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Wood, Nathan D., Lisa J. Gillie, David J. Cooke, and Marco Molinari. "A Review of Key Properties of Thermoelectric Composites of Polymers and Inorganic Materials." Materials 15, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 8672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238672.
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This review focusses on the development of thermoelectric composites made of oxide or conventional inorganic materials, and polymers, with specific emphasis on those containing oxides. Discussion of the current state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials, including the individual constituent materials, i.e., conventional materials, oxides and polymers, is firstly presented to provide the reader with a comparison of the top-performing thermoelectric materials. Then, individual materials used in the inorganic/polymer composites are discussed to provide a comparison of the performance of the composites themselves. Finally, the addition of carbon-based compounds is discussed as a route to improving the thermoelectric performance. For each topic discussed, key thermoelectric properties are tabulated and comparative figures are presented for a wide array of materials.
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Rahman, Mohammad Mizanur. "Polyurethane/Zinc Oxide (PU/ZnO) Composite—Synthesis, Protective Property and Application." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 11, 2020): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071535.
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A polyurethane (PU) is a multifunctional polymer prepared by using more than two types of monomers. The unique properties of PU come from monomers, thus broadening the applicability of PU in many different sectors. The properties can be further improved by using many nanoparticles. Different metal oxides as nanoparticles are also widely used in PU materials. ZnO is a widely used inorganic metal oxide nanoparticle for improving polymer properties. In this review article, the techniques to prepare a PU/ZnO composite are reviewed; the key protective properties, such as adhesive strength and self-healing, and applications of PU/ZnO composites are also highlighted. This review also highlights the PU/ZnO composite’s current challenges and future prospects, which will help to broaden the composite practical application by preparing environmentally friendly composites.
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Deeba, Farah, Kriti Shrivastava, Minal Bafna, and Ankur Jain. "Tuning of Dielectric Properties of Polymers by Composite Formation: The Effect of Inorganic Fillers Addition." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6120355.
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Polymer blend or composite, which is a combination of two or more polymers and fillers such as semiconductors, metals, metal oxides, salts and ceramics, are a synthesized product facilitating improved, augmented or customized properties, and have widespread applications for the achievement of functional materials. Polymer materials with embedded inorganic fillers are significantly appealing for challenging and outstanding electric, dielectric, optical and mechanical applications involving magnetic features. In particular, a polymer matrix exhibiting large values of dielectric constant (ε′) with suitable thermal stability and low dielectric constant values of polymer blend, having lesser thermal stability, together offer significant advantages in electronic packaging and other such applications in different fields. In this review paper, we focused on the key factors affecting the dielectric properties and its strength in thin film of inorganic materials loaded poly methyl meth acrylate (PMMA) based polymer blend (single phase) or composites (multiple phase), and its consequences at low and high frequencies are explored. A wide range of different types of PMMA based polymer blends or composites, which are doped with different fillers, have been synthesized with specific tailoring of their dielectric behavior and properties. A few of them are discussed in this manuscript, with their different preparation techniques, and exploring new ideas for modified materials.
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Egorin, Andrei, Eduard Tokar, Anna Matskevich, Nikita Ivanov, Ivan Tkachenko, Tatiana Sokolnitskaya, and Larisa Zemskova. "Composite Magnetic Sorbents Based on Iron Oxides in Different Polymer Matrices: Comparison and Application for Removal of Strontium." Biomimetics 5, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics5020022.
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Introduction of magnetic nanoparticles into composite sorbents based on polymer matrices has received great attention due to the possibility of using cheap iron oxides and removing spent sorbents by means of magnetic separation. In the present paper, we discuss the problem of creating magnetic sorbents using two types of matrices as host materials: synthetic cation exchange resin and natural aminopolysaccharide chitosan. The possibilities of applying matrices for the in situ formation of oxide phases of a specified composition with the required content of an inorganic component in a composite material were estimated. The composition of the oxide phase formed in the composite material was studied, and particle sizes were evaluated by the method of X-ray diffraction analysis. Magnetic characteristics were investigated. Sorption characteristics with respect to strontium for the composites containing iron oxides were determined.
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Ahadzade, Sh M., I. A. Vakulenko, and Kh Asgarov. "Factors Influence on Electrophysical Parameters of the Composite Varistors." Science and Transport Progress, no. 1(101) (March 14, 2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2023/283013.
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Purpose. Evaluation influence structural state polymer phase on the response voltage and coefficient nonlinearity of a multilayer varistor based on zinc oxide. Methodology. Zinc oxide consisted of 97% zinc oxide and 3% total oxides of Bi2O3, Co3O4, MnO2, B2O3, SbO3, ZrO2, Al2O3. At a temperature of 1573°K, the synthesis of semiconductor ceramics based on Zinc oxide was carried out. For composite of thermoplastic polymers and Zinc oxide, non-polar and polar polymers, high pressure polyethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride were used. The composites were obtained by hot pressing at the melting temperature of the polymer phase and a pressure of 15 MPa. After that, using silver paste, measuring electrodes 10 mm in diameter were applied to the surface of the synthesized samples, and then current–voltage characteristics were measured. Modification of composites under action of gas-discharge plasma was carried out in a special cell that creates a dielectric-gas-composite system. The structure of the composites was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis and IR spectroscopy. Findings. The obtained experimental results show that the size of the particles of the inorganic phase significantly affects the current-voltage characteristics of the composite varistor: at a given thickness of the composite varistor, the operation voltage decreases markedly, and the nonlinearity coefficient increases. Numerous experimental results obtained by us show that the impact of electric discharge plasma on the polymer Zinc oxide-composite leads to a significant change in the permittivity and the concentration of local levels at the interface of the composite. The results research showed that effect electrical plasma on the opening voltage depends on the polarity of polymer matrices. Moreover, plasma processing itself significantly changes the structure of the polymer phase at composite. Originality. The magnitude of the potential barrier at phase boundary is mainly determined by the volume fraction and size of the main structural element of ZnO ceramics. Changing the structural state of the polymer matrix allows the adjust response voltage and coefficient nonlinearity of volt-ampere characteristic of the multilayer varistor. Practical value. The discovered development of electron-ion processes at polymer phase of the varistor indicates the need to take into account change in its service characteristics from the duration and intensity of use. The result obtained has a certain practical significance, since it indicates not only the reason for the change in properties, but also the need to develop measures to increase the service life of the varistor.
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Khayal, Areeba. "A NOVEL ROUTE FOR THE FORMATION OF GAS SENSORS." International journal of multidisciplinary advanced scientific research and innovation 1, no. 6 (August 16, 2021): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.53633/ijmasri.2021.1.6.04.
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The rapid development of conductive polymers shows great potential in temperature chemical gas detection as their electrical conductivity is often changed upon spotlight to oxidative or reductive gas molecules at room temperature. However, the relatively low conductivity and high affinity toward volatile organic compounds and water molecules always exhibit low sensitivity, poor stability and gas selectivity, which hinder their practical gas sensor applications. In addition, inorganic sensitive materials show totally different advantages in gas sensors like high sensitivity, fast response to low concentration analytes, high area and versatile surface chemistry, which could harmonize the conducting polymers in terms of the sensing individuality. It seems to be a good option to combine inorganic sensitive materials with polymers for gas detection for the synergistic effects which has attracted extensive interests in gas sensing applications. In this appraisal the recapitulation of recent development in polymer inorganic nanocomposites-based gas sensors. The roles of inorganic nanomaterials in improving the gas sensing performances of conducting polymers are introduced and therefore the progress of conducting polymer inorganic nanocomposites including metal oxides, metal, carbon (carbon nanotube, graphene) and ternary composites are obtainable. Finally, conclusion and perspective within the field of gas sensors incorporating conducting polymer inorganic nanocomposites are summarized. Keywords: Gas sensor, conducting polymer, polymer-inorganic nanocomposites; conducting organic polymers nanostructure, synergistic effect, polypyrrole (PPY), polyaniline (PANI).
