Journal articles: 'Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Studied'

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Jia, Bin, Yan Yin, Jiang Ping Wu, Jing Zhang, Kui Jiao, and Qing Du. "Water Sorption and Percolation for Proton-Conducting Electrolyte Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells." Advanced Materials Research 578 (October 2012): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.578.54.

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The relationship between water sorption behavior and proton conduction in polymer electrolyte membranes based on sulfonated polyimide electrolyte membranes is studied from view points of polymer structure, ion exchange capacity, and percolation theory. The results indicate that the polymer chemical structure and ion exchange capacity show significant effects on water sorption and thus proton conductivity for various membranes. The density values of wet membranes decreased gradually with an increase in water uptake. Polymer electrolytes with flexible side-chain terminated with sulfonic acid group displayed smaller percolation threshold compared with main-chain-type polymer, indicating a better microphase-separation structure.

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Kuppusamy, Hari Gopi, Prabhakaran Dhanasekaran, Niluroutu Nagaraju, Maniprakundil Neeshma, Baskaran Mohan Dass, Vishal M. Dhavale, Sreekuttan M. Unni, and Santoshkumar D. Bhat. "Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells—A Concise Review." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 5601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165601.

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Solid anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolytes are an essential commodity considering their importance as separators in alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells (APEFC). Mechanical and thermal stability are distinguished by polymer matrix characteristics, whereas anion exchange capacity, transport number, and conductivities are governed by the anionic group. The physico-chemical stability is regulated mostly by the polymer matrix and, to a lesser extent, the cationic head framework. The quaternary ammonium (QA), phosphonium, guanidinium, benzimidazolium, pyrrolidinium, and spirocyclic cation-based AEMs are widely studied in the literature. In addition, ion solvating blends, hybrids, and interpenetrating networks still hold prominence in terms of membrane stability. To realize and enhance the performance of an alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cell (APEFC), it is also necessary to understand the transport processes for the hydroxyl (OH−) ion in anion exchange membranes. In the present review, the radiation grafting of the monomer and chemical modification to introduce cationic charges/moiety are emphasized. In follow-up, the recent advances in the synthesis of anion exchange membranes from poly(phenylene oxide) via chloromethylation and quaternization, and from aliphatic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan via direct quaternization are highlighted. Overall, this review concisely provides an in-depth analysis of recent advances in anion exchange membrane (AEM) and its viability in APEFC.

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Shyly, P. M., S. Dawn Dharma Roy, Paitip Thiravetyan, S. Thanikaikarasan, P. J. Sebastian, D. Eapen, and X. Sahaya Shajan. "Investigations on the Effect of Chitin Nanofiber in PMMA Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte Systems." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 17, no. 3 (October 3, 2014): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v17i3.405.

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Polymer electrolyte membranes find application in a variety of fields such as battery systems, fuel cells, sensors and other electrochemical devices. In this paper we have done some investigations on the effect of chitin nanofiber (CNF) in PMMA based solid polymer electrolyte systems. CNF was synthesized from shrimp cell chitin by stepwise purification and acid hydrolysis method. PMMA basedelectrolyte films containing different concentrations of lithium salt and CNFs as filler were prepared by hot-press membrane technique. Crystalline nature and phase changes in polymer electrolytes were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Thermal behavior of the polymer electrolyte systems was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Ionic conductivities of the electrolytes have been determined using a.c. impedance analysis in the temperature range between 303 and 393K. The temperature–dependent ionic conductivity

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WATANABE, Masahiro. "Polymers in the Field of Interdisciplinary Studies. Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Kobunshi 48, no. 12 (1999): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.48.918.

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Faddeev, Nikita, Victor Klushin, and Nina Smirnova. "Bio-Based Anti-Corrosion Polymer Coating for Fuel Cells Bipolar Plates." Key Engineering Materials 869 (October 2020): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.869.413.

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A highly corrosion resistant and conductive polymer coating for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells bipolar plates have been successfully prepared from renewable plant biomass sources. The coating is based on the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural synthesis by-product resin that consists of complex furanic oligomers and polymers. The corrosion resistance and conductivity of coated titanium plates have been studied. As-prepared coated Ti samples are shown 0.083 μA/cm2 and 0.32 μA/cm2 corrosion current in the simulated PEMFCs cathode and anode environment respectively. In addition, the polymer coating are reduced the interfacial contact resistance of bare titanium up to 40 %. The Ti plates coated with by-products of 5-HMF synthesis are shown a great potential application as bipolar plates for PEMFCs.

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Mazzapioda, Lucia, Carmelo Lo Vecchio, Olesia Danyliv, Vincenzo Baglio, Anna Martinelli, and Maria Assunta Navarra. "Composite Nafion-CaTiO3-δ Membranes as Electrolyte Component for PEM Fuel Cells." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092019.

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Manufacturing new electrolytes with high ionic conductivity has been a crucial challenge in the development and large-scale distribution of fuel cell devices. In this work, we present two Nafion composite membranes containing a non-stoichiometric calcium titanate perovskite (CaTiO3−δ) as a filler. These membranes are proposed as a proton exchange electrolyte for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell devices. More precisely, two different perovskite concentrations of 5 wt% and 10 wt%, with respect to Nafion, are considered. The structural, morphological, and chemical properties of the composite membranes are studied, revealing an inhomogeneous distribution of the filler within the polymer matrix. Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) tests, at 110 °C and 2 M methanol concentration, were also performed. It was observed that the membrane containing 5 wt% of the additive allows the highest cell performance in comparison to the other samples, with a maximum power density of about 70 mW cm−2 at 200 mA cm−2. Consequently, the ability of the perovskite structure to support proton carriers is here confirmed, suggesting an interesting strategy to obtain successful materials for electrochemical devices.

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Balogun, Emmanuel. "Studies of Conditioning Protocols for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 38 (May 1, 2020): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-01381678mtgabs.

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Ferraris, Alessandro, Alessandro Messana, Andrea Giancarlo Airale, Lorenzo Sisca, Henrique de Carvalho Pinheiro, Francesco Zevola, and Massimiliana Carello. "Nafion® Tubing Humidification System for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091773.

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Humidity and temperature have an essential influence on PEM fuel cell system performance. The water content within the polymeric membrane is important for enhancing proton conduction and achieving high efficiency of the system. The combination of non-stationary operation requests and the variability of environment conditions poses an important challenge to maintaining optimal membrane hydration. This paper presents a humidification and thermal control system, to prevent the membrane from drying. The main characteristics of such a device are small size and weight, compactness and robustness, easy implementation on commercial fuel cell, and low power consumption. In particular, the NTHS method was studied in a theoretical approach, tested and optimized in a laboratory and finally applied to a PEMFC of 1 kW that supplied energy for the prototype vehicle IDRA at the Shell Eco-Marathon competition. Using a specific electronic board, which controls several variables and decides the optimal reaction air flow rate, the NTHS was managed. Furthermore, the effects of membrane drying and electrode flooding were presented.

