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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer materials'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 May 2022

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1

Jovanovic, Slobodan, Gordana Nestorovic, and Katarina Jeremic. "Conducting polymer materials." Chemical Industry 57, no. 11 (2003): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0311511j.

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Conducting polymers represent a very interesting group of polymer materials Investigation of the synthesis, structure and properties of these materials has been the subject of considerable research efforts in the last twenty years. A short presentating of newer results obtained by investigating of the synthesis, structure and properties of two basic groups of conducting polymers: a) conducting polymers the conductivity of which is the result of their molecular structure, and b) conducting polymer composites (EPC), is given in this paper. The applications and future development of this group of polymer materials is also discussed.
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2

Garaev, Ilgiz Kh, Ildar N. Musin, and Lyubov A. Zenitova. "Antiseptic polymer materials." Butlerov Communications 58, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-58-6-1.

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The work is devoted to the analysis of information in the domestic and foreign literature on antiseptic polymer materials. Recently, there has been an increased interest in polymeric materials (compositions), which, in addition to the properties inherent in polymeric materials (a combination of elasticity and strength, corrosion and chemical resistance, etc.), have antiseptic properties, i.e. when the polymer exhibits its antimicrobial properties in contact with the polymer surface. The manifestation of antiseptic properties of polymers is possible in the presence of active atoms or groups with antimicrobial properties in the polymer chain itself, as well as in the presence of antimicrobial substances in the composite material as an additional additive. Both methods of creating antiseptic polymer systems are described in the scientific literature. In terms of the volume of messages, the composite (second) method for creating antiseptic polymer composite materials significantly exceeds the synthetic (first) method, since it is simpler and more accessible, both in terms of technology and the availability of components for their creation. Various classes of compounds with antiseptic properties are considered as potential components of antiseptic polymer compositions. The existing terminology used in the field of antiseptic systems is analyzed.
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3

Ma, Le Qun. "Mechanical Engineering Polymer Materials Research." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.33.

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Polymer, the polymer compound, is composed of millions of atoms with each other, link, for large molecules, so is also known as polymers or polymer. Are you going to give mercerized by large molecular weight, as high as 104 ~ 106, and molecular weight polydispersity. Its relative molecular mass is generally in the tens of thousands to millions. This paper mainly introduces the concept and classification of the polymer materials, and the classification and application of polymer additives. Finally tell the principle and application of polymer materials.
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4

Masiouchok, O. P., M. V. Iurzhenko, R. V. Kolisnyk, and M. G. Korab. "Additive technologies of polymer materials (Review)." Paton Welding Journal 2020, no. 5 (May 28, 2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2020.05.08.

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5

Gerasimova, Vera, and Olga Zotikova. "Eco-Friendly Polymer Construction Materials." Materials Science Forum 871 (September 2016): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.871.62.

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This article addresses contemporary construction polymer elements found useful in civil engineering and construction in Russia due to their high technical and economical efficiency. Advantages and drawbacks of the polymer materials are reviewed. This work in no way claims a fullness of reviewing all the issues of using polymers in construction, but it nevertheless enables to provide a general insight into the problems to be solved in the field of future production and use of environmentally safe polymer materials for construction applications. One of the substantial goals of the applied research is to design rather durable, non-toxic and fire-resistant construction materials intended for construction of residential and public buildings. Readers can get an overview about ecological problems linked to the production and application of the polymers in construction field.
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6

Thomas, Edwin L. "Materials Science of Polymers." MRS Bulletin 12, no. 8 (December 1987): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400066689.

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This issue of the MRS BULLETIN is devoted to a class of materials undergoing a transition from a period in which they were viewed primarily as cheap substitutes for other materials into a new period where polymers are seen as high tech, value-added materials in their own right. The six articles included here focus on a portion of the wide range of topical areas concurrently at the frontiers of polymer materials science.Polymers are molecules consisting of a large number of units (mers) covalently connected to form macromolecules of very high molar mass (upwards of 106). Polymer chemists have learned how to make an almost endless variety of highly complex yet well- defined macromolecules utilizing a wide variety of monomers. Once polymer physicists and materials scientists depended on industry to provide samples (which were far from model materials to work on). Today, significant improvements in chemical synthesis and a growing collaborative effort between polymer chemists and materials scientists have resulted in the availability of extremely well-defined materials (molecular weight distribution, composition, sequence of monomer types along the chain backbone, stereochemistry of these units and overall molecular architecture, e.g., branching vs. linear) for the attainment of novel properties and the investigation of structure-property relationships. Given the sophistication of current polymer synthesis, it is now possible to test structure-property hypotheses systematically and to rationally design macromolecules to form specified microstructures and provide desirable physical properties.The typical mental image conjured by the word polymer is an entangled mass of cooked spaghetti. This is in fact very appropriate for the class of flexible chain polymers in the noncrystalline state. The pioneering work of P.J. Flory in elucidating the nature of such materials, e.g., polymer melts and amorphous polymers above their glass transition temperature, made crucial use of the essentially Gaussian behavior of the end-to-end distance vector of a flexible chain polymer in the condensed state.
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7

Bessonov, Igor, Aleksey Zhukov, Boris Efimov, Elina Gorbunova, and Ilya Govryakov. "Gypsum polymer materials in construction." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 09087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125809087.

