Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer blends'
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1
Cavanaugh, T. J., K. Buttle, J. N. Turner, and E. B. Nauman. "The study of multiphase polymer-blend morphologies by HVEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100163368.
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Multiphase polymer blends are important in the polymer industry. Most commercial blends consist of two main polymers combined with a third, compatibilizing polymer, typically a graft or block copolymer. The most common examples are those involving the impact modification of a brittle thermoplastic by the microdispersion of a rubber into the matrix. Recently, a model of ternary polymer blends has provided a wealth of morphologies for examination. Even though this model can give an excellent basis for the design of a polymer blend, experimental verification is necessary. A correlation of blend properties such as impact strength with blend morphology must also be made. The focus is to confirm the predicted morphologies in binary and ternary blends using HVEM.The polymer blends were produced by compositional quenching. In this process, the polymers were dissolved in a solvent. The solution was pumped through a heat exchanger and then flashed across a needle valve to remove the solvent.
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Sadhukhan, P. "Identification of polymer phases in elastomer blends." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100122368.
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Elastomers are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers. They are generally blended to produce rubbers with certain “designing properties” Shaffer, et al., 1985), including high resilience, tensile strength and elongation, resistance to tear, flexing, freezing and abrasion and low permanent set. The analytical procedures used for the identification and characterization of these polymer blends range from a simple color or flame test to more sophisticated technique like electron microscopy. Over the years, transmission electron microscopy has become the principal technique of direct visualization and subsequent characterization of phase separation and domains in polymer blends. The standard specimen preparation has been to perform cryo-ultramicrotomy on solid blend materials at liquid nitrogen temperature (Andrews et al., 1967) followed by staining with osmium tetroxide (Kato, 1966) to enhance differential contrast between the polymers in these blends. Without prior knowledge of the chemistry between the polymers and osmium, it is difficult to identify them under the TEM.
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Sweah, Zainab J., Fatima hameed Malik, and Alyaa Abdul Karem. "Electrical Properties of Preparing Biodegradable Polymer Blends of PVA/Starch Doping with Rhodamine –B." Baghdad Science Journal 18, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 0097. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.1.0097.
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This research focuses on the characteristics of polyvinyl alcohol and starch polymer blends doping with Rhodamine-B. The polymer blends were prepared using the solution cast method, which comprises 1:1(wt. /wt.). The polymer blends of PVA and starch with had different ratios of glycerin 0, 25, 30, 35, and 40 % wt. The ratio of 30% wt of glycerin was found to be the most suitable mechanical properties by strength and elasticity. The polymer blend of 1:1 wt ratios of starch/PVA and 30% wt of glycerin were doped with different ratios of Rhoda mine-B dye 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6% wt and the electrical properties of doping biodegradable blends were studied. The ratio of Rhodamine-B 5% wt to the polymer blends showed high conductivity up to 1×10-3. In general, the electrical conductivity was increased with high temperature, which is similar to the behavior of semi-conductive polymers. This work focuses on the characteristics of polymer blend based on starch and polyvinyl alcohol doping with Rhodamine-B. the polymer blends were prepared using the solution cast method, which comprising 1:1(wt./wt.). ratio starch and polyvinyl alcohol and different ratio of glycerin (0, 25, 30, 35,and 40) %. The ratio of 30% of glycerin was found to be the most suitable mechanical properties. The polymer blend of 1:1 starch/PVA and 30%of glycerin were doped with different ratio of Rhoda mine-B dye (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%) and the electrical properties of doping biodegradable blends were studied. The ratio of Rhodamine-B 5% to the polymer blends was high conductivity up to 1×10-3. In general, the electrical conductivity was increased with high temperature this is similar to the behavior of semi-conductive polymers. This work focuses on the characteristics of polymer blend based on starch and polyvinyl alcohol doping with Rhodamine-B. the polymer blends were prepared using the solution cast method, which comprising 1:1(wt./wt.). ratio starch and polyvinyl alcohol and different ratio of glycerin (0, 25, 30, 35,and 40) %. The ratio of 30% of glycerin was found to be the most suitable mechanical properties. The polymer blend of 1:1 starch/PVA and 30%of glycerin were doped with different ratio of Rhoda mine-B dye (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%) and the electrical properties of doping biodegradable blends were studied. The ratio of Rhodamine-B 5% to the polymer blends was high conductivity up to 1×10-3. In general, the electrical conductivity was increased with high temperature this is similar to the behavior of semi-conductive polymers.
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Devadas, Suchitha, Saja M. Nabat Al-Ajrash, Donald A. Klosterman, Kenya M. Crosson, Garry S. Crosson, and Erick S. Vasquez. "Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-Methyl Acrylate)/Lignin Nanofibers: Effects of Lignin Type and Total Polymer Concentration." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13070992.
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Lignin macromolecules are potential precursor materials for producing electrospun nanofibers for composite applications. However, little is known about the effect of lignin type and blend ratios with synthetic polymers. This study analyzed blends of poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) (PAN-MA) with two types of commercially available lignin, low sulfonate (LSL) and alkali, kraft lignin (AL), in DMF solvent. The electrospinning and polymer blend solution conditions were optimized to produce thermally stable, smooth lignin-based nanofibers with total polymer content of up to 20 wt % in solution and a 50/50 blend weight ratio. Microscopy studies revealed that AL blends possess good solubility, miscibility, and dispersibility compared to LSL blends. Despite the lignin content or type, rheological studies demonstrated that PAN-MA concentration in solution dictated the blend’s viscosity. Smooth electrospun nanofibers were fabricated using AL depending upon the total polymer content and blend ratio. AL’s addition to PAN-MA did not affect the glass transition or degradation temperatures of the nanofibers compared to neat PAN-MA. We confirmed the presence of each lignin type within PAN-MA nanofibers through infrared spectroscopy. PAN-MA/AL nanofibers possessed similar morphological and thermal properties as PAN-MA; thus, these lignin-based nanofibers can replace PAN in future applications, including production of carbon fibers and supercapacitors.
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Hammani, Salim, Sihem Daikhi, Mikhael Bechelany, and Ahmed Barhoum. "Role of ZnO Nanoparticles Loading in Modifying the Morphological, Optical, and Thermal Properties of Immiscible Polymer (PMMA/PEG) Blends." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 8453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238453.
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High-performance hybrid polymer blends can be prepared by blending different types of polymers to improve their properties. However, most polymer blends exhibit phase separation after blending. In this study, polymethylmethacrylate/polyethylene glycol (PMMA/PEG) polymer blends (70/30 and 30/70 w/w) were prepared by solution casting with and without ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) loading. The effect of loading ZnO nanoparticles on blend morphology, UV blocking, glass transition, melting, and crystallization were investigated. Without loading ZnO NP, the PMMA/PEG blends showed phase separation, especially the PEG-rich blend. Loading PMMA/PEG blend with ZnO NPs increased the miscibility of the blend and most of the ZnO NPs dispersed in the PEG phase. The interaction of the ZnO NPs with the blend polymers slightly decreased the intensity of infrared absorption of the functional groups. The UV-blocking properties of the blends increased by 15% and 20%, and the band gap energy values were 4.1 eV and 3.8 eV for the blends loaded with ZnO NPs with a PMMA/PEG ratio of 70/30 and 30/70, respectively. In addition, the glass transition temperature (Tg) increased by 14 °C, the crystallinity rate increased by 15%, the melting (Tm) and crystallization(Tc) temperatures increased by 2 °C and 14 °C, respectively, and the thermal stability increased by 25 °C compared to the PMMA/PEG blends without ZnO NP loading.
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Gunawardene, Oneesha H. P., Chamila Gunathilake, Sumedha M. Amaraweera, Nimasha M. L. Fernando, Darshana B. Wanninayaka, Asanga Manamperi, Asela K. Kulatunga, et al. "Compatibilization of Starch/Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Blends for Packaging Applications: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5110300.
