using numerical simulation. A two dimensional simulation is done and the effect of friction coefficient and indenter radius on load-displacement curve is investigated. It is observed that the simulation results of nanoindentation do not depend on the friction coefficient of indenter and specimen significantly.

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2

Hoang, Mai Quyen, Thi Thu Nga Vu, Manh Quan Nguyen, and Severine Le Roy. "Modelling the conduction mechanisms in low density polyethylene material using finite element method." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.63(1).27-33.

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Polymers used as insulating materials are increasingly popular in many different fields. In electrical engineering - electronics, polymers are used in high-voltage transmission cables, capacitors, transformers, or as part of an embedded system in the IGBT module thanks to its superior thermal and electrical insulation properties. One of the disadvantages of polymers is the possible accumulation of space charge in the material volume for a long time, leading to an increase in the electric field compared to the original design value. Charge transport models in polymer materials have been increasingly developed to predict the conduction mechanisms under thermal-electrical stress. In this study, from a finite volume method (FVM), the authors developed a charge transport model in low density polyethylene (LDPE) based on the finite element method (FEM). The simulation results of this model are also compared to experimental results and to the FVM model under different electric fields for LDPE.

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3

Raje, Vishvesh, Siddhant Palekar, Sabrina Banella, and Ketan Patel. "Tunable Drug Release from Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D-Printed Tablets Fabricated Using a Novel Extrudable Polymer." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102192.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing is proving to be a pivotal technology for developing personalized dosage forms with bench to bedside feasibility. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing has emerged as the most used technique wherein molten drug-loaded polymer filaments are deposited layer-by-layer to fabricate a predefined shape and internal geometry. However, for precise FDM 3D printing, it is imperative for the filaments to have peculiar mechanical/physicochemical properties, which the majority of the FDA/GRAS approved polymers lack. In the current study, a novel water-soluble polymer, Poly(2-ethyl-tetra-oxazoline) [PETOx] has been investigated as an extrudable and printable polymer with two different types of drug molecule—dextromethorphan hydrobromide (DXM) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). Hot-stage microscopy experiments of drug:polymer (1:1 w/w) and filaments were carried out at 25–275 °C. HCTZ-loaded filament showed higher toughness of 17 ± 3.25 × 106 J/m3 compared with DXM and drug-free filament. Moisture sorption and flexural analysis was performed to understand the correlation of mechanical properties and storage humidity to printability. Varying the number of outer perimeters of each layer (shell number) was observed to affect the drug release pattern from the printlets. The DXM one-shell printlet showed >80%, whereas the DXM five-shell printlet showed >60% of the drug release within 60 min. PETOx could prove to be a high-performance and versatile 3D printable polymer.

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4

Marti, Julio, Jimena de la Vega, De-Yi Wang, and Eugenio Oñate. "Numerical Simulation of Flame Retardant Polymers Using a Combined Eulerian–Lagrangian Finite Element Formulation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 5952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135952.

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Many polymer-made objects show a trend of melting and dripping in fire, a behavior that may be modified by adding flame retardants (FRs). These affect materials properties, e.g., heat absorption and viscosity. In this paper, the effect of a flame retardant on the fire behavior of polymers in the UL 94 scenario is studied. This goal is achieved essentially by applying a new computational strategy that combines the particle finite element method for the polymer with an Eulerian formulation for air. The sample selected is a polypropylene (PP) with magnesium hydroxide at 30 wt.%. For modelling, values of density, conductivity, specific heat, viscosity, and Arrhenius coefficients are obtained from different literature sources, and experimental characterization is performed. However, to alleviate the missing viscosity at a high temperature, three viscosity curves are introduced on the basis of the viscosity curve provided by NIST and the images of the test. In the experiment, we burn the specimen under the UL 94 condition, recording the process and measuring the temperature evolution by means of three thermocouples. The UL 94 test is solved, validating the methodology and quantifying the effect of FR on the dripping behavior. The numerical results prove that well-adjusted viscosity is crucial to achieving good agreement between the experimental and numerical results in terms of the shape of the polymer and the temperature evolution inside the polymer.

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5

Зиле, Э., Д. Зеленякене, and A. Анискевич. "Определение характеристик изделий из полимолочной кислоты, изготовленных методом моделирования наплавления." Механика композитных материалов 58, no. 2 (2022): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/mkm.58.2.02.

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Работа посвящена изучению механического поведения материала на основе полимолочной кислоты (ПМК), изготовленного методом моделирования наплавления. Влияние мезоструктуры на макромасштабные механические свойства материала характеризовали степенью пористости. Экспериментально установлена зависимость продольных и поперечных механических свойств от пористости. Показано, что в силу кристаллизации после плавления и экструдирования свойства одиночного волокна из ПМК со временем возрастают. Полученные результаты показывают, что классическая теория слоистых композитов и критерий разрушения Цая–Хилла позволяют предсказать модуль упругости и прочность материалов из ПМК, изготовленных с помощью 3D печати.

