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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer liquids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Shamsuri, Ahmad Adlie, Siti Nurul Ain Md. Jamil, and Khalina Abdan. "A Brief Review on the Influence of Ionic Liquids on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Chemical Properties of Biodegradable Polymer Composites." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 2597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162597.

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Biodegradable polymers are an exceptional class of polymers that can be decomposed by bacteria. They have received significant interest from researchers in several fields. Besides this, biodegradable polymers can also be incorporated with fillers to fabricate biodegradable polymer composites. Recently, a variety of ionic liquids have also been applied in the fabrication of the polymer composites. In this brief review, two types of fillers that are utilized for the fabrication of biodegradable polymer composites, specifically organic fillers and inorganic fillers, are described. Three types of synthetic biodegradable polymers that are commonly used in biodegradable polymer composites, namely polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and polycaprolactone (PCL), are reviewed as well. Additionally, the influence of two types of ionic liquid, namely alkylimidazolium- and alkylphosphonium-based ionic liquids, on the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of the polymer composites, is also briefly reviewed. This review may be beneficial in providing insights into polymer composite investigators by enhancing the properties of biodegradable polymer composites via the employment of ionic liquids.

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2

Shamsuri, Ahmad Adlie, Siti Nurul Ain Md Jamil, and Khalina Abdan. "Processes and Properties of Ionic Liquid-Modified Nanofiller/Polymer Nanocomposites—A Succinct Review." Processes 9, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9030480.

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Ionic liquids can typically be synthesized via protonation, alkylation, metathesis, or neutralization reactions. The many types of ionic liquids have increased their attractiveness to researchers for employment in various areas, including in polymer composites. Recently, ionic liquids have been employed to modify nanofillers for the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites with improved physicochemical properties. In this succinct review, four types of imidazolium-based ionic liquids that are employed as modifiers—specifically alkylimidazolium halide, alkylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, alkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and alkylimidazolium bistriflimide—are reviewed. Additionally, three types of ionic liquid-modified nanofiller/polymer nanocomposites—namely ionic liquid-nanofiller/thermoplastic nanocomposites, ionic liquid-nanofiller/elastomer nanocomposites, and ionic liquid-nanofiller/thermoset nanocomposites—are described as well. The effect of imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the thermo-mechanico-chemical properties of the polymer nanocomposites is also succinctly reviewed. This review can serve as an initial guide for polymer composite researchers in modifying nanofillers by means of ionic liquids for improving the performance of polymer nanocomposites.

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3

Demir, Baris, Gabriel Perli, Kit-Ying Chan, Jannick Duchet-Rumeau, and Sébastien Livi. "Molecular-Level Investigation of Cycloaliphatic Epoxidised Ionic Liquids as a New Generation of Monomers for Versatile Poly(Ionic Liquids)." Polymers 13, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091512.

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Recently, a new generation of polymerised ionic liquids with high thermal stability and good mechanical performances has been designed through novel and versatile cycloaliphatic epoxy-functionalised ionic liquids (CEILs). From these first promising results and unexplored chemical structures in terms of final properties of the PILs, a computational approach based on molecular dynamics simulations has been developed to generate polymer models and predict the thermo–mechanical properties (e.g., glass transition temperature and Young’s modulus) of experimentally investigated CEILs for producing multi-functional polymer materials. Here, a completely reproducible and reliable computational protocol is provided to design, test and tune poly(ionic liquids) based on epoxidised ionic liquid monomers for future multi-functional thermoset polymers.

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4

Dembelova, Tuyana, Yuri Baloshin, Yuri Barnakov, Vitalii Petranovskii, and Bair Damdinov. "Mechanical Properties of Viscous Liquids and Nanosuspensions." Solid State Phenomena 271 (January 2018): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.271.119.

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Following the fundamental work by Bazaron, Bulgadaev and Derjaguin [6] on the observation of shear elasticity of low viscous liquids, we build on this study by examining viscous liquids, polymers and suspensions of nanoparticles. In this paper, we review our past and current efforts in these areas. The mechanical properties of liquids, polymers and nanosuspensions have been studied at relatively low frequencies of 105 Hz. The real and imaginary shear moduli of these samples were obtained on equipment using the acoustic resonance technique. It was shown that the shear modulus and viscosity decreases with increasing shear deformation. The behavior of viscoelastic fluids near surfaces is similar to that of colloidal and polymer suspensions, suggesting that the liquid component is determined by the mechanical response of suspensions.