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Upadhyay, Anjali, and Subramanian Karpagam. "Movement of new direction from conjugated polymer to semiconductor composite polymer nanofiber." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 35, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 351–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2017-0024.
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Abstract In the past few years, there was a tremendous growth in conjugated polymer nanofibers via design of novel conjugated polymers with inorganic materials. Synthetic routes to these conjugated polymers involve new, mild polymerization techniques, which enable the formation of well-defined polymer architectures. This review provides interest in the development of novel (semi) conducting polymers, which combine both organic and inorganic blocks in one framework. Due to their ability to act as chemosensors or to detect various chemical species in environmental and biological systems, fluorescent conjugated polymers have gained great interest. Nanofibers of metal oxides and sulfides are particularly interesting in both their way of applications and fundamental research. These conjugated nanofibers operated for many applications in organic electronics, optoelectronics, and sensors. Synthesis of electrospun fibers by electrospinning technique discussed in this review is a simple method that forms conjugated polymer nanofibers. This review provides the basics of the technique and its recent advances in the formation of highly conducting and high-mobility polymer fibers towards their adoption in electronic application.
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Fallah, Mahroo, Kenneth J. D. MacKenzie, John V. Hanna, and Samuel J. Page. "Novel photoactive inorganic polymer composites of inorganic polymers with copper(I) oxide nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Science 50, no. 22 (July 29, 2015): 7374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9295-3.
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Zemskova, Larisa, Andrei Egorin, Eduard Tokar, Vladimir Ivanov, and Svetlana Bratskaya. "New Chitosan/Iron Oxide Composites: Fabrication and Application for Removal of Sr2+ Radionuclide from Aqueous Solutions." Biomimetics 3, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics3040039.
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Here, we discuss the fabrication and problems of application of chitosan-based composite materials for the removal of hazardous metal ions from tap water and wastewater. The chitosan-based composites containing iron oxides for the uptake of Sr2+ ions were fabricated via a co-precipitation method with variation of the iron/chitosan ratio and pH of the medium. The morphology and composition of the fabricated sorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. We have shown that the suggested fabrication approach allows for a homogeneous distribution of the inorganic phase in the polymer matrix. Investigations of the sorption performance of the composites have shown that they are efficient sorbents for 90Sr radionuclides uptake from tap water. The composite sorbent containing amorphous iron oxide in a chitosan matrix and calcined at 105 °C showed the best sorption characteristics. We have also demonstrated that there is an optimal iron oxide content in the composite: with increasing oxide content, the efficiency of the sorbents decreases due to poor stability in solution, especially in alkaline media. The alternative approach yielding magnetic chitosan-based composites with sufficiently good sorption performance and stability in neutral and weakly alkaline media is suggested.
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Huang, Bo, Yanqiong Li, and Wen Zeng. "Application of Metal-Organic Framework-Based Composites for Gas Sensing and Effects of Synthesis Strategies on Gas-Sensitive Performance." Chemosensors 9, no. 8 (August 14, 2021): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9080226.
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Gas sensing materials, such as semiconducting metal oxides (SMOx), carbon-based materials, and polymers have been studied in recent years. Among of them, SMOx-based gas sensors have higher operating temperatures; sensors crafted from carbon-based materials have poor selectivity for gases and longer response times; and polymer gas sensors have poor stability and selectivity, so it is necessary to develop high-performance gas sensors. As a porous material constructed from inorganic nodes and multidentate organic bridging linkers, the metal-organic framework (MOF) shows viable applications in gas sensors due to its inherent large specific surface area and high porosity. Thus, compounding sensor materials with MOFs can create a synergistic effect. Many studies have been conducted on composite MOFs with three materials to control the synergistic effects to improve gas sensing performance. Therefore, this review summarizes the application of MOFs in sensor materials and emphasizes the synthesis progress of MOF composites. The challenges and development prospects of MOF-based composites are also discussed.
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Kuklin, Vladimir, Sergey Karandashov, Elena Bobina, Sergey Drobyshev, Anna Smirnova, Oleg Morozov, and Maxim Danilaev. "Analysis of Aluminum Oxides Submicron Particle Agglomeration in Polymethyl Methacrylate Composites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 2515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032515.
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Agglomeration of distributed particles is the main problem in polymer composites reinforced with such particles. It leads to a decrease in mechanical performance and its poor reproducibility. Thus, development of methods to address the agglomeration of particles is relevant. Evaluation of the size and concentration of agglomerates is required to select a method to address agglomeration. The paper analyzes aluminum oxide particles agglomeration in particles-reinforced polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composites. Quantitative parameters of polystyrene-coated aluminum oxide particles agglomerates are obtained for the first time in this article. Unlike uncoated aluminum oxide particles, when coated aluminum oxide particles are used, agglomerates concentration in polymer composites decreases approx. 10 times. It demonstrates that modification of submicron particles by a polymer coating decreases the number of agglomerates in the polymer composite. The use of transmittance and opacity values to estimate particles agglomerates is reasonable in this article. It is shown that the difference in optical performance of specimens reinforced with coated and the original particles is related to the number and average size of agglomerates in the specimens. For example, when the concentration exceeds 0.2%, transmittance values for the specimens reinforced with coated particles are greater than the ones for the specimens reinforced with the original particles.
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Borshchov, V. M., O. M. Listratenko, M. A. Protsenko, I. T. Tymchuk, O. V. Kravchenko, O. V. Syddia, M. I. Slipchenko, and B. M. Chichkov. "Dispersion of nanoparticles in optically transparent polymer matrices." Radiotekhnika, no. 204 (April 9, 2021): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2021.1.204.12.
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Search and analysis of results of theoretical and experimental studies, materials of dissertations, literature sources and patents in the field of optical and optoelectronic instrumentation were carried out. Obtained data and recommendations on the development of methods for dispersing nanoparticles into polymer matrices for the creation of optically transparent nan composites for use in many fields of science and technology are generalized. Analysis of considered results makes it possible to conclude that for creating hybrid organic-inorganic composites with high level of dispersion of inorganic component, it is necessary to solve problems relating to compatibility of components and stabilization of filler nanoparticles in polymer matrix. Due to the limited range of hydrophilic polymers capable of forming composites with nanoparticles without stabilizers, the main approaches to the preparation of hybrid composites are using modifying additives of surfactants, as well as complex chemical reactions on the surface of inorganic filler nanoparticles. Such methods of obtaining nanocomposites with nanoparticles are laborious and involve formation of by-products and additional purification. It is shown that titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are of great interest among a large number of nanodispersed fillers of polymer matrices in preparing composite materials. There are many methods for synthesis of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles with various shapes and sizes, including laser ablation method, which is convenient and universal method for preparing nanosuspensions of solid-phase materials in liquid. Advantages over other methods for nanoparticle synthesis, such as the simplicity of method, environmental friendliness, low cost, and the ability to obtain cleaner colloidal solutions without using surfactants and other impurities, have made laser ablation in a liquid medium very popular among researchers.
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Vázquez-López, Antonio, Marina García-Carrión, Erlend Hall, Anisa Yaseen, Ilknur Kalafat, María Taeño, Junjie Zhu, et al. "Hybrid Materials and Nanoparticles for Hybrid Silicon Solar Cells and Li-Ion Batteries." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 03, no. 02 (November 9, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2102020.