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6

Kotoul, Michal, Petr Skalka, and Ivo Dlouhy. "Crack Bridging Modelling in Bioglass® Based Scaffolds Using Gradient Elasticity Theory." Key Engineering Materials 665 (September 2015): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.665.105.

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The paper deals with crack bridging modelling in Bioglass® based scaffolds due the presence of a special polymer coating. This includes a careful identification of bridging mechanism by polymer ligaments, selection of a suitable bridging model and its implementation into the gradient elasticity model of crack.

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7

Satyanarayana, K. C., J. Abildskov, R. Gani, G. Tsolou, and V. G. Mavrantzas. "Computer aided polymer design using multi-scale modelling." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 27, no. 3 (September 2010): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-66322010000300002.

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8

Salifu, Smith, and Peter Apata Olubambi. "Thermomechanical properties prediction of wood-flour reinforced polymer composites using representative volume element (RVE)." MATEC Web of Conferences 370 (2022): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237003002.

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The accurate prediction of the thermomechanical properties of newly developed polymer composites is important in the determination of their possible areas of application. In this study, a 3D model of representative volume element (RVE) with different wood flour weight ratios (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 %) was used to develop wood flour polymer composites. Micromechanical material modelling software (Digimat) was used in conjunction with finite element analysis software (Abaqus) to develop the polymer composites and to determine their thermomechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, thermal conductivity, density, and hardness). The hardness, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity increase with an increase in the wt.% of wood flour, while the Poisson ratio, thermal conductivity and density decrease with an increase in the wt.% of wood flour. Also, the predicted thermomechanical properties using the micromechanical material modelling software (RVE) follow the same trend as those found in the literature.

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9

Amir, Shahizat, Mohamed Nor Sabirin, and Siti Aishah Hashim Ali. "Using Polymer Electrolyte Membranes as Media to Culture Fractals: A Simulation Study." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.35.

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In the authors' laboratory, fern-like fractals have been cultured in polymer electrolyte membranes of polyethylene oxide (PEO) doped with ammonium iodide (NH4I). The simulation study was then carried out utilizing the Diffusion Limited Aggregation (DLA) based on random motion of aggregating particles modelling technique. The fractal dimension values and the forms of the simulated fractals are comparable to those observed in the PEO polymer membranes. These indicate that the simulation using the DLA model done in this study has resulted outputs that are in abidance with the original fractals cultured in the polymer membranes.

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10

Dutt, J. K., and H. Roy. "Viscoelastic modelling of rotor—shaft systems using an operator-based approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 1 (June 11, 2010): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes2064.

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Damping exists in every material in varying degrees, so materials in general are viscoelastic in nature. Energy storage, as well as dissipation in varying degrees, accompanies every time-varying deformation, with the effect that stress and strain in a material get out of phase. This work presents the development of equations of motion of a rotor—shaft system with a viscoelastic rotor after discretizing the system into finite elements. Subsequently, these equations are used to study the dynamics of the rotor—shaft system in terms of stability limit of spin speed and time response of a disc as a result of unbalance. The primary inspiration for a viscoelastic model arises from the need to capture the influence of broad band spectral behaviour of rotor—shaft materials, primarily polymers and polymer composites, which are principally the materials of light rotors, on the dynamics of rotor—shaft system. For this, the material constitutive relationship has been represented by a differential time operator. Use of operators enables one to consider general linear viscoelastic behaviours, represented in the time domain by multi-element (three, four, or higher elements) spring—dashpot models or internal variable models, for which, in general, instantaneous stress and its derivatives are proportional to instantaneous strain and its derivatives. Again such representation is fairly generic, in a sense that the operator may be suitably chosen according to the material model to obtain the equations of motion of a rotor—shaft system. The equations so developed may be easily used to find the stability limit speed of a rotor—shaft system as well as the time response when the rotor—shaft system is subjected to any dynamic forcing function.

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11

Libanati, C., L. Broadbelt, C. Lamarca, M. T. Klein, S. M. Andrews, and R. J. Cotter. "Mechanistic Modelling of Polymer Pyrolysis Using Monte Carlo Methods." Molecular Simulation 11, no. 2-4 (October 1993): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927029308022508.

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12

Vdovin, D., A. Abramochkin, A. Borodulin, and V. Nelyub. "Method of Predicting the Polymer Composites’ Properties Using Neural Network Modeling." MATEC Web of Conferences 346 (2021): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134602015.

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A neural network modelling technique and its training to diagnose polymer composite materials based on tomography data is introduced. As an object of study, carbon fiber made by vacuum infusion technology using an epoxy binder is considered. X-ray microtomography was used to analyze its structure and the provided images were used as a database for creating a neural network. A neural network modelling technique and its training was developed, including an algorithm for converting tomograph images into data on the structure of the phase composition and the physical and mechanical properties of the object under study.

