Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polymer blends

Academic literature on the topic 'Polymer blends'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Polymer blends"

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Cavanaugh, T. J., K. Buttle, J. N. Turner, and E. B. Nauman. "The study of multiphase polymer-blend morphologies by HVEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100163368.

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Multiphase polymer blends are important in the polymer industry. Most commercial blends consist of two main polymers combined with a third, compatibilizing polymer, typically a graft or block copolymer. The most common examples are those involving the impact modification of a brittle thermoplastic by the microdispersion of a rubber into the matrix. Recently, a model of ternary polymer blends has provided a wealth of morphologies for examination. Even though this model can give an excellent basis for the design of a polymer blend, experimental verification is necessary. A correlation of blend properties such as impact strength with blend morphology must also be made. The focus is to confirm the predicted morphologies in binary and ternary blends using HVEM.The polymer blends were produced by compositional quenching. In this process, the polymers were dissolved in a solvent. The solution was pumped through a heat exchanger and then flashed across a needle valve to remove the solvent.
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Sadhukhan, P. "Identification of polymer phases in elastomer blends." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100122368.

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Elastomers are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers. They are generally blended to produce rubbers with certain “designing properties” Shaffer, et al., 1985), including high resilience, tensile strength and elongation, resistance to tear, flexing, freezing and abrasion and low permanent set. The analytical procedures used for the identification and characterization of these polymer blends range from a simple color or flame test to more sophisticated technique like electron microscopy. Over the years, transmission electron microscopy has become the principal technique of direct visualization and subsequent characterization of phase separation and domains in polymer blends. The standard specimen preparation has been to perform cryo-ultramicrotomy on solid blend materials at liquid nitrogen temperature (Andrews et al., 1967) followed by staining with osmium tetroxide (Kato, 1966) to enhance differential contrast between the polymers in these blends. Without prior knowledge of the chemistry between the polymers and osmium, it is difficult to identify them under the TEM.
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Sweah, Zainab J., Fatima hameed Malik, and Alyaa Abdul Karem. "Electrical Properties of Preparing Biodegradable Polymer Blends of PVA/Starch Doping with Rhodamine –B." Baghdad Science Journal 18, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 0097. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.1.0097.

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This research focuses on the characteristics of polyvinyl alcohol and starch polymer blends doping with Rhodamine-B. The polymer blends were prepared using the solution cast method, which comprises 1:1(wt. /wt.). The polymer blends of PVA and starch with had different ratios of glycerin 0, 25, 30, 35, and 40 % wt. The ratio of 30% wt of glycerin was found to be the most suitable mechanical properties by strength and elasticity. The polymer blend of 1:1 wt ratios of starch/PVA and 30% wt of glycerin were doped with different ratios of Rhoda mine-B dye 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6% wt and the electrical properties of doping biodegradable blends were studied. The ratio of Rhodamine-B 5% wt to the polymer blends showed high conductivity up to 1×10-3. In general, the electrical conductivity was increased with high temperature, which is similar to the behavior of semi-conductive polymers. This work focuses on the characteristics of polymer blend based on starch and polyvinyl alcohol doping with Rhodamine-B. the polymer blends were prepared using the solution cast method, which comprising 1:1(wt./wt.). ratio starch and polyvinyl alcohol and different ratio of glycerin (0, 25, 30, 35,and 40) %. The ratio of 30% of glycerin was found to be the most suitable mechanical properties. The polymer blend of 1:1 starch/PVA and 30%of glycerin were doped with different ratio of Rhoda mine-B dye (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%) and the electrical properties of doping biodegradable blends were studied. The ratio of Rhodamine-B 5% to the polymer blends was high conductivity up to 1×10-3. In general, the electrical conductivity was increased with high temperature this is similar to the behavior of semi-conductive polymers. This work focuses on the characteristics of polymer blend based on starch and polyvinyl alcohol doping with Rhodamine-B. the polymer blends were prepared using the solution cast method, which comprising 1:1(wt./wt.). ratio starch and polyvinyl alcohol and different ratio of glycerin (0, 25, 30, 35,and 40) %. The ratio of 30% of glycerin was found to be the most suitable mechanical properties. The polymer blend of 1:1 starch/PVA and 30%of glycerin were doped with different ratio of Rhoda mine-B dye (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%) and the electrical properties of doping biodegradable blends were studied. The ratio of Rhodamine-B 5% to the polymer blends was high conductivity up to 1×10-3. In general, the electrical conductivity was increased with high temperature this is similar to the behavior of semi-conductive polymers.
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Devadas, Suchitha, Saja M. Nabat Al-Ajrash, Donald A. Klosterman, Kenya M. Crosson, Garry S. Crosson, and Erick S. Vasquez. "Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-Methyl Acrylate)/Lignin Nanofibers: Effects of Lignin Type and Total Polymer Concentration." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13070992.