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The modern level of technological development involves the use of traditional materials modified with additives of various types and functional purposes, as well as composite materials allowing to obtain a product with improved properties. Expanding the area of application of products based on gypsum for facade systems involves the creation of weather-resistant, and, first of all, waterproof materials based on gypsum polymers. The purpose of the experiment, the results of which are presented in the article, was to assess the possibility of using polycondensation polymers as a component of gypsum polymer, to model the properties of the material and to evaluate its characteristics as a result of climatic and humidity influences. The modeling and optimization of gypsum polymer properties were based on statistical methods as well as methods of mathematical analysis of functions of several variables. The assessment of the water resistance of gypsum polymer samples was carried out under test conditions in an open reservoir with an almost unlimited reaction capacity of the medium. The weather resistance was checked according to the results of tests in a climatic chamber. Experiments have shown that the strength of samples with 20% modified melamine-formaldehyde resin in compression and in bending for 80 days of storage in air increases by 30% and 25%, respectively. The compressive strength is 60 MPa, and the flexural strength is 12 MPa. Gypsum polymer has high frost resistance up to 150 cycles of alternate freezing and thawing. The result of the research was the confirmation of the possibility of using polycondensation resins and the foundations of the method for selecting the composition of the gypsum polymer were developed. The results obtained can be used in the development of the technology of gypsum polymer products, and, in particular, piece products (building cladding tiles).
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8

Schiraldi, David A., Matthew D. Gawryla, and Saeed Alhassan. "Clay Aerogel Composite Materials." Advances in Science and Technology 63 (October 2010): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.63.147.

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A simple, inexpensive, and environmentally-friendly process for converting mixtures of clays and polymers has been developed. Polymer and clay are combined in water, and the mixtures are freeze dried to produce materials which have bulk densities typically in the range of 0.03 – 0.15 g/cm3. These low density polymer/clay aerogel materials possess good mechanical properties similar to those of traditional polymer foams, can be reinforced with fibers, modified with nanoparticles, biomineralized, or converted into porous ceramics.
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9

Adschiri, Tadafumi, S. Takami, K. Minami, T. Yamagata, K. Miyata, T. Morishita, M. Ueda, et al. "Super Hybrid Materials." Materials Science Forum 700 (September 2011): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.700.145.

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Various composite materials have been developed, but in many cases problems arise due to the combined materials such as fabrication becoming difficult because of the significant increase in viscosity, and transparency of the polymer is sacrificed. These issues can be overcome by controlling the nanointerface; however, this is considered as a difficult task since nanoparticles (NPs) easily aggregate in polymer matrices because of their high surface energy. Organic functionalization of inorganic NPs is required to increase affinity between NPs and polymers. For fabricating multi-functional materials, we proposed a new method to synthesize organic modified NPs by using supercritical water. Because organic molecules and metal salt aqueous solutions are miscible in supercritical water and water molecules serve as acid/base catalysts for the reactions, hybrid organic/inorganic NPs can be synthesized under the supercritical condition. The hybrid NPs show high affinity for the organic solvent and the polymer matrix, which leads to the fabrication of these super hybrid NPs. How to release the heat from the devices is the bottle neck of developing the future power devices, and thus nanohybrid materials of polymer and ceramics are required to achieve both high thermal conductivity and easy thin film flexible fabrication, namely trade-off functions. Surface modification of the BN particles via supercritical hydrothermal synthesis improves the affinity between BN and the polymers. This increases the BN loading ratio in the polymers, thus resulting in high thermal conductivity. Transparent dispersion of high refractive index NPs, such as TiO2 and ZrO2, in the polymers is required to fabricate optical materials. By adjusting the affinity between NPs and the polymers, we could fabricate super hybrid nanomaterials, which have flexiblility and high refractive index and transparency.
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10

Tonelli. "Nanoscale Restructuring of Polymer Materials to Produce Single Polymer Composites and Miscible Blends." Biomolecules 9, no. 6 (June 19, 2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9060240.