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13

Hani, Ku Esyra, and Mohammed Abdalla Ayoub. "Statistical Modelling of Oil Removal from Surfactant/Polymer Flooding Produced Water by Using Flotation Column." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.42820.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of polymer (GLP-100) and surfactant (MFOMAX) towards the efficiency of oil removal in a flotation column by using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Various concentrations of surfactant (250, 372 and 500 ppm) and polymer (450, 670, and 900 ppm) produced water were prepared. Dulang crude oil was used in the experiments. Flotation operating parameters such as gas flow rate (1–3 L/min) and duration of flotation (2–10 min) were also investigated. The efficiency of oil removal was calculated based on the difference between the initial concentration of oil and the final concentration of oil after the flotation process. From the ANOVA analysis, it was found that the gas flow rate, surfactant concentration, and polymer concentration contributed significantly to the efficiency of oil removal. Extra experiments were conducted to verify the developed equation at a randomly selected point using 450 ppm of polymer concentration, 250 ppm of surfactant concentration, 3 L/min gas flowrate and duration of 10 min. From these extra experiments, a low standard deviation of 1.96 was discovered. From this value, it indicates that the equation can be used to predict the efficiency of oil removal in the presence of surfactant and polymer (SP) by using a laboratory flotation column.

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14

Gregory, David Alexander, Annabelle T. R. Fricker, Peter Mitrev, Meghna Ray, Emmanuel Asare, Daniel Sim, Soponvit Larpnimitchai, et al. "Additive Manufacturing of Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Blends Using Fused Deposition Modelling for the Development of Biomedical Devices." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010040.

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In the last few decades Additive Manufacturing has advanced and is becoming important for biomedical applications. In this study we look at a variety of biomedical devices including, bone implants, tooth implants, osteochondral tissue repair patches, general tissue repair patches, nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) and coronary artery stents to which fused deposition modelling (FDM) can be applied. We have proposed CAD designs for these devices and employed a cost-effective 3D printer to fabricate proof-of-concept prototypes. We highlight issues with current CAD design and slicing and suggest optimisations of more complex designs targeted towards biomedical applications. We demonstrate the ability to print patient specific implants from real CT scans and reconstruct missing structures by means of mirroring and mesh mixing. A blend of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a family of biocompatible and bioresorbable natural polymers and Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), a known bioresorbable medical polymer is used. Our characterisation of the PLA/PHA filament suggest that its tensile properties might be useful to applications such as stents, NGCs, and bone scaffolds. In addition to this, the proof-of-concept work for other applications shows that FDM is very useful for a large variety of other soft tissue applications, however other more elastomeric MCL-PHAs need to be used.

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15

Savitsky, I. V., and V. A. Voytenko. "Studying a grinding method of sapphire pipes using two grinders." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-3-320-331.

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This paper examines the thermophysics of a drilling process of polymeric composite materials such as carbonfibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP) and fibreglass by tubular diamond drill bits. Features of the COMSOL Multiphysics engineering software package were used. We employed Fourier heat equations, which express the intensity of heat gain by a mobile source in a moving coordinate system. The research was performed using the proprietary method of modelling spatial thermal action upon drilling polymer composite materials (fibreglass and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics) in the COMSOL Multiphysics software environment. A tubular diamond drill bit with a diameter of 10 mm with two slots was chosen as a model cutting tool. Solid plates with a thickness of 5.5 mm made of layered fibrous polymer composite materials (fibreglass, carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic) were used as a preform. As a result of computer calculations, we obtained temperature fields of fibreglass and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic during diamond drilling with the tubular tool. When studying the thermal behaviour of fibreglass and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics, maximum temperature fields were located. The study revealed that the temperature reaches 413.6 K and 448.7 K during CFRP and fibreglass drilling, respectively. It was shown that the distance of heat transfer from the edge of the hole into the preform was 6.42 and 6.40 mm for CFRP and fibreglass, respectively. A method of modelling the thermal effects when cutting polymer composite materials developed in the COMSOL Multiphysics environment allows complex analytical calculations of temperatures induced by drilling to be simplified. In addition, it helps avoid overheating of a preform during drilling, allows the depth of heat distribution inside the preform from the edge of the formed hole in different polymer composite materials to be assessed. These measures lead to increasing the machining quality of polymer composite materials.

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16

Zadin, Vahur, and Daniel Brandell. "Modelling polymer electrolytes for 3D-microbatteries using finite element analysis." Electrochimica Acta 57 (December 2011): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.026.

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17

Zhu, Chang-Hao, and Jie Zhang. "Developing Soft Sensors for Polymer Melt Index in an Industrial Polymerization Process Using Deep Belief Networks." International Journal of Automation and Computing 17, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11633-019-1203-x.