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Lignin macromolecules are potential precursor materials for producing electrospun nanofibers for composite applications. However, little is known about the effect of lignin type and blend ratios with synthetic polymers. This study analyzed blends of poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) (PAN-MA) with two types of commercially available lignin, low sulfonate (LSL) and alkali, kraft lignin (AL), in DMF solvent. The electrospinning and polymer blend solution conditions were optimized to produce thermally stable, smooth lignin-based nanofibers with total polymer content of up to 20 wt % in solution and a 50/50 blend weight ratio. Microscopy studies revealed that AL blends possess good solubility, miscibility, and dispersibility compared to LSL blends. Despite the lignin content or type, rheological studies demonstrated that PAN-MA concentration in solution dictated the blend’s viscosity. Smooth electrospun nanofibers were fabricated using AL depending upon the total polymer content and blend ratio. AL’s addition to PAN-MA did not affect the glass transition or degradation temperatures of the nanofibers compared to neat PAN-MA. We confirmed the presence of each lignin type within PAN-MA nanofibers through infrared spectroscopy. PAN-MA/AL nanofibers possessed similar morphological and thermal properties as PAN-MA; thus, these lignin-based nanofibers can replace PAN in future applications, including production of carbon fibers and supercapacitors.
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Hammani, Salim, Sihem Daikhi, Mikhael Bechelany, and Ahmed Barhoum. "Role of ZnO Nanoparticles Loading in Modifying the Morphological, Optical, and Thermal Properties of Immiscible Polymer (PMMA/PEG) Blends." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 8453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238453.

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High-performance hybrid polymer blends can be prepared by blending different types of polymers to improve their properties. However, most polymer blends exhibit phase separation after blending. In this study, polymethylmethacrylate/polyethylene glycol (PMMA/PEG) polymer blends (70/30 and 30/70 w/w) were prepared by solution casting with and without ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) loading. The effect of loading ZnO nanoparticles on blend morphology, UV blocking, glass transition, melting, and crystallization were investigated. Without loading ZnO NP, the PMMA/PEG blends showed phase separation, especially the PEG-rich blend. Loading PMMA/PEG blend with ZnO NPs increased the miscibility of the blend and most of the ZnO NPs dispersed in the PEG phase. The interaction of the ZnO NPs with the blend polymers slightly decreased the intensity of infrared absorption of the functional groups. The UV-blocking properties of the blends increased by 15% and 20%, and the band gap energy values were 4.1 eV and 3.8 eV for the blends loaded with ZnO NPs with a PMMA/PEG ratio of 70/30 and 30/70, respectively. In addition, the glass transition temperature (Tg) increased by 14 °C, the crystallinity rate increased by 15%, the melting (Tm) and crystallization(Tc) temperatures increased by 2 °C and 14 °C, respectively, and the thermal stability increased by 25 °C compared to the PMMA/PEG blends without ZnO NP loading.
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Gunawardene, Oneesha H. P., Chamila Gunathilake, Sumedha M. Amaraweera, Nimasha M. L. Fernando, Darshana B. Wanninayaka, Asanga Manamperi, Asela K. Kulatunga, et al. "Compatibilization of Starch/Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Blends for Packaging Applications: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5110300.

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The health and environmental concerns of the usage of non-biodegradable plastics have driven efforts to explore replacing them with renewable polymers. Although starch is a vital renewable polymer, poor water resistivity and thermo-mechanical properties have limited its applications. Recently, starch/synthetic biodegradable polymer blends have captured greater attention to replace inert plastic materials; the question of ‘immiscibility’ arises during the blend preparation due to the mixing of hydrophilic starch with hydrophobic polymers. The immiscibility issue between starch and synthetic polymers impacts the water absorption, thermo-mechanical properties, and chemical stability demanded by various engineering applications. Numerous studies have been carried out to eliminate the immiscibility issues of the different components in the polymer blends while enhancing the thermo-mechanical properties. Incorporating compatibilizers into the blend mixtures has significantly reduced the particle sizes of the dispersed phase while improving the interfacial adhesion between the starch and synthetic biodegradable polymer, leading to fine and homogeneous structures. Thus, Significant improvements in thermo-mechanical and barrier properties and water resistance can be observed in the compatibilized blends. This review provides an extensive discussion on the compatibilization processes of starch and petroleum-based polymer blends.
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Singh, Pradeep, B. R. Venugopal, and Radha Kamalakaran. "Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy for Polymer Blends." Journal of Modern Materials 4, no. 1 (September 29, 2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/jmm.4.1.31-36.