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I summarize work conducted in our laboratories over the past 30 years using small host molecules to restructure polymer materials at the nanometer level. Certain small molecules, such as the cyclic starches cyclodextrins (CDs) and urea (U) can form non-covalent crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs) with a range of guest molecules, including many polymers. In polymer-CD- and -U-ICs, guest polymer chains reside in narrow channels created by the host molecule crystals, where they are separated and highly extended. When the host crystalline lattice is carefully removed, the guest polymer chains coalesce into a bulk sample with an organization that is distinct from that normally produced from its melt or from solution. Amorphous regions of such coalesced polymer samples have a greater density, likely with less chain entanglement and more chain alignment. As a consequence, after cooling from their melts, coalesced amorphous polymers show glass-transition temperatures (Tgs) that are elevated above those of samples prepared from their solutions or melts. Upon cooling from their melts, coalesced samples of crystallizable polymers show dramatically-increased abilities to crystallize more rapidly and much closer to their melting temperatures (Tms). These unique behaviors of polymers coalesced from their CD- and U-ICs are unexpectedly resistant to extended annealing above their Tgs and Tms. Taking advantage of this behavior permits us to create polymer materials with unique and improved properties. Among these are amorphous polymers with elevated Tgs and semi-crystalline polymers with finer more uniform morphologies. Improved mechanical properties can be achieved through self-nucleation with small amounts of the same polymer made rapidly crystallizable through coalescence from its CD- or U-IC. This can lead to single polymer composites with as-received polymer matrices and self-nucleated reinforcements. Through simultaneous formation and subsequent coalescence from their common CD–ICs, stable well-mixed blends can be achieved between any two or more polymers, despite their inherent immiscibilities. Such coalesced and well-mixed blends are also resistant to phase segregation when heated for extensive periods well above their Tgs and Tms.
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11

Zentel, Rudolf. "Polymer Coated Semiconducting Nanoparticles for Hybrid Materials." Inorganics 8, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics8030020.

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This paper reviews synthetic concepts for the functionalization of various inorganic nanoparticles with a shell consisting of organic polymers and possible applications of the resulting hybrid materials. A polymer coating can make inorganic nanoparticles soluble in many solvents as individual particles and not only do low molar mass solvents become suitable, but also polymers as a solid matrix. In the case of shape anisotropic particles (e.g., rods) a spontaneous self-organization (parallel orientation) of the nanoparticles can be achieved, because of the formation of lyotropic liquid crystalline phases. They offer the possibility to orient the shape of anisotropic nanoparticles macroscopically in external electric fields. At least, such hybrid materials allow semiconducting inorganic nanoparticles to be dispersed in functional polymer matrices, like films of semiconducting polymers. Thereby, the inorganic nanoparticles can be electrically connected and addressed by the polymer matrix. This allows LEDs to be prepared with highly fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles (quantum dots) as chromophores. Recent works have aimed to further improve these fascinating light emitting materials.
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12

Yamamoto, Tetsuya, Yuya Takahashi, and Naoya Toyoda. "Dispersion of Nano-materials in Polymer Composite Materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133311003.

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Polymer composites materials are the subject of extensive studies because of their novel properties compared with their constituent materials. Dispersion stability of sub-micron sized particles in the medium is important from the point of colloidal views. In the present study, dispersion of nano-materials in the matrix polymer is one of the most important problems to enhance their mechanical properties. We tackled this problem to carry out surface modification of the nano-materials, such as carbon nano tubes (CNTs), using amphiphilic polymers, polyNvinylacetamide (PNVA), synthesized thorough radical polymerization. Hydrogen bond worked between PNVA onto the modified nano-materials and hydrophilic matrix, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), to enhance surface adhesions and dispersions of the nano-materials in the matrix. As a result, the mechanical properties of their composites materials were strengthened. When CNTs were used in PVA, the transparency of the composite was also increased due to improvement of their dispersions. In addition, if the CNTs formed the networks in the composites, the highly conductive and transparent polymer composite films were fabricated.
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13

Yamamoto, Tetsuya, Yuya Takahashi, and Naoya Toyoda. "Dispersion of Nano-materials in Polymer Composite Materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133311003.

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Polymer composites materials are the subject of extensive studies because of their novel properties compared with their constituent materials. Dispersion stability of sub-micron sized particles in the medium is important from the point of colloidal views. In the present study, dispersion of nano-materials in the matrix polymer is one of the most important problems to enhance their mechanical properties. We tackled this problem to carry out surface modification of the nano-materials, such as carbon nano tubes (CNTs), using amphiphilic polymers, polyNvinylacetamide (PNVA), synthesized thorough radical polymerization. Hydrogen bond worked between PNVA onto the modified nano-materials and hydrophilic matrix, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), to enhance surface adhesions and dispersions of the nano-materials in the matrix. As a result, the mechanical properties of their composites materials were strengthened. When CNTs were used in PVA, the transparency of the composite was also increased due to improvement of their dispersions. In addition, if the CNTs formed the networks in the composites, the highly conductive and transparent polymer composite films were fabricated.
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14

Paul, Matthew D., Jonathan S. Davis, Yan Ching Jean, and J. David van Horn. "Application and Evaluation of 3D Printed Materials with PALS." Defect and Diffusion Forum 373 (March 2017): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.373.303.