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Isegawa, Kazuhisa, Tetsuo Nagami, Shinji Jomori, Masaaki Yoshida, and Hiroshi Kondoh. "In situ S-K XANES study of polymer electrolyte fuel cells: changes in the chemical states of sulfonic groups depending on humidity." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 36 (2016): 25183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp04052g.

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Jayaprakash, Pavithra, S. Suriya, D. Gnana Prakash, and P. Balaji Bhargav. "Vibrational Spectroscopic and Optical Absorption Studies on PVA Based Polymer Electrolytes." Advanced Materials Research 584 (October 2012): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.584.546.

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The electrochemical methods of energy storage and conversion are of great interest for many practical applications. In the present investigations, PVA: MgSO4 based solid polymer electrolytes were prepared at different weight percent ratios using solution cast technique. FTIR spectroscopic studies were carried out to verify the complexation of the dopant with polymer. Force constant measurement was also carried out to ensure the interactions of polymer with salt. Optical absorption studies were carried out in the wave length range 200 to 600 nm. Absorption edge as well as bandgap values were evaluated. In order to ensure the ionic conduction of these electrolyte systems, transference number measurements were also carried out. The dominant conducting species were ions rather than electrons. These studies will help in verification or in investigating the feasibility of these electrolyte systems in polymer batteries, fuel cells, and other electrochemical systems.

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Xu, Pan, Wenzhao Chen, Qiang Wang, Taishan Zhu, Mingjie Wu, Jinli Qiao, Zhongwei Chen, and Jiujun Zhang. "Effects of transition metal precursors (Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, or Ni) on pyrolyzed carbon supported metal-aminopyrine electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction." RSC Advances 5, no. 8 (2015): 6195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra11643g.

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In the past four decades, non-precious metal catalysts (NPMCs) have been extensively studied as low-cost catalyst alternatives to Pt for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells.

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YOSHITAKE, Masaru, Masayuki TAMURA, Naoki YOSHIDA, and Toyoaki ISHISAKI. "Studies of Perfluorinated Ion Exchange Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku 64, no. 6 (June 5, 1996): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/kogyobutsurikagaku.64.727.

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Calimli, Mehmet Harbi, Busra Balli, Esra Kuyuldar, and Fatih Sen. "Diffusion, Transport and Water Absorption Properties of Eco-Friendly Polymer Composites." Diffusion Foundations 23 (August 2019): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.23.222.

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The availability of sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources is one of the biggest challenges faced by scientists and engineering communities. First of all, the fossil fuels used to meet existing energy demands cause the depletion of resources, the increase of greenhouse gas emissions, and eventually destruction of nature. Polymers have many industrial application areas due to the ease of processing, the reasonable price and the ability to modify with the desired features. Biopolymers have become a focus of attention in terms of the polymer sector because biomass can be separated into harmless products such as CO2 and H2O in the natural environment and can have sustainable resources. The studies on biomass and hydrogen fuel cells are more advantageous than other alternative and clean energy sources because they have the continuous energy supply, compact design, and wide application areas without being dependent on nature. In practice, the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are pinched among the other fuel cells. For this purpose, in this chapter diffusion, transport and water absorption properties of eco-friendly polymer composites generally used are discussed.

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Hwang, Seansoo, HyeonGyeong Lee, Yu-Gyeong Jeong, Chanhee Choi, Inhyeok Hwang, SeungHyeon Song, Sang Yong Nam, Jin Hong Lee, and Kihyun Kim. "Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Containing Functionalized Organic/Inorganic Composite for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 14252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214252.

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To mitigate the dependence on fossil fuels and the associated global warming issues, numerous studies have focused on the development of eco-friendly energy conversion devices such as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) that directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. As one of the key components in PEMFCs, polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) should have high proton conductivity and outstanding physicochemical stability during operation. Although the perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA)-based PEMs and some of the hydrocarbon-based PEMs composed of rationally designed polymer structures are found to meet these criteria, there is an ongoing and pressing need to improve and fine-tune these further, to be useful in practical PEMFC operation. Incorporation of organic/inorganic fillers into the polymer matrix is one of the methods shown to be effective for controlling target PEM properties including thermal stability, mechanical properties, and physical stability, as well as proton conductivity. Functionalization of organic/inorganic fillers is critical to optimize the filler efficiency and dispersion, thus resulting in significant improvements to PEM properties. This review focused on the structural engineering of functionalized carbon and silica-based fillers and comparisons of the resulting PEM properties. Newly constructed composite membranes were compared to composite membrane containing non-functionalized fillers or pure polymer matrix membrane without fillers.

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Sharma, Preetam, Douglas Aaron, Lei Cheng, Jonathan Braaten, Nathan Craig, Christina Johnston, and Matthew M. Mench. "Localized Electrochemical Performance Degradation in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFCs)." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 42 (October 9, 2022): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02421571mtgabs.