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Physical properties of the polymer can be altered by mixing one or more polymers together also known as polymer blending. The miscibility of polymers is a key parameter in determining the properties of polymer blend. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) plays a critical role in determining the miscibility and morphology of the polymers in blend system. One of the most difficult part in polymer microscopy is the staining by heavy metals to generate contrast in CTEM. RuO4 and OsO4 are commonly used to stain the polymer materials for CTEM imaging. CTEM imaging is difficult to interpret for blends due to lack of clear distinction in contrast. Apart from having difficulty in contrast generation, staining procedures are extremely dangerous as improper handling could severely damage skin, eyes, lungs etc. We have used scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to image polymer blends without any staining processes. In current work, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)/Methacrylate Butadiene Styrene (MBS) and Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) along with filler additive were dispersed on Polycarbonate (PC) matrix and studied by STEM/HAADF (high angle annular dark field). By using HAADF, contrast was generated through molecular density difference to differentiate components in the blend.
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Ismail, Ahmad Safwan, Mohammad Jawaid, Norul Hisham Hamid, Ridwan Yahaya, and Azman Hassan. "Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Bio-Phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040773.

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Polymer blends is a well-established and suitable method to produced new polymeric materials as compared to synthesis of a new polymer. The combination of two different types of polymers will produce a new and unique material, which has the attribute of both polymers. The aim of this work is to analyze mechanical and morphological properties of bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends to find the best formulation for future study. Bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends were fabricated using the hand lay-up method at different loading of bio-phenolic (5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt%, and 25 wt%) in the epoxy matrix whereas neat bio-phenolic and epoxy samples were also fabricated for comparison. Results indicated that mechanical properties were improved for bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends compared to neat epoxy and phenolic. In addition, there is no sign of phase separation in polymer blends. The highest tensile, flexural, and impact strength was shown by P-20(biophenolic-20 wt% and Epoxy-80 wt%) whereas P-25 (biophenolic-25 wt% and Epoxy-75 wt%) has the highest tensile and flexural modulus. Based on the finding, it is concluded that P-20 shows better overall mechanical properties among the polymer blends. Based on this finding, the bio-phenolic/epoxy blend with 20 wt% will be used for further study on flax-reinforced bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends.
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Jin, Lei, Md Mahabubur Rahman, Faiz Ahmed, Taewook Ryu, Sujin Yoon, Wei Zhang, Daeho Kim, and Hohyoun Jang. "Highly Proton Conductive Sulfonyl Imide Based Polymer Blended from Poly(arylene ether sulfone) and Parmax-1200 for Fuel Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 1845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18932.

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Thermally and chemically stable, sulfonyl imide-based polymer blends have been prepared from sulfonimide poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SI-PAES) and sulfonimide Parmax-1200 (SI-Parmax-1200) using the solvent casting method. Initially, sulfonimide poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SI-PAES) polymers have typically been synthesized via direct polymerization of bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulfonyl imide (SI-DCDPS) and bis(4-fluorophenyl) sulfone (DFDPS) with bisphenol A (BPA). Subsequently, SI-Parmax-1200 has been synthesized via post-modification of the existing Parmax-1200 polymer followed by sulfonation and imidization. The SI-PAES/SI-Parmax-1200 blend membranes show high ion exchange capacity ranging from 1.65 to 1.97 meq/g, water uptake ranging from 22.8 to 65.4% and proton conductivity from 25.9 to 78.5 mS/cm. Markedly, the SI-PAES-40/SI-Parmax-1200 membrane (blended-40) exhibits the highest proton conductivity (78.5 mS/cm), which is almost similar to Nafion 117® (84.73 mS/cm). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fenton's test confirm the excellent thermal and chemical stability of the synthetic polymer blends. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study shows a distinct phase separation at the hydrophobic/hydrophilic segments, which facilitate proton conduction throughout the ionic channel of the blend polymers. Therefore, the synthetic polymer blends represent an alternative to Nafion 117® as proton exchangers for fuel cells.
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Jiang, You Qing, and Yun Bo Zhang. "Interaction and Enthalpy Recovery Behavior in Polymer Blends of Polysulfone and Carboxylated Polysulfone." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.612.