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In this study, the use of a 3D printer for sample holder fabrication and polymer sample preparation for positron analysis was explored. Custom printed 3D holders may be rapidly made and modified for a variety of thin-film, crystalline, or other diversely-shaped samples. For positron studies a 3D printer allows for the preparation of standard and unique polymer samples. In an initial study, a mesoporous-patterned ABS sample was attempted, without success. Various polymers (ABS, PLA, and PETG) and the same polymers with varied additives (carbon fiber or carbon nanotubes) were studied before and after printing. The different polymers and those with additives are distinguishable via PALS. Samples show a consistently lower I3 value after printing, suggesting a decrease in defect quantity for the printed polymer versus the as-received polymer filament.
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15

Augustyn, Piotr, Piotr Rytlewski, Krzysztof Moraczewski, and Adam Mazurkiewicz. "A review on the direct electroplating of polymeric materials." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 27 (June 24, 2021): 14881–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06246-w.

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AbstractThis work is a review of the literature on the possibilities for electroplating of polymer materials. Methods of metalizing polymers and their composites were presented and discussed. Information from various publications on the electrical properties of polymers and polymer composites was collected and discussed. The most important results on the electroplating of conductive polymers and conductive composites were presented and compared. This work especially focuses on the electrical conductivity of polymer materials. The main focus was the efficiency of metal electrodeposition. Based on the analyzed publications, it was found that electrically deposited metal layers on conductive polymeric materials show discontinuity, considerable roughness, and different layer thickness depending on the distance from the contact electrode. The use of metal nanoparticles (AgNWs) or nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) as a filler enables effective metallization of the polymer composite. Due to the high aspect ratio, it is possible to lower the percolation threshold with a low filler content in the polymer matrix. The presented review reveals many of the problems associated with the effectiveness of the electroplating methods. It indicates the need and direction for further research and development in the field of electroplating of polymer materials and modification of their electrical properties.
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16

Stroganov, V. F., D. A. Kukoleva, A. S. Akhmetshin, and I. V. Stroganov. "Biodeterioration of polymers and polymer composite materials." Polymer Science. Series D 2, no. 3 (July 2009): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995421209030071.

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17

Podzorova, Mariya, Yulia Tertyshnaya, and Anatoly Popov. "Eco-friendly polymer materials for agricultural purposes." MATEC Web of Conferences 298 (2019): 00130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929800130.

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The paper deals with various polymer materials for agricultural purposes. To date, there are many technologies for growing crops that use polymer films: greenhouses, greenhouses, planting seeds in capsules. There are a lot of works on the study of biodegradable compositions based on biopolymers with synthetic polymers, as well as the analysis of the impact of destructive environmental factors on samples. Binary polylactide–low-density polyethylene blends of various compositions were prepared, and their biodegradability in soil and water absorption kinetics. The degree of water absorption is higher for the blends than for the pure polymers. The weight loss is higher upon incubation in laboratory soil compared to open soil. Changes in the specimen macrostructure after exposure to soil were demonstrated by optical microscopy.
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18

Brostow, Witold, and Haley E. Hagg Lobland. "Survey of Relations of Chemical Constituents in Polymer-Based Materials with Brittleness and its Associated Properties." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, no. 4s (December 25, 2016): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.04si.595.

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The property of brittleness for polymers and polymer-based materials (PBMs) is an important factor in determining the potential uses of a material. Brittleness of polymers may also impact the ease and modes of polymer processing, thereby affecting economy of production. Brittleness of PBMs can be correlated with certain other properties and features of polymers; to name a few, connections to free volume, impact strength, and scratch recovery have been explored. A common thread among all such properties is their relationship to chemical composition and morphology. Through a survey of existing literature on polymer brittleness specifically combined with relevant reports that connect additional materials and properties to that of brittleness, it is possible to identify chemical features of PBMs that are connected with observable brittle behavior. Relations so identified between chemical composition and structure of PBMs and brittleness are described herein, advancing knowledge and improving the capacity to design new and to choose among existing polymers in order to obtain materials with particular property profiles.
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19

Watson, Keith J., Jin Zhu, SonBinh T. Nguyen, and Chad A. Mirkin. "Redox-active polymer-nanoparticle hybrid materials." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2000): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072010067.

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization was used to modify organic soluble gold nanoparticles with redox-active polymers. A gel-permeation chromatography study revealed that each nanoparticle is modified with approximately 11 polymer chains. Electrochemical studies of nanoparticles modified with block copolymers of two different redox-active groups revealed that each monomer is electrochemically accessible, while no current rectification was observed.
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20

Ratner, Mark A., and D. F. Shriver. "Polymer Ionics." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 9 (September 1989): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400061728.