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Pt electrocatalyst durability in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is generally evaluated through an accelerated stress test (AST); for example, one AST features repeated square-wave cycling with H2/N2 between 0.6 V to 0.95 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) [1]. A separate triangular-wave AST with a higher potential range (1 – 1.5 V vs. RHE) assesses the durability of carbon-based supports [2]. Recent studies [3]–[5] have revealed the heterogeneous nature of cathode catalyst layer degradation. In general, Pt particle size growth mimics the flow field geometry with greater particle size growth under lands compared to channels. Additionally, growth is typically shown to be greater near the air outlet than the inlet and is assumed to be correlated to local performance decay. The impact of such localized degradation on distributed cell performance is investigated in this work. In the present study, a segmented cell is used to quantify functional dependence of local current distributions in aged samples to heterogeneous catalyst layer degradation (Pt particle size growth and carbon support corrosion). The outcome of this enhanced understanding is to identify limiting factors in cell performance at end-of-life (EOL). Single cell studies with 25-cm2 active area are performed using catalyst-coated Nafion® XL membranes (Ion Power Inc.) and SGL-22 BB gas diffusion layers (GDLs) as membrane electrode assembly (MEA) materials and 7-channel serpentine flow field. An S++® current scan shunt (CSS) sensor plate (25-cm2) with 100 current and 25 temperature measurement segments is utilized for current and temperature mapping, respectively. The MEAs are subjected to DOE’s square-wave cycling (0.6 to 0.95 V vs. RHE), triangular-wave cycling (1 to 1.5 V vs. RHE), and a sequence of square-wave cycling followed by triangular-wave cycling. Complete in-situ electrochemical characterization and post-mortem ex-situ diagnostics such as micro-X-ray diffraction (micro-XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to obtain particle size distribution and spatial degradation profiles. Results indicate a strong dependence of current distributions on localized catalyst layer degradation. For example, MEA with relatively uniform current distributions at the beginning-of-life (BOL) in Figure 1 exhibits severe mass transport limitations (significantly higher current at the air inlet than the outlet) at EOL when subjected to triangular-wave carbon corrosion AST. Furthermore, an increase of ~1.5x in Tafel slope is observed for the aged sample at EOL, highlighting increased transport losses. These mass transport losses are believed to originate from loss of catalyst layer porosity and subsequent compaction due to carbon support corrosion [2]. This work seeks to achieve a greater understanding of the functional dependence between catalyst growth and carbon corrosion and observed local performance. References: [1] S. Stariha et al., “Recent Advances in Catalyst Accelerated Stress Tests for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 165, no. 7, pp. F492–F501, 2018, doi: 10.1149/2.0881807jes. [2] N. Macauley et al., “Carbon Corrosion in PEM Fuel Cells and the Development of Accelerated Stress Tests,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 165, no. 6, pp. F3148–F3160, 2018, doi: 10.1149/2.0061806jes. [3] L. Cheng et al., “Mapping of Heterogeneous Catalyst Degradation in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells,” Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 2000623, pp. 1–7, 2020, doi: 10.1002/aenm.202000623. [4] P. Sharma et al., “Influence of Flow Rate on Catalyst Layer Degradation in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells,” {ECS} Meet. Abstr., vol. {MA}2020-0, no. 36, p. 2345, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1149/ma2020-02362345mtgabs. [5] K. Khedekar et al., “Probing Heterogeneous Degradation of Catalyst in PEM Fuel Cells under Realistic Automotive Conditions with Multi-Modal Techniques,” Adv. Energy Mater., 2021, doi: 10.1002/aenm.202101794. Figure 1

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Seol, Myeong-Lok, Inho Nam, Ellie Sadatian, Nabanita Dutta, Jin-Woo Han, and M. Meyyappan. "Printable Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Printed Supercapacitors." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020316.

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Supercapacitors prepared by printing allow a simple manufacturing process, easy customization, high material efficiency and wide substrate compatibility. While printable active layers have been widely studied, printable electrolytes have not been thoroughly investigated despite their importance. A printable electrolyte should not only have high ionic conductivity, but also proper viscosity, small particle size and chemical stability. Here, gel-polymer electrolytes (GPE) that are compatible with printing were developed and their electrochemical performance was analyzed. Five GPE formulations based on various polymer-conductive substance combinations were investigated. Among them, GPE made of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) polymer matrix and LiClO4 conductive substance exhibited the best electrochemical performance, with a gravimetric capacitance of 176.4 F/g and areal capacitance of 152.7 mF/cm2 at a potential scan rate of 10 mV/s. The in-depth study of the in-plane solid-state supercapacitors based on various printed GPEs suggests that printable electrolytes provide desirable attributes for high-performance printed energy devices such as supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells and dye-sensitized solar cells.

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Seol, Myeong-Lok, Inho Nam, Ellie Sadatian, Nabanita Dutta, Jin-Woo Han, and M. Meyyappan. "Printable Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Printed Supercapacitors." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020316.

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Supercapacitors prepared by printing allow a simple manufacturing process, easy customization, high material efficiency and wide substrate compatibility. While printable active layers have been widely studied, printable electrolytes have not been thoroughly investigated despite their importance. A printable electrolyte should not only have high ionic conductivity, but also proper viscosity, small particle size and chemical stability. Here, gel-polymer electrolytes (GPE) that are compatible with printing were developed and their electrochemical performance was analyzed. Five GPE formulations based on various polymer-conductive substance combinations were investigated. Among them, GPE made of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) polymer matrix and LiClO4 conductive substance exhibited the best electrochemical performance, with a gravimetric capacitance of 176.4 F/g and areal capacitance of 152.7 mF/cm2 at a potential scan rate of 10 mV/s. The in-depth study of the in-plane solid-state supercapacitors based on various printed GPEs suggests that printable electrolytes provide desirable attributes for high-performance printed energy devices such as supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells and dye-sensitized solar cells.

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He, Min Lan, Chang Jin Zhu, and Chao Jun Jing. "Sulfonated Polyphosphazene-Montmorillonite Hybrid Composite Membranes for Fuel Cells." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.744.

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A series of sulfonated polyphosphazene-organic montmorillonite hybrid membranes for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) were prepared. The structure and characteristics of the obtained membranes were studied by testing their X-ray diffraction (XRD), water uptake, water swelling ratio, proton conductivity, thermal properties, methanol permeability and mechanical properties. The morphological analysis of the composite membranes indicated that the organic montmorillonite was uniformly distributed throughout the polymer matrix. Compared to the native sulfonated polyphosphazene membranes, the hybrid membranes showed better mechanical properties and selectivity for proton ions over methanol. The selectivity indicates that polyphosphazene-montmorillonite membranes may be promising electrolyte candidate for direct methanol fuel cells.

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Chitsazan, Azin, and Majid Monajje. "Increasing the efficiency Proton exchange membrane (PEMFC) & other fuel cells through multi graphene layers including polymer membrane electrolyte." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (2020): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv8i1p95-107.

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Multi layers Graphene has been simulated theoretically for hydrogen storage and oxygen diffusion at a single unit of fuel cell. Ion transport rate of DFAFC, PAFC, AFC, PEMFC, DMFC and SOFC fuel cells have been studied. AFC which uses an aqueous alkaline electrolyte is suitable for temperature below 90 degree and is appropriate for higher current applications, while PEMFC is suitable for lower temperature compared to others. Thermodynamic equations have been investigated for those fuel cells in viewpoint of voltage output data. Effects of operating data including temperature (T), pressure (P), proton exchange membrane water content (λ) , and proton exchange membrane thickness on the optimal performance of the irreversible fuel cells have been studied.Obviously, the efficiency of PEMFC extremely related to amount of the H2 concentration, water activities in catalyst substrates and polymer of electrolyte membranes, temperature, and such variables dependence in the direction of the fuel and air streams.