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Polymer blends of a binary system with limited miscibility are a kind of different surface structure polymer blends which main chains are same as one. The blend of polysulfone (PSf) and carboxylated polysulfone (CPSf) had been made in the solvent of dimethylacelamide (DMAc) or N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP). The chemical polysulfones containing 0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 carboxylated groups per repeat unit were mixed with Udel 300 polysulfone. The equilibrium time of two-phase polymer in solution presents their degrees of limited miscibility. The two- phase polymers could transfer as miscible blends when they had been annealed at 170 for above 6 days. Annealing of blends below the grass transition temperature(Tg) results in a decrease in enthalpy that is recovered during heating. The enthalpy recovery is visible as an endothermic peak in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) scan. The position of this peak depends on the composition of two-phase and on the structure of material itself. Two-sample cells were co-tested in same time for getting several Tg of limited miscible polymer blend and its component respectively. PSf/CPSf polymer blends in liquid-liquid phase separation and molecular weight distribution to be tested by High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The polymer blends were showing S-O-C strength absorbance between 1000-769/cm and 3300-2500/cm to be detected by Infrared Absorption Spectrum (IR) analysis. Therefore, the reaction and enthalpy of limited miscibility between two-phase of polymer blend PSf/CPSf can be described in the paper.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polymer blends"

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Muangpil, Sairoong. "Functionalised polymers and nanoparticle/polymer blends." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654111.

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The incorporation of nanoparticles into polydimethylsiloxane polymers either in the form of physical blending or chemical crosslinking has long been studied as it can improve the properties of composite materials. Interactions between the host polymer and the filler particle, filler concentration and conformation of each component are the key factors that influence these properties. Understanding the effect of these factors is of fundamental importance in all practical applications of composite materials. This thesis describes the study of a range of PDMS composites by using a variety of experimental techniques. The main techniques used were spin-spin (T2) relaxation and diffusion NMR spectroscopy, rheology and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The molecular mobility of a series of PDMS melts has been studied for both unentangled and entangled molecular weight regimes separated by the critical entanglement molecular weight (Mc) of the polymer. The experimental results revealed the effect of molecular weight and polydispersity of the polymers on their segmental mobility. The dramatic decrease of chain mobility observed at molecular weight above Mc was attributed to the effect of chain entanglements. The effect of nano-sized trimethylsilylated polysilicate resin (R2) on the chain mobility of PDMS in the form of physically blended was also examined. Two different concentrations (17 and 30 vol%) of R2 were incorporated into a wide range molecular weight of PDMS melts. Below Mc, the R2 particle was found to reinforce the PDMS at all particle loadings, whereas a plasticisation effect was observed for high molecular weight PDMS above Mc. This was attributed to a reduction of the degree of the entanglements when polymer chains adsorbed on particles. Chemically bonded composites of PDMS and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were successfully synthesised via hydrosilylation. The length of the PDMS central block was found to affect both the size and the molecular mobility of the triblock polymers. The weight fraction of POSS and substituted groups on POSS were also seen to affect the molecular mobility. Finally, a series ofrandom crosslink polymer films ofPDMS and phenylsilsesquioxane (TPh) was studied by AFM, TEM, SAXS and SANS techniques to investigate the factors influencing the optical clarity of the samples. The degree of swelling and the segmental mobility of the sample films swollen in good and poor solvents were also studied.
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Singh, V. B. "Polyethersulphone polymer blends." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37855.

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Masson, Jean-François. "Cellulosesynthetic-polymer blends." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74661.

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Blends of cellulose (CELL) with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P$ sb4$VPy), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly($ epsilon$-caprolactone) (PCL), and nylon 6 (Ny6), and of chitosan with PVA were investigated in an attempt to gain some insight into the factors that affect the miscibility of cellulose with synthetic polymers. The miscibility and the scale of mixing of the various blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, infrared and NMR spectroscopy, and proton spin-lattice relaxation measurements. The CELL/PVP, CELL/P$ sb4$VPy, and chitosan/PVA blends were shown to be homogeneous at the molecular level, while the CELL/PAN blends were shown to mix on a larger scale. In contrast the CELL/PCL and CELL/Ny6 blends were essentially immiscible; from this it was concluded that the potential for strong inter-molecular interactions is not a sufficient condition for miscibility to occur in cellulose/synthetic-polymer blends.
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Manda, Dimitra. "Thermodynamics of polymer blends." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300415.

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Bhutto, Ali Asghar. "Miscibility of polymer blends." Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7392.