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5

Kumar, Rajeev, Jyoti P. Mahalik, Kevin S. Silmore, Zaneta Wojnarowska, Andrew Erwin, John F. Ankner, Alexei P. Sokolov, Bobby G. Sumpter, and Vera Bocharova. "Capacitance of thin films containing polymerized ionic liquids." Science Advances 6, no. 26 (June 2020): eaba7952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba7952.

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Electrode-polymer interfaces dictate many of the properties of thin films such as capacitance, the electric field experienced by polymers, and charge transport. However, structure and dynamics of charged polymers near electrodes remain poorly understood, especially in the high concentration limit representative of the melts. To develop an understanding of electric field–induced transformations of electrode-polymer interfaces, we have studied electrified interfaces of an imidazolium-based polymerized ionic liquid (PolyIL) using combinations of broadband dielectric spectroscopy, specular neutron reflectivity, and simulations based on the Rayleigh’s dissipation function formalism. Overall, we obtained the camel-shaped dependence of the capacitance on applied voltage, which originated from the responses of an adsorbed polymer layer to applied voltages. This work provides additional insights related to the effects of molecular weight in affecting structure and properties of electrode-polymer interfaces, which are essential for designing next-generation energy storage and harvesting devices.

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6

Polevaya, Viktoriya, Viktoriya Geiger, Galina Bondarenko, Sergey Shishatskiy, and Valeriy Khotimskiy. "Chemical Modification of Poly(1-Trimethylsylil-1-Propyne) for the Creation of Highly Efficient CO2-Selective Membrane Materials." Materials 12, no. 17 (August 28, 2019): 2763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172763.

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The work is devoted to the chemical modification of a polymer that is promising for the creation of gas separation membranes, aimed at increasing the selectivity with respect to CO2. The introduction of ionic liquids into the structure of poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) is realized by a two-step process: bromination of the initial polymer with N-bromosuccinimide and subsequent addition of tertiary amine (N-butylimidazole) to it. Depending on the process conditions, the method allows polymers with different contents of the ionic liquid to be obtained. The obtained polymers show good film-forming properties and thermal stability. Depending on the content of the ionic liquid in the polymer matrix, the resistance to aliphatic alicyclic to the majority of halogenated, as well as aromatic hydrocarbons, increases. With an increase of the ionic liquid content in the polymer, the ideal selectivities of CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 gas pairs increases while maintaining a high level of permeability.

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7

Wang, Yannan, Qidong Hou, Meiting Ju, and Weizun Li. "New Developments in Material Preparation Using a Combination of Ionic Liquids and Microwave Irradiation." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040647.

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During recent years, synthetic methods combining microwaves and ionic liquids became accepted as a promising methodology for various materials preparations because of their high efficiency and low energy consumption. Ionic liquids with high polarity are heated rapidly, volumetrically and simultaneously under microwave irradiation. Hence, combination of microwave irradiation as a heating source with ionic liquids with various roles (e.g., solvent, additive, template or reactant) opened a completely new technique in the last twenty years for nanomaterials and polymers preparation for applications in various materials science fields including polymer science. This review summarizes recent developments of some common materials syntheses using microwave-assisted ionic liquid method with a focus on inorganic nanomaterials, polymers, carbon-derived composites and biomass-based composites. After that, the mechanisms involved in microwave-assisted ionic-liquid (MAIL) are discussed briefly. This review also highlights the role of ionic liquids in the reaction and crucial issues that should be addressed in future research involving this synthesis technique.

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8

Giunta, Giuliana, and Paola Carbone. "Cross-over in the dynamics of polymer confined between two liquids of different viscosity." Interface Focus 9, no. 3 (April 19, 2019): 20180074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2018.0074.

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Using molecular dynamics simulations, we analysed the polymer dynamics of chains of different molecular weights entrapped at the interface between two immiscible liquids. We showed that on increasing the viscosity of one of the two liquids the dynamic behaviour of the chain changes from a Zimm-like dynamics typical of dilute polymer solutions to a Rouse-like dynamics where hydrodynamic interactions are screened. We observed that when the polymer is in contact with a high viscosity liquid, the number of solvent molecules close to the polymer beads is reduced and ascribed the screening effect to this reduced number of polymer–solvent contacts. For the longest chain simulated, we calculated the distribution of loop length and compared the results with the theoretical distribution developed for solid/liquid interfaces. We showed that the polymer tends to form loops (although flat against the interface) and that the theory works reasonably well also for liquid/liquid interfaces.