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Hybrid composites based on inorganic nanomaterials embedded into a polymer matrix have were synthesized and characterized. Oxide semiconductor nanoparticles (SnO, SnO2, TiO2, Ga2O3, and NiO) and Si nanoparticles were employed as inorganic counterparts in the hybrid composite, while a conductive polymer (PEDOT:PSS) with diverse additives was used as the organic matrix. The composites were spin-coated on Si or glass substrates. The potential use of these materials in photovoltaic devices to improve Si surface passivation behavior was investigated. Besides, the use of the nanoparticles as active materials for anodes in Li-ion batteries was evaluated. Some other aspects, such as the durability and stability of these materials, were also assessed.
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Dhapte, Vividha, Shivajirao Kadam, Varsha Pokharkar, Pawan K. Khanna, and Vishwas Dhapte. "Versatile SiO2 Nanoparticles@Polymer Composites with Pragmatic Properties." ISRN Inorganic Chemistry 2014 (January 29, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/170919.
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In the present work, we report the fabrication of silica nanoparticles embedded polymeric (SiO2 nanoparticles@polymer) composite films for numerous traits like texture, folding endurance, crystallinity, size, thermal behavior, spectral analysis, and bioactivity. Significant facets of bulky, inert, inorganic materials are known to burgeon out due to the high surface area of nanosized particles. Nature and proportion of silica nanoparticles as well as polymers exhibited remarkable impact on the fabrication and quality of casted films. Hydrophilic silica nanoparticulate-PVA films depicted better mechanical properties like thermal plus photo stability. Hydrophobic silica nanoparticulate-PMMA films showed qualities of a robust, active, thermostable, antimicrobial material that could resist extreme storage and processing conditions. Overall, these metal oxide nanoparticle-polymer composite films possess qualities reflecting their potential in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry.
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Weinberger, Christian, Dirk Kuckling, and Michael Tiemann. "Hydrogels as Porogens for Nanoporous Inorganic Materials." Gels 4, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels4040083.
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Organic polymer-hydrogels are known to be capable of directing the nucleation and growth of inorganic materials, such as silica, metal oxides, apatite or metal chalcogenides. This approach can be exploited in the synthesis of materials that exhibit defined nanoporosity. When the organic polymer-based hydrogel is incorporated in the inorganic product, a composite is formed from which the organic component may be selectively removed, yielding nanopores in the inorganic product. Such porogenic impact resembles the concept of using soft or hard templates for porous materials. This micro-review provides a survey of select examples from the literature.
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Sharma, Shubham, P. Sudhakara, Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran, Jujhar Singh, and R. A. Ilyas. "Recent Trends and Developments in Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Multifunctional Applications." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 2898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172898.
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Electrically-conducting polymers (CPs) were first developed as a revolutionary class of organic compounds that possess optical and electrical properties comparable to that of metals as well as inorganic semiconductors and display the commendable properties correlated with traditional polymers, like the ease of manufacture along with resilience in processing. Polymer nanocomposites are designed and manufactured to ensure excellent promising properties for anti-static (electrically conducting), anti-corrosion, actuators, sensors, shape memory alloys, biomedical, flexible electronics, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs, and adhesive applications with desired-appealing and cost-effective, functional surface coatings. The distinctive properties of nanocomposite materials involve significantly improved mechanical characteristics, barrier-properties, weight-reduction, and increased, long-lasting performance in terms of heat, wear, and scratch-resistant. Constraint in availability of power due to continuous depletion in the reservoirs of fossil fuels has affected the performance and functioning of electronic and energy storage appliances. For such reasons, efforts to modify the performance of such appliances are under way through blending design engineering with organic electronics. Unlike conventional inorganic semiconductors, organic electronic materials are developed from conducting polymers (CPs), dyes and charge transfer complexes. However, the conductive polymers are perhaps more bio-compatible rather than conventional metals or semi-conductive materials. Such characteristics make it more fascinating for bio-engineering investigators to conduct research on polymers possessing antistatic properties for various applications. An extensive overview of different techniques of synthesis and the applications of polymer bio-nanocomposites in various fields of sensors, actuators, shape memory polymers, flexible electronics, optical limiting, electrical properties (batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs), corrosion-protection and biomedical application are well-summarized from the findings all across the world in more than 150 references, exclusively from the past four years. This paper also presents recent advancements in composites of rare-earth oxides based on conducting polymer composites. Across a variety of biological and medical applications, the fact that numerous tissues were receptive to electric fields and stimuli made CPs more enticing.
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Prathap, Murali, Kulasekaran Poonkuzhali, Maria Mahimai Berlina, Pushparaj Hemalatha, and Deivanayagam Paradesi. "Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/zinc cobalt oxide composite membranes for fuel cell applications." High Performance Polymers 32, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 984–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008320922296.
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A new series of polymer composite membranes was fabricated using a linear sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) polymer with zinc cobalt oxide (ZCO) as an inorganic filler and evaluated for fuel cell applications. SPEEK was obtained by the direct sulfonation of PEEK using concentrated sulfuric acid, and appropriate quantities of ZCO were loaded into it to yield the polymer composites. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed the degree of sulfonation of SPEEK to be 55%, while morphological studies confirmed the successful incorporation of inorganic fillers into the polymer matrix. To evaluate the suitability of the prepared composite membranes for fuel cell applications, their physicochemical properties were studied in detail. The pristine SPEEK membrane exhibited a proton conductivity of 0.009 S cm−1 at 30°C, whereas the values for the composite membranes loaded with 2.5 to 10 wt% of ZCO were in the range 0.012–0.020 S cm−1. Moreover, the composite membranes showed excellent thermal stability up to 370°C. Indeed, the membranes obtained by the incorporation of ZCO into the SPEEK polymer show potential for fuel cell applications.
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Zharkova, G. M., K. V. Zobov, N. A. Romanov, V. V. Syzrantsev, and S. P. Bardakhanov. "Polymer-liquid crystal composites doped by inorganic oxide nanopowders." Nanotechnologies in Russia 10, no. 5-6 (May 2015): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995078015030210.
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Ruyter, I. E. "Physical and Chemical Aspects Related to Substances Released from Polymer Materials in an Aqueous Environment." Advances in Dental Research 9, no. 4 (December 1995): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374950090040101.
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Exposure to an aqueous environment will change the physical properties of polymer materials with time. Due to water absorption, surface hardness is reduced and mechanical properties are adversely affected. The composition of polymer dental materials varies greatly. The organic substances are represented by monomers, oligomers, polymers, initiators, activators, inhibitors, anti-oxidants, UV stabilizers, plasticizers, fluorescent compounds, and other additives. The inorganic substances are represented by oxides and glasses (fillers and pigments) of various composition. Both organic and inorganic substances are released into water from composite materials. Combined-HPLC/UVspectroscopy analysis of an aqueous extract from a composite filling material demonstrates that the eluate contains several components. Several inorganic metal-ions released into aqueous solutions have been identified. Only a few of the released organic substances have been identified. Several investigators have determined the quantity of residual monomers in the polymerized materials, and the decrease of such residual monomers with time. Exposure to water, or aqueous salivary enzyme solutions, results in release of degradation products, such as formaldehyde, methacrylic acid, and others.
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Xie, Jiliang. "Application of Graphene Oxide–Natural Polymer Composite Adsorption Materials in Water Treatment." Symmetry 15, no. 9 (August 31, 2023): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15091678.