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In this work an attempt is made to correlate polymer miscibility with diffusion and with molecular interactions. A system with lower critical solubility temperature has been selected, namely polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl methyl ether (PVME). Most of the published work has been done on polymers in solutions or on solvent cast specimens and therefore on ternary systems. The role of solvent has not yet been fully evaluated and it was of interest to compare the results on solvent cast samples with those prepared by mechanical blending and by diffusion. Molecular interaction is dependent on functional groups present and for this reason experiments have been performed on PVME blends with PS of different levels of sulfonation (SPS). Selective deuteration (d-PS) was used to identify and assign some absorption peaks in the infrared spectra. DSC measurements have shown that only one Tg is present for all blends prepared by solvent casting. It was necessary to use an extreme quenching rate down to liquid nitrogen in order to preserve the high temperature (above 150°C) phase separated structure, represented by two Tg of homopolymers. The mechanically blended system, on the other hand, did not show a single T g of the blend, unless annealed for one day at 110°C. This confirms the results obtained by diffusion studies using light microscopy and neutron reflectivity, that the diffusion rates are extremely slow and therefore do not control the phase formation and separation processes. These experiments also indicate that the microstructures of solvent cast samples and samples prepared by mechanical blending are different. The Tg of mechanical blended polymers indicate, that the composition of diffusion swollen PS does not correspond to the phase diagram measured in solutions, confirming thus the above result. The FTIR studies at different temperatures have shown that changes in spectra of polymer blends, as reported in the literature can be explained by temperature changes in pure homopolymers. This indicates that molecular interactions, which are responsible for miscibility, are not detectable by infrared absorptions and are therefore of unspecified strength and location. The FTIR of SPSIPVME blends show that sulfonate groups on PS affect polymer miscibility through changes in configuration of molecules, rather than through direct interaction with the PVME, as suggested in the literature. An attempt has been made to study diffusion of SPS and polycarbonate (PC) system by neutron reflectivity. Preliminary results indicate that surface relaxation effects make the data interpretation difficult.
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Mattsson, Sandra. "Microscopy techniques for studying polymer-polymer blends." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-157990.

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Semiconductors are used in many electronic applications, for example diodes, solar cells and transistors. Typically, semiconductors are inorganic materials, such as silicon and gallium arsenide, but lately more research and development has been devoted to organic semiconductors, for example semiconducting polymers. One of the reasons is that polymers can be customized, to a greater extent than inorganic semiconductors, to create a material with desired properties. Often, two polymers are blended to obtain the desired function, but two polymers do not usually result in an even blend. Instead they tend to separate from each other to varying degrees. The morphology of the blend affects the material properties, for example how efficiently it can convert electricity to light. In this project, thin films consisting of polymer blends were examined using microscopy techniques for the purpose of increasing our understanding of the morphology of such blends. One goal was to investigate whether a technique called correlative light and electron microscopy can be useful for examining the morphology of these films. In correlative light and electron microscopy, a light microscope and an electron microscope are used in the same location in order to be able to correlate the information from the two microscopes. The second goal was to learn about the morphology of the thin films using various microscopy techniques. The polymers used were Super Yellow and poly(ethylene oxide) with large molecular weight. Super Yellow is a semiconducting and light-emitting polymer while poly(ethylene oxide) is an isolating and non-emitting polymer that can crystallize. In the blend films, large, seemingly crystalline structures appeared. The structures could be up to 1 mm in the lateral direction, while the films were only approximately 170 nm thick. These structures could grow after the films had dried and their shapes were similar to those of poly(ethylene oxide) crystals. Consequently, there is reason to believe that it is the poly(ethylene oxide) that makes up the seemingly crystalline structures, but the structures also emitted more light than the rest of the film, and Raman spectroscopy showed that there was Super Yellow in the same location as the crystals. Among the microscopy techniques used, phase contrast microscopy was particularly interesting. This method visualizes differences in optical path length and was useful for studying polymer blends when the polymers have different indices of refraction. Correlating light and electron microscopy showed that there was a pronounced topographical difference between the seemingly crystalline regions and the rest of the thin film. Light microscopy has a limited resolution due to diffraction, but as long as the resolution of the light microscope is sufficient for seeing phase separation, correlative light and electron microscopy turned out to be a good method for studying the morphology of thin films of polymer blends.
Halvledare är viktiga för många elektroniska ändamål eftersom de kan användas till exempelvis dioder, solceller och transistorer. Traditionellt används inorganiska halvledande material som kisel eller galliumarsenid, men på senare tid har allt mer forskning och utveckling inriktat sig mot organiska (kolbaserade) halvledare, såsom halvledande polymerer, bland annat eftersom det i högre utsträckning går att skräddarsy de organiska materialen så att de får önskvärda egenskaper. Ofta blandas två polymerer med varandra för att skapa ett material med nya egenskaper som är önskvärda, men två polymerer brukar inte blandas jämnt utan tenderar att separera från varandra i olika utsträckning. Hur blandningen ser ut (morfologin) påverkar materialets egenskaper, till exempel hur effektivt det omvandlar ström till ljus. Med syfte att öka förståelsen för hur morfologin ser ut hos en blandning av två polymerer, har detta projekt gått ut på att undersöka tunna filmer av polymer-blandningar med hjälp av mikroskopiska tekniker. Ett delmål var att ta reda på om en teknik som heter korrelativ ljus- och elektronmikroskopi är en bra metod för att undersöka morfologin hos dessa filmer. Vid korrelativ ljus- och elektronmikroskopi används både ett ljusmikroskop och ett elektronmikroskop på samma plats för att kunna korrelera informationen som de båda mikroskopen ger. Det andra delmålet var att undersöka vad de olika mikroskopi-teknikerna kan säga om morfologin hos de tunna filmerna. De polymerer som använts är Super Yellow och poly(etylenoxid) med hög molekylmassa. Super Yellow är en oordnad halvledande och ljusemitterande polymer medan poly(etylenoxid) är en isolerande och icke-emitterande polymer som kan kristallisera. I de blandade filmerna uppstod stora kristall-liknande strukturer som kunde vara upp emot 1 mm breda trots att filmerna bara var ungefär 170 nm tunna. Dessa strukturer kunde växa fram efter det att filmerna redan hade torkat och påminde i form om kristaller som kan bildas av poly(etylenoxid). Det finns alltså skäl att tro att det är poly(etylenoxid) som kristalliserats, men de kristall-liknande strukturerna visade sig emittera mer ljus än vad resten av filmen gjorde, och Raman-spektroskopi visade att det även fanns Super Yellow på samma plats som kristallerna. Bland de mikroskopitekniker som testades utmärker sig faskontrastmikroskopi, som visar skillnader i den optiska vägskillnaden (det vill säga faktisk vägskillnad multiplicerat med brytningsindex). Det visade sig vara en intressant teknik för att studera polymerblandningar när de båda polymererna har olika brytningsindex. Genom att korrelera ljus- och elektronmikroskopi visade det sig att det fanns en tydlig skillnad i struktur mellan de kristall-liknande områdena och resten av den tunna filmen. Ljusmikroskopi har begränsad upplösning på grund av ett fenomen som heter diffraktion, men så länge som ljusmikroskopets upplösning är tillräcklig för att se fasseparation visade det sig att korrelativ ljus- och elektronmikroskopi är en bra metod för att studera morfologin hos tunna filmer av polymerblandningar.
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Julien, Grégoire. "Dynamics in polymer blends and polymer-solvent blends close to the glass transition." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10187/document.