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Shim, Yu-Jin, and Won Suk Jung. "Recent Studies on Bimetallic Pt–M Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 10 (October 5, 2021): 741–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.10.741.

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Due to environmental pollution and global warming, research on new energy sources that can replace fossil fuels is important. A fuel cell is an eco-friendly energy conversion system that discharges water, and uses hydrogen as fuel. Although platinum is a widely used catalyst in PEMFCs, it has commercial limitations because of its low stability and high cost. Pt-based bimetal catalysts are being studied to improve performance and reduce the cost of fuel cell catalysts. Pt-M is excellent in terms of performance, stability, and cost, avoiding the disadvantages of the Pt catalyst. Studies on various bimetallic catalysts have been conducted, and among them, studies on Pt-Ni, Pt-Co, and Pt-Fe have been the most active. This review summarizes reports of fuel cell catalysts using Pt-M from 2014 to 2020. In recent studies, in order to improve the Pt-M performance, there have been attempts to change the pretreatment, the type of support, and the composition of Pt and M. There have also been studies that have applied new synthetic methods, which are different from traditional synthetic methods. Many Pt-M catalysts have shown better performance than commercial Pt/C, and exhibited stable performance in durability tests.

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Park, J., U. Pasaogullari, and L. J. Bonville. "Characterization Studies of a New MEA Structure for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 69, no. 17 (October 2, 2015): 1355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06917.1355ecst.

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Eller, Jens, and Felix N. Büchi. "Polymer electrolyte fuel cell performance degradation at different synchrotron beam intensities." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 1 (November 2, 2013): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577513025162.

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The degradation of cell performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells under monochromatic X-ray irradiation at 13.5 keV was studied in galvanostatic and potentiostatic operation modes in a through-plane imaging direction over a range of two orders of magnitude beam intensity at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source. The performance degradation was found to be a function of X-ray dose and independent of beam intensity, whereas the degradation rate correlates with beam intensity. The cell performance was more sensitive to X-ray irradiation at higher temperature and gas feed humidity. High-frequency resistance measurements and the analysis of product water allow conclusions to be drawn on the dominating degradation processes, namely change of hydrophobicity of the electrode and sulfate contamination of the electrocatalyst.

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Babić, B., Velimir Radmilović, N. Krstajić, and B. Kaludjerović. "Electrooxidation of Hydrogen on Nanostructured Pt/C Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Materials Science Forum 518 (July 2006): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.518.283.

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Mesoporous carbon cryogel synthesized by sol-gel polycondensation and freeze-drying with specific surface area (BET) of 517 m2 g-1 was used as a catalyst support. Pt/C catalysts were prepared by a modified ethylene glycol method (EG). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the dispersion of the catalyst is very uniform with a mean particle size of about 2.65 nm. Hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) was studied on Pt/C catalyst in 0.5 mol dm-3 HClO4 acid solution. It has been found that HOR appears as a reversible two-electron direct discharged reaction (Tafel slope for this reaction is ≈30mV dec-1) and that Pt/C catalyst exhibits a very high catalytic activity. However, the corresponding value of the exchange current density obtained by dividing the exchange current by the active surface area of Pt particles has the same order of magnitude as those for the HOR in acidic solution at single crystal and polycrystalline Pt.

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Mariani, Marco, Andrea Basso Peressut, Saverio Latorrata, Riccardo Balzarotti, Maurizio Sansotera, and Giovanni Dotelli. "The Role of Fluorinated Polymers in the Water Management of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: A Review." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 8387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248387.

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As the hydrogen market is projected to grow in the next decades, the development of more efficient and better-performing polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is certainly needed. Water management is one of the main issues faced by these devices and is strictly related to the employment of fluorinated materials in the gas diffusion medium (GDM). Fluorine-based polymers are added as hydrophobic agents for gas diffusion layers (GDL) or in the ink composition of microporous layers (MPL), with the goal of reducing the risk of membrane dehydration and cell flooding. In this review, the state of the art of fluorinated polymers for fuel cells is presented. The most common ones are polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), however, other compounds such as PFA, PVDF, PFPE, and CF4 have been studied and reported. The effects of these materials on device performances are analyzed and described. Particular attention is dedicated to the influence of polymer content on the variation of the fuel cell component properties, namely conductivity, durability, hydrophobicity, and porosity, and on the PEMFC behavior at different current densities and under multiple operating conditions.

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Kizilova, Natalya, Marco Sauermoser, Signe Kjelstrup, and Bruno G. Pollet. "Fractal-Like Flow-Fields with Minimum Entropy Production for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." Entropy 22, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22020176.

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The fractal-type flow-fields for fuel cell (FC) applications are promising, due to their ability to deliver uniformly, with a Peclet number Pe~1, the reactant gases to the catalytic layer. We review fractal designs that have been developed and studied in experimental prototypes and with CFD computations on 1D and 3D flow models for planar, circular, cylindrical and conical FCs. It is shown, that the FC efficiency could be increased by design optimization of the fractal system. The total entropy production (TEP) due to viscous flow was the objective function, and a constant total volume (TV) of the channels was used as constraint in the design optimization. Analytical solutions were used for the TEP, for rectangular channels and a simplified 1D circular tube. Case studies were done varying the equivalent hydraulic diameter (Dh), cross-sectional area (DΣ) and hydraulic resistance (DZ). The analytical expressions allowed us to obtain exact solutions to the optimization problem (TEP→min, TV=const). It was shown that the optimal design corresponds to a non-uniform width and length scaling of consecutive channels that classifies the flow field as a quasi-fractal. The depths of the channels were set equal for manufacturing reasons. Recursive formulae for optimal non-uniform width scaling were obtained for 1D circular Dh -, DΣ -, and DZ -based tubes (Cases 1-3). Appropriate scaling of the fractal system providing uniform entropy production along all the channels have also been computed for Dh -, DΣ -, and DZ -based 1D models (Cases 4-6). As a reference case, Murray’s law was used for circular (Case 7) and rectangular (Case 8) channels. It was shown, that Dh-based models always resulted in smaller cross-sectional areas and, thus, overestimated the hydraulic resistance and TEP. The DΣ -based models gave smaller resistances compared to the original rectangular channels and, therefore, underestimated the TEP. The DZ -based models fitted best to the 3D CFD data. All optimal geometries exhibited larger TEP, but smaller TV than those from Murray’s scaling (reference Cases 7,8). Higher TV with Murray’s scaling leads to lower contact area between the flow-field plate with other FC layers and, therefore, to larger electric resistivity or ohmic losses. We conclude that the most appropriate design can be found from multi-criteria optimization, resulting in a Pareto-frontier on the dependencies of TEP vs TV computed for all studied geometries. The proposed approach helps us to determine a restricted number of geometries for more detailed 3D computations and further experimental validations on prototypes.