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Graphene is a new type of carbon material with excellent properties that has been developed in recent years. Graphene composites have potential application value in solving the problem of water pollution. In this study, we investigated the properties and performance of graphene composites prepared through polymer modification and inorganic particle doping modification. Our research focused on the composites’ ability to adsorb heavy metal ions and degrade organic compounds through photocatalysis. In this study, we prepared graphene oxide (GO) first and then grafted p-phenylenediamine onto its surface. The process was successful and yielded promising results. The aniline grafted onto the graphene oxide surface was used as anchor point for the in situ redox polymerization of aniline, and a polyaniline macromolecular chain was grafted onto the edge of graphene oxide. The structure of the composite was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption performance of Pb+ on GO-PANI composite was studied. The maximum adsorption capacity of the GO-PANI composite for Pb+ is 1416 mg/g, 2.3 times that of PANI. Graphene/polyaniline composites can be used as an excellent adsorbent for Pb2+ heavy metal ions and have great application prospects in heavy metal wastewater treatment.
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Singh, Devendra Kumar, and Rajesh Kumar Verma. "A critical review on ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for prosthesis and implant functions." E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901018.
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Polymer composites benefit joint prostheses and implants in biomaterials due to their high strength, reliability, and elasticity modules. The addition of nanoparticles into the polymer-based matrix has effectively demonstrated up-grading wear resistance and implant strength improvement. Therefore, due to the elevated surface area and immense properties, considerable attention has been paid to research in integrating nanoparticles for a wide variety of functions. The UHMWPE is extensively used to develop prosthesis and orthopedic operations due to exceptional mechanical and biocompatible features. The various research studies revealed the fabrication of bio nanocomposites with the polymer matrix possesses superior biocompatibility and durability. This paper presents a critical review of UHMWPE for the latest advancement in polymeric implants by adding different nanoparticles. Another exciting aspect of the proposed work is the addition of different organic (carbon, polymeric) and inorganic (metallic and metal oxides) nanoparticles to develop bio-nano composites. An effort has been made to highlight the exceptional features of modified UHMWPE by supplementing nanofillers for biomedical functions.
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Danchenko, Yuliya, Vladimir Andronov, Tatyana Obizhenko, Anatoliy Kosse, and Igor Khmyrov. "The Influence of Inorganic Fillers on the Protective Properties of Epoxy Polymer Composite Materials." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.3 (September 15, 2018): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19804.
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The influence of regularities of the chemical-mineralogical nature, the dispersity, and the surface properties of inorganic fillers on the protective properties of epoxy polymer composite materials have been investigated. Polymeric compositions based on epoxy resin of ED-20 brand and aliphatic amine curing agent of diethylenetriamine of DETA brand have been chosen as the research materials. The fillers were the air-dry dispersed materials of different nature: oxide, clay and quartz. The resistance of the composites to water and aqueous solutions (absorbency) was investigated by dipping the samples into an aggressive aqueous medium. For the received samples of the filled composites, thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method were used using the SDT Q600 device manufactured by TA Instruments (USA). It has been found that the thermal stability and the absorbing capacity of the filled composites in water and aqueous acidic and alkaline mediums correlate with each other. It has been shown that to obtain materials with improved protective characteristics, it is necessary to use oxide or clay fillers with the basic (alkaline) surface function.
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Hyvärinen, Marko, Svetlana Butylina, and Timo Kärki. "Accelerated and Natural Weathering of Wood-Polypropylene Composites Containing Pigments." Advanced Materials Research 1077 (December 2014): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1077.139.
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In general, wood-polymer composites are vulnerable to weathering factors such as UV radiation, moisture, freeze-thaw action. Weathering can cause discoloration, chalking, dimensional change, and loss of mechanical properties of wood-polymer composites. This comparative study was focused on weatherability of wood–polypropylene composites made with and without pigments. Two types of inorganic pigments were applied: carbon black master-batch and synthetic iron oxide. Wood-polypropylene composite made without pigment was used as a reference. Also, composites prepared with addition of wollastonite were tested. The composite samples were exposed to outdoor weathering and in a parallel the accelerated UV weathering was conducted in xenon weathering chamber for the 2000 hours. The colour change was estimated by spectrophotometric method, and the change of Charpy impact strength after weathering was determined. The surface morphology was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of pigments decreased the lightness of non-weathered composites. The change of lightness and total colour change of weathered composites were affected a lot by type of pigment and method of weathering. As, expected wood-polypropylene composite made with carbon black showed the best results in colour stability of composites exposed to weathering. SEM showed that accelerated weathering in the xenon chamber caused more significant changes in the morphology of the polymer surface layer of the composites than outdoor weathering. Charpy impact strength of all studied composites was found to retain after 2000 hours of outdoor weathering, although accelerated weathering caused significant reduction of Charpy impact strength of these composites.
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Berman, Diana, Yuchen Sha, and Elena V. Shevchenko. "Effect of Polymer Removal on the Morphology and Phase of the Nanoparticles in All-Inorganic Heterostructures Synthesized via Two-Step Polymer Infiltration." Molecules 26, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030679.
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Polymer templates play an essential role in the robust infiltration-based synthesis of functional multicomponent heterostructures with controlled structure, porosity, and composition. Such heterostructures are be used as hybrid organic–inorganic composites or as all-inorganic systems once the polymer templates are removed. Using iron oxide/alumina heterostructures formed by two-step infiltration of polystyrene-block-polyvinyl pyridine block copolymer with iron and aluminum precursors from the solution and vapor-phases, respectively, we show that the phase and morphology of iron oxide nanoparticles dramatically depend on the approach used to remove the polymer. We demonstrate that thermal and plasma oxidative treatments result in iron oxide nanoparticles with either solid or hollow morphologies, respectively, that lead to different magnetic properties of the resulting materials. Our study extends the boundaries of structure manipulations in multicomponent heterostructures synthesized using polymer infiltration synthesis, and hence their properties.
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Boyano, Iker, Aroa R. Mainar, J. Alberto Blázquez, Andriy Kvasha, Miguel Bengoechea, Iratxe de Meatza, Susana García-Martín, Alejandro Varez, Jesus Sanz, and Flaviano García-Alvarado. "Reduction of Grain Boundary Resistance of La0.5Li0.5TiO3 by the Addition of Organic Polymers." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010061.
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The organic solvents that are widely used as electrolytes in lithium ion batteries present safety challenges due to their volatile and flammable nature. The replacement of liquid organic electrolytes by non-volatile and intrinsically safe ceramic solid electrolytes is an effective approach to address the safety issue. However, the high total resistance (bulk and grain boundary) of such compounds, especially at low temperatures, makes those solid electrolyte systems unpractical for many applications where high power and low temperature performance are required. The addition of small quantities of a polymer is an efficient and low cost approach to reduce the grain boundary resistance of inorganic solid electrolytes. Therefore, in this work, we study the ionic conductivity of different composites based on non-sintered lithium lanthanum titanium oxide (La0.5Li0.5TiO3) as inorganic ceramic material and organic polymers with different characteristics, added in low percentage (<15 wt.%). The proposed cheap composite solid electrolytes double the ionic conductivity of the less cost-effective sintered La0.5Li0.5TiO3.
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Oliveira, Lídia Resende, Eduardo José Nassar, Hernane da Silva Barud, Jhonatan Miguel Silva, and Lucas Alonso Rocha. "Polymer and biopolymer organic-inorganic composites containing mixed oxides for application in energy up- and down-conversion." Optical Materials 134 (December 2022): 113189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.113189.
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Korzekwa, Joanna, Elżbieta Bociąga, and Dariusz Bochenek. "Investigation of Selected Polymer Composite-Aluminum Oxide Coating Tribological Systems." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 5491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235491.