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Abstract This paper presents developing soft sensors for polymer melt index in an industrial polymerization process by using deep belief network (DBN). The important quality variable melt index of polypropylene is hard to measure in industrial processes. Lack of online measurement instruments becomes a problem in polymer quality control. One effective solution is to use soft sensors to estimate the quality variables from process data. In recent years, deep learning has achieved many successful applications in image classification and speech recognition. DBN as one novel technique has strong generalization capability to model complex dynamic processes due to its deep architecture. It can meet the demand of modelling accuracy when applied to actual processes. Compared to the conventional neural networks, the training of DBN contains a supervised training phase and an unsupervised training phase. To mine the valuable information from process data, DBN can be trained by the process data without existing labels in an unsupervised training phase to improve the performance of estimation. Selection of DBN structure is investigated in the paper. The modelling results achieved by DBN and feedforward neural networks are compared in this paper. It is shown that the DBN models give very accurate estimations of the polymer melt index.

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18

Saidi, Taufiq, Taufiq Saidi, Muttaqin Hasan, Muttaqin Hasan, Zahra Amalia, Muhammad Iqbal, and Muhammad Iqbal. "Behaviour Analysis of Strengthened-RC Beam with Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer (NFRP) based on Abaca Fiber by Using Finite Element Method." Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (September 6, 2022): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.11.2.26520.

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The use of synthetic Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) as a composite material is an alternative material that has been widely used for strengthening and repairing reinforced concrete structures. However, the high price is one of the obstacles in applying synthetic FRP materials in developing countries such as Indonesia. Utilization of natural fiber as a Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer (NFRP) composite material is an alternative, especially in shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. Because it has good tensile strength and also is environmentally friendly. Technological developments in the field of computing make modelling various aspects easier. One of them is modelling reinforced concrete (RC) beams. ATENA V534 is a software that can be used for finite element-based modelling. Therefore, in this study, the ATENA V534 software was used to evaluate the results of research and testing behaviour of reinforced concrete beams from the previous studies about strengthened beam for shear by using NFRP. Behaviour that is evaluated in the form of load and deflection, the pattern of cracks and failure, and stress and strain of reinforcements. The numerical results obtained in ATENA V534 showed in a good agreement with experimental results.

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19

Ramesh Babu, N., and E. Sangeeth Kumar. "Improving the Mechanical Properties of the Propeller Shaft by Using Composite Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 1090–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.1090.

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This work deals with the replacement of conventional two-piece steel drive shaft with a single-piece high strength composite drive shaft for an automotive application. The structural design parameters were optimized with the help of modelling software with the objective of minimizing the weight of composite drive shaft. The design optimization also showed significant potential improvement in the performance of propeller shaft. The modelling and analysis of the drive shaft [1] assembly was done using CATIA[2]/ANSYS software. Glass fiber reinforced polymer with silicon carbide is used in fabricating the propeller shaft. Finally, the analysis results were compared with conventional steel drive shaft.

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20

Inguva, Pavan K., Pierre J. Walker, Hon Wa Yew, Kezheng Zhu, Andrew J. Haslam, and Omar K. Matar. "Continuum-scale modelling of polymer blends using the Cahn–Hilliard equation: transport and thermodynamics." Soft Matter 17, no. 23 (2021): 5645–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm00272d.

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21

Türk, U., and A. Ecder. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE POLYMER MELT FLOW IN INJECTION MOLDING BY USING ILU PRECONDITIONED GMRES." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 4, no. 1 (December 15, 1999): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13926292.1999.9637122.

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The implementation of a modern preconditioned Newton‐Krylov solvers to the polymer melt flow in injection molding is the main focus of this paper. The viscoelastic and non‐isothermal characteristics of the transient polymer flow is simulated numerically and the highly non‐linear problem solved. This non‐linear behavior results from the combination of the dominant convective terms and the dependence of the polymer viscosity to the changing temperature and the shear rate. The governing non‐Newtonian fluid flow and energy equations with appropriate approximations are discretized by finite differencing. Elliptic Grid Generation technique is used to map physical domain to computational domain. The resulting non‐linear system is solved by using Newton's method. GMRES, one of the Krylov subspace methods, used as an iterative algorithm in order to solve the linear system at each non‐linear step. Incomplete LU preconditioner is used for better convergence. Numerical solution of polymer flow is presented to demonstrate that these methods are efficient and robust for solving such flow problems.

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22

Kaunisto, Erik, Susanna Abrahmsen-Alami, Per Borgquist, Anette Larsson, Bernt Nilsson, and Anders Axelsson. "A mechanistic modelling approach to polymer dissolution using magnetic resonance microimaging." Journal of Controlled Release 147, no. 2 (October 2010): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.07.102.

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23

Salih, Rania, Fangyuan Zhou, Nadeem Abbas, and Aamir Khan Mastoi. "Experimental Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Openings Strengthened Using FRP Sheets under Cyclic Load." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 3127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143127.