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The health and environmental concerns of the usage of non-biodegradable plastics have driven efforts to explore replacing them with renewable polymers. Although starch is a vital renewable polymer, poor water resistivity and thermo-mechanical properties have limited its applications. Recently, starch/synthetic biodegradable polymer blends have captured greater attention to replace inert plastic materials; the question of ‘immiscibility’ arises during the blend preparation due to the mixing of hydrophilic starch with hydrophobic polymers. The immiscibility issue between starch and synthetic polymers impacts the water absorption, thermo-mechanical properties, and chemical stability demanded by various engineering applications. Numerous studies have been carried out to eliminate the immiscibility issues of the different components in the polymer blends while enhancing the thermo-mechanical properties. Incorporating compatibilizers into the blend mixtures has significantly reduced the particle sizes of the dispersed phase while improving the interfacial adhesion between the starch and synthetic biodegradable polymer, leading to fine and homogeneous structures. Thus, Significant improvements in thermo-mechanical and barrier properties and water resistance can be observed in the compatibilized blends. This review provides an extensive discussion on the compatibilization processes of starch and petroleum-based polymer blends.
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Singh, Pradeep, B. R. Venugopal, and Radha Kamalakaran. "Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy for Polymer Blends." Journal of Modern Materials 4, no. 1 (September 29, 2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/jmm.4.1.31-36.
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Physical properties of the polymer can be altered by mixing one or more polymers together also known as polymer blending. The miscibility of polymers is a key parameter in determining the properties of polymer blend. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) plays a critical role in determining the miscibility and morphology of the polymers in blend system. One of the most difficult part in polymer microscopy is the staining by heavy metals to generate contrast in CTEM. RuO4 and OsO4 are commonly used to stain the polymer materials for CTEM imaging. CTEM imaging is difficult to interpret for blends due to lack of clear distinction in contrast. Apart from having difficulty in contrast generation, staining procedures are extremely dangerous as improper handling could severely damage skin, eyes, lungs etc. We have used scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to image polymer blends without any staining processes. In current work, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)/Methacrylate Butadiene Styrene (MBS) and Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) along with filler additive were dispersed on Polycarbonate (PC) matrix and studied by STEM/HAADF (high angle annular dark field). By using HAADF, contrast was generated through molecular density difference to differentiate components in the blend.
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Ismail, Ahmad Safwan, Mohammad Jawaid, Norul Hisham Hamid, Ridwan Yahaya, and Azman Hassan. "Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Bio-Phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040773.
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Polymer blends is a well-established and suitable method to produced new polymeric materials as compared to synthesis of a new polymer. The combination of two different types of polymers will produce a new and unique material, which has the attribute of both polymers. The aim of this work is to analyze mechanical and morphological properties of bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends to find the best formulation for future study. Bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends were fabricated using the hand lay-up method at different loading of bio-phenolic (5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt%, and 25 wt%) in the epoxy matrix whereas neat bio-phenolic and epoxy samples were also fabricated for comparison. Results indicated that mechanical properties were improved for bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends compared to neat epoxy and phenolic. In addition, there is no sign of phase separation in polymer blends. The highest tensile, flexural, and impact strength was shown by P-20(biophenolic-20 wt% and Epoxy-80 wt%) whereas P-25 (biophenolic-25 wt% and Epoxy-75 wt%) has the highest tensile and flexural modulus. Based on the finding, it is concluded that P-20 shows better overall mechanical properties among the polymer blends. Based on this finding, the bio-phenolic/epoxy blend with 20 wt% will be used for further study on flax-reinforced bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends.
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Jin, Lei, Md Mahabubur Rahman, Faiz Ahmed, Taewook Ryu, Sujin Yoon, Wei Zhang, Daeho Kim, and Hohyoun Jang. "Highly Proton Conductive Sulfonyl Imide Based Polymer Blended from Poly(arylene ether sulfone) and Parmax-1200 for Fuel Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 1845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18932.
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Thermally and chemically stable, sulfonyl imide-based polymer blends have been prepared from sulfonimide poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SI-PAES) and sulfonimide Parmax-1200 (SI-Parmax-1200) using the solvent casting method. Initially, sulfonimide poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SI-PAES) polymers have typically been synthesized via direct polymerization of bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulfonyl imide (SI-DCDPS) and bis(4-fluorophenyl) sulfone (DFDPS) with bisphenol A (BPA). Subsequently, SI-Parmax-1200 has been synthesized via post-modification of the existing Parmax-1200 polymer followed by sulfonation and imidization. The SI-PAES/SI-Parmax-1200 blend membranes show high ion exchange capacity ranging from 1.65 to 1.97 meq/g, water uptake ranging from 22.8 to 65.4% and proton conductivity from 25.9 to 78.5 mS/cm. Markedly, the SI-PAES-40/SI-Parmax-1200 membrane (blended-40) exhibits the highest proton conductivity (78.5 mS/cm), which is almost similar to Nafion 117® (84.73 mS/cm). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fenton's test confirm the excellent thermal and chemical stability of the synthetic polymer blends. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study shows a distinct phase separation at the hydrophobic/hydrophilic segments, which facilitate proton conduction throughout the ionic channel of the blend polymers. Therefore, the synthetic polymer blends represent an alternative to Nafion 117® as proton exchangers for fuel cells.
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Jiang, You Qing, and Yun Bo Zhang. "Interaction and Enthalpy Recovery Behavior in Polymer Blends of Polysulfone and Carboxylated Polysulfone." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.612.
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Polymer blends of a binary system with limited miscibility are a kind of different surface structure polymer blends which main chains are same as one. The blend of polysulfone (PSf) and carboxylated polysulfone (CPSf) had been made in the solvent of dimethylacelamide (DMAc) or N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP). The chemical polysulfones containing 0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 carboxylated groups per repeat unit were mixed with Udel 300 polysulfone. The equilibrium time of two-phase polymer in solution presents their degrees of limited miscibility. The two- phase polymers could transfer as miscible blends when they had been annealed at 170 for above 6 days. Annealing of blends below the grass transition temperature(Tg) results in a decrease in enthalpy that is recovered during heating. The enthalpy recovery is visible as an endothermic peak in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) scan. The position of this peak depends on the composition of two-phase and on the structure of material itself. Two-sample cells were co-tested in same time for getting several Tg of limited miscible polymer blend and its component respectively. PSf/CPSf polymer blends in liquid-liquid phase separation and molecular weight distribution to be tested by High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The polymer blends were showing S-O-C strength absorbance between 1000-769/cm and 3300-2500/cm to be detected by Infrared Absorption Spectrum (IR) analysis. Therefore, the reaction and enthalpy of limited miscibility between two-phase of polymer blend PSf/CPSf can be described in the paper.
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Tikish, Tekalign A., Ashok Kumar, and Jung Yong Kim. "Study on the Miscibility of Polypyrrole and Polyaniline Polymer Blends." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (August 19, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3890637.
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We report on the miscibility and phase behaviour of polypyrrole-polyaniline (PPy/PANI) as a function of blend composition. The PPy/PANI blends were prepared by solution processing method, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent. Characterization of the polymer blends was carried out based on the data analysis from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PPy/PANI system was successfully formed blends in DMSO solvent. The polymer blends showed almost amorphous nature in XRD spectra because of intermolecular interaction between PPy and PANI macromolecules, which was confirmed by FT-IR data. Specifically, the DSC result for the PPY : PANI = 50 : 50 wt.% blend showed only one glass transition temperature (Tg), which indicates that the two polymers are well miscible without undergoing any phase separation.
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Wiphanurat, Chanon, Pran Hanthanon, Thiti Kaisone, Rathanawan Magaraphan, and Tarinee Nampitch. "Properties of HDPE/Biodegradable Polymer Blends Using Modified Rubber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.101.