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9

Luo, Yingjie, Xiaoxia Huang, Shun Yao, Lincai Peng, Fulin Li, and Hang Song. "Synthesis of a New Imidazole Amino Acid Ionic Liquid Polymer and Selective Adsorption Performance for Tea Polyphenols." Polymers 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 2171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102171.

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A series of imidazolium ionic liquid monomers with L-Proline anions (ViImCn-L-Pro and (ViIm)2Cn(L-Pro)2) were firstly synthesized, after which new copolymer materials were prepared by polymerization of the ionic liquid monomers with N,N′-methylene diacrylamide (MBA). Polymerization conditions, including the ratio of Ils(ViImCn-L-Pro or (ViIm)2Cn(L-Pro)2) and MBA, solvent, ionic liquids and initiator’s amount, were investigated and found to have an important effect on the adsorption capacity. Polymerization conditions were shown to have more significant impacts on adsorption capacities in the following order: the ratio of Ils and MBA > the amount of initiator > ionic liquids > solvent. The polymers were characterized by IR, EA, SEM, particle size distribution and TG. One of the polymers exhibited the highest selective adsorption capacity of tea polyphenols (521 mg/g). which was significantly higher than other adsorption media. The absorbed tea polyphenols could be desorbed readily with 2% hydrochloric acid methanol solution as eluent. The polymer material could maintain a higher adsorption capacity after four reuses. Based on this polymer, a new method for the efficient separation of tea polyphenols from tea water could be developed.

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10

Xiao, Shuqin, Cong Liu, Lie Chen, Licheng Tan, and Yiwang Chen. "Liquid-crystalline ionic liquids modified conductive polymers as a transparent electrode for indium-free polymer solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 44 (2015): 22316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta06810j.

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11

Zhang, Chenghong, Bin He, Zhipeng Wang, Yanmin Zhou, and Aiguo Ming. "Application and Analysis of an Ionic Liquid Gel in a Soft Robot." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2857282.

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Due to their light weight, flexibility, and low energy consumption, ionic electroactive polymers have become a hotspot for bionic soft robotics and are ideal materials for the preparation of soft actuators. Because the traditional ionic electroactive polymers, such as ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs), contain water ions, a soft actuator does not work properly upon the evaporation of water ions. An ionic liquid polymer gel is a new type of ionic electroactive polymer that does not contain water ions, and ionic liquids are more thermally and electrochemically stable than water. These liquids, with a low melting point and a high ionic conductivity, can be used in ionic electroactive polymer soft actuators. An ionic liquid gel (ILG), a new type of soft actuator material, was obtained by mixing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), diethoxyacetophenone (DEAP) and ZrO2 and then polymerizing this mixture into a gel state under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. An ILG soft actuator was designed, the material preparation principle was expounded, and the design method of the soft robot mechanism was discussed. Based on nonlinear finite element theory, the deformation mechanism of the ILG actuator was deeply analyzed and the deformation of the soft robot when grabbing an object was also analyzed. A soft robot was designed with the soft actuator as the basic module. The experimental results show that the ILG soft robot has good driving performance, and the soft robot can grab a 105 mg object at an input voltage of 3.5 V.

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12

Atlaskin, A. A., A. A. Andronova, and O. V. Kazarina. "Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of Poly((4-Vinylbenzyl) Trimethylammonium Bis (Trifluoromethanesulfonimide)) Studied by Pyrolysis-GS / MS." Key Engineering Materials 887 (May 2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.887.91.

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Over the past decades, significant advances have been made in the development and research of gas separation membranes based on ionic liquids (IL) and their polymer analogs (PIL) for membrane separation of "acid gases" such as CO2 and H2S from gas mixtures. Polymers containing various amino groups are of great interest for the selective separation of acid gases from gas mixtures, since ammonia and its derivatives are used in conventional purification. In this work, we have synthesized a monomeric ionic liquid based on 4 vinylbenzyl chloride with included triethylamine by the Menshutkin reaction. Further, on its basis, polymer ionic liquids were obtained by the method of free radical polymerization, then an anion exchange reaction was carried out to replace the Cl anion with Tf2N. To analyze the process of thermal pyrolysis of poly [VBTEA-Tf2N] a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (Py-GC/MS) was employed in this research. The obtained materials, which are high molecular weight compounds, can be used to obtain polymer membranes of various architectures by traditional methods: both non-porous symmetric membranes and microporous asymmetric membranes.