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Simari, Cataldo, Isabella Nicotera, Antonino Salvatore Aricò, Vincenzo Baglio, and Francesco Lufrano. "New Insights into Properties of Methanol Transport in Sulfonated Polysulfone Composite Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells." Polymers 13, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091386.

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Methanol crossover through a polymer electrolyte membrane has numerous negative effects on direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) because it decreases the cell voltage due to a mixed potential (occurrence of both oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation reactions) at the cathode, lowers the overall fuel utilization and contributes to long-term membrane degradation. In this work, an investigation of methanol transport properties of composite membranes based on sulfonated polysulfone (sPSf) and modified silica filler is carried out using the PFG-NMR technique, mainly focusing on high methanol concentration (i.e., 5 M). The influence of methanol crossover on the performance of DMFCs equipped with low-cost sPSf-based membranes operating with 5 M methanol solution at the anode is studied, with particular emphasis on the composite membrane approach. Using a surface-modified-silica filler into composite membranes based on sPSf allows reducing methanol cross-over of 50% compared with the pristine membrane, making it a good candidate to be used as polymer electrolyte for high energy DMFCs.

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Gagliardi, Gabriele G., Ahmed Ibrahim, Domenico Borello, and Ahmad El-Kharouf. "Composite Polymers Development and Application for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Technologies—A Review." Molecules 25, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 1712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071712.

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Nafion membranes are still the dominating material used in the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technologies. They are widely used in several applications thanks to their excellent properties: high proton conductivity and high chemical stability in both oxidation and reduction environment. However, they have several technical challenges: reactants permeability, which results in reduced performance, dependence on water content to perform preventing the operation at higher temperatures or low humidity levels, and chemical degradation. This paper reviews novel composite membranes that have been developed for PEM applications, including direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), hydrogen PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs), and water electrolysers (PEMWEs), aiming at overcoming the drawbacks of the commercial Nafion membranes. It provides a broad overview of the Nafion-based membranes, with organic and inorganic fillers, and non-fluorinated membranes available in the literature for which various main properties (proton conductivity, crossover, maximum power density, and thermal stability) are reported. The studies on composite membranes demonstrate that they are suitable for PEM applications and can potentially compete with Nafion membranes in terms of performance and lifetime.

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Peng, Yeping, Ghasem Bahrami, Hossein Khodadadi, Alireza Karimi, Ahmad Soleimani, Arash Karimipour, and Sara Rostami. "Three dimensional numerical simulation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 427–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-09-2019-0719.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is simulation of of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells are promising power sources for use in power plants and vehicles. These fuel cells provide a high level of energy efficiency at low temperature without any pollution. The convection inside the cell plays a key role in the electrochemical reactions and the performance of the cell. Accordingly, the transport processes in these cells have been investigated thoroughly in previous studies that also carried out functional modeling. Design/methodology/approach A multi-phase model was used to study the limitations of the reactions and their impact on the performance of the cell. The governing equations (conservation of mass, momentum and particle transport) were solved by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) (ANSYS fluent) using appropriate source terms. The two-phase flow in the fuel cell was simulated three-dimensionally under steady-state conditions. The flow of water inside the cell was also simulated at high-current density. Findings The simulation results suggested that the porosity of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) is one of the most important design parameters with a significant impact on the current density limitation and, consequently, on the cell performance. Originality/value This study was mainly focused on the two-phase analysis of the steady flow in the fuel cell and on investigating the impacts of a two-phase flow on the performance of the cell and also on the flow in the GDL, the membrane and the catalyst layer using the CFD.

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29

Rubatat, Laurent. "Block copolymer electrolytes for fuel cells and secondary batteries, the small angle neutron scattering inputs." EPJ Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818803002.

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This paper aims at giving an overview on the importance of scattering, and more specifically neutron scattering, for probing the nanomorphology of polymer electrolytes made of block copolymers. Two types of self-assembled polymer electrolyte materials will be discussed: (i) the ionomer membranes used in fuel cell and (ii) the solid polyelectrolytes used in secondary batteries. Both are used to physically separate the electrodes in the respective electrochemical devices and are expected to have a high ion transport capacity so as good chemical and mechanical stabilities. Unfortunately, in most cases improving one property leads to the degradation of the others. Nonetheless, through block copolymers selfassembly it is possible to tackle this issue; indeed, antagonist properties can be decoupled and associated within controlled nano-morphologies. This aspect will be discussed and supported by examples based on published studies; in parallel useful scattering analytical tools and models will be presented along the paper and detailed in annex.

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OTA, Ken-ichiro, and Akimitsu ISHIHARA. "Fundamental Studies on Non-Pt Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Hyomen Kagaku 29, no. 10 (2008): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.29.586.

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31

V. Senthilkumar, Haresh M. Pandya, R. Kesavaraj, U. Ganesh, and J. C. Roshan. "Synthesis and Studies on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane using Polyvinyl Alcohol, Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Ammonium Bromide as Dopants for Proton-conducting Electrolyte." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 11, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.13074/jent.2022.12.224460.

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Different compositions of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and Ammonium bromide (NH4Br) were employed to synthesize the proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes by Solution casting method, which have potential applications in proton (H+) ion batteries and fuel cells. Structural, vibrational and electrical properties of the synthesized polymer electrolyte membrane were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis and results were reported. The semi-crystalline nature of the prepared polymer was confirmed by XRD analysis. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the vibrational spectra of the prepared polymer membrane. The Nyquist plot drawn from the AC Impedance analysis was a straight line, confirming the dielectric nature of the prepared membrane.