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The preparation, utilization, and understanding of high polymers represents one of the great triumphs of chemistry and materials science in the 20th century. Synthetic polymers have traditionally been used as structural materials and electrical insulators. Biopolymers often exhibit interesting electrical response phenomena. A recent article in the MRS BULLETIN, for example, discussed piezoelectric properties of both synthetic and biopolymer systems. The newer, synthetic electroactive polymeric materials, however, represent one of the most exciting current areas of polymer materials science.Many synthetic ionic polymer materials are known; perhaps the first were the polyelectrolytes and crosslinked ion exchange materials. These are materials whose backbone contains charges of one sign, balanced by small counter ions of the opposite sign. Such polyelectrolytes have found very important applications in analytical chemistry, water purification, and chemical processing.Complexes, in which salts are dissolved in neutral polymer hosts, have until recently received less attention. The area of polymer/salt complexes became extremely active following the work of P.V. Wright, who first clearly showed that polyethylene oxide (PEO) is an excellent polymer host for a number of salts, and that the resulting solid polymer/salt complexes are electrical conductors. M. Armand broadened the investigation of electrical properties of polymer/salt complexes and pointed out that these materials might be useful in electrochemical devices, especially batteries.This article will discuss the formation, properties, behavior, and applications of polymer electrolytes and mixed conductors—that is, polymeric materials in which charge is transported either by ions or by ionic and electronic charge motion. Our concentration will be on solvent-free materials—materials in which no small molecule solvents are present. There is substantial interest, and substantial progress, in the area of solvent-swollen polymer electrolytes.
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21

Barbosa, Hélder M. C., and Marta M. D. Ramos. "Computer Simulation of Hole Distribution in Polymeric Materials." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.711.

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Polymers have been known for their flexibility and easy processing into coatings and films, which made them suitable to be applied in a variety of areas and in particular the growing area of organic electronics. The electronic properties of semiconducting polymers made them a serious rival in areas where until now inorganic materials were the most used, such as light emitting diodes or solar cells. Typical polymers can be seen as a network of molecular strands of varied lengths and orientations, with a random distribution of physical and chemical defects which makes them an anisotropic material. To further increase their performance, a better understanding of all aspects related to charge transport and space charge distribution in polymeric materials is required. The process associated with charge transport depends on the properties of the polymer molecules as well as connectivity and texture, and so we adopt a mesoscopic approach to build polymer structures. Changing the potential barrier for charge injection we can introduce holes in the polymer network and, by using a generalised Monte-Carlo method, we can simulate the transport of the injected charge through the polymer layer caused by imposing a voltage between two planar electrodes. Our results show that the way that holes distribute within polymer layer and charge localization in these materials is quite different from the inorganic ones.
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22

Zhao, Qinglan, Andrew Whittaker, and X. Zhao. "Polymer Electrode Materials for Sodium-ion Batteries." Materials 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2018): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122567.

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Sodium-ion batteries are promising alternative electrochemical energy storage devices due to the abundance of sodium resources. One of the challenges currently hindering the development of the sodium-ion battery technology is the lack of electrode materials suitable for reversibly storing/releasing sodium ions for a sufficiently long lifetime. Redox-active polymers provide opportunities for developing advanced electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries because of their structural diversity and flexibility, surface functionalities and tenability, and low cost. This review provides a short yet concise summary of recent developments in polymer electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Challenges facing polymer electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries are identified and analyzed. Strategies for improving polymer electrochemical performance are discussed. Future research perspectives in this important field are projected.
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23

Yoshida, Ryo. "Self-Oscillating Gel as Smart Materials." Advances in Science and Technology 57 (September 2008): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.57.1.

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We have developed polymer and gels with an autonomous self-oscillating function by utilizing the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. Under the coexistence of the substrates, the polymer undergoes spontaneous cyclic soluble-insoluble changes or swelling-deswelling changes (in the case of gel) without any on-off switching of external stimuli. By using microfabrication technique, ciliary motion actuator or self-walking gel have been demonstrated. Further, in order to realize nano-actuator, the linear polymer chain and the submicrometer-sized gel beads were prepared. By grafting the polymers or arraying the gel beads on the surface of substrates, we have attempted to design self-oscillating surface as nano-conveyer. For application to biomaterials, it is necessary to cause the self-oscillation under biological condition without using non-biorelated BZ substrates. So we attempted to introduce pH-control site and oxidant-supplying site into the polymer. By using the polymer, self-oscillation only in the existence of biorelated organic acid was actually achieved.
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24

Carson Meredith, J., Alamgir Karim, and Eric J. Amis. "Combinatorial Methods for Investigations in Polymer Materials Science." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 4 (April 2002): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.101.

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AbstractWe review recent advances in the development of combinatorial methods for polymer characterization. Applied to materials research, combinatorial methodologies allow efficient testing of structure–property hypotheses (fundamental characterization) as well as accelerated development of new materials (materials discovery). Recent advances in library preparation and high-throughput screening have extended combinatorial methods to a wide variety of phenomena encountered in polymer processing. We first present techniques for preparing continuous-gradient polymer “libraries” with controlled variations in temperature, composition, thickness, and substrate surface energy. These libraries are then used to characterize fundamental properties such as polymer-blend phase behavior, thin-film dewetting, block-copolymer order–disorder transitions, and cell interactions with surfaces of biocompatible polymers.
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25

Frank, Curtis W. "Polymer Materials Science: Novel Synthesis and Characterization of Supermolecular Structures." MRS Bulletin 16, no. 7 (July 1991): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400056499.