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Dans ce travail, nous proposons un modèle qui décrit la dynamique dans les mélanges de polymères et polymère-solvant à l'approche de la transition vitreuse. Le modèle est résolu sur un réseau 2D sur des échelles de 10 nm à plusieurs microns. Ce modèle incorpore l'aspect hétérogène de la dynamique à l'échelle d'une hétérogénéité dynamique (3-5 nm). Dans le cas des mélanges de polymères, nous appliquons ce modèle afin d'étudier la séparation de phase lorsque le système est refroidi proche ou sous Tg, et le rajeunissement lorsque le système est réchauffé dans un état miscible et fondu. Pendant la séparation de phase, nous observons que des morphologies lentes se forment en coexistence avec des morphologies rapides. Pendant ce temps, la dynamique globale du système se ralentit et les domaines croissent comme le logarithme du temps. Lors de la réchauffe en revanche, nous observons que les domaines vitreux fondent plus vite que le temps nécessaire pour qu'ils se forment lors de la séparation de phase. Dans le cas des mélanges polymère-solvant, le système est en contact avec un réservoir de solvant et est en dessous de la température de transition vitreuse du polymère pur. L'activité du réservoir peut être changée afin de décrire le séchage ou le gonflement de films. Notre modèle permet de décrire la diffusion cas-II lorsqu'un polymère vitreux est plastifié par du solvant qui pénètre le système. Concernant le processus inverse de séchage, nous montrons que des films ayant des épaisseurs inférieures à 1 micron peuvent être séchés entièrement. Pour des films plus épais, en revanche, une croûte vitreuse se forme sur la surface libre du film
In this work, we propose a model for describing the dynamics in polymer blends or polymer-solvent blends close to and below Tg. The model is solved on a 2D lattice corresponding to spatial scales from 10 nm up to a few micrometers and incorporate the heterogeneous nature of the dynamics at the scale of a dynamic heterogeneity (3-5 nm). In case of polymer blends, we apply this model to study phase separation close to and below Tg upon cooling, and rejuvenation in miscible range upon heating. In the course of phase separation, we observe slow structures forming in coexistence with faster ones. In the same time, the global dynamics of the system slows down and domains grow like the logarithm of the time. During rejuvenation, we observe that morphologies melt much faster the elapsed time required to build them during aging. In the case of polymer-solvent blends, the system is put in contact with a solvent reservoir and is at temperatures far below the pure polymer glass transition. We consider situations where the activity of the solvent reservoir is varied in order to describe either films drying or swelling. Our model allows for explaining case-II diffusion in the context of the plasticisation of a glassy polymer by penetrating solvent during swelling. Regarding the process of film drying, we show that films up to 1 micrometer thick can be completely dried. When drying a thicker film, we show that a glassy crust may appear on the free surface, as shown experimentally
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Guo, Molin. "PROCESSING-STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS INCO-CONTINUOUS POLYMER BLENDS AND COMPOSITES." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1593786851492932.