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The tribotesting of friction systems requires discussion on proper selection of its conditions and data presentation. System tribology is based, for example, on analysis of the friction contact, the roughness of the cooperating surfaces, and the wear rate of the rubbing elements or coefficient of friction in relation to the sliding distance. Friction pairs, consisting of an aluminum alloy sample with an oxide layer (Al2O3) with and without the addition of inorganic fullerenes like tungsten disulphide (IF-WS2) nanoparticles on its surface cooperating with a counter-sample made of polymer composites prepared on the basis of phenol-formaldehyde resin with different fillers, were tested using a device with a pin-on-plate friction pair system. The results of the experiments showed sufficient durability of the Al2O3 and Al2O3/IF-WS2 oxide coatings in combination with the polymer composite. It was found that resin fillers such as cotton fibers, jute fibers, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) or graphite (C) influence the friction behavior of the tribological pairs. Although the values of the coefficient of friction obtained in the tests were quite high, their course during the tests ensured stable cooperation of the aluminum coating/polymer composite friction pair on a 15 km distance, under a load of 0.5 MPa. The lowest coefficients of friction were obtained for oxide layers formed on aluminum combined with a polymer composite filled with cotton fibers and graphite. These studies provide information on the tribological properties of commercially available polymer composites cooperating with the produced oxide coatings, supplementing the available literature with the results of research on new, so far unexplored tribological partners. Microscopic investigation of the structure and morphology of the formed surface oxide layers and also microgeometry studies of both the friction elements were used to better understand the obtained research results.
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Bouzat, Fabien, Romain Lucas, Yann Leconte, Sylvie Foucaud, Yves Champavier, Cristina Coelho Diogo, and Florence Babonneau. "Formation of ZrC–SiC Composites from the Molecular Scale through the Synthesis of Multielement Polymers." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 3901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143901.
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In the field of non-oxide ceramic composites, and by using the polymer-derived ceramic route, understanding the relationship between the thermal behaviour of the preceramic polymers and their structure, leading to the mechanisms involved, is crucial. To investigate the role of Zr on the fabrication of ZrC–SiC composites, linear or hyperbranched polycarbosilanes and polyzirconocarbosilanes were synthesised through either “click-chemistry” or hydrosilylation reactions. Then, the thermal behaviours of these polymeric structures were considered, notably to understand the impact of Zr on the thermal path going to the composites. The inorganic materials were characterised by thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To link the macromolecular structure to the organisation involved during the ceramisation process, eight temperature domains were highlighted on the TG analyses, and a four-step mechanism was proposed for the polymers synthesised by a hydrosilylation reaction, as they displayed better ceramic yields. Globally, the introduction of Zr in the polymer had several effects on the temperature fragmentation mechanisms of the organometallic polymeric structures: (i) instead of stepwise mass losses, continuous fragment release prevailed; (ii) the stability of preceramic polymers was impacted, with relatively good ceramic yields; (iii) it modulated the chemical composition of the generated composites as it led, inter alia, to the consumption of free carbon.
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Lin, Hao, Yao Xiao, Aixia Geng, Huiting Bi, Xiao Xu, Xuelian Xu, and Junjiang Zhu. "Research Progress on Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Metal Oxide Composites: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 12979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232112979.
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Although graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been reported for several decades, it is still an active material at the present time owing to its amazing properties exhibited in many applications, including photocatalysis. With the rapid development of characterization techniques, in-depth exploration has been conducted to reveal and utilize the natural properties of g-C3N4 through modifications. Among these, the assembly of g-C3N4 with metal oxides is an effective strategy which can not only improve electron–hole separation efficiency by forming a polymer–inorganic heterojunction, but also compensate for the redox capabilities of g-C3N4 owing to the varied oxidation states of metal ions, enhancing its photocatalytic performance. Herein, we summarized the research progress on the synthesis of g-C3N4 and its coupling with single- or multiple-metal oxides, and its photocatalytic applications in energy production and environmental protection, including the splitting of water to hydrogen, the reduction of CO2 to valuable fuels, the degradation of organic pollutants and the disinfection of bacteria. At the end, challenges and prospects in the synthesis and photocatalytic application of g-C3N4-based composites are proposed and an outlook is given.
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Liang, Xinghua, Xingtao Jiang, Linxiao Lan, Shuaibo Zeng, Meihong Huang, and Dongxue Huang. "Preparation and Study of a Simple Three-Matrix Solid Electrolyte Membrane in Air." Nanomaterials 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 3069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12173069.
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Solid-state lithium batteries have attracted much attention due to their special properties of high safety and high energy density. Among them, the polymer electrolyte membrane with high ionic conductivity and a wide electrochemical window is a key part to achieve stable cycling of solid-state batteries. However, the low ionic conductivity and the high interfacial resistance limit its practical application. This work deals with the preparation of a composite solid electrolyte with high mechanical flexibility and non-flammability. Firstly, the crystallinity of the polymer is reduced, and the fluidity of Li+ between the polymer segments is improved by tertiary polymer polymerization. Then, lithium salt is added to form a solpolymer solution to provide Li+ and anion and then an inorganic solid electrolyte is added. As a result, the composite solid electrolyte has a Li+ conductivity (3.18 × 10−4 mS cm−1). The (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4)LNMO/SPLL (PES-PVC-PVDF-LiBF4-LAZTP)/Li battery has a capacity retention rate of 98.4% after 100 cycles, which is much higher than that without inorganic oxides. This research provides an important reference for developing all-solid-state batteries in the greenhouse.
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Dziuba, Kamil, Krystyna Wnuczek, Patryk Wojtachnio, Rodolphe Sonnier, and Beata Podkościelna. "New Polymer Composites with Aluminum Phosphates as Hybrid Flame Retardants." Materials 16, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010426.
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Polymeric aluminum organophosphates are a class of nanostructured aluminum-based compounds that can be considered organic and inorganic hybrid materials. Aluminum phosphates have attracted considerable interest due to their ability to enhance composite materials’ mechanical characteristics, lightweight, and thermal properties. Extensive studies have shown the potential of aluminum organophosphates as a component in the development of fire-retardant materials. Aluminum–organophosphorus hybrid (APH) materials have been prepared by reacting aluminum oxide hydroxide (boehmite) with alkyl and aryl phosphoric acids and used to prepare composites with epoxy resin. Boehmite is an aluminum oxide hydroxide (γ-AlO(OH)) mineral, a component of the aluminum ore bauxite. In this work, the composites based on epoxy resin Epidian 601 and commercial curing agent IDA were obtained. Pure boehmite and APH hybrids were added as flame retardants. FTIR and TGA analysis showed that obtained APH possesses a hybrid structure, high thermostability, and various morphologies. These new APH were incorporated into epoxy resin. The infrared spectroscopy confirmed the structure of hybrids and composites. Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and cone calorimeter analyses were performed to assess the flame retardant properties of the composites. The results showed that the incorporation of 17 wt% APH allows a reduction of heat release rate but to a limited extent in comparison to pure boehmite, which is due to the different decomposition mechanisms of both boehmite and hybrids. The cone calorimetry test showed that residue contents correspond quite well to the mineral fraction from boehmite only. The hybrid APHs appear no more efficient than pure boehmite because the mineral fraction in APH is reduced while phosphate fraction cannot promote significant charring.
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Falah, Mahroo, and Kenneth J. D. MacKenzie. "Photocatalytic Nanocomposite Materials Based on Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers): A Review." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101158.
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Geopolymers are ecologically-friendly inorganic materials which can be produced at low temperatures from industrial wastes such as fly ash, blast furnace slags or mining residues. Although to date their principal applications have been seen as alternatives to Portland cement building materials, their properties make them suitable for a number of more advanced applications, including as photocatalytic nanocomposites for removal of hazardous pollutants from waste water or the atmosphere. For this purpose, they can be combined with photocatalytic moieties such as metal oxides with suitable bandgaps to couple with UV or visible radiation, or with carbon nanotubes or graphene. In these composites the geopolymers act as supports for the photoactive components, but geopolymers formed from wastes containing oxides such as Fe2O3 show intrinsic photoactive behaviour. This review discusses the structure and formation chemistry of geopolymers and the principles required for their utilisation as photocatalysts. The literature on existing photocatalytic geopolymers is reviewed, suggesting that these materials have a promising potential as inexpensive, efficient and ecologically-friendly candidates for the remediation of toxic environmental pollutants and would repay further development.