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32

Park, Jun-Young, Sungyong Choi, and Sung Ryul Choi. "Mitigation of Performance Degradation of Cathodes for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642371mtgabs.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are green energy conversion devices that convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Compared to other types of fuel cells, PEMFCs have various advantages including the low operating temperature, high power density, and short start-up times [1, 2]. However, the limited durability and high cost of platinum catalysts are the primary obstacles to the large scale commercialization of PEMFCs. Hence, a variety of scientific approaches have tried to improve the durability of Pt electrocatalysts as a main component of PEMFC membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) [3]. Studies reported that the performance degradation of the catalyst layer in MEAs can be divided into the reversible and irreversible degradation processes. The first case is the permanent degradations caused by the platinum dissolution or corrosion of carbon support. It is well known results in PMEFC MEAs that carbon corrosion mainly occurs at operating conditions of higher than 1.0 V, whereas platinum agglomeration/dissolution happen at 0.6‒1.0 V. That is, the deterioration of platinum in the cathode is unavoidable under general PEMFC operating conditions of 0.6‒1.0 V [4, 5]. Numerous studies, such as tuning of platinum alloy composition and use of highly durable Pt-alloy catalysts have been conducted to suppress irreversible performance degradation [6-8]. In the reversible degradation phenomena, oxygen or hydroxyl groups are bonded to platinum in the cathode, which interferes with oxygen reduction reactions and reduces performance. However, even reversible degradation can result in permanent performance decay if not removed for a long time. Hence, researches on the strategies to mitigate reversible degradation are necessary to extend the lifetime of PEMFC MEAs. In particular, Pt-O film generated during operation is reversible and can be easily recovered by the periodical reduction of cathode potential [9, 10]. In this research, we develop the mitigation method to prevent performance degradation of MEAs during constant current operation. In addition, we quantitatively analyze the mitigation mechanism of MEAs via various physicochemical and electrochemical analysis tools. References [1] L. J. M. J. Blomen, M. N. Mugerwa, "Fuel Cell Systems", Plenum Press, New York, 1993. [2] K. Kordesch, G. Simader, "Fuel Cells and Their Applications", VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1996. [3] R. L. Borup, A. Kusoglu, K. C. Neyerlin, R. Mukundan, R. K. Ahluwalia, D. A. Cullen , Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 21 (2020) 192-200. [4] E. Guilminot, A. Corcella, F. Charlot, F. Maillard, M. Chatenet, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 154 (2006) B96. [5] P. Schneider, C. Sadeler, A.-C. Scherzer, N. Zamel, D. Gerteisen, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 166 (2019) F322-F333. [6] N. Linse, G. G. Scherer, A. Wokaun, L. Gubler, Journal of Power Sources 219 (2012) 240-248. [7] A. Ganesan, M. Narayanasamy, Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy 18 (2019) 1-14. [8] M. Khorshidian, M. Sedighi, Iranian Journal of Hydrogen & Fuel Cell 6 (2019) 91-115. [9] X. Zhang, L. Guo, H. Liu, Journal of Power Sources 296 (2015) 327-334. [10] M. Zago, A. Baricci, A. Bisello, T. Jahnke, H. Yu, R. Maric, P. Zelenay, A. Casalegno, Journal of Power Sources 455 (2020) 227990. Keywords: Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, Pt-O layer, Water management, Oxide stripping *Corresponding author: jyoung@sejong.ac.kr (J. Y. Park)

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Fang, Jun, Chang Ming Zhang, and Yi Xu Yang. "Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes by Radiation Grafted Copolymerization." Advanced Materials Research 485 (February 2012): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.485.110.

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Novel anion exchange membranes were synthesized by grafted copolymerization of 1-vinylimidazole onto pre-irradiated ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) film, followed by quaternization and alkalization. The structure of the membranes was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the membranes were also characterized. The ionic conductivity of the synthesized membrane is 0.03 S/cm at 30°C. This result indicates that the membrane is suitable polymer electrolyte membrane and so may find potential applications in alkaline membrane fuel cells.

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34

Holderer, Olaf, Marcelo Carmo, Meital Shviro, Werner Lehnert, Yohei Noda, Satoshi Koizumi, Marie-Sousai Appavou, Marina Appel, and Henrich Frielinghaus. "Fuel Cell Electrode Characterization Using Neutron Scattering." Materials 13, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061474.

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Electrochemical energy conversion and storage is key for the use of regenerative energies at large scale. A thorough understanding of the individual components, such as the ion conducting membrane and the electrode layers, can be obtained with scattering techniques on atomic to molecular length scales. The largely heterogeneous electrode layers of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells are studied in this work with small- and wide-angle neutron scattering at the same time with the iMATERIA diffractometer at the spallation neutron source at J-PARC, opening a view on structural properties on atomic to mesoscopic length scales. Recent results on the proton mobility from the same samples measured with backscattering spectroscopy are put into relation with the structural findings.

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35

Salarizadeh, Parisa, Mehran Javanbakht, and Saeed Pourmahdian. "Enhancing the performance of SPEEK polymer electrolyte membranes using functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles with proton hopping sites." RSC Advances 7, no. 14 (2017): 8303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25959f.

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In this work, the application of a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK)/amine functionalized titanium dioxide nanoparticle (AFT) composite as a novel membrane in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) was studied.

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36

Tanaka, Akihisa, Keisuke Nagato, Morio Tomizawa, Gen Inoue, and Masayuki Nakao. "Modeling of Relative Humidity-Dependent Impedance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 39 (October 9, 2022): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02391366mtgabs.