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Huynh, Anh Nhut Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Rubber-polymer blends: a thesis in polymer engineering." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Materials Science & Engineering, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40833.

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This study examines composite materials prepared from ground recycled tires (tire crumb) and post-consumer recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE). An initial set of composites was prepared from as-received tire crumb and HDPE recyclate containing 040% tire crumb in 10% increments, using injection moulding. The elastic modulus and tensile strength were found to decrease linearly with increasing tire crumb content. Addition of tire crumb to recycled HDPE caused produced an immediate reduction in the strain to failure with a progressively more modest decrease as the tire crumb content was increased. The impact toughness decreased more linearly with increasing tire crumb fraction. Cross sections of the composites showed that the tire crumb particles were in intimate contact with the matrix but post mortem examination of the fracture surface of the impact test specimens indicated that the level of bonding had been poor. A second set of composites was a prepared from 10% tire crumb. The tire crumb was first given an oxidative treatment in hot aqueous copper chloride at concentrations from 0-5 wt% Cu Ch at 50 or 100??C for 6 or 12 hours. The composites were injection moulded with an addition of 0.5 wt% dicumyl peroxide (DCP). These composites showed good bonding between the tire crumb and the recycled HDPE even at concentrations of 0% of the Cu 2+ oxidation catalyst. The addition of DCP was found to substantially reduce the modulus of neat HDPE and this reduction was reflected in the modulus of the composites. It was found that the DCP concentration could be reduced to 0.02% without adversely affecting the composites.
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Milner, V. A. "Miscibility predictions in polymer blends." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332385.

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Books on the topic "Polymer blends"

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R, Paul Donald, and Bucknall C. B, eds. Polymer blends. New York: Wiley, 2000.

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R, Paul Donald, and Bucknall C. B, eds. Polymer blends. New York: Wiley, 2000.

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Efremovich, Zaikov Gennadiĭ, Bouchachenko A. L, and Ivanov V. B, eds. Aging of polymers, polymer blends and polymer composites. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2002.

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Efremovich, Zaikov Gennadiĭ, Bouchachenko A. L, and Ivanov V. B, eds. Aging of polymers, polymer blends, and polymer composites. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2002.

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Utracki, L. A. Commercial Polymer Blends. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5789-0.

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(Firm), Knovel, ed. Polymer blends handbook. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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Commercial polymer blends. London: Chapman & Hall, 1998.

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Robeson, Lloyd M. Polymer blends: An introduction. Munich: Hanser, 2007.

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Functional polymer blends: Synthesis, properties, and performances. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2012.

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Robeson, Lloyd M. Polymer blends: A comprehensive review. Munich, Germany: Hanser, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polymer blends"

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Khan, Ibrahim, Muhammad Mansha, and Mohammad Abu Jafar Mazumder. "Polymer Blends." In Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series, 513–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95987-0_16.

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Sánchez-Valdes, Saúl, Luis F. Ramos-De Valle, and Octavio Manero. "Polymer Blends." In Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing, 505–17. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118480793.ch27.

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Khan, Ibrahim, Muhammad Mansha, and Mohammad Abu Jafar Mazumder. "Polymer Blends." In Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series, 1–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92067-2_16-1.

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Subramanian, P. M. "Polymer Blends." In ACS Symposium Series, 252–65. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1990-0423.ch013.

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Michler, Goerg H. "Polymer Blends." In Atlas of Polymer Structures, 269–329. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569905586.007.

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Cappella, Brunero. "Polymer Blends." In Mechanical Properties of Polymers Measured through AFM Force-Distance Curves, 187–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29459-9_5.

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Michler, Goerg H., and Francisco J. Baltá-Calleja. "Polymer Blends." In Nano- and Micromechanics of Polymers, 281–314. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446428447.008.

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Michler, Goerg H. "Polymer Blends." In Atlas of Polymer Structures, 269–329. München, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-56990-558-6_7.

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Michler, Goerg H., and Francisco J. Baltá-Calleja. "Polymer Blends." In Nano- and Micromechanics of Polymers, 281–314. München, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-446-42844-7_8.