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13

Eshetu, Gebrekidan Gebresilassie, David Mecerreyes, Maria Forsyth, Heng Zhang, and Michel Armand. "Polymeric ionic liquids for lithium-based rechargeable batteries." Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 4, no. 2 (2019): 294–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8me00103k.

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14

Divya, Velpula, and M. V. Sangaranarayanan. "Electrodeposition of Polymer Nanostructures using Three Diffuse Double Layers: Polymerization beyond the Liquid/Liquid Interfaces." Electrochemical Energy Technology 4, no. 1 (April 28, 2018): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eetech-2018-0002.

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Abstract Nanostructured conducting polymers have received immense attention during the past few decades on account of their phenomenal usefulness in diverse contexts, while the interface between two immiscible liquids is of great interest in chemical and biological applications. Here we propose a novel Electrode(solid)/Electrolyte(aqueous)/Electrolyte(organic) Interfacial assembly for the synthesis of polymeric nanostructures using a novel concept of three diffuse double layers. There exist remarkable differences between the morphologies of the polymers synthesized using the conventional electrode/electrolyte method and that of the new approach. In contrast to the commonly employed electrodeposition at liquid/liquid interfaces, these polymer modified electrodes can be directly employed in diverse applications such as sensors, supercapacitors etc.

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15

Chremos, Alexandros, and Jack F. Douglas. "Influence of Branching on the Configurational and Dynamical Properties of Entangled Polymer Melts." Polymers 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11061045.

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We probe the influence of branching on the configurational, packing, and density correlation function properties of polymer melts of linear and star polymers, with emphasis on molecular masses larger than the entanglement molecular mass of linear chains. In particular, we calculate the conformational properties of these polymers, such as the hydrodynamic radius R h , packing length p, pair correlation function g ( r ) , and polymer center of mass self-diffusion coefficient, D, with the use of coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulation results reproduce the phenomenology of simulated linear and branched polymers, and we attempt to understand our observations based on a combination of hydrodynamic and thermodynamic modeling. We introduce a model of “entanglement” phenomenon in high molecular mass polymers that assumes polymers can viewed in a coarse-grained sense as “soft” particles and, correspondingly, we model the emergence of heterogeneous dynamics in polymeric glass-forming liquids to occur in a fashion similar to glass-forming liquids in which the molecules have soft repulsive interactions. Based on this novel perspective of polymer melt dynamics, we propose a functional form for D that can describe our simulation results for both star and linear polymers, covering both the unentangled to entangled polymer melt regimes.

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16

FREEMANTLE, MICHAEL. "DESIGNER LIQUIDS IN POLYMER SYSTEMS." Chemical & Engineering News 82, no. 18 (May 3, 2004): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v082n018.p026.

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17

Long, Timothy E., Yossef A. Elabd, and Jiayin Yuan. "Ionic Liquids in Polymer Design." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 37, no. 14 (July 2016): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201600255.

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18

Couchman, P. R., and K. E. Van Ness. "Surface tension of polymer liquids." Polymer Engineering and Science 27, no. 5 (March 1987): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760270504.

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19

Huang, Qian, and Ole Hassager. "Polymer liquids fracture like solids." Soft Matter 13, no. 19 (2017): 3470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm00126f.

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20

Stokes, Jason R., and David V. Boger. "Mixing of viscous polymer liquids." Physics of Fluids 12, no. 6 (June 2000): 1411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.870392.

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21

Venerus, David C. "Modeling Diffusion-Induced Bubble Growth in Polymer Liquids." Cellular Polymers 22, no. 2 (March 2003): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248930302200202.

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Accurate modeling of diffusion-induced bubble growth is essential for the development of efficient polymer foaming processes. Consequently, a large number of transport models of this complex phenomena have been formulated. In most previous studies, one or more simplifying approximations have been invoked to reduce mathematical complexity. In this paper, we present and compare several models of bubble growth in liquids and examine the effects blowing agent concentration, liquid viscosity and elasticity on bubble growth dynamics. In addition, we compare predicted and measured bubble growth behavior in two polymer foaming systems.

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22

Kanematsu, Hideyuki, Atsuya Oizumi, Takaya Sato, Toshio Kamijo, Saika Honma, Dana Barry, Nobumitsu Hirai, et al. "Biofilm Formation of a Polymer Brush Coating with Ionic Liquids Compared to a Polymer Brush Coating with a Non-Ionic Liquid." Coatings 8, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8110398.