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Biodegradable blends consisting of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(butylene adipate-coterephthalate) (PBAT) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) were blended in two proportions at PLA/PBAT/ENR ratios of 70/10/20 and 70/20/10. Then, blends these biodegradable polymers (PLA/PBAT/ENR) with HDPE at various ratios of 20/80, 10/90 and 5/95 wt%, the mechanical and morphological properties were investigated. Tensile tests of PLA/PBAT/ENR blends revealed high tensile strength and modulus but low elongation compared with HDPE. The tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength of HDPE/biodegradable polymer blends decreased with increasing biodegradable polymer contents. Morphological properties of HDPE/biodegradable polymer blends were investigated by scanning electron microscope, which showed smoother surface of HDPE/biodegradable (70/10/20) than those of (70/20/10) polymer blends according to ENR compatibilization effect.
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Ngai, K. L., and C. M. Roland. "Models for the Component Dynamics in Blends and Mixtures." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547838.
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Abstract Four models for the component dynamics in polymer blends are briefly reviewed, with an emphasis on their ability to describe anomalous segmental relaxation behavior, secondary relaxations in blends, mixtures which include small molecules, and properties in the concentration limits of probe molecules and neat polymers. While general features of the segmental dynamics of polymer blends can be accounted for by all of these models, only that of the authors addresses all these particular aspects of blend dynamics. Our conclusion is that assessment of blend dynamics models should extend beyond intuitive appeal or general properties, with due attention given to the more subtle and exceptional behaviors.
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Fanta, Gada Muleta, Pawel Jarka, Urszula Szeluga, Tomasz Tański, and Jung Yong Kim. "Phase Behavior of Amorphous/Semicrystalline Conjugated Polymer Blends." Polymers 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081726.
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We report the phase behavior of amorphous/semicrystalline conjugated polymer blends composed of low bandgap poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene) -alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) and poly{(N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)naphthalene -1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl)-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)} (P(NDI2OD-T2)). As usual in polymer blends, these two polymers are immiscible because ΔSm ≈ 0 and ΔHm > 0, leading to ΔGm > 0, in which ΔSm, ΔHm, and ΔGm are the entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy of mixing, respectively. Specifically, the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (χ) for the PCPDTBT /P(NDI2OD-T2) blend was estimated to be 1.26 at 298.15 K, indicating that the blend was immiscible. When thermally analyzed, the melting and crystallization point depression was observed with increasing PCPDTBT amounts in the blends. In the same vein, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the π-π interactions in P(NDI2OD-T2) lamellae were diminished if PCPDTBT was incorporated into the blends. Finally, the correlation of the solid-liquid phase transition and structural information for the blend system may provide insight for understanding other amorphous/semicrystalline conjugated polymers used as active layers in all-polymer solar cells, although the specific morphology of a film is largely affected by nonequilibrium kinetics.
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Chen, Xin, Qiyan Zhang, Ziyu Liu, Yifei Sun, and Q. M. Zhang. "High dielectric response in dilute nanocomposites via hierarchical tailored polymer nanostructures." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 16 (April 18, 2022): 162902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087495.
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This paper presents a hierarchically designed polymer nanocomposite approach in which nanofillers at ultralow volume loading generate large dielectric enhancement in blends of high temperature dielectric polymers with tailored nanostructures. We blend poly(1,4-phenylenen ether sulfone) (PES) with polymers, such as polyetherimide (PEI), that possess more coiled chain conformations to tailor polymer nano-morphologies. Making use of such blends as the matrix, dilute nanocomposites with 0.65 vol. % loading of alumina nanoparticles (20 nm size) generate a marked enhancement in dielectric performance, i.e., raising the dielectric constant K from PES K = 3.9 (and PEI K = 3.2) to the dilute nanocomposites K = 7.6, a much higher enhancement compared with the dilute nanocomposites employing neat polymers as the matrix. The results show that polymer blends with tailored nano-morphologies as the matrix can lead to higher dielectric enhancement in dilute nanocomposites compared with neat polymers as the matrix.
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Hanumantharao and Rao. "Multi-Functional Electrospun Nanofibers from Polymer Blends for Scaffold Tissue Engineering." Fibers 7, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7070066.
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Electrospinning and polymer blending have been the focus of research and the industry for their versatility, scalability, and potential applications across many different fields. In tissue engineering, nanofiber scaffolds composed of natural fibers, synthetic fibers, or a mixture of both have been reported. This review reports recent advances in polymer blended scaffolds for tissue engineering and the fabrication of functional scaffolds by electrospinning. A brief theory of electrospinning and the general setup as well as modifications used are presented. Polymer blends, including blends with natural polymers, synthetic polymers, mixture of natural and synthetic polymers, and nanofiller systems, are discussed in detail and reviewed.
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Brilihart, Mark V., Peggy Cebe, and Malcolm Capel. "Real-Time X-Ray Scattering of Binary Polymer Blends: Poly(Butylene Terephthalate)/Polycarbonate." Advances in X-ray Analysis 38 (1994): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800018140.
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X-ray scattering is a powerful analytical tool for evaluation of phase structure in crystallizable polymers blends. Our group has been studying crystallization kinetics and micro structure development in binary polymer blends using real-time small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Here we describe our research on blends of a crystallizable polymer, poly(burylene terephthalate), PBT, with an amorphous polymer, polycarbonate), PC. In prior studies, we used the same crystalline polymer blended with amorphous polyarylate, PAr. The PBT/PAr system was shown to be inisciblu at all compositions in the melt state. In the present case, PBT/PC blends are not believed to be miscible in the melt. This study was undertaken to determine whether the PBT crystallization kinetics were affected by the presence of low molecular weight PC. This is part of a larger study to investigate the effects of different molecular weights on partial miscibility and on structure development in binary polymer blends.
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Chopyk, N. V., V. M. Zemke, V. V. Krasinskyi, I. Gaydos, and B. V. Levytskyi. "RESEARCH OF POLYMER BLENDS PROPERTIES CONTAINING ADDITIVES OF THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURE." Chemistry, Technology and Application of Substances 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ctas2023.02.126.
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The properties of blends filled with polymers of a different structure and low molecular weight additives were analyzed. Additives selection is grounded. It was established that three- component polymer blends have a sufficient fluidity value, which ensures the ability of obtained materials to be processed. The influence of the composition and nature of the components on the physical and mechanical properties of obtained compositions was studied. The adding of mineral filler into the polymers blend helps to increase dispersion and thus expands of application of mentioned polymer owning to their possibility to be processed.
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Seo, Jae Sik, Ho Tak Jeon, and Tae Hee Han. "Rheological Investigation of Relaxation Behavior of Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Blends." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091916.
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The rheological properties of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) blends with various blend ratios are investigated at different temperatures to determine the shear dependent chain motions in a heterogeneous blend system. At low frequency levels under 0.1 rad/s, the viscosity of the material with a blend ratio of 3:7 (PC:ABS) is higher than that of pure ABS polymer. As the temperature increases, the viscosities of ABS-rich blends increase rather than decrease, whereas PC-rich blends exhibit decrease in viscosity. Results from the time sweep measurements indicate that ordered structures of PC and the formation and breakdown of internal network structures of ABS polymer occur simultaneously in the blend systems. Newly designed sequence test results show that the internal structures formed between PC and ABS polymers are dominant at low shear conditions for the blend ratio of 3:7 and effects of structural change and the presence of polybutadiene (PBD) become dominant at high shear conditions for pure ABS. The results of yield stress and relaxation time for PC/ABS blends support this phenomenon. The specimen with a blend ratio of 3:7 exhibited the highest value of yield stress at high temperature among others, which implies that the internal structure become stronger at higher temperature. The heterogeneity of ABS-rich blends increases whereas that of PC-rich blends decreases as temperature increases.