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1. Introduction Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are highly efficient devices that utilize hydrogen energy. The large overpotential of PEMFCs, particularly under low relative humidity (R.H.) conditions [1], is a challenge. Equivalent circuit modeling is an effective technique for impedance analysis, in which circuit elements are used to simulate electrode reactions [2]. The transmission line model (TLM) is often used for porous electrodes including PEMFCs [3]. In this study, a TLM was constructed considering the resistance distribution in the cathode catalyst layer (CCL), and the dependence of the impedance on R.H. was investigated. 2. Modeling Figure 1 shows a TLM. The proton potential Xl was set as a parameter for each triple phase boundary (TPB), where an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurs. At a certain TPB, Equation 1 holds based on Kirchhoff's current law [4]. Rion is the proton conduction resistance; Rct is the resistance of charge transfer in the ORR; Tct and P are parameters of the constant phase element. In this study, Rct was made a function of proton potential using Equation 2, where i0 is the exchange current density of the cathode and n is the number of exchanged electrons. The potential X0 of the TPB on a Nafion membrane was specified as the boundary condition. Subsequently, the model impedance was calculated by varying the frequency f from 106 to 0.1 Hz. Using the proposed model, a simulation was performed by varying Rion to be similar to the measured impedance spectra in the next section. For comparison, a simulation was performed under the same conditions using a conventional TLM in which Rct is a constant value. 3. Experimental A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was prepared by spraying a catalyst ink with an ionomer/carbon weight ratio of 0.92 onto a Nafion membrane. For both the cathode and anode, the electrode area was 1 cm2 and the Pt loading was 0.4 mgpt cm-2. Power generation tests were conducted at a cell temperature of 80 °C. Gases flowing at 200 sccm were supplied to the cathode at an oxygen partial pressure of 0.2 atm and to the anode at a hydrogen partial pressure of 0.4 atm. The impedance spectra of the MEA were measured under various R.H. conditions by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy [5] in the potentiostatic mode at 0.7 V. The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis [6] was conducted on the impedance spectra. 4. Results and discussion Figure 2 shows the experimental and simulation results. The left and right columns show the impedance spectra and the DRT analysis results, respectively. Based on the analysis of DRT peaks by Heinzmann et al. [7], the peak in the mid-frequency range, PM, is associated with the resistance of charge transfer in the ORR, whereas the peak group in the high-frequency range, PH, is associated with the resistance of proton conduction. The PH of the DRT of the measured impedance increases as R.H. decreases. This indicates that a decrease in R.H. promotes a decrease in proton conductivity. The increase in Rion in the simulation represents a decrease in proton conductivity, which increases the PH as shown in both simulation results. As the proton conductivity decreases, the PM of the DRTs of the measured impedance and the calculated impedance using the proposed model increases. However, the PM of the DRT of the calculated impedance using the conventional model does not change. This indicates that the proposed model can accurately simulate the actual phenomena in the CCL. The reason for the increase in PM caused by the decrease in proton conductivity could be that the local charge transfer resistance increases by a decrease in the proton potential at each TPB. 5. Conclusions A TLM was constructed to predict the dependence of impedance on R.H. Experimental results showed that an unsatisfactory proton conductivity resulted in an increase in the charge transfer resistance. The results of the simulation with varying proton conduction resistances using the proposed model are consistent with the experimental trend. In future studies, circuit parameters should be appropriately determined by fitting the model to the measured impedance spectra. References [1] Y. Liu et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 156, B970–B980 (2009). [2] J. E. B. Randles, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1, 11–19 (1947). [3] M. Heinzmann et al., J. Power Sources. 444, 227279 (2019). [4] J. H. Teng, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 27, 327–333 (2005). [5] X. Yuan et al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 32, 4365–4380 (2007). [6] S. Dierickx et al., Electrochim. Acta. 355, 136764 (2020). [7] M. Heinzmann et al., J. Power Sources. 402, 24–33 (2018). Figure 1

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Rigail-Cedeño, Andres F., Mayken Espinoza-Andaluz, Jorge Medina-Andrade, and Karol Leal-Zavala. "Expanded Graphite/Epoxy/Aliphatic Amine Composites for Bipolar Plates Applications in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Key Engineering Materials 821 (September 2019): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.821.426.

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Suitable conductive fillers for resins and processing conditions are critical factors for the final properties of composite bipolar plates. This research is focused on the development of expanded graphite/epoxy/aliphatic amine composite as a potential replacement for conventional bipolar plates to meet global standards of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFCs). The synergistic effects on the electrical conductivity of secondary fillers Carbon Black (CB) and Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) with Expanded Graphite (EG) were studied in a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy/polyether triamine system. Compositions of secondary filler were varied in proportions of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt % in a fixed 40 wt % EG / Epoxy resin (w/w) to find the right secondary fillers under direct mixing without solvent. A 10 wt % CB displayed the highest electrical conductivity around 3.05 QUOTE x10-2 S/cm. For a 60 wt % EG/10 wt % CB composite, the electrical conductivity (in plane) and flexural strength were at about 19 S/cm and 22 MPa, respectively.

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Artyushkova, Kateryna, Stephen Levendosky, Plamen Atanassov, and Julia Fulghum. "XPS Structural Studies of Nano-composite Non-platinum Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Topics in Catalysis 46, no. 3-4 (November 27, 2007): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-007-9002-y.

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Sarma, Paran Jyoti, Christopher L. Gardner, Sachin Chugh, Alok Sharma, and Erik Kjeang. "Feasibility Studies of Pulsed Oxidation Mitigation of CO Poisoning in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 34 (November 23, 2020): 2197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-02342197mtgabs.

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Gugov, Dimitar, Marin Todorov, Maik Jurgen Streblau, and Tatyana Dimova. "Experimental Study of the Characteristic of a PEM Reversible Fuel Cell." ANNUAL JOURNAL OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF VARNA, BULGARIA 6, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29114/ajtuv.vol6.iss1.263.

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Renewable energy sources are the proper way to protect and preserve the natural resources of the only planet we inhabit. The fuel cell is an interesting solution in the field of renewable energy sources. These devices convert the chemical energy from hydrogen and oxygen into electrical and thermal energy. The present paper, therefore, focuses exclusively on their ability to generate electricity, their energy efficiency, quiet mode of operation, and environmental compatibility. The polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell coverts the energy at high density of power. The weight and cost of this cells are lower than the other kind of fuel cell. A reversible proton exchange membrane fuel cell is a kind of PEM fuel cell. It can operate in two modes - fuel cell mode and electrolyzer mode. Presented in the current paper are the experimental studies conducted into the operation of the fuel cell in electrolyzer and fuel cell mode. The relevant parameters and characteristics obtained from experiments are analyzed in relation to the mode of operation.

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Çelik, Erman, and İrfan Karagöz. "Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell flow field designs and approaches for performance enhancement." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 234, no. 8 (December 12, 2019): 1189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650919893543.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are carbon-free electrochemical energy conversion devices that are appropriate for use as a power source on vehicles and mobile devices emerging with their high energy density, lightweight structure, quick startup and lower operating temperature capabilities. However, they need more developments in the aspects of reactant distribution, less pressure drops, precisely balanced water content and heat management to achieve more reliable and higher overall cell performance. Flow field development is one of the most important fields of study to increase cell performance since it has decisive effects on performance parameters, including bipolar plate, and thus fuel cell weight. In this study, recent developments on conventional flow field designs to eliminate their weaknesses and innovative design approaches and flow field architectures are obtained from patent databases, and both numerical and experimental scientific studies. Fundamental designs that create differences are introduced, and their effects on the performance are discussed with regard to origin, objective, innovation strategy of design besides their strength and probable open development ways. As a result, significant enhancements and design strategies on flow field designs in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are summarized systematically to guide prospective flow field development studies.

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Karaca, Ali, Andreas Glüsen, Klaus Wippermann, Scott Mauger, Ami C. Yang-Neyerlin, Steffen Woderich, Christoph Gimmler, et al. "Oxygen Reduction at PtNi Alloys in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells—Electrode Development and Characterization." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031115.