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N,N-diethyl-N-(2-methancryloylethy)-N-methylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide polymer (DEMM-TFSI) brush coated specimens (substrate: glasses) and a liquid ion type of polymer brush coating were investigated for their antifouling effect on biofilms. Biofilms were produced by two kinds of bacteria, E. coli and S. epidermidis. They were formed on specimens immersed into wells (of 12-well plates) that were filled with culture liquids and bacteria. The biofilm formation was observed. Also, brush coated specimens and glass substrates were investigated in the same way. DEMM polymer brush coated specimens formed more biofilm than PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) polymer brush coated specimens and glass substrates. A greater amount of polarized components of biofilms was also observed for DEMM polymer brush coated specimens. The polar characteristics could be attributed to the attraction capability of bacteria and biofilms on DEMM polymer brush coated specimens. When considering the ease of removing biofilms by washing it with water, the ionic liquid type polymer brush (coated specimens) could be used for antifouling applications. If an initial antifouling application is needed, then the polar characteristics could be adjusted (design of the components and concentrations of ionic liquids, etc.) to solve the problem.

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23

Dell, Zachary E., and Kenneth S. Schweizer. "Intermolecular structural correlations in model globular and unconcatenated ring polymer liquids." Soft Matter 14, no. 45 (2018): 9132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01722k.

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We employ the field theoretic polymer integral equation theory to construct a segment-level theory for the pair structure and thermodynamics of dense liquids of simple globule and ring polymers. We find that the partially interpenetrating behavior of rings is reflected in a deeper correlation hole and in a limited number of neighbors, in stark contrast to chains.

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24

Vijayaraghavan, Ranganathan, and Douglas R. MacFarlane. "Charge Transfer Polymerization in Ionic Liquids." Australian Journal of Chemistry 57, no. 2 (2004): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch03236.

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Charge transfer (CT) polymerization of methyl methacrylate has been successfully carried out by employing n-butyl amine and carbon tetrachloride as CT initiators and hydroquinone as promoter in room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents. The reaction rate and polymer yields at short reaction times are enhanced in the IL solvent compared to conventional solvents. The effect of various reaction conditions including concentration of amine, IL, and temperature have been studied. The polymers were characterized for thermal and molecular weight properties and compared with the conventional CT reaction.

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25

Rynkowska, Edyta, Kateryna Fatyeyeva, and Wojciech Kujawski. "Application of polymer-based membranes containing ionic liquids in membrane separation processes: a critical review." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 34, no. 3 (April 25, 2018): 341–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2016-0054.

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Abstract The interest in ionic liquids, particularly in polymerizable ionic liquids, is motivated by their unique properties, such as good thermal stability, negligible vapor pressure, and wide electrochemical window. Due to these features ionic liquids were proposed to be used in the membrane separation technology. The utilization of conventional ionic liquids is, however, limited by their release from the membrane during the given separation process. Therefore, the incorporation of polymerizable ionic liquids may overcome this drawback for the industrial application. This work is a comprehensive overview of the advances of ionic liquid membranes for the separation of various compounds, i.e. gases, organic compounds, and metal ions.

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26

Mazurkiewicz, J. H., P. C. Innis, G. G. Wallace, D. R. MacFarlane, and M. Forsyth. "Conducting Polymer Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquids." Synthetic Metals 135-136 (April 2003): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(02)00688-4.

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27

Archer, Lynden A. "Separability criteria for entangled polymer liquids." Journal of Rheology 43, no. 6 (November 1999): 1555–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.551060.

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28

Dee, Gregory T., and Bryan B. Sauer. "The surface tension of polymer liquids." Advances in Physics 47, no. 2 (March 1998): 161–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000187398243546.

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29

Fuller, Gerald G. "Optical rheometry of multicomponent polymer liquids." Macromolecular Symposia 98, no. 1 (July 1995): 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19950980190.

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30

Hartmann, Bruce, and Mustafa A. Haque. "Equation of state for polymer liquids." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30, no. 4 (April 1985): 1553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300420.

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31

Dudowicz, Jacek, Karl F. Freed, and Jack F. Douglas. "Fragility of Glass-Forming Polymer Liquids†." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109, no. 45 (November 2005): 21350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp053693k.

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32

Chen, Xiangji, Samantha McRae, Debasis Samanta, and Todd Emrick. "Polymer−Protein Conjugation in Ionic Liquids." Macromolecules 43, no. 15 (August 10, 2010): 6261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma101156e.