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Titone, Vincenzo, Maria Chiara Mistretta, Luigi Botta, and Francesco Paolo La Mantia. "Toward the Decarbonization of Plastic: Monopolymer Blend of Virgin and Recycled Bio-Based, Biodegradable Polymer." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 5362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245362.
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Decarbonization of plastics is based on two main pillars: bio-based polymers and recycling. Mechanical recycling of biodegradable polymers could improve the social, economic and environmental impact of the use of these materials. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate whether concentrations of the same recycled biopolymer could significantly affect the rheological and mechanical properties of biodegradable monopolymer blends. Monopolymer blends are blends made of the same polymers, virgin and recycled. A sample of commercially available biodegradable blend was reprocessed in a single-screw extruder until two extrusion cycles were completed. These samples were exposed to grinding and melt reprocessed with 75% and 90% of the same virgin polymer. The blends were characterized by tensile tests and rheological tests. The results obtained showed that while multiple extrusions affected the mechanical and rheological properties of the polymer, the concentration of the reprocessed material present in the blends only very slightly affected the properties of the virgin material. In addition, the experimentally observed trends were accurately predicted by the additive model adopted.
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Karunaweera, Chamaal, Nimanka P. Panapitiya, Samitha Panangala, Edson V. Perez, Inga H. Musselman, Kenneth J. Balkus, and John P. Ferraris. "Carbon–Carbon Composite Membranes Derived from Small-Molecule-Compatibilized Immiscible PBI/6FDA-DAM-DABA Polymer Blends." Separations 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations11040108.
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The use of immiscible polymer blends in gas separations is limited due to uncontrollable phase separation. In contrast, compatibilized immiscible polymer blends can be used as precursors with controlled morphologies that allow for a unique pore architecture. Herein, an immiscible polymer blend (1:1) comprising polybenzimidazole (PBI) and the copolyimide 6FDA-DAM:DABA [3:2], derived from reacting 4,4-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) with 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-phenylenediamine (DAM) and 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid (DABA), were combined with durene diamine as a compatibilizer. The compatibilizer helped reduce the 6FDD domain sizes from 5.6 µm down to 0.77 µm and induced a more even 6FDA distribution and the formation of continuous thin-selective PBI layers. The carbon–carbon composite membranes derived from the compatibilized immiscible polymer blends showed a 3-fold increase in both H2 permeability and H2/CO2 selectivity compared to the membranes derived from non-compatibilized polymer blends. The H2 permeability of the compatibilized immiscible polymer blends increased from 3.6 to 27 Barrer, and their H2/CO2 selectivity increased from 7.2 to 20. The graphitic domain size of the carbon–carbon composite membranes derived from the polymer blends also increased from 6.3 nm for the non-compatibilized blend to 10.0 nm for the compatibilized blend.
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Binti Joohari, Ilya, and Filippo Giustozzi. "Hybrid Polymerisation: An Exploratory Study of the Chemo-Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Hybrid-Modified Bitumen." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040945.
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In this study, the mechanical and rheological properties of hybrid polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) have been investigated. For this purpose, nine different polymers—including crumb rubber, elastomers and plastomers at varying content—were studied to evaluate their mechanical performance as single polymers, first, and as a combination of two or more polymers as a hybrid polymer blend. Subsequently, the hybrid polymer blends were added in a relatively small percentage into the base bitumen to study its influence on the rheological performance of hybrid PMB. The mechanical properties identified from the analysis of the stress-strain curve of the single polymers were the Young’s Modulus, tensile stress, and elongation at break. The chemical structure of the polymer hybrid blends was analysed using FTIR, followed by frequency sweep tests conducted using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) to determine the bitumen rheological properties. Results showed that hybrid PMB enhances the viscoelastic behaviour of bitumen at both low and high temperature compared to other PMBs only including single polymers.
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Jaaoh, Darika, Chatchai Putson, and Nantakan Muensit. "Contribution of Electrostriction in Polyurethane/Polyaniline Blends." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.697.
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In this work, we present a series of electrostrictive polymer blend that can potentially be used as actuators for a variety of applications. This polymer blend combines an electrostrictive polyurethane with a conductivity polyaniline polymer. The effect of filler content has been investigated. The structures of the blends, the electrical and mechanical properties which affect electrostrictive behavior were studied. The results showed that both dielectric constant and glass transition temperature of the blends increase with increasing polyaniline contents. Moreover, it was noted that space charges distribution and hard-segment domain formation significantly related with electrostrictive coefficient of polymer blend. Therefore, electrostriction behavior in the polymer blends has been demonstrated, and optimal microstructure for electrostriction enhancement has been identified.
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Shamsuri, Ahmad Adlie, and Siti Nurul Ain Md Jamil. "Application of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds as Compatibilizers for Polymer Blends and Polymer Composites—A Concise Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 3167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073167.
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A wide variety of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have escalated the attraction of researchers to explore the application of QACs. The compounds have frequently been synthesized through alkylation or quaternization of tertiary amines with alkyl halides. Recently, QACs have been applied to compatibilize polymer blends and polymer composites in improving their thermo-mechanical properties. This concise review concentrates on the application of two types of QACs as compatibilizers for polymer blends and polymer composites. The types of QACs that were effectively applied in the blends and composites are quaternary ammonium surfactants (QASs) and quaternary ammonium ionic liquids (QAILs). They have been chosen for the discussion because of their unique chemical structure which can interact with the polymer blend and composite components. The influence of QASs and QAILs on the thermo-mechanical properties of the polymer blends and polymer composites is also described. This review could be helpful for the polymer blend and polymer composite researchers and induce more novel ideas in this research area.
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Kausar, Ayesha. "Scientific potential of chitosan blending with different polymeric materials: A review." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 33, no. 4 (November 22, 2016): 384–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087916679691.
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Chitosan, the second most abundant natural fiber after cellulose, is a partially deacetylated polymer of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. Chitosan is nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible. It also has film-forming properties. Chitosan is blended with many polymeric materials such as: poly(methyl methacrylate), epoxy, polystyrene, polyaniline, polysulfone, and polycarbonate. Chitosan has been used as a filler as well as a fiber material in thermoplastic polymers. However, polymer/chitosan blends may show incompatibility owing to repulsion between polar chitosan functional groups and hydrophobic polymeric matrices. Other limitations associated with the using chitosan in blends are high moisture absorption, low processing temperature, low heat stability, and low flame resistance. Consequently, the fabrication techniques, miscibility, mechanical strength, morphology, and structural features of polymer/chitosan blends have been investigated. Moreover, chitosan addition as a compatibilizer in blended systems has been explored. There are many potential applications for polymer/chitosan in membrane technology, dye removal, packaging materials, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biochemical relevance.
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Silva, Jessé de Melo, Fernanda Menezes de Sousa, Tatiara Gomes de Almeida, Marcelo Augusto Gonçalves Bardi, and Laura Hecker de Carvalho. "Rheological, thermal and mechanical characterization of PBAT/PCL/Stearates blends." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): e47811326630. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26630.
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The slow degradation and the high environmental impact caused by inappropriate disposal of polymer products are the main factors prompting scientists to either substitute conventional polymers by biodegradable ones or to enhance biodegradation of short-lived polymer products, particularly those used in packaging. Polymer blends of conventional and biodegradable polymers is one of the alternative solutions found to improve mechanical properties and accelerate polymer degradation after disposal. This work investigates the effect of incorporating different metallic stearates (Zn and Mg) on the rheological, thermal and mechanical characteristics of 75PBAT/25PCL blends processed in an internal laboratory mixer. The results of torque rheometry suggest degradation during processing potentialized with the stearates incorporation, while that of DSC indicated that the crystallinity of the blends increased with the incorporation of additives. TG data showed a reduction in the thermal stability of the systems containing stearates. Incorporation of stearates resulted in strongly thermally degraded systems. Adding up to 0.25% of magnesium stearate to the blend 75PBAT/25PCL leads to a material that combines maintenance or improvement of properties combined with higher decomposition.