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In this study, the cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beam with openings strengthened using carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) was experimentally investigated. Seven rectangular RC beams were cast and strengthened through external bonding of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets around the beam web opening with different orientations to evaluate the maximum resistance, secant stiffness, strength degradation, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and behavior of the specimens’ failure mode under cyclic load. One solid beam without an opening (i.e., control specimen) and six beams constructed with circular web openings typically located in the middle of the beam and adjacent to the supports were used in the experiments. Among the six specimens with opening configuration, two beams were unstrengthened, and the remaining four specimens were strengthened with two layers of FRP sheets with vertical and inclined scheme orientation. Numerical studies were performed on ABAQUS software, and finite element modelling analysis results were verified through experiments. Results demonstrated that the use of FRP sheets has a significant effect on the cyclic behavior of RC beams, thereby improving the maximum strength and ultimate displacement to approximately 66.67% and 77.14%, respectively. The validated finite element models serve as a numerical platform to apply beneficial parametric studies, where the effects of opening size and bond length are investigated.

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24

Singh, Shivam, and Sanjeev Kumar Singh Yadav. "Designing and Fabrication of Polymer Based Injection Molding Die Using 3D Printing." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 1526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47236.

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to design and fabricate the injection molding die with help of designing software and fabricating it with the help fused deposition modelling based 3d printing machine. Emphasis on designing of the injection die is given on the size and shape of the specimen to be molded and on giving a proper shrinkage allowance to the injection molding die for getting the desired dimension of the specimen molded in the injection molding die. Draft analysis of the injection die was carried out on the designed injection die for easy separation of the specimen and the polymer based injection die. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer based filament is used in the fabrication of the injection die using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) working principle based 3d printer. The nozzle temperature requirement of the ABS based filament is 250 degree Celsius and the bed temperature required for printing ABS is around 90 degree Celsius which is recommended by the company which manufactures the used ABS based filament. The time consumption in manufacturing of the die is recorded and then compared to the time taken in manufacturing metal based die. This study concludes the optimum value of shrinkage allowance and proper draft analysis and time taken in the manufacturing of the die in the recommended parameters for the printing of the die.

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Muhamedin, Fatin Liyana, M. A. M. Piah, and Nordiana Azlin Othman. "Modelling on Tracking Test Condition of Polymer Nanocomposite using Finite Element Simulation." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v13i4.2362.

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26

Khattab, I. Al, and M. Sinapius. "Multiscale modelling and simulation of polymer nanocomposites using transformation field analysis (TFA)." Composite Structures 209 (February 2019): 981–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.10.100.

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27

Aghabozorgi, Shokoufeh, and Behzad Rostami. "An Investigation of Polymer Adsorption in Porous Media Using Pore Network Modelling." Transport in Porous Media 115, no. 1 (September 6, 2016): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-016-0760-5.

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28

Khondoker, Mohammad Abu Hasan, Asad Asad, and Dan Sameoto. "Printing with mechanically interlocked extrudates using a custom bi-extruder for fused deposition modelling." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 6 (August 13, 2018): 921–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2017-0046.

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Purpose This paper aims to target to print functionally gradient materials (FGM) devices made of immiscible polymers in multi-material fused deposition modelling (FDM) systems. The design is intended to improve adhesion of dissimilar thermoplastics without the need for chemical compatibilization so that filaments from many different sources can be used effectively. Therefore, there is a need to invent an alternative solution for printing multiple immiscible polymers in an FDM system with the desired adhesion. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors have developed a bi-extruder for FDM systems which can print two thermoplastics through a single nozzle with a static intermixer to enhance bonding between input materials. The system can also change the composition of extrudates continuously. Findings The uniqueness of this extruder is in its easy access to the internal channel so that a static intermixer can be inserted, enabling deposition of mechanically interlocked extrudates composed of two immiscible polymers. Without this intermixer, the bi-extruder extrudes with simple side-by-side co-extrusion having no mechanical interlocking. The bi-extruder was characterized by printing objects using pairs of materials including polylactic acid, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and high impact polystyrene. Microscope images of the cross-sections of the extrudates confirm the ability of this bi-extruder to control the composition as desired. It was also found that the mechanically interlocked extrudates composed of two immiscible polymers substantially reduces adhesion failures within and between filaments. Originality/value In this study, the first-ever FDM extruder with a mechanical blending feature next to the nozzle has been designed and used to successfully print FGM objects with improved mechanical properties.

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Ruamcharoen, Polphat, and Jareerat Ruamcharoen. "Mathematical Modelling of Urea-Formaldehyde Polymerization Kinetics Using Mechanism Approach." Advanced Materials Research 701 (May 2013): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.701.337.

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Nowadays, formaldehyde is considered to be a hazardous volatile chemical. One of the formaldehyde sources is urea-formaldehyde resin which is mainly used as an adhesive in particleboard production. Hence, it is necessary to minimize the formaldehyde residue from urea-formaldehyde synthesis. This present work involves the kinetic modelling of urea-formaldehyde polymerization to predict formaldehyde concentration during the pre-polymerization process. On the basis of previous proposed mechanism, the kinetic model which accounted for the number of the functional groups on urea and formaldehyde and also reactive polymer chains was developed as a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The formaldehyde concentrations from computer simulation results were compared with those from experimental investigation. Good agreement between simulation and experimental results was obtained. The developed kinetic model can be also applied to predict the functional group evolution during polymerization. This helps producers select the condition for production to minimize formaldehyde residue and predict the chemical structure of final product.