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The two feature articles in this issue present numerous contrasts, but both reflect the vitality of research in polymer science today. David Tirrell and co-authors paint a picture of how the techniques of molecular biology may be applied to the synthesis of novel “proteinlike” polymers with control over molecular weight, composition, and stereoregularity that is unprecedented in the realm of traditional polymer chemistry. Wolfgang Knoll turns his attention to ultrathin polymer films with thicknesses comparable to molecular chain dimensions and demonstrates how evanescent wave optical methods may be used to provide spectroscopic as well as imaging information on the characterization of these “restricted geometry” systems.Both authors address the issue of supermolecular structure, whether approached from the synthetic or physical chemical viewpoints. Tirrell describes a series of target polymers, expressed by genetically engineered microorganisms, which may provide a fundamental understanding and control over chain folding, a critical morphological feature governing solid-state behavior of synthetic polymers. Knoll analyzes the fundamentals of evanescent wave optical methods for interrogating the molecular organization in polymer films that have considerable potential in electronic or photonic applications.
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26

Bilby, David, Bong Gi Kim, and Jinsang Kim. "Recent design strategies for polymer solar cell materials." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 1 (November 10, 2010): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-10-08-23.

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Recent design tools for tuning the properties of conjugated polymers for efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs) are briefly reviewed. Based on limitations in the solar-to-electric energy conversion process imposed by material properties, recent research has focused on lowering the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level, reducing the bandgap, and controlling the molecular conformation and donor–acceptor phase separation. Additionally, the stability of PSCs can be improved through molecular design. Finally, a few less-conventional material design strategies for device improvement through polymer–polymer blends and triplet utilization are introduced. Molecular design has been an invaluable tool in controlling these material properties.
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27

Allen, Norman S. "Photoresponsive Polymer Materials." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 155, no. 1-3 (February 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00363-5.

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28

OHMORI, Yutaka. "Polymer Electroluminescent Materials." Kobunshi 52, no. 8 (2003): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.52.551.

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MAMIYA, Jun-ichi, Munenori YAMADA, Yumiko NAKA, Mizuho KONDO, and Tomiki IKEDA. "Photomobile Polymer Materials." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 66, no. 3 (2009): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.66.79.

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30

Makarevich, Anna, Leonid Pinchuk, and Vladimir Kestelman. "Active Polymer Materials." International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 34, no. 2 (November 1996): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914039608031470.

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31

Yamaoka, Tsuguo. "Photosensitive polymer materials." Kobunshi 35, no. 6 (1986): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.35.572.

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UEDA, TOMOKO, KAZUHIKO ISHIHARA, and NOBUO NAKABAYASHI. "Nonthrombogenic Polymer Materials." Sen'i Gakkaishi 47, no. 3 (1991): P126—P132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.47.p126.

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CHIBA, Kazumasa, and Keisuke OHSHIMA. "New Polymer Materials." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 93, no. 854 (1990): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.93.854_68.

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TRZNADEL, MAREK. "Biodegradable polymer materials." Polimery 40, no. 09 (September 1995): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1995.485.

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35

Harland, R. S., and Nicholas A. Peppas. "Multicomponent polymer materials." Journal of Controlled Release 5, no. 1 (June 1987): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(87)90051-4.

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36

Katayama, Yuzo. "Polymer optical materials." Kobunshi 35, no. 5 (1986): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.35.486.

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37

Xie, Xiao Hua, Wei Shen, Rong Xing He, and Ming Li. "A Class of Semiconducting Polymers as Potential Materials for Polymer Solar Cells." Advanced Materials Research 716 (July 2013): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.716.177.

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In this work, fifteen polymers have been studied to test their potential as donors for polymer solar cells by density functional theory. Those polymers contained five homopolymers based on pyridazine, [1,2,thiadiazolo [3,4-pyridazine, [1,2,oxadiazole [3,4-pyridazine, isothiazolo [3,4-pyridazine and isoxazolo [3,4-pyridazine, and ten copolymers composed of the above compounds and thiophene incorporated with 1:1 and 1:2 ratios. The fifteen polymers have been examined in terms of the abilities of absorbing sunlight, stabilities in the environment, and photovoltaic properties. The results suggest that the copolymes DTHP, DTHTP, DTHOP, DTHITP, and DTHIXP are good material candidates of polymer donor for polymer solar cells.
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38

Los', D. M., V. M. Shapovalov, and S. V. Zotov. "The use of polymer materials for medical applications." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 2 (June 28, 2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2020-17-2-1.