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Mansor, Noor Syazwani, Muhammad Safwan Hamzah, M. Kamarol, and M. Mariatti. "A Comparative Study of Dielectric Strength between SiR/EPDM and PP/EPDM Blends with Various Type of Nanofillers." Advanced Materials Research 832 (November 2013): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.832.483.
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This paper focused on studying the effect of addition of Al2O3, TiO2and BN nanofillers on dielectric strength of nanocomposite material. There are two types of polymer blends used in this project which are silicone rubber/EPDM and PP/EPDM blends. Nanocomposites samples was blended at 50:50 ratios and developed by compounding with and without 5 wt% concentration of Al2O3, TiO2, and BN. The results are compared based on performance in dielectric properties of each types of polymer blends. From the weibull probability plot, PP/EPDM blend with nanofillers shows the higher dielectic strength compared to the SiR/EPDM blends. From the average value of electric field strength, it was found that the value of electric field strengths for PP/EPDM/Al2O3,PP/EPDM, PP/EPDM/TiO2and PP/EPDM/BN were 42.76kV/mm, 38.44 kV/mm and 32.93 kV/mm respectively. The results for SiR/EPDM with addition of Al2O3, TiO2and BN are 37.43kV/mm 34.04kV/mm and 29.73kV/mm respectively. It was found that PP/EPDM blend gives better results for dielectric properties compared to SiR/EPDM blend.
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Jang, Hyunho, Sangwoo Kwon, Sun Jong Kim, and Su-il Park. "Maleic Anhydride-Grafted PLA Preparation and Characteristics of Compatibilized PLA/PBSeT Blend Films." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 7166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137166.
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Poly(butylene sebacate-co-terephthalate) (PBSeT) is a biodegradable flexible polymer suitable for melt blending with other biodegradable polymers. Melt blending with a compatibilizer is a common strategy for increasing miscibility between polymers. In this study, PBSeT polyester was synthesized, and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was blended with 25 wt% PBSeT by melt processing with 3–6 phr PLA-grafted maleic anhydride (PLA-g-MAH) compatibilizers. PLA-g-MAH enhanced the interfacial adhesion of the PLA/PBSeT blend, and their mechanical and morphological properties confirmed that the miscibility also increased. Adding more than 6 phr of PLA-g-MAH significantly improved the mechanical properties and accelerated the cold crystallization of the PLA/PBSeT blends. Furthermore, the thermal stabilities of the blends with PLA-g-MAH were slightly enhanced. PLA/PBSeT blends with and without PLA-g-MAH were not significantly different after 120 h, whereas all blends showed a more facilitated hydrolytic degradation rate than neat PLA. These findings indicate that PLA-g-MAH effectively improves PLA/PBSeT compatibility and can be applied in the packaging industry.
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Quitadamo, Alessia, Valerie Massardier, and Marco Valente. "Eco-Friendly Approach and Potential Biodegradable Polymer Matrix for WPC Composite Materials in Outdoor Application." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (January 27, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3894370.
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Blends based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(lactic) acid (PLA) with different ratios of both polymers were produced: a blend with equal amounts of HDPE and PLA, hence 50 wt.% each, proved to be a useful compromise, allowing a high amount of bioderived charge without this being too detrimental for mechanical properties and considering its possibility to biodegradation behaviour in outdoor application. In this way, an optimal blend suitable for producing a composite with cellulosic fillers is proposed. In the selected polymer blend, wood flour (WF) was added as a natural filler in the proportion of 20, 30, and 40 wt.%, considering as 100 the weight of the polymer blend matrix. There are two compatibilizers to modify both HDPE-PLA blend and wood-flour/polymer interfaces, i.e., polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride and a random copolymer of ethylene and glycidyl methacrylate. The most suitable percentage of compatibilizer for HDPE-PLA blends appears to be 3 wt.%, which was selected also for use with wood flour. In order to evaluate properties of blends and composites tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, and infrared spectroscopy have been performed. Wood flour seems to affect heavy blend behaviour in process production of material suggesting that future studies are needed to reduce defectiveness.
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Muller, R., M. Bouquey, F. Mauguière, G. Schlatter, C. Serra, and J. Terrisse. "Rheology of Reactive Polymer Blends: Separation of Mixing and Reatcion Steps." Applied Rheology 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2001-0009.
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Abstract The crosslinking reaction in various types of polymer blends was followed by rheological measurements. Miscible polymers with controlled glass transition temperature, chain length and number of functional units per chain were synthesized by bulk radical copolymerization. Other experiments were carried out on immiscible systems based on commercial polymers. Blends were either prepared in a batch mixer or directly in the parallel-plate geometry of a rotational rheometer. Due to the low glass transition or melting temperature of most blend components, it was usually possible to separate the mixing step which was carried out at low temperature from the crosslinking reaction which was followed by small amplitude dynamic measurements at higher temperatures. The influence of several parameters on the reaction was studied, in particular : the reaction temperature, the amount of shear during the mixing step (or mixing time), the number of functional units per chain in each blend component and the blend composition. For the miscible blends, a master curve for the dependence of the elastic modulus G’ as a function of reaction time could be drawn for different functionalities and blend compositions.
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Lovinčić Milovanović, Vedrana, Cédric Guyon, Ivana Grčić, Michael Tatoulian, and Domagoj Vrsaljko. "Modification of Surface Hydrophobicity of PLA/PE and ABS/PE Polymer Blends by ICP Etching and CFx Coating." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 5578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235578.
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The flow regime inside the channel of 3D printed microreactors is defined by the surface properties of the channel walls. Polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) are two polymers that are the most common in additive manufacturing using fused filament fabrication, commonly known as “3D printing”. With the aim of developing new materials for the 3D printing of microreactors whose channel surface hydrophobicity could be modified, PLA and ABS were blended with cheaper and widely used polymers-high-density polyethylene (PE-HD) and low-density polyethylene (PE-LD). Polymer blend surfaces were treated with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and coated by fluorocarbon-based material (CFx) plasma deposition treatment in order to modify surface hydrophobicity. It has been shown that the modification of surface morphology of PLA polymer blends can be achieved by ICP etching and CFx coating, while this was not possible for ABS polymer blends under the conducted treatment conditions. The treated surface of PLA/PE-HD 90/10 showed a contact angle of 121.6° which is 36° higher than the contact angle measured on the untreated surface. Surfaces that have achieved contact angles higher than 120° have an “island like” surface morphology. Samples with higher “islands” showed higher contact angles, that confirmed that the hydrophobicity also depends on the height of the “islands”. Furthermore, it has been found that etching time significantly impacts the contact angle values and surface morphology of the PLA polymer blends, while the CFx coating time does not have significant impact on the surface properties.
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Mihu, Georgel, Sebastian-Marian Draghici, Vasile Bria, Adrian Circiumaru, and Iulian-Gabriel Birsan. "Mechanical Properties of Some Epoxy-PMMA Blends." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.2.5494.
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The thermoset polymers and the thermoplastic polymers matrix composites require different forming techniques due to the different properties of two classes of polymers. While the forming technique for thermoset polymer matrix composites does not require the use of special equipment, the thermoplastic polymer matrix composites imposes the rigorous control of temperature and pressure values. Each type of polymer transfers to the composite a set of properties that may be required for a certain application. It is difficult to design a composite with commonly brittle thermoset polymer matrix showing properties of a viscoelastic thermoplastic polymer matrix composite. One solution may consist in mixing a thermoset and a thermoplastic polymer getting a polymer blend that can be used as matrix to form a composite. This study is about using PMMA solutions to obtain thermoset-thermoplastic blends and to mechanically characterize the obtained materials. Three well known organic solvents were used to obtain the PMMA solutions, based on a previous study concerning with the effect of solvents presence into the epoxy structure.