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Robeson, Lloyd M. "Introduction." In Polymer Blends, 1–9. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446436503.001.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polymer blends"

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Song, Janice J., Jennifer Kowalski, and Hani E. Naguib. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Bio-Compatible Shape Memory Polymer Blend for Biomedical and Clinical Applications." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7452.

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Shape memory polymers (SMP) are a class of stimuli-responsive materials that are able to respond to external stimulus such as heat by altering their shape. Bio-compatible SMPs have a number of advantages over existing SMP materials and are being studied extensively for biomedical and clinical applications. Polymer blending has proved to be an effective method to improve the mechanical properties of polymers (such as tensile strength and toughness) as well as shape memory properties. In this study, we investigate the effect of blending two bio compatible polymers, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a polymer with a high toughness and percent elongation, and poly-lactic acid (PLA), a stiff and strong polymer. The thermal, mechanical and thermo-mechanical (shape memory) properties of TPU/PLA blends were characterized in the following weight percent compositions: 80/20, 65/35, and 50/50 TPU/PLA. The TPU/PLA SMP blending was achieved with melt-blending and the tensile samples were fabricated with compression molding. The mechanical properties of each blend were studied at three different temperatures. The following thermo-mechanical (or shape memory) properties were also studied at each temperature: the shape fixity rate (Rf), shape recovery rate (Rr) and the effect of recovery temperature on the shape memory behavior. The microstructure of the polymer blends were investigated with an environmental scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the glass transition temperatures of the blends were similar to pure PLA. The toughness of the SMP blend increased with increasing TPU concentration and the tensile strength of the blend increased with PLA composition. The shape fixity rate of the TPU/PLA blend increased with increasing TPU content and the shape recovery rate increased with increasing deformation and recovery temperature. The various TPU/PLA SMP blends characterized in this study have the potential to be developed further for specific biomedical and clinical applications.
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Huang, Han-Xiong, Xiao-Jing Li, and You-Fa Huang. "Morphology Development of Polymer Blend With Different Viscosity Ratios Along an Extruder." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14294.

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The properties of polymer blends are largely determined by their morphology. So it is significant to investigate the morphology development of polymer blends during processing. In this work the morphology development of polymer blend was studied during flow along a single screw extruder. The polymer blend used incorporated polypropylene (PP) as its matrix phase and a high-viscosity or low-viscosity polyamide-6 (PA6) as the disperse phase. The samples of blends were taken from different positions using specially designed sampling device along the extruder online during the processing and were then examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphology of the dispersed phase was quantitatively analyzed using image analysis software. The morphology evolution of blends along the melt conveying zone of screw was simulated. Theoretically predicted morphology evolution is in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. The aim of this work is to provide a better insight in the morphology development of blend during processing.
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LICHKUS, ANDREW, and IAN HARRISON. "Polymer blends for LDB applications." In International Balloon Technology Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1991-3660.

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Janicki, Jaroslaw, Andrzej Wlochowicz, and Czeslaw Slusarczyk. "Structure investigations of PP-PA blends." In X-Ray Investigations of Polymer Structures, edited by Andrzej Wlochowicz, Jaroslaw Janicki, and Czeslaw Slusarczyk. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.267201.

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Li, Zhimin, Milind D. Arbatti, and Z. Y. Cheng. "Novel electroactive polymer system: PVDF-based polymer blends." In Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Yoseph Bar-Cohen. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.539146.

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Zhang, Xuejun, Anita K. Alanko, and Samson A. Jenekhe. "Efficient xerographic photoreceptors from conjugated polymers and polymer blends." In Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation '97, edited by Stephen Ducharme and James W. Stasiak. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.290246.

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Xu, Liang, Iryna Zhuk, and Sofia Sirak. "Novel Modified Polycarboxylate Paraffin Inhibitor Blends Reduce C30+ Wax Deposits in South Texas." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213853-ms.

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Abstract A typical challenge encountered during shale oil and condensate production in South Texas is severe wax deposition on fractured rock surface near the wellbore and flowlines from wellheads to separators, potentially reducing surface areas for oil and gas flow. Commonly used surfactant dispersants and wax inhibitors such as comb shaped polyacrylate/methacrylate (PAMA) and alpha-olefin modified maleic anhydride (OMAC) sometimes fall short and do not always address challenges associated with C30+ waxy crude oil and condensate. This is typically due to the mismatch of molecular weights and the incorrect ratio of polar and non-polar groups between the polymeric additive and the targeted wax species. In this study, we present the findings of a new modified polycarboxylate and polyacrylate blend that provides a balanced approach of optimized non-polar and polar groups on the polymer backbone. Additionally, the inherent long polymer