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The article analyzes the use of polymer materials for solving problems of theoretical and practical medicine. The effectiveness of the use of polymers in reconstructive cardiac surgery, radiation therapy, etc. has been shown. The basic requirements set for polymers and composites for medical devices have been identified. The most important criterion for the selection of polymers is the safety of their use in clinical practice and their ability to biodegrade when they enter a living organism along the usual metabolic pathways in the absence of inflammatory and allergic reactions of surrounding tissues during longterm followup care.
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Liu, Shengda, Jiayun Xu, Xiumei Li, Tengfei Yan, Shuangjiang Yu, Hongcheng Sun, and Junqiu Liu. "Template-Free Self-Assembly of Two-Dimensional Polymers into Nano/Microstructured Materials." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 3310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113310.

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In the past few decades, enormous efforts have been made to synthesize covalent polymer nano/microstructured materials with specific morphologies, due to the relationship between their structures and functions. Up to now, the formation of most of these structures often requires either templates or preorganization in order to construct a specific structure before, and then the subsequent removal of previous templates to form a desired structure, on account of the lack of “self-error-correcting” properties of reversible interactions in polymers. The above processes are time-consuming and tedious. A template-free, self-assembled strategy as a “bottom-up” route to fabricate well-defined nano/microstructures remains a challenge. Herein, we introduce the recent progress in template-free, self-assembled nano/microstructures formed by covalent two-dimensional (2D) polymers, such as polymer capsules, polymer films, polymer tubes and polymer rings.
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Claussen, Kai U., Reiner Giesa, and Hans-Werner Schmidt. "Longitudinal polymer gradient materials based on crosslinked polymers." Polymer 55, no. 1 (January 2014): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.11.018.

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41

Zou, Hua, Jing Liu, Ying Li, Xiaoyan Li, and Xia Wang. "Cucurbit[8]uril-Based Polymers and Polymer Materials." Small 14, no. 46 (August 31, 2018): 1802234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802234.

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42

Scott, Alison J., Laura Romero-Zerón, and Alexander Penlidis. "Evaluation of Polymeric Materials for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery." Processes 8, no. 3 (March 21, 2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030361.

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Polymer flooding is a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique; sweeping a reservoir with a dilute polymer solution can significantly improve the overall oil recovery. In this overview, polymeric materials for enhanced oil recovery are described in general terms, with specific emphasis on desirable characteristics for the application. Application-specific properties should be considered when selecting or developing polymers for enhanced oil recovery and should be carefully evaluated. Characterization techniques should be informed by current best practices; several are described herein. Evaluation of fundamental polymer properties (including polymer composition, microstructure, and molecular weight averages); resistance to shear/thermal/chemical degradation; and salinity/hardness compatibility are discussed. Finally, evaluation techniques to establish the polymer flooding performance of candidate EOR materials are described.
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43

Zhao, Yue. "New photoactive polymer and liquid-crystal materials." Pure and Applied Chemistry 76, no. 7-8 (January 1, 2004): 1499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476071499.

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The reversible trans–cis photoisomerization of azobenzene and azopyridine chromophore was used to design and exploit novel photoactive materials based on polymers and liquid crystals. This paper reviews our recent studies on several systems. These include azobenzene-containing thermoplastic elastomers that can be used to prepare mechanically tunable diffraction gratings, side-chain azopyridine polymers for combined self-assembly and photoactivity, azobenzene polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals whose bulk alignment can be achieved by light with no need for surface orientation layers, and, finally, self-assembled photoactive liquid-crystal gels that can display light-induced reorganization leading to the formation of electrically switchable diffraction gratings.
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44

Xia, Hongyan, Chang Hu, Tingkuo Chen, Dan Hu, Muru Zhang, and Kang Xie. "Advances in Conjugated Polymer Lasers." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030443.

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This paper provides a review of advances in conjugated polymer lasers. High photoluminescence efficiencies and large stimulated emission cross-sections coupled with wavelength tunability and low-cost manufacturing processes make conjugated polymers ideal laser gain materials. In recent years, conjugated polymer lasers have become an attractive research direction in the field of organic lasers and numerous breakthroughs based on conjugated polymer lasers have been made in the last decade. This paper summarizes the recent progress of the subject of laser processes employing conjugated polymers, with a focus on the photoluminescence principle and excitation radiation mechanism of conjugated polymers. Furthermore, the effect of conjugated polymer structures on the laser threshold is discussed. The most common polymer laser materials are also introduced in detail. Apart from photo-pumped conjugated polymer lasers, a direction for the future development of electro-pumped conjugated polymer lasers is proposed.
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45

Sawyer, Linda C. "SEM of polymer materials." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100126913.