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Hameed, Awham M. "A Study on the Mechanical Properties for Ternary Polymer Blends." Journal of Materials Science Research 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v6n3p27.
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In this work, two ternary polymer blends were prepared by mixing EP with (UP/PSR) and (PVC/PSR) respectively. Different mixing ratios were used (5, 10, 15 and 20) wt.% of the added polymers. Impact, tensile, compression, flexural and hardness tests were performed on the prepared blends. The results of testing showed that the first ternary blend A (EP/UP/PSR) records tensile strength values higher than that of the second ternary blend B (EP/ PVC/PSR). At 20wt.% of mixing, the blend B records higher impact strength than that of the blend A. There is large difference in the flexural behavior between A and B blends where the blend A records the highest value of flexural strength (F.S) at (5wt.%) while the blend B records the highest value of (F.S) at (20wt.%). From compression test, it is obvious that the values of compressive strength decrease of blend B more than that of the blend A as well as the same behavior can be obtained through the hardness test.
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Kontogianni, Georgia-Ioanna, Amedeo Franco Bonatti, Carmelo De Maria, Raasti Naseem, Priscila Melo, Catarina Coelho, Giovanni Vozzi, et al. "Promotion of In Vitro Osteogenic Activity by Melt Extrusion-Based PLLA/PCL/PHBV Scaffolds Enriched with Nano-Hydroxyapatite and Strontium Substituted Nano-Hydroxyapatite." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15041052.
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Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of current treatments for bone-related disorders, but the trade-off between mechanical properties and bioactivity remains a concern for many polymeric materials. To address this need, novel polymeric blends of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) have been explored. Blend filaments comprising PLLA/PCL/PHBV at a ratio of 90/5/5 wt% have been prepared using twin-screw extrusion. The PLLA/PCL/PHBV blends were enriched with nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) and strontium-substituted nano-HA (Sr-nano-HA) to produce composite filaments. Three-dimensional scaffolds were printed by fused deposition modelling from PLLA/PCL/PHBV blend and composite filaments and evaluated mechanically and biologically for their capacity to support bone formation in vitro. The composite scaffolds had a mean porosity of 40%, mean pores of 800 µm, and an average compressive modulus of 32 MPa. Polymer blend and enriched scaffolds supported cell attachment and proliferation. The alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium production were significantly higher in composite scaffolds compared to the blends. These findings demonstrate that thermoplastic polyesters (PLLA and PCL) can be combined with polymers produced via a bacterial route (PHBV) to produce polymer blends with excellent biocompatibility, providing additional options for polymer blend optimization. The enrichment of the blend with nano-HA and Sr-nano-HA powders enhanced the osteogenic potential in vitro.
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Thirmizir, Mohd Zharif Ahmad, Muhammad Dzulakmal Hazahar, and Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak. "Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Poly(Hydroxybutyrate-co-Hydroxyhexanoate) Polymer Blends: Effect of Blend Ratio and Maleated Compatibiliser." Key Engineering Materials 737 (June 2017): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.313.
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Poly(butylene succinate)/Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate) (PBS/PHBHH) blends were prepared using melt blending in an internal mixer at 160°C. Mechanical and morphological properties of the blends, with ratios of 10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60 and 50/50, are studied by tensile test and microscopy analysis. The effects of maleated PHBHH (PHBHHgMA) compatibiliser on the blend’s mechanical and morphological properties are also investigated. The compatibiliser is prepared by melt grafting maleic anhydride (MA) onto PHBHH at 160°C, in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) initiator. In this study, the purified compatibiliser is added to the blends. The highest tensile strength was achieved by the 10/90 blend, with a value of 24.83MPa; which is slightly higher than the neat PBS. The tensile modulus of the blends decreased with increasing PBS ratio, and approximately followed the Rule of Mixtures. Meanwhile, the elongation at break achieved its optimum value at 10wt. % PBS loading. The addition of PHBHHgMA at 5wt. % improved the tensile properties of all blends; with the highest value being achieved by the 10/90 blend ratio. Morphological observation via SEM was conducted to observe phase morphology and compatibility between the blend’s components.
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Lis-Bartos, Anna, Agnieszka Smieszek, Kinga Frańczyk, and Krzysztof Marycz. "Fabrication, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity of Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Poly(lactic acid) Material Using Human Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells (hASCs)." Polymers 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101073.
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Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and poly(lactic acid) are types of biocompatible and degradable synthetic polymers required for biomedical applications. Physically blended (TPU+PLA) tissue engineering matrices were produced via solvent casting technique. The following types of polymer blend were prepared: (TPU+PLA) 7:3, (TPU+PLA) 6:4, (TPU+PLA) 4:6, and (TPU+PLA) 3:7. Various methods were employed to characterize the properties of these polymers: surface properties such as morphology (scanning electron microscopy), wettability (goniometry), and roughness (profilometric analysis). Analyses of hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the obtained polymer blends were conducted. Tensile tests demonstrated that the blends exhibited a wide range of mechanical properties. Cytotoxicity of polymers was tested using human multipotent stromal cells derived from adipose tissue (hASC). In vitro assays revealed that (TPU+PLA) 3:7 matrices were the most cytocompatible biomaterials. Cells cultured on (TPU+PLA) 3:7 had proper morphology, growth pattern, and were distinguished by increased proliferative and metabolic activity. Additionally, it appeared that (TPU+PLA) 3:7 biomaterials showed antiapoptotic properties. hASC cultured on these matrices had reduced expression of Bax-α and increased expression of Bcl-2. This study demonstrated the feasibility of producing a biocompatible scaffold form based on (TPU+PLA) blends that have potential to be applied in tissue engineering.
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Martey, Shawn, Keith Hendren, Nicholas Farfaras, Jesse C. Kelly, Matthew Newsome, Izabela Ciesielska-Wrobel, Margaret J. Sobkowicz, and Wan-Ting Chen. "Recycling of Pretreated Polyolefin-Based Ocean-Bound Plastic Waste by Incorporating Clay and Rubber." Recycling 7, no. 2 (April 14, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7020025.
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Plastic waste found in oceans has become a major concern because of its impact on marine organisms and human health. There is significant global interest in recycling these materials, but their reclamation, sorting, cleaning, and reprocessing, along with the degradation that occurs in the natural environment, all make it difficult to achieve high quality recycled resins from ocean plastic waste. To mitigate these limitations, various additives including clay and rubber were explored. In this study, we compounded different types of ocean-bound (o-HDPE and o-PP) and virgin polymers (v-LDPE and v-PS) with various additives including a functionalized clay, styrene-multi-block-copolymer (SMB), and ethylene-propylene-based rubber (EPR). Physical observation showed that all blends containing PS were brittle due to the weak interfaces between the polyolefin regions and the PS domains within the polymer blend matrix. Blends containing clay showed rough surfaces and brittleness because of the non-uniform distribution of clay particles in the polymer matrix. To evaluate the properties and compatibility of the blends, characterizations using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) rheology were carried out. The polymer blend (v-LDPE, o-HDPE, o-PP) containing EPR showed improved elasticity. Incorporating additives such as rubber could improve the mechanical properties of polymer blends for recycling purposes.
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Zerda, T. W., G. Song, and W. H. Waddell. "Distribution of Elastomers and Silica in Polymer Blends Characterized by Raman Microimaging Technique." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 4 (September 1, 2003): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547770.