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Gandhimathi, Sivasubramanian, Hariharasubramanian Krishnan, and Deivanayagam Paradesi. "Development of proton-exchange polymer nanocomposite membranes for fuel cell applications." Polymers and Polymer Composites 28, no. 7 (November 16, 2019): 492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391119888319.
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The design and development of proton conducting polymer electrolyte membranes from a linear constituent, sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK), and inorganic additive, niobium oxide (NBO), have been achieved. The degree of sulfonation of SPEEK was measured by back titration method and found to be 57%. The physicochemical properties such as water uptake ability, ion-exchange capacity, swelling ratio, proton conductivity, and thermal stability of the prepared polymer nanocomposite membranes were studied in detail. The distribution of NBO throughout the polymer matrix has been examined by scanning electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction analyses and found to be uniform. The SP-NBO-10 composite membrane shows 38.4% of water uptake, whereas the pristine membrane limits to 27.1%. The prepared electrolyte membranes exhibit good proton conductivity at temperature varying from 30°C to 90°C and possess less activation energy for the transportation of proton by the incorporation of NBO filler. The thermal studies demonstrated that the stability of the composite membranes was significantly enhanced by the impregnation of NBO. The filler NBO shows excellent improvements on the polymer nanocomposite, making it a very promising additive for other polymers and offers new roads for energy applications.
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Jinga, Sorin-Ion, Claudiu-Constantin Costea, Andreea-Ioana Zamfirescu, Adela Banciu, Daniel-Dumitru Banciu, and Cristina Busuioc. "Composite Fiber Networks Based on Polycaprolactone and Bioactive Glass-Ceramics for Tissue Engineering Applications." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081806.
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In this work, composite fibers connected in three-dimensional porous scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning, starting from polycaprolactone and inorganic powders synthesized by the sol-gel method. The aim was to obtain materials dedicated to the field of bone regeneration, with controllable properties of bioresorbability and bioactivity. The employed powders were nanometric and of a glass-ceramic type, a fact that constitutes the premise of a potential attachment to living tissue in the physiological environment. The morphological characterization performed on the composite materials validated both the fibrous character and oxide powder distribution within the polymer matrix. Regarding the biological evaluation, the period of immersion in simulated body fluid led to the initiation of polymer degradation and a slight mineralization of the embedded particles, while the osteoblast cells cultured in the presence of these scaffolds revealed a spatial distribution at different depths and a primary networking tendency, based on the composites’ geometrical and dimensional features.
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Łach, Michał, Kinga Korniejenko, Maria Hebdowska-Krupa, and Janusz Mikuła. "The Effect of Additives on the Properties of Metakaolin and Fly Ash Based Geopolymers." MATEC Web of Conferences 163 (2018): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816306005.
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The main motivation of research work is connected with environmental issues. The production of the most important building material of the 20th century - Portland cement technology is associated with significant environmental pollution. The process requires very high temperature and it is energy consuming. During the manufacturing also takes place emission of significant amounts of carbon dioxide and highly toxic nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere These factors show that new solution in this area is required. The most promising alternative is inorganic polymer (geopolymer) technology. The main objective of the presented research work was to design a new composite for practical applications, especially in construction industry. The paper presents the results of research of geopolymer composites based on geopolymer binders made of metakaolin and fly ash with the addition of titanium oxide and aluminum-calcium cements (including mainly calcium monoglinate) in amount of 4 and 6% by weight. Research methods applied: tests for mechanical properties (compressive strength tests), scanning microscopy investigations (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results show that the addition of aluminum-calcium cements (including calcium monoglinate) significantly increases the compressive strength of geopolymers. Geopolymers based on fly ash with the addition of 6% calcium-aluminum cement with a calcium monoglinate content above 69% are characterized by compressive strength above 50 MPa, while geopolymers from metakaolin with the same additive were characterized by compressive strength above 80 MPa.
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Rybiński, Przemysław, Bartłomiej Syrek, Dariusz Bradło, Witold Żukowski, Rafał Anyszka, and Mateusz Imiela. "Influence of cenospheric fillers on the thermal properties, ceramisation and flammability of nitrile rubber composites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 20 (February 9, 2018): 2815–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318754996.
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In this paper, the influence of cenospheric fillers of different particle sizes on the thermal properties and flammability of butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber is presented. A part of fly ash cenospheres was coated with an iron and iron (III) oxide layer. A series of examinations were conducted, these took the forms of: thermal analysis; oxygen index analysis; cone calorimeter measurements; SEM; AFM. These examinations enabled the explanation of iron-based combustion inhibition processes in terms of catalysis of char formation and elastomer cross-linking. Cenospheres itself without additional coatings or fillers provide high surface for polymer chain adsorption, and hence degradation of composite is reduced. Additionally, the results of the investigation on the effectiveness of cenospheric filler usage for ceramisation are discussed. It is proven that the durable ceramic structure is formed owing to the addition of cenospheres in the presence of an inorganic flux. Thus, replacement of silica by lightweight cenospheres is possible. Cenospheres with an iron coating and in the presence of wollastonite and an inorganic flux allow obtaining the NBR composites which are non-flammable in the air atmosphere; furthermore, the ceramic layer formed during the composite combustion has advantageous mechanical properties.
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Dzyazko, Yuliya, Vladimir Zakharov, Yevhen Kolomiiets, and Kateryna Kudelko. "COMPOSITE ION-EXCHANGES FOR THE RECYCLING OF LIQUID WASTE OF DAIRY INDUSTRY." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 86, no. 5 (July 15, 2020): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.86.5.2020.38-52.
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The method of directed formation of particles of hydrated zirconium and titanium oxides into anion exchange resins has been developed. The approach based on the Ostwald-Freundlich thermodynamic equation is applied. Such approach, in particular, connects the size of particles with the solubility of the compound, volume and concentration of reagents. Less soluble zirconium dioxide is deposited as non-aggregated nanoparticles, the size of which does not exceed 10 nm. The composition of such composites is the most reproducible. In the case of more soluble titanium dioxide, aggregates of nanoparticles (up to 70 nm) are formed. When the concentration of the solution of metal salts in the polymer increases, the particles of micron size are deposited, the composition of this type of material is less reproduced. Non-aggregated nanoparticles increase the exchange capacity of the polymer. This leads to an increase in its electrical conductivity in 1.4-1.8 times. This is due to an increase in the concentration of mobile charge carriers in the polymer matrix that is caused by reducing its swelling. Other reason is a contribution of the counter-ions of the functional groups of inorganic component to ion transport. On the contrary, the aggregates of nanoparticles amplify the polymer swelling, resulting in a reduction of exchange capacity and electrical conductivity. Ion-exchangers were used for the ion exchange processing of nanofiltration permeate of milky whey, and for electromembrane desalination of protein concentrate.
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Huang, Yu-Chao, Pei-Wen Lin, Wen-Jian Qiu, and Ta-I. Yang. "AMPHIPHILIC POLYMER-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF HYDROXYAPATITE PARTICLES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE RHEOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMOSENSITIVE HYDROGELS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 28, no. 02 (April 2016): 1650013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237216500137.