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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has become an analytical tool widely used in universities, industrial laboratories and modern plants in applications ranging from fundamental research and applied research to quality control. The SEM provides important and insightful observations, in the form of three dimensional images of bulk materials and surfaces, which provide input to conduct process-structure-properties studies of polymer materials. SEM analysis requires knowledge of the instruments, image formation and specimen preparation methods.Consideration must be given to the interaction of the electron beam with the specimen, image formation and the effect of the electron beam on the specimen, e.g. beam damage. Scanning electron microscopy has been described and SEM of polymers has been reviewed. The essential feature of a scanning microscope is that the image is formed point by point, by scanning a probe across the specimen. The probe of an SEM is a focused electron beam and a detected signal is displayed as a TV type image.
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46

Li, Gang. "Study of the English Translation of Polymer Composite Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1712.

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Synthetic polymer material is made of polymer composite materials. Plastic, rubber, chemical fiber, building glue and paint are mainly involved in civil engineering. The basic components of the polymer materials are synthetic polymers, which is referred to as superpolymer. Materials of civil engineering made from the polymer or the traditional material modified the preparations are traditionally known as the chemical building materials. Chemical building materials is more and more widely applied in civil engineering, playing an important role in various decorations, waterproof, anticorrosive adhesive, as other civil engineering materials can not be replaced by. The English translation of critical polymer materials is vital, and the translation quality has a direct impact on people's understanding of it. In this paper, using the method of Nord's function plus loyalty translation theory, the author discusses the translation problems of polymer materials, and provides constructive and theoretical basis for translation practice.
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47

Ishchenko, Alexander A. "Photonics and molecular design of dye-doped polymers for modern light-sensitive materials." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 7 (January 1, 2008): 1525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880071525.

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The advantages of dye-doped polymer matrices over polymers and dyes, separately, are analyzed. The effects of the polymer nature and chemical constitution of organic dyes on the spectral and luminescent properties of these matrices are discussed. The processes of dye aggregation in polymers are characterized, and their influence on the photophysical properties and photochemical stability of dye-doped nonphotoconducting and photoconducting polymers is discussed. The different approaches for the struggle with dye aggregation in polymers are offered. The main paths of energy degradation of electronic excitation in such materials are analyzed. The prospects for the applications of dye-doped polymer materials as passive Q-switches of solid-state lasers, active laser media (ALM), luminescent solar concentrator (LSCs), photovoltaic cells, and electroluminescent (EL) emitters are demonstrated.
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48

Myshkin, Nikolai K., and Alexander Kovalev. "Polymer mechanics and tribology." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 4 (May 8, 2018): 764–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-06-2017-0162.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the advances in mechanics and tribology of polymers and polymer-based materials. It is focused on the understanding of the correlation of contact mechanics and the tribological behavior of polymers and polymer composites by taking account of surface forces and adhesion in the contact. Design/methodology/approach Mechanical behavior of polymers is considered a viscoelasticity. Tribological performance is estimated while considering the parts of deformation and adhesion in friction arising in the contact. Surface energy, roughness, load and temperature effects on the tribological behavior of polymers are evaluated. Polymer composites produced by reinforcing and by the addition of functional additives are considered as materials for various applications in tribology. Particular attention is given to polymer-based nanocomposites. Findings A review of studies in tribology has shown that polymer-based materials can be most successfully used as self-lubricating components of sliding bearings. The use of the fillers provides changes in the tribological performance of neat polymers and widens their areas of application in the industry. Thin polymer films were found to be prospective lubricants for memory storage devices, micro-electro-mechanical systems and precision mechanisms. Further progress in polymer tribology should be achieved on solving the problems of contact mechanics, surface physics and tribochemistry by taking account of the scale factor. Originality/value The review is based on the experience of the authors in polymer mechanics and tribology, their research data and on data of many other literature sources published in this area. It can be useful for specialists in polymer research and industrial engineers working in tribology and industrial lubrication.
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Horie, K., Máximo Barón, R. B. Fox, J. He, M. Hess, J. Kahovec, T. Kitayama, et al. "Definitions of terms relating to reactions of polymers and to functional polymeric materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2003)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 76, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 889–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476040889.

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The document defines the terms most commonly encountered in the field of polymer reactions and functional polymers. The scope has been limited to terms that are specific to polymer systems. The document is organized into three sections. The first defines the terms relating to reactions of polymers. Names of individual chemical reactions are omitted from the document, even in cases where the reactions are important in the field of polymer reactions. The second section defines the terms relating to polymer reactants and reactive polymeric materials. The third section defines the terms describing functional polymeric materials.
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50

Suberlyak, Oleh, Oleksandr Hrytsenko, and Khrystyna Hishchak. "Synthesis of new conducting materials on the basis of polymer hydrogels." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2008): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.02.099.

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The new conducting polymer hydrogels on the basis of co-polymers of hydroxyethylenemethacrylate and polyvinylpyrrolidone with different nature non-organic fillers have been developed. The dependence of obtained materials electric characteristics on synthesis conditions, quantity and nature of powder filler, moisture content, ambient temperature and magnetic field action have been determined. The possibility of obtaining materials with anisotropic and unidirectional conductivity as well as the wide range of conductivity, which changes with moisture and ambient temperature, has been considered in this work
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