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Abstract Raman microimaging technique was used to study the distribution of silica filler and elastomer domains in binary and ternary polymer blends containing cis1–4-polybutadiene BR; brominated poly(isobutylenecoparamethylstyrene) BIMS; Natural Rubber, NR; and/or Styrene-Butadiene Rubber, SBR. Contour maps depicting distribution of the elastomer phases and silica within each phase were obtained for 1 μm thick sections of blends having different compositions. All polymers were uniformly distributed throughout the blends. However, on a micrometer scale local fluctuations were clearly observed using Raman microimaging. The BR component is not as compatible with BIMS as are the other polymers based upon the presence of some single-phase BR domains exceeding 5 μm. Addition of the third polymer, either SBR or NR, to the blend improves the BR compatibility with BIMS since the BR domains are not as large. At low concentrations in a ternary blend, the NR phase appears concentrated near the BR domains, but in samples with higher NR concentrations, the natural rubber forms it own network and may also be found near the BIMS domains. The SBR phase was found to be near or within the BR domains. Silica was dispersed throughout the polymers in each blend, but tended to aggregate near the boundaries of the BIMS domains. Sometimes the silica was present within the BIMS domains, but did not locate within a BR domain.
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Kulatunga, Piumi, Nastaran Yousefi, and Simon Rondeau-Gagné. "Polyethylene and Semiconducting Polymer Blends for the Fabrication of Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Balancing Charge Transport and Stretchability." Chemosensors 10, no. 6 (May 24, 2022): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10060201.
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Polyethylene is amongst the most used polymers, finding a plethora of applications in our lives owing to its high impact resistance, non-corrosive nature, light weight, cost effectiveness, and easy processing into various shapes from different sizes. Despite these outstanding features, the commodity polymer has been underexplored in the field of organic electronics. This work focuses on the development of new polymer blends based on a low molecular weight linear polyethylene (LPE) derivative with a high-performance diketopyrrolopyrrole-based semiconducting polymer. Physical blending of the polyethylene with semiconducting polymers was performed at ratios varying from 0 to 75 wt.%, and the resulting blends were carefully characterized to reveal their electronic and solid-state properties. The new polymer blends were also characterized to reveal the influence of polyethylene on the mechanical robustness and stretchability of the semiconducting polymer. Overall, the introduction of LPE was shown to have little to no effect on the solid-state properties of the materials, despite some influence on solid-state morphology through phase separation. Organic field-effect transistors prepared from the new blends showed good device characteristics, even at higher ratios of polyethylene, with an average mobility of 0.151 cm2 V−1 s−1 at a 25 wt.% blend ratio. The addition of polyethylene was shown to have a plasticizing effect on the semiconducting polymers, helping to reduce crack width upon strain and contributing to devices accommodating more strain without suffering from decreased performance. The new blends presented in this work provide a novel platform from which to access more mechanically robust organic electronics and show promising features for the utilization of polyethylene for the solution processing of advanced semiconducting materials toward novel soft electronics and sensors.
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Chervanyov, A. I. "Spinodal Decomposition of Filled Polymer Blends: The Role of the Osmotic Effect of Fillers." Polymers 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2023): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16010038.
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The reported work addresses the effect of fillers on the thermodynamic stability and miscibility of compressible polymer blends. We calculate the spinodal transition temperature of a filled polymer blend as a function of the interaction energies between the blend species, as well as the blend composition, filler size, and filler volume fraction. The calculation method relies on the developed thermodynamic theory of filled compressible polymer blends. This theory makes it possible to obtain the excess pressure and chemical potential caused by the presence of fillers. As a main result of the reported work, we demonstrate that the presence of neutral (non-adsorbing) fillers can be used to enhance the stability of a polymer blend that shows low critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior. The obtained results highlight the importance of the osmotic effect of fillers on the miscibility of polymer blends. The demonstrated good agreement with the experiment proves that this effect alone can explain the observed filler-induced change in the LCST.
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Sulikowski, Sylwia, Thivani Senathiraja, and Chris Cornelius. "Structure-Property-Transport Relationships of Miscible Ionomer Blend Systems." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 50 (October 9, 2022): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02502543mtgabs.
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Systematically designing the spatial arrangement is a key to understanding the structure and property relationships of proton-exchange membranes (PEM)/ionomers. Miscible polymer blends provide a cost-effective method for developing new materials in polymer science industries instead of synthesizing new polymers. In this study, commercially available Pentablock Copolymer (PBC(1.0)) ionomers were blended with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) in varying blend ratios. The FTIR studies showed composition-dependent interaction between the methyl group of PPO and phenyl rings of Polystyrene blocks in PBC(1.0). However, the sulfonate peaks at PBC(1.0): PPO (50:50) blend ratios were significantly reduced . The reduction in the peak intensity at this blend ratio may be attributed to specific interactions within this blend composition. The miscibility of the blends was confirmed by the single glass transition temperature from the DSC studies. And the application of the Fox rule to the experimental glass transition confirmed the conformational rearrangements of the blends. At the same time, applying the Kwei equation to the glass transition temperature confirmed the presence of specific interactions in the PBC(1.0): PPO (50:50) blend ratio observed in FTIR studies. The thermal stability studies demonstrated morphology dependence behavior with the rule of mixtures with the highest stability of 454oC at PBC(1.0): PPO (50:50) blend ratio. Higher stability at the PBC(1.0): PPO (50:50) blend ratio may be attributed to the specific interactions within this composition. High water uptake correlated with enhanced conductivity for the blend membranes, which strongly depended upon the PBC composition in the blend. Gas permeation studies exhibited that the blending can significantly reduce the permeability of H2 without altering its selectivity compared to pure membranes and Nafion, indicating the desired low fuel cross-over during the fuel cell operation. In conclusion, the gas transport and physical properties of the miscible blends showed strong dependence on composition. The morphological transitions that occur due to the compositional changes will be investigated in future studies.
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Hwang, Do-Hoon, Moo-Jin Park, Suk-Kyung Kim, Nam-Heon Lee, Changhee Lee, Yong-Bae Kim, and Hong-Ku Shim. "Characterization of white electroluminescent devices fabricated using conjugated polymer blends." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 7 (July 2004): 2081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0261.
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We report the characterization of white light emitting devices fabricated using conjugated polymer blends. Blue emissive poly[9,9-bis(4′-n-octyloxyphenyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl-co-10-(2′-ethylhexyl)phenothiazine-3,7-diyl] [poly(BOPF-co-PTZ)] and red emissive poly(2-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-5-methoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) were used in the blends. The inefficient energy transfer between these blue and red light emitting polymers (previously deduced from the photoluminscence (PL) spectra of the blend films) enables the production of white light emission through control of the blend ratio. The PL and electroluminescence (EL) emission spectra of the blend systems were found to vary with the blend ratio. The EL devices were fabricated in the indium tin oxide [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)] (ITO/PEDOT-PSS)blend/LiF/Al configuration, and white light emission was obtained for one of the tested blend ratios.
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Sweah, Zainab J. "A Swelling Study in Different PH and Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Films Based on Pluronic F-127/ Poly-Vinyl Alcohol." Materials Science Forum 1002 (July 2020): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.389.
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PluronicF-127/PVA polymeric biomaterials blend films plasticized with glycerin were prepared by solvent molding method. The polymer blend films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and mechanical measurements. The FTIR spectra of the two polymers and their blends show that there is no chemical interaction between the PVA and the PluronicF-127. FESEM images indicate that blend homogeneous film can easily be prepared. Mechanical and swelling properties of the studied blends indicate that these can be used for medical application such as biodegradable materials and biodegradable drugs carriers and as food packaging materials.