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Staggs, J. E. J. "Modelling thermal degradation of polymers using single-step first-order kinetics." Fire Safety Journal 32, no. 1 (February 1999): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(98)00026-5.

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Ashraf, M. Azeem, Bijan Sobhi-Najafabadi, Michael G. Ellis, and Hung Yao Hsu. "Modeling of Dry Sliding Wear Using a Systematic Approach." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 967–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.967.

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Virtual life testing is becoming a widely accepted methodology for predicting the life span of products. In this method, reliable models are important to predict different aspects of design performance, one of which is wear. Wear and has been a subject of numerous scientific and empirical investigations. Due to the complex and dynamic nature of the phenomena, there is no general wear model, which can be adopted for all wear problems. A systematic approach to the modelling of dry sliding wear using analytical time domain models is presented in this paper. Given the sliding distance, the model is capable of predicting wear status in transient (running-in) and steady-state operating conditions. The validity of the modelling approach is demonstrated by comparing the predicted results of wear experiments, with that actually measured. For simplicity, the model is based on sliding distance as input variable, while other factors like temperature, load, surface conditions are treated as constant. A simple geometry of sliding polymer-based contacts is used for establishing of wear model.

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Fatisson, Julien, Sania Mansouri, Daniel Yacoub, Yahye Merhi, and Maryam Tabrizian. "Determination of surface-induced platelet activation by applying time-dependency dissipation factor versus frequency using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 8, no. 60 (January 19, 2011): 988–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0617.

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Platelet adhesion and activation rates are frequently used to assess the thrombogenicity of biomaterials, which is a crucial step for the development of blood-contacting devices. Until now, electron and confocal microscopes have been used to investigate platelet activation but they failed to characterize this activation quantitatively and in real time. In order to overcome these limitations, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was employed and an explicit time scale introduced in the dissipation versus frequency plots ( Df–t ) provided us with quantitative data at different stages of platelet activation. The QCM-D chips were coated with thrombogenic and non-thrombogenic model proteins to develop the methodology, further extended to investigate polymer thrombogenicity. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence labelling were used to validate the QCM-D data and confirmed the relevance of Df–t plots to discriminate the activation rate among protein-modified surfaces. The responses showed the predominant role of surface hydrophobicity and roughness towards platelet activation and thereby towards polymer thrombogenicity. Modelling experimental data obtained with QCM-D with a Matlab code allowed us to define the rate at which mass change occurs ( A / B ), to obtain an A / B value for each polymer and correlate this value with polymer thrombogenicity.

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Guessasma, Sofiane, Sofiane Belhabib, David Bassir, Hedi Nouri, and Samuel Gomes. "On the Mechanical Behaviour of Biosourced Cellular Polymer Manufactured Using Fused Deposition Modelling." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112651.

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The aim of this study is to investigate on the compression performance of cellular Polylactic Acid (PLA) manufacturing while using Fused Deposition Modelling. Computer Aided Design (CAD) models of cellular structures are designed using the sequential addition of spherical voids with porosity content varying from 10% to 60%. The three-dimensional (3D) microstructures of cellular PLA are characterised using X-ray micro-tomography to retrieve the correlation between the process-induced defects and the cellular geometrical properties. Mechanical testing is performed under severe compression conditions allowing for the reduction in sample height up to 80%. Finite element computation that is based on real microstructures is used in order to evaluate the effect of defects on the compression performance. The results show a significant drop of the process-induced defects thanks to the use of small layer thickness. Both mechanical anisotropy and performance loss are reduced due to vanishing process-induced defects more significantly when the amount of intended porosities is large. The compression behaviour of 3D printed PLA cellular structures is then found to be only guided by the amount and distribution of the intended porosity.

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Masood, S. H., and W. Q. Song. "Development of new metal/polymer materials for rapid tooling using Fused deposition modelling." Materials & Design 25, no. 7 (October 2004): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2004.02.009.

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Kaunisto, Erik, Farhad Tajarobi, Susanna Abrahmsen-Alami, Anette Larsson, Bernt Nilsson, and Anders Axelsson. "Mechanistic modelling of drug release from a polymer matrix using magnetic resonance microimaging." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48, no. 4-5 (March 2013): 698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.030.

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Arifuzzaman, Md, Uneb Gazder, Md Shah Alam, Okan Sirin, and Abdullah Al Mamun. "Modelling of Asphalt’s Adhesive Behaviour Using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Analysis." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2019 (August 15, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3183050.