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Polymeric composite materials hold promise for versatile advanced applications. Of utmost importance for these applications is incorporating inorganic particles within polymer matrices which lead to multifunctional polymeric composites with desired functions. Specifically, thermosensitive polymeric hydrogels incorporating particle fillers have elicited widespread interest because of promising applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and medical devices. Although these materials are frequently discussed in many research fields, there are no decisive conclusions reported in literature, showing how the particle filler affects the rheological and mechanical behaviors of the resulting hydrogels. In this research, hydroxyapatite (HAp) bioceramics with definable morphologies were synthesized in order to reveal their effects on the resulting properties of HAp/polymer composite hydrogels. HAp particles with spherical, sheet-like and rod-like shapes were prepared with assistance by adding amphiphilic surfactant, poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) in synthesis. Thermosensitive composite hydrogels with controllable rheological and mechanical properties were thus developed by incorporating HAp particles into poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PEG-PLGA) hydrogel. Experimental results revealed that the rheological and mechanical properties of the resultant HAp/PEG-PLGA composite hydrogel not only influenced by the added HAp particle amount, but also by the particle morphology and interactions between particles and hydrogels. The findings from this research provide a critical guideline for designing thermosensitive composite hydrogels with required rheological and mechanical properties.
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Barra, Ana, Cláudia Nunes, Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky, and Paula Ferreira. "Green Carbon Nanostructures for Functional Composite Materials." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031848.
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Carbon nanostructures are widely used as fillers to tailor the mechanical, thermal, barrier, and electrical properties of polymeric matrices employed for a wide range of applications. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), a carbon nanostructure from the graphene derivatives family, has been incorporated in composite materials due to its remarkable electrical conductivity, mechanical strength capacity, and low cost. Graphene oxide (GO) is typically synthesized by the improved Hummers’ method and then chemically reduced to obtain rGO. However, the chemical reduction commonly uses toxic reducing agents, such as hydrazine, being environmentally unfriendly and limiting the final application of composites. Therefore, green chemical reducing agents and synthesis methods of carbon nanostructures should be employed. This paper reviews the state of the art regarding the green chemical reduction of graphene oxide reported in the last 3 years. Moreover, alternative graphitic nanostructures, such as carbons derived from biomass and carbon nanostructures supported on clays, are pointed as eco-friendly and sustainable carbonaceous additives to engineering polymer properties in composites. Finally, the application of these carbon nanostructures in polymer composites is briefly overviewed.
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Meng, Lingyao, Hongyou Fan, J. Matthew D. Lane, and Yang Qin. "Bottom-Up Approaches for Precisely Nanostructuring Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Multi-Component Composites for Organic Photovoltaics." MRS Advances 5, no. 40-41 (2020): 2055–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.196.
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Abstract:Achieving control over the morphology of conjugated polymer (CP) blends at nanoscale is crucial for enhancing their performances in diverse organic optoelectronic devices, including thin film transistors, photovoltaics, and light emitting diodes. However, the complex CP chemical structures and intramolecular interactions often make such control difficult to implement. We demonstrate here that cooperative combination of non-covalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, coordination interactions, and π-π interactions, etc., can be used to effectively define the morphology of CP blend films, in particular being able to achieve accurate spatial arrangement of nanoparticles within CP nanostructures. Through UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we show strong attachment of fullerene molecules, CdSe quantum dots, and iron oxide nanoparticles, onto well-defined CP nanofibers. The resulting core/shell hybrid nanofibers exhibit well-defined donor/acceptor interface when employed in photovoltaic devices, which also contributes to enhanced charge separation and transport. These findings provide a facile new methodology of improving CP/nanoparticle interfacial properties and controlling blend morphology. The generality of this methodology demonstrated in current studies points to a new way of designing hybrid materials based on organic polymers and inorganic nanoparticles towards applications in modern electronic devices.
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Caldera, Fabrizio, Roberto Nisticò, Giuliana Magnacca, Adrián Matencio, Yousef Khazaei Monfared, and Francesco Trotta. "Magnetic Composites of Dextrin-Based Carbonate Nanosponges and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Potential Application in Targeted Drug Delivery." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050754.
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Magnetically driven nanosponges with potential application as targeted drug delivery systems were prepared via the addition of magnetite nanoparticles to the synthesis of cyclodextrin and maltodextrin polymers crosslinked with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole. The magnetic nanoparticles were obtained separately via a coprecipitation mechanism involving inorganic iron salts in an alkaline environment. Four composite nanosponges were prepared by varying the content of magnetic nanoparticles (5 wt% and 10 wt%) in the cyclodextrin- and maltodextrin-based polymer matrix. The magnetic nanosponges were then characterised by FTIR, TGA, XRD, FESEM, and HRTEM analysis. The magnetic properties of the nanosponges were investigated via magnetisation curves collected at RT. Finally, the magnetic nanosponges were loaded with doxorubicin and tested as a drug delivery system. The nanosponges exhibited a loading capacity of approximately 3 wt%. Doxorubicin was released by the loaded nanosponges with sustained kinetics over a prolonged period of time.
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SAKAI, Etsuo, Akira KAWAKAMI, Hiroaki HAMAMOTO, Susumu HONDA, Akinori ITOH, and Masaki DAIMON. "Influence of Various Types of Inorganic Salts on Dispersion Mechanisms of Comb-Type Polymer Containing Grafted Polyethylene Oxides Chains." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 108, no. 1262 (2000): 904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.108.1262_904.
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Jinga, Zamfirescu, Voicu, Enculescu, Evanghelidis, and Busuioc. "PCL-ZnO/TiO2/HAp Electrospun Composite Fibers with Applications in Tissue Engineering." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111793.
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The main objective of the tissue engineering field is to regenerate the damaged parts of the body by developing biological substitutes that maintain, restore, or improve original tissue function. In this context, by using the electrospinning technique, composite scaffolds based on polycaprolactone (PCL) and inorganic powders were successfully obtained, namely: zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and hydroxyapatite (HAp). The novelty of this approach consists in the production of fibrous membranes based on a biodegradable polymer and loaded with different types of mineral powders, each of them having a particular function in the resulting composite. Subsequently, the precursor powders and the resulting composite materials were characterized by the structural and morphological point of view in order to determine their applicability in the field of bone regeneration. The biological assays demonstrated that the obtained scaffolds represent support that is accepted by the cell cultures. Through simulated body fluid immersion, the biodegradability of the composites was highlighted, with fiber fragmentation and surface degradation within the testing period.
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Lombardi, Mariangela, Paolo Fino, and Laura Montanaro. "Influence of ceramic particle features on the thermal behavior of PPO-matrix composites." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2012-0139.
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AbstractThermoplastic poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO)-matrix composites were prepared and characterized in order to evaluate the effect of different ceramic fillers on the thermal and combustion behavior of the matrix. In particular, ceramic particles having three different shapes were exploited as fillers, particles showing a platelet-like, a needle-like or an equiaxial morphology. The composite materials were produced through a melt blending method, which yielded a homogeneous distribution of the ceramic particles in the organic matrix. It was demonstrated that the presence of the inorganic particles influenced the temperature range in which the degradation processes of the polymer occurred. In addition, the three fillers modified the thermal behavior of PPO differently in terms of enthalpy. Finally, the presence of the filler induced a change in combustion behavior of the polymeric matrix; in particular, sepiolite was able to increase the charring ability of the PPO/polystyrene blend with the development of a visible carbonaceous layer.
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Vlăsceanu, George Mihail, Mariana Ioniță, Corina Cristiana Popescu, Elena Diana Giol, Irina Ionescu, Andrei-Mihai Dumitrașcu, Mădălina Floarea, et al. "Chitosan-Based Materials Featuring Multiscale Anisotropy for Wider Tissue Engineering Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 5336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105336.