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33

Dee, G. T., and D. J. Walsh. "Equations of state for polymer liquids." Macromolecules 21, no. 3 (May 1988): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00181a043.

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34

Schieber, Jay D. "Fluctuations in entanglements of polymer liquids." Journal of Chemical Physics 118, no. 11 (March 15, 2003): 5162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1553764.

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35

Dee, Gregory T., and Bryan B. Sauer. "The surface tension of polymer liquids." Macromolecular Symposia 139, no. 1 (April 1999): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19991390113.

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36

Bair, Scott. "Elastohydrodynamic Film Forming With Shear Thinning Liquids." Journal of Tribology 120, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834405.

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Recent advances in high pressure rheometry have elucidated the shear response of liquid lubricants at the high shear stress characteristic of the traction generating region of lubricated concentrated contacts. These new measurement techniques are used to characterize the shear response of shear thinning liquids at low (<10 MPa) shear stress. A recently developed numerical scheme for calculating film thickness is extended to accommodate sliding. Film thickness predictions are compared with measurements using shear thinning liquids including a polymer/mineral oil blend, a highly elastic liquid, and synthetic base oils. Useful insights are provided concerning the effects of pressure-viscosity behavior for Newtonian liquids, sliding, and starvation for non-Newtonian liquids and the relevant shear stress for film forming.

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37

Yu, Xiaoliang, Xiaoyan Yuan, Zhengyi Xia, and Lixia Ren. "Self-assembly of magnetic poly(ionic liquid)s and ionic liquids in aqueous solution." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 41 (2018): 5116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01254g.

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38

Dealy, John M. "Rheology of Molten Polymers." MRS Bulletin 16, no. 8 (August 1991): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400056281.

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The term “polymeric liquids” is used to describe both solutions of polymers and molten polymers. All polymeric liquids exhibit non-Newtonian flow behavior, including a shear stress-dependent viscosity and elasticity. However, concentrated solutions and melts of polymers whose molecular weights exceed a certain critical value (the “critical molecular weight for entanglement,” Mc) exhibit quite remarkable deviations from classical fluid behavior, especially marked elasticity. Among the remarkable rheological phenomena exhibited by these materials are elastic recoil and flow-induced an-isotropy. Indeed, in certain situations, such materials can exhibit elastic effects that are almost indistinguishable from those exhibited by cross-linked rubbers. This behavior is important, because most commercial “thermoplastics,” such as polyethylene and polystyrene, have high molecular weights (M > Mc) and are processed in the molten state.A given generic polymer, polyethylene for example, can exhibit a wide range of properties depending on the molecular weight distribution. Another important aspect of molecular structure is branching. For many monomers (the molecular building blocks that make a polymer molecule), two types of polymer structure are possible, linear and branched. For example, ethylene can be polymerized in two ways to form either linear polyethylene or branched polyethylene. Branching enhances the non-Newtonian and elastic aspects of the melt flow behavior. Yet another possible aspect of polymer molecular structure is the presence of a comonomer.

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39

Romm, Freddy A., and Oleg L. Figovsky. "Statistical polymer method: Modeling of macromolecules and aggregates with branching and crosslinking, formed in random processes." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2, no. 3 (1998): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1026022698000181.

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The statistical polymer method is based on the consideration of averaged structures of all possible macromolecules of the same weight. One has derived equations allowing evaluation of all additive parameters of macromolecules and their systems. The statistical polymer method allows modeling of branched crosslinked macromolecules and their systems in equilibrium or non-equilibrium. The fractal consideration of statistical polymer allows modeling of all kinds of random fractal and other objects studied by fractal theory. The statistical polymer method is applicable not only to polymers but also to composites, gels,associates in polar liquids and other aggregates.

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Udabe, Esther, Maria Forsyth, Anthony Somers, and David Mecerreyes. "Metal-free coumarate based ionic liquids and poly(ionic liquid)s as corrosion inhibitors." Materials Advances 1, no. 4 (2020): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00243g.

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Metal-free organic inhibitors that can be incorporated into a polymer coating have great potential, since they can add their intrinsic inhibition effect to the protective layer effect of a polymer coating.

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Levitsky, Semyon, and Rudolf Bergman. "Modeling of Polymeric Liquid Material Properties Effect on Pressure Transients in the Elastic Pipe." Materials Science Forum 990 (May 2020): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.990.272.