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The modification by polymers and nanomaterials can significantly improve different properties of asphalt. However, during the service life, the oxidation affects the constituents of modified asphalt and subsequently results in deviation from the desired properties. One of the important properties affected due to oxidation is the adhesive properties of modified asphalt. In this study, the adhesive properties of asphalt modified with the polymers (styrene-butadiene-styrene and styrene-butadiene) and carbon nanotubes were investigated. Asphalt samples were aged in the laboratory by simulating the field conditions, and then adhesive properties were evaluated by different tips of atomic force microscopy (AFM) following the existing functional group in asphalt. Finally, a predictive modelling and machine learning technique called the classification and regression tree (CART) was used to predict the adhesive properties of modified asphalt subjected to oxidation. The parameters that affect the behaviour of asphalt have been used to predict the results using the CART. The results obtained from CART analysis were also compared with those from the regression model. It was observed that the CART analysis shows more explanatory relationships between different variables. The model can predict accurately the adhesive properties of modified asphalts considering the real field oxidation and chemistry of asphalt at a nanoscale.

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Sweeney, John, Paul Spencer, Glen Thompson, David Barker, and Phil Coates. "Constitutive Modelling of Polylactic Acid at Large Deformation Using Multiaxial Strains." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172967.

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Sheet specimens of a PLLA-based polymer have been extended at a temperature near to the glass transition in both uniaxial and planar tension, with stress relaxation observed for some time after reaching the final strain. Both axial and transverse stresses were recorded in the planar experiments. In all cases during loading, yielding at small strain was followed by a drop in true stress and then strain hardening. This was followed by stress relaxation at constant strain, during which stress dropped to reach an effectively constant level. Stresses were modelled as steady state and transient components. Steady-state components were identified with the long-term stress in stress relaxation and associated with an elastic component of the model. Transient stresses were modelled using Eyring mechanisms. The greater part of the stress during strain hardening was associated with dissipative Eyring processes. The model was successful in predicting stresses in both uniaxial and planar extension over a limited range of strain rate.

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Sedlacek, Frantisek, and Václava Lašová. "Additive Manufacturing of PA6 with Short Carbon Fibre Reinforcement Using Fused Deposition Modelling." Materials Science Forum 928 (August 2018): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.928.26.

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The aim of this research was to determine the influence of the short carbon fibres in nylon PA6 polymer used for fused deposition modelling (additive manufacturing) technology. Specimens from pure PA6 and PA6 with short carbon fibres were fabricated, with both main directions of the material with respect to the build orientation in a 3D printer. Experimental tensile tests of the specimens were carried out at several temperatures according to ISO standards. The strength, tensile modulus and ductility in relation to the temperature were compared. A significant influence of the short carbon fibres on the strength and heat deflection temperature of the part was found in PA6 and also for the orientation of the build in the 3D printer.

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Önnby, L., V. Pakade, B. Mattiasson, and H. Kirsebom. "Polymer composite adsorbents using particles of molecularly imprinted polymers or aluminium oxide nanoparticles for treatment of arsenic contaminated waters." Water Research 46, no. 13 (September 2012): 4111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.028.

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Mustafa, Suzan A. A., and Stuart S. J. Moy. "Strengthening cast iron struts using carbon fibre reinforced polymers – Finite element modelling." Composites Part B: Engineering 42, no. 5 (July 2011): 1048–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.03.026.

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Rule, R. J., and T. M. W. Nye. "Time-resolved 2D SAXS studies of oriented polymers using paracrystalline modelling techniques." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 97, no. 1-4 (May 1995): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)00357-2.

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Rai, Saurabh. "GTN Damage Modelling of the AA6063 Using Image Processing." Brilliant Engineering 3, no. 1 (December 9, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/ben.2022.4400.

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In this paper, an innovative way of calculating the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman parameter has been developed for AA 6063. AA 6063 is an aluminum alloy comprising the alloying ingredients magnesium and silicon. The Aluminum Association maintains the standard that governs its composition. It has strong mechanical properties and may be heat treated and welded. Image processing technique has been used to calculate the damage constant for the AA 6063. The image of the sample has been taken under a microscope of undeformed and fractured material. Then the images are analyzed using the Open CV tool in a python open-source environment. The initial and final void fraction of the sheet has been calculated. Damage models, particularly the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model, are widely used in numerical simulation of material deformations. Each damage model has some constants which must be identified for each material. The direct identification methods are costly and time-consuming. A combination of experimental, numerical simulation and optimization have been used to determine the constants in the current work. Numerical simulation of the dynamic test was performed utilizing the constants obtained from quasi-static experiments. The results showed a high precision in predicting the specimen's profile in the dynamic testing.

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Friedrich, J., W. Unger, A. Lippitz, Sh Geng, I. Koprinarov, G. Kühn, and St Weidner. "Modelling plasma-induced reactions on polymer surfaces using aliphatic self-assembling and LB layers." Surface and Coatings Technology 98, no. 1-3 (January 1998): 1132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(97)00157-6.

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Ku Ishak, Ku Esyra Hani, and Mohammed Abdalla Ayoub. "Removal of oil from polymer-produced water by using flotation process and statistical modelling." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 9, no. 4 (May 14, 2019): 2927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-019-0686-x.