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Catalyst layers made from novel catalysts must be fabricated in a way that the catalyst can function to its full potential. To characterize a PtNi alloy catalyst for use in the cathode of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs), the effects of the manufacturing technique, ink composition, layer composition, and catalyst loading were here studied in order to reach the maximum performance potential of the catalyst. For a more detailed understanding, beyond the DMFCs performance measurements, we look at the electrochemically active surface area of the catalyst and charge-transfer resistance, as well as the layer quality and ink properties, and relate them to the aspects stated above. As a result, we make catalyst layers with optimized parameters by ultrasonic spray coating that shows the high performance of the catalyst even when containing less Pt than commercial products. Using this approach, we can adjust the catalyst layers to the requirements of DMFCs, hydrogen fuel cells, or polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells.

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43

Kamino, Takeo, Toshie Yaguchi, and Takahiro Shimizu. "Development and Application of a Sample Holder for In Situ Gaseous TEM Studies of Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 5 (August 30, 2017): 945–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761701248x.

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AbstractPolymer electrolyte fuel cells hold great potential for stationary and mobile applications due to high power density and low operating temperature. However, the structural changes during electrochemical reactions are not well understood. In this article, we detail the development of the sample holder equipped with gas injectors and electric conductors and its application to a membrane electrode assembly of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Hydrogen and oxygen gases were simultaneously sprayed on the surfaces of the anode and cathode catalysts of the membrane electrode assembly sample, respectively, and observation of the structural changes in the catalysts were simultaneously carried out along with measurement of the generated voltages.

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Kim, Myo-Eun, and Young-Jun Sohn. "Study on Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with Nonhumidification Using Metal Foam in Dead-Ended Operation." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051238.

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Portable power sources have attracted increasing interest and attention, with a focus on the reduction of the system volume. Thus, portable power sources often use polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) systems with dead-ended operation—which are simpler and more fuel-efficient than conventional PEFC systems. In these systems, the fuel may be supplied under nonhumidified conditions to minimize the balance of plant (BOP). In recent studies, metal foams have been used as flow fields to improve fuel diffusion and water management in the PEFC; the performance can be compared to that of a conventional channel. This study compared the performance and water management ability of channel and metal foam flow fields under nonhumidified conditions with dead-ended operation. The results demonstrate that the average output was similar for both flow fields. In terms of fuel efficiency, the PEFC with the metal foam could be operated for a significantly longer time without purging than that with the channel.

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Zhang, Na, Baolong Wang, Chengji Zhao, Shuang Wang, Yurong Zhang, Fanzhe Bu, Ying Cui, Xuefeng Li, and Hui Na. "Quaternized poly (ether ether ketone)s doped with phosphoric acid for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 34 (2014): 13996–4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01931h.

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OH, SEUNG TAEK, BIDYUT BARAN SAHA, KEISHI KARIYA, YOSHINORI HAMAMOTO, and HIDEO MORI. "FUEL CELL WASTE HEAT POWERED ADSORPTION COOLING SYSTEMS." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 21, no. 02 (June 2013): 1350010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132513500107.

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In the present paper, the effect of desorption temperature on the performance of adsorption cooling systems driven by waste heat from fuel cells was analyzed. The studied adsorption cooling systems employ activated carbon fiber (ACF) of type A-20–ethanol and RD type silica gel–water as adsorbent–refrigerant pairs. Two different temperature levels of waste heat from polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are used as the heat source of the adsorption cooling systems. The adsorption cycles consist of one pair of adsorption–desorption heat exchanger, a condenser and an evaporator. System performance in terms of specific cooling capacity (SCC) and coefficient of performance (COP) are determined and compared between the studied two systems. Results show that silica gel–water based adsorption cooling system is preferable for effective utilization of relatively lower temperature heat source. At relatively high temperature heat source, COP of ACF–ethanol based adsorption system shows better performance than that of silica gel–water based adsorption system.

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Latorrata, Saverio, Renato Pelosato, Paola Gallo Stampino, Cinzia Cristiani, and Giovanni Dotelli. "Use of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for the Evaluation of Performance of PEM Fuel Cells Based on Carbon Cloth Gas Diffusion Electrodes." Journal of Spectroscopy 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3254375.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have attracted great attention in the last two decades as valuable alternative energy generators because of their high efficiencies and low or null pollutant emissions. In the present work, two gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for PEMFCs were prepared by using an ink containing carbon-supported platinum in the catalytic phase which was sprayed onto a carbon cloth substrate. Two aerograph nozzles, with different sizes, were used. The prepared GDEs were assembled into a fuel cell lab prototype with commercial electrolyte and bipolar plates and tested alternately as anode and cathode. Polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed on the running hydrogen-fed PEMFC from open circuit voltage to high current density. Experimental impedance spectra were fitted with an equivalent circuit model by using ZView software which allowed to get crucial parameters for the evaluation of fuel cell performance, such as ohmic resistance, charge transfer, and mass transfer resistance, whose trends have been studied as a function of the applied current density.

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Stamatin, Serban N., Jozsef Speder, Rajnish Dhiman, Matthias Arenz, and Eivind M. Skou. "Electrochemical Stability and Postmortem Studies of Pt/SiC Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 11 (March 10, 2015): 6153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am508982d.

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Qin, Chaozhong, S. Majid Hassanizadeh, and Dirk Rensink. "Numerical studies on liquid water flooding in gas channels used in polymer electrolyte fuel cells." Chemical Engineering Science 82 (September 2012): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2012.07.049.

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Squadrito, G., O. Barbera, G. Giacoppo, F. Urbani, and E. Passalacqua. "Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stacks at CNR-ITAE: State of the Art." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 3 (April 20, 2006): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2756567.

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Fuel cell technology development is one of the main activities at CNR-TAE Institute. Particular attention was devoted to polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), which are the most probable candidates as future energy suppliers for transportation and for portable and domestic applications. The research activity was addressed to new materials and component evolution, system design, and modeling. Because a single cell is not able to supply the desired voltages also for small electronic devices, a PEFC stack of different sizes must be evolved to match the application request. The research activity focused on two different areas: small size stacks for portable applications and medium power stacks (1–4kW) for transport and stationary applications. This activity was supported by modeling and computational fluid dynamic studies, and by the evolution of dedicated test station and measurement devices. The first result of PEFC stack research was the development of a 100W stack prototype working at low pressure and based on low Pt loading electrodes evolved at CNR-ITAE. Starting from this experience, a hydrogen fueled air breathing stack of 15W for portable application was realized. The scale up of the cell active area was approached by searching for a method to allow the design of the flow field with specified geometrical characteristics and fluid dynamic properties to maintain the performance reached in small active area cells. A computer-aided design method was evolved, and the design of the 200cm2 active area cell was realized, starting, from a 50cm2 laboratory cell.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Studied'

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