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Material properties of polymeric liquids are of great importance for different technological processes. Particularly, such liquids demonstrate viscoelastic behavior in non-stationary transportation regimes, widely used in polymer processing, which influence the operation of the equipment. The paper is devoted to the modeling of pressure transient in a long thin-walled elastic tube with polymeric liquid. As distinct to previous results of the authors, material properties of the liquid are described by generalized Maxwell rheological equation accounting for a spectrum of relaxation times. It is supposed that the pressure pulse is generated at the tube end and propagates along the waveguide with the speed influenced by the tube geometry and wall elasticity, and the liquid compressibility and viscoelasticity. The problem is formulated in a quasi-one-dimensional approximation and solved by the operational method. The resulting relation for the pressure in the wave is inverted numerically. Effect of liquid relaxation time distribution on the pressure pulse propagation is studied. The results are relevant for the dynamic operation of equipment for polymer processing; they can be useful also for material characterization of high-molecular liquids.

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O'Rourke, Mary Jane E., and Edwin L. Thomas. "Morphology and Dynamic Interaction of Defects in Polymer Liquid Crystals." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 9 (September 1995): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034904.

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The liquid crystal phase is an anisotropic mesophase, intermediate in order between the liquid and crystal phases. Liquid crystals have less translational order than crystals and more rotational order than isotropic liquids. The liquid crystal phase does not support finite shear stresses and thus behaves like a fluid. Molecules that display a liquid crystal phase are referred to as mesogenic. Mesogenic molecules exhibit shape anisotropy: either large length to diameter ratio (needlelike) or large diameter to thickness ratio (disklike). Because of their shape anisotropy, all liquid crystals display orientational order of their molecular axes.Until 1956, all known examples of liquid crystals were low molecular weight compounds. Robinson was the first to identify liquid crystallinity in a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) as the explanation for “a birefringent solution” of a polymeric material, poly-y-benzyl-L-glutamate, in chloroform, previously observed by Elliott and Ambrose. Chemists soon discovered that LCPs may be readily synthesized by covalently stitching small mesogenic units (e.g., rigid monomers) together into a chain using short flexible spacers. Mainchain or sidechain liquid crystal polymers may be formed (Figure 1). An example of a polymer molecule possessing a liquid crystal phase is shown in Figure 2. Liquid crystals may be thermotropic, where liquid crystallinity is exhibited over a range of temperatures, or lyotropic, where nonmesogenic solvent molecules are present in addition to the mesogens, and liquid crystallinity is observed over a range of concentrations as well.

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Poon, Louis, Jacob R. Hum, and Richard G. Weiss. "Neat Linear Polysiloxane-Based Ionic Polymers: Insights into Structure-Based Property Modifications and Applications." Macromol 1, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/macromol1010002.

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A diverse range of linear polysiloxane-based ionic polymers that are hydrophobic and highly flexible can be obtained by substituting the polymers with varying amounts of ionic centers. The materials can be highly crystalline solids, amorphous soft solids, poly(ionic) liquids or viscous polymer liquids. A key to understanding how structural variations can lead to these different materials is the establishment of correlations between the physical (dynamic and static) properties and the structures of the polymers at different distance scales. This short review provides such correlations by examining the influence of structural properties (such as molecular weights, ion pair contents, and ion types) on key bulk properties of the materials.

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Gizelter, Rudolf. "Buildings Materials & Structures Based on Advanced Polymer Nanostructured Matrix." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 28 (February 2014): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.28.103.

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Development of manufacture of linear diene oligomers belonging to a liquid rubbers class with viscous liquids consistence allowed to create a new class of conglomerate polymer composite materials - rubber concrete (RubCon®). Rubber concrete is the advanced constructional material created for last years. It is polymer concrete with a unique set of physical-mechanical, chemical and technological properties which allow to obtain highly effective building structures and products on its basis.

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Balart, Rafael, Nestor Montanes, Franco Dominici, Teodomiro Boronat, and Sergio Torres-Giner. "Environmentally Friendly Polymers and Polymer Composites." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 4892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214892.