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Gomes, Jefferson L. M. A., Nélio Henderson, and Marisa C. G. Rocha. "Modelling the Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Polymer Solutions Using a Cubic Equation of State." Macromolecular Theory and Simulations 10, no. 9 (November 1, 2001): 816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3919(20011101)10:9<816::aid-mats816>3.0.co;2-m.

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Patterson, Adele, Ana P. Ferreira, Elizabeth Banks, Kirsty Skeene, Graham Clarke, Sarah Nicholson, and Clare Rawlinson-Malone. "Modelling drug degradation in a spray dried polymer dispersion using a modified Arrhenius equation." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 478, no. 1 (January 2015): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.063.

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47

Jalan, Ishita, Lisa Lundin, and Jan van Stam. "Using Solubility Parameters to Model More Environmentally Friendly Solvent Blends for Organic Solar Cell Active Layers." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 3889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233889.

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To facilitate industrial applications, as well as for environmental and health purposes, there is a need to find less hazardous solvents for processing the photoactive layer of organic solar cells. As there are vast amounts of possibilities to combine organic solvents and solutes, it is of high importance to find paths to discriminate among the solution chemistry possibilities on a theoretical basis. Using Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) offers such a path. We report on some examples of solvent blends that have been found by modelling HSP for an electron donor polymer (TQ1) and an electron acceptor polymer (N2200) to match solvent blends of less hazardous solvents than those commonly used. After the theoretical screening procedure, solubility tests were performed to determine the HSP parameters relevant for the TQ1:N2200 pair in the calculated solvent blends. Finally, thin solid films were prepared by spin-coating from the solvent blends that turned out to be good solvents to the donor-acceptor pair. Our results show that the blend film morphology prepared in this way is similar to those obtained from chloroform solutions.

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Spanu, Paulina, and Bogdan Felician Abaz. "Tensile Strength Prediction of Fiberglass Polymer Composites Using Artificial Neural Network Model." Materiale Plastice 59, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.22.2.5590.

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Highlighting the properties of polymer composites is a complex process given their great diversity and the wide range in which their characteristics could vary. An Artificial Neural Network model for predicting tensile strength was designed using LabVIEW software. The proposed model was developed for randomly reinforced polymeric composite materials with 30%, 40% and 50% fiber-glass. Volume fraction of glass fibre has represented the independent variable for this study. The dependence of the tensile strength on the volume fraction was investigated and highlighted by modelling using neural networks. The designed Artificial Neural Network behaves as a computational system that process data input into a desired output using a network of functions composed of layers. The training process was developed with different Artificial Neural Network architectures with two hidden layers to produce the best prediction results. For each hidden layer the number of neurons was varied be-tween 3 to 50.

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Smith, A. L., and D. J. Mee. "Dynamic strain measurement using piezoelectric polymer film." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 31, no. 6 (November 1, 1996): 463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v316463.

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Piezoelectric polymers have been used to form the basis of dynamic strain gauges for the detection of stress waves. The linearity of response was tested using a split Hopkinson pressure bar arrangement. The results obtained illustrate the effectiveness of piezoelectric film strain gauges in the measurement of axial stress waves.

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Urso, Santi, Houman A. Hadad, Chiara Borsellino, Antonino Recupero, Qing Da Yang, and Antonio Nanni. "Numerical Modelling of FRCM Materials Using Augmented-FEM." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.23.

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The use of externally-bonded composite materials for strengthening and rehabilitation of existing structures is among the most popular reinforcement techniques. Technologies, such as Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) have been recently developed to address some of the issues of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP), such as sensitivity to elevated temperatures and UV, impermeability, restricted application in presence of moisture or uneven substrate. For a detailed strengthening design with FRCM composites, the mechanical properties of the materials are required. Analytical models in literature discuss the interaction between the FRCM matrix and fabric using a fracture mechanics approach. These analytical laws were simplified using a trilinear curve in which a constant branch correlated to the friction is added. In the United States, “Acceptance Criteria AC434” includes the test methods to evaluate the mechanical properties of the FRCM through a direct tensile test which uses clevis grips. The material characterization per AC434 is in harmony with ACI 549.4R design guidelines. This study deals with the analysis of FRCM materials using 2D Augmented-Finite Element Method (A-FEM) approach. Constitutive material behaviors were used to implement on A-FE model, which can predict the failure modes of the composite material. The damage of the mortar was described by a trilinear curve, and the number and position of the cracks were fixed preliminarily. The fabric was modelled as a continuum layer attached to the mortar with no-thickness cohesive elements. The cohesive law between fabric and mortar was taken from the literature. The tensile test on the FRCM coupon with one layer of fabric was numerically modeled and compared to the experimental stress-strain curves. Results show that the numerical curves matched the experimental ones and capture the three branches of the FRCM constitutive law as well as the failure mode. This modelling tool will allow researchers to predict the constitutive law of an FRCM mater

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