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Akhmetkhanov, Rinat M., Valentina V. Chernova, Angela S. Shurshina, Mariya Yu Lazdina, and Elena I. Kulish. "Study of the formation of structures in solutions of chitosan – polyvinyl alcohol polymer blends." Kondensirovannye sredy i mezhfaznye granitsy = Condensed Matter and Interphases 23, no. 2 (June 4, 2021): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2021.23/3428.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this work was the investigation of the formation of structures in solutions of individual polymers, as well as their blends with each other in buffer solvents with different values of pH. In this study we used a sample of chitosan (degree of deacetylation ~ 84 %, M = 130,000), which is a polycation when dissolved, and polyvinyl alcohol (r = 1.25 g/cm3, M = 5000). Buffer systems based on acetic acid and sodium acetate with pH = 3.8, 4.25, and 4.75 were used as solvents. Viscosimetry was used to determine the intrinsic viscosity, the degree of structuring, and the Huggins constant. The Kriegbaum method was used to determine the nature of the aggregates formed by the blend of the studied polymers. In the course of the research, it was shown that an increase in the pH of the acetate buffer used as a solvent was accompanied by a compression of the macromolecular coil (a decrease in intrinsic viscosity values), a deterioration in the quality of thesolvent (an increase in Huggins constant values), and an increase in the degree of polymer aggregation in a solution for chitosan polyelectrolyte. At the same time for a solution of polyvinyl alcohol the pH of the buffer practically did not affect the nature of the polymer-solvent interaction. It has been proved that polymer blends are characterized by an increase in aggregation processes and a decrease in the thermodynamic quality of the solvent in comparison with solutions of individual polymers. The size of the “combined” macromolecular coil, characterized by the intrinsic viscosity value for the polymer blend, which can be both above (buffer solvent with pH = 3.80) and below (buffer solvent with pH = 4.25 and 4.75) additivevalues, changed depending on the type of formed polymer-polymer aggregates (homo- or hetero-). It was established that the type of aggregates (homo- or hetero-) formed in solutions of polymer blends was determined not only by the thermodynamic quality of the used solvents, but also by the concentration of the polymers in the initial solutions
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Mhessn, R. Jameel, L. Abd-Alredha, R. Al-Rubaie, and A. Fuad Khudair Aziz. "Preparation of Tannin Based Hydrogel for Biological Application." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 4 (2011): 1638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/763295.
Full textAbstract:
Polymeric blends as potential wound dressing were prepared. Natural polymer (Tannin) and synthetic polymers (PVA and PEG) were used to prepare heterogeneous blends. The product was identified by spectrophotometry. A diaphragm cell was used to measure the diffusion coefficient (D). The result shown the PEG-PVA disk was very faster permeability for all solution. The D of PVA/ PEG-Tannin blend was 0.184x10-3cm2/s higher than Tannin-PEG blend was 0.038x10-3cm2/s. The natural phenolic compounds that can be used artificial membrane to inhibit growth or kill microorganism such as bacteria or fungi.
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Walton, Jeffrey H. "A Review of 129Xe NMR as a Probe of Polymer Morphology." Engineering Plastics 2, no. 1 (January 1994): 147823919400200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919400200105.
Full textAbstract:
129 Xe NMR is a new tool for probing the morphology of polymers and polymer blends. Recent developments of the NMR of 129 Xe gas dissolved in polymers are reviewed. This technique yields information on polymer morphology via the NMR lineshape and the isotropic chemical shift and their temperature dependencies. Polymer glass transition temperatures are plainly evident. The miscibility of polymer blends is easily determined and thus phase diagrams may be mapped out. Of particular use is the potential ability to measure domain sizes in immiscible polymer blends by 2-D NMR techniques. Domain sizes from 0.1 micrometers to 25 micrometers should easily be measurable.
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Walton, Jeffrey H. "A Review of 129Xe NMR as a Probe of Polymer Morphology." Polymers and Polymer Composites 2, no. 1 (January 1994): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119400200105.
Full textAbstract:
129 Xe NMR is a new tool for probing the morphology of polymers and polymer blends. Recent developments of the NMR of 129 Xe gas dissolved in polymers are reviewed. This technique yields information on polymer morphology via the NMR lineshape and the isotropic chemical shift and their temperature dependencies. Polymer glass transition temperatures are plainly evident. The miscibility of polymer blends is easily determined and thus phase diagrams may be mapped out. Of particular use is the potential ability to measure domain sizes in immiscible polymer blends by 2-D NMR techniques. Domain sizes from 0.1 micrometers to 25 micrometers should easily be measurable.
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Heino, Markku T., Tommi P. Vainio, and Jukka V. Seppälä. "Blends and Composites Based on Polypropylene and a Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer." Engineering Plastics 1, no. 6 (January 1993): 147823919300100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919300100605.
Full textAbstract:
Blends of polypropylene (PP) and liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) processed without melting the LCP were compared with conventional melt processed blends. In a first stage, PP was blended with 20 wt.% of LCP in a twin-screw extruder with the take-up speed varied to achieve blends with different LCP fibre dimensions. In the second stage these blends were processed both below and above the T m of the LCP by extrusion and injection moulding. At lower temperatures (180–200°C), where the material was processed without melting the LCP, a real composite structure was formed with solid LCP fibres in the PP matrix. When processed above the T m of the LCP (280°C) all the material was molten during processing and a composite-like blend morphology was created in-situ during cooling of the oriented melt phase. These blends exhibited a skin/core morphology, whereas the composites contained fibres throughout the sample. Due to this difference the impact strength of the composites was significantly higher than that of the blends. The blends exhibited higher modulus than the composites. Moreover, additional drawing can greatly improve the strength and stiffness of the blends. In composites the solid LCP fibres slightly increased the viscosity of PP, while in blends the molten LCP reduced the matrix viscosity and acted as a processing aid.
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Heino, Markku T., Tommi P. Vainio, and Jukka V. Seppälä. "Blends and Composites Based on Polypropylene and a Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer." Polymers and Polymer Composites 1, no. 6 (January 1993): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119300100605.
Full textAbstract:
Blends of polypropylene (PP) and liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) processed without melting the LCP were compared with conventional melt processed blends. In a first stage, PP was blended with 20 wt.% of LCP in a twin-screw extruder with the take-up speed varied to achieve blends with different LCP fibre dimensions. In the second stage these blends were processed both below and above the T m of the LCP by extrusion and injection moulding. At lower temperatures (180–200°C), where the material was processed without melting the LCP, a real composite structure was formed with solid LCP fibres in the PP matrix. When processed above the T m of the LCP (280°C) all the material was molten during processing and a composite-like blend morphology was created in-situ during cooling of the oriented melt phase. These blends exhibited a skin/core morphology, whereas the composites contained fibres throughout the sample. Due to this difference the impact strength of the composites was significantly higher than that of the blends. The blends exhibited higher modulus than the composites. Moreover, additional drawing can greatly improve the strength and stiffness of the blends. In composites the solid LCP fibres slightly increased the viscosity of PP, while in blends the molten LCP reduced the matrix viscosity and acted as a processing aid.
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Mamunya, Ye P. "Polymer blends with ordered distribution of conductive filler." Polymer journal 43, no. 4 (November 26, 2021): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.43.04.240.
Full textAbstract:
This review highlight approaches to the formation of an ordered distribution of conductive filler in polymer blends. This distribution leads to a significant decrease of the percolation threshold in the polymer mixture, i.e. to a decrease in the critical concentration of the filler, at which the transition of the system from a non-conductive to a conductive state occurs. This improves the mechanical properties of the composition and its processability. It is shown that the ordered structure of the filler is formed in the polymer blend upon mixing the components in the melt under the action of three factors - thermodynamic (the ratio between the values of the interfacial tension of the filler-polymer A and filler-polymer B, as well as between polymers A and B), kinetic (the ratio between viscosities of polymer components A and B) and technological (the intensity and temperature of processing, as well as the order of introduction of a filler into a heterogeneous polymer matrix, which can enhance or suppress the effect of thermodynamic or kinetic factors). On the example of the works performed by the author on mixtures of thermoplastics filled with electrically conductive carbon fillers such as carbon black and carbon nanotubes, as well as a metal filler - dispersed iron, with the involvement of literature data on filled polymer blends, the influence of each of the factors on the formation of an ordered structure of the conducting phase in polymer blends is shown.