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In the last decade, continuous research advances have been observed in the field of environmentally friendly polymers and polymer composites due to the dependence of polymers on fossil fuels and the sustainability issues related to plastic wastes. This research activity has become much more intense in the food packaging industry due to the high volume of waste it generates. Biopolymers are nowadays considered as among the most promising materials to solve these environmental problems. However, they still show inferior performance regarding both processability and end-use application. Blending currently represents a very cost-effective strategy to increase the ductility and impact resistance of biopolymers. Furthermore, different lignocellulosic materials are being explored to be used as reinforcing fillers in polymer matrices for improving the overall properties, lower the environmental impact, and also reduce cost. Moreover, the use of vegetable oils, waste derived liquids, and essential oils opens up novel opportunities as natural plasticizers, reactive compatibilizers or even active additives for the development of new polymer formulations with enhanced performance and improved sustainability profile.

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WOODCOCK, JAMES D., JOHN E. SADER, and IVAN MARUSIC. "On the maximum drag reduction due to added polymers in Poiseuille flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 659 (July 27, 2010): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010003083.

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The addition of elastic polymers to turbulent liquids is known to produce significant drag reduction. In this study, we prove that the drag in pipe and channel flows of an unforced laminar fluid constitutes a lower bound for the drag of a fluid containing dilute elastic polymers. Further, the addition of elastic polymers to laminar fluids invariably increases drag. This proof does not rely on the adoption of a particular constitutive equation for the polymer force, and would also be applicable to other similar methods of drag reduction, which are also achieved by the addition of certain particles to a flow. Examples of such methods include the addition of surfactants to a flowing liquid and the presence of sand particles in sandstorms and water droplets in cyclones.

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Liu, Yi, Yongfeng Liu, Ting Huo, Xiaoyu Wu, Jianteng Wei, Dong Pei, Duolong Di, Jianxiong Wang, and Yanjun Sun. "Effect of the ionic liquid group in novel interpenetrating polymer networks on the adsorption properties for oleuropein from aqueous solutions." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 12 (2015): 9181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj01475a.

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Combining the advantages of ionic liquids with interpenetrating polymer networks, a novel ionic liquid modified adsorbent (PS/PVIm) was prepared and then used to enrich oleuropein to investigate the interactive forces between the adsorbent and oleuropein.

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Fuller, Joan, Amy C. Breda, and Richard T. Carlin. "Ionic liquid–polymer gel electrolytes from hydrophilic and hydrophobic ionic liquids." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 459, no. 1 (November 1998): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00285-x.

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Sedláček, Jan, and Jiří Vohlídal. "Controlled and Living Polymerizations Induced with Rhodium Catalysts. A Review." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 68, no. 10 (2003): 1745–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20031745.

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In the last fifteen years, a large variety of specialty polymers of diverse chemical structure and functionality have been synthesized with the rhodium-based catalysts. The high tolerance to the reaction medium and functional groups of monomers, as well as ability to control various structure features of the polymer formed are typical properties of these catalysts. In addition, some rhodium catalysts can be anchored to inorganic or organic supports or dissolved in ionic liquids to form heterophase polymerization systems, which opens the way to pure, well-defined polymers free of the catalyst residues, as well as to recycling rhodium catalysts. This review provides a survey on the polymerization reactions induced with rhodium-based catalysts, in which one or more structure attributes of the polymer formed are subject to control. The structure attributes considered are (i) sequential arrangement of monomeric units along polymer chains; (ii) head-tail isomerism of polymer molecules; (iii) configurational structure of polymer molecules; (iv) conformation of polymer molecules; and (v) molecular weight and molecular-weight distribution of the polymer formed. A review with 188 references.

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Gaiser, Sandra, Urs Schütz, Patrick Rupper, and Dirk Hegemann. "Plasma Processing of Low Vapor Pressure Liquids to Generate Functional Surfaces." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 6024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246024.

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The concept of depositing solid films on low-vapor pressure liquids is introduced and developed into a top-down approach to functionalize surfaces by attaching liquid polyethylene glycol (PEG). Solid-liquid gradients were formed by low-pressure plasma treatment yielding cross-linking and/or deposition of a plasma polymer film subsequently bound to a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) backing. The analysis via optical transmission spectroscopy (OTS), optical, confocal laser scanning (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as by water contact angle (WCA) measurements revealed correlations between optical appearance, chemical composition and surface properties of the resulting water absorbing, covalently bound PEG-functionalized surfaces. Requirements for plasma polymer film deposition on low-vapor pressure liquids and effective surface functionalization are defined. Namely, the thickness of the liquid PEG substrate was a crucial parameter for successful film growth and covalent attachment of PEG. The presented method is a practicable approach for the production of functional surfaces featuring long-lasting strong hydrophilic properties, making them predestined for non-fouling or low-friction applications.

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