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We designed graphene oxide composites with increased morphological and structural variability using fatty acid-coupled polysaccharide co-polymer as the continuous phase. The matrix was synthesized by N, O-acylation of chitosan with palmitic and lauric acid. The obtained co-polymer was crosslinked with genipin and composited with graphene oxide. FTIR spectra highlighted the modification and multi-components interaction. DLS, SEM, and contact angle tests demonstrated that the conjugation of hydrophobic molecules to chitosan increased surface roughness and hydrophilicity, since it triggered a core-shell macromolecular structuration. Nanoindentation revealed a notable durotaxis gradient due to chitosan/fatty acid self-organization and graphene sheet embedment. The composited building blocks with graphene oxide were more stable during in vitro enzymatic degradation tests and swelled less. In vitro viability, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory response tests yielded promising results, and the protein adsorption test demonstrated potential antifouling efficacy. The robust and stable substrates with heterogeneous architecture we developed show promise in biomedical applications.
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Khannanov, Artur, Anastasia Burmatova, Klara Ignatyeva, Farit Vagizov, Airat Kiiamov, Dmitrii Tayurskii, Mikhail Cherosov, Alexander Gerasimov, Evtugyn Vladimir, and Marianna Kutyreva. "Effect of the Synthetic Approach on the Formation and Magnetic Properties of Iron-Based Nanophase in Branched Polyester Polyol Matrix." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 14764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314764.
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This article shows the success of using the chemical reduction method, the polyol thermolytic process, the sonochemistry method, and the hybrid sonochemistry/polyol process method to design iron-based magnetically active composite nanomaterials in a hyperbranched polyester polyol matrix. Four samples were obtained and characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. In all cases, the hyperbranched polymer is an excellent stabilizer of the iron and iron oxides nanophase. In addition, during the thermolytic process and hybrid method, the branched polyol exhibits the properties of a good reducing agent. The use of various approaches to the synthesis of iron nanoparticles in a branched polyester polyol matrix makes it possible to control the composition, geometry, dispersity, and size of the iron-based nanophase and to create new promising materials with colloidal stability, low hemolytic activity, and good magnetic properties. The NMR relaxation method proved the possibility of using the obtained composites as tomographic probes.
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Zaharescu, Traian, Alina Dumitru, Tunde Borbath, Ioana Ionescu, Istvan Borbath, and Tiberiu Francisc Boros. "The Contribution of BaTiO3 to the Stability Improvement of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Rubber: Part II—Doped Filler." Polymers 15, no. 16 (August 17, 2023): 3441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15163441.
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The thermal and radiation stabilities of the formulations based on ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM), which contain barium titanate (BaTiO3) doped with lanthanum and cerium oxides, were investigated by chemiluminescence and mechanical testing. The contributions of these doped fillers are related to the surface interaction between the structural defects (doping atoms, i.e., lanthanum and cerium) implanted in the filler lattice and the molecular fragments formed during the progress of degradation. These composite materials present extended durabilities with respect to the references; the oxidation periods are a minimum of three times longer than the corresponding times for pristine polymers. This behavior is associated with the scavenging activity of dopants. Mechanical testing has demonstrated the contributions of doped filler to the improvement of tensile strength and elongation at break by the restructuration of the polymer phase. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the densification of materials in the presence of doped barium titanates. All the investigations constitute valid proof for the qualification of BaTiO3 doped with Ce as the more efficient stabilizer compared to the same inorganic filler doped with La.
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Lee, Li-Ting, Sheng-Ping He, and Chih-Feng Huang. "Enhancement of Crystallization Behaviors in Quaternary Composites Containing Biodegradable Polymer by Supramolecular Inclusion Complex." Crystals 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2020): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10121137.
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Novel multi-component composites composed of the biodegradable polymer poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA), the water-soluble polymer poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), and a supramolecular-like inclusion complex (IC) made by α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) (coded as PCL–CD–IC) are discussed in this work. The PCL–CD–IC was used to increase the crystallization rate of the miscible PEA/PEO/PVAc ternary blend that crystalized slower than neat PEA. Higher resolution SEM and TEM images displayed that PCL–CD–IC did not assemble notably in the quaternary composites. For the results of isothermal crystallization, the analysis of the Avrami equation demonstrated that the rate constant k increased with the addition of PCL–CD–IC in the composites, suggesting that PCL–CD–IC provided more nucleation sites to promote the crystallization rate. The nucleation density increased with the addition of PCL–CD–IC, and the amount of spherulite also increased. Wide angle X-ray results showed that the composites displayed similar diffraction patterns to neat PEA, meaning PEO, PVAc, and PCL–CD–IC would not change the crystal structures of PEA in the composites. The PCL–CD–IC, the supramolecular nucleation agent, demonstrated its superior ability to enhance the multi-component composites of biodegradable polymer in this study.
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Pereira, Michel F. G., Mayane M. Nascimento, Pedro Henrique N. Cardoso, Carlos Yure B. Oliveira, Ginetton F. Tavares, and Evando S. Araújo. "Preparation, Microstructural Characterization and Photocatalysis Tests of V5+-Doped TiO2/WO3 Nanocomposites Supported on Electrospun Membranes." Inorganics 10, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10090143.
Full textAbstract:
Metal oxide nanocomposites (MON) have gained significant attention in the literature for the possibility of improving the optical and electronic properties of the hybrid material, compared to its pristine constituent oxides. These superior properties have been observed for TiO2 — based MON, which exhibit improved structural stability and photoactivity in environmental decontamination processes. In addition, the use of polymer membrane-supported MON is preferable to prevent further aggregation of particles, increase the surface area of the semiconductor in contact with the contaminant, and enable material reuse without considerable efficiency loss. In this work, V5+-doped TiO2/WO3 MON nanostructures were prepared by the sintering process at 500 °C and supported in electrospun fiber membranes for application as photocatalyst devices. Microstructural characterization of the samples was performed by XRD, SEM, EDS, Raman, and DSC techniques. The reflectance spectra showed that the bandgap of the MON was progressively decreased (3.20 to 2.11 eV) with the V5+ ions doping level increase. The fiber-supported MON showed photoactivity for rhodamine B dye degradation using visible light. In addition, the highest photodegradation efficiency was noted for the systems with 5 wt% vanadium oxide dispersed in the fibers (92% dye degradation in 120 min of exposure to the light source), with recyclability of the composite material for use in new photocatalysis cycles. The best results are directly related to the microstructure, lower bandgap and aggregation of metal oxide nanocomposite in the electrospun membrane, compared to the support-free MON.
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Siekierski, Maciej, Maja Mroczkowska-Szerszeń, Rafał Letmanowski, Dariusz Zabost, Michał Piszcz, Lidia Dudek, Michał M. Struzik, Magdalena Winkowska-Struzik, Renata Cicha-Szot, and Magdalena Dudek. "Ionic Transport Properties of P2O5-SiO2 Glassy Protonic Composites Doped with Polymer and Inorganic Titanium-based Fillers." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13133004.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is focused on the determination of the physicochemical properties of a composite inorganic–organic modified membrane. The electrical conductivity of a family of glassy protonic electrolytes defined by the general formula (P2O5)x(SiO2)y, where x/y is 3/7 are studied by Alternating Current electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (AC EIS) method. The reference glass was doped with polymeric additives—poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and additionally with a titanium-oxide-based filler. Special attention was paid to determination of the transport properties of the materials thus modified in relation to the charge transfer phenomena occurring within them. The electrical conductivities of the ‘dry’ material ranged from 10−4 to 10−9 S/cm, whereas for ‘wet’ samples the values were ~10−3 S/cm. The additives also modified the pore space of the samples. The pore distribution and specific surface of the modified glassy systems exhibited variation with changes in electrolyte chemical composition. The mechanical properties of the samples were also examined. The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio were determined by the continuous wave technique (CWT). Based on analysis of the dispersion of the dielectric losses, it was found that the composite samples exhibit mixed-type proton mobility with contributions related to both the bulk of the material and the surface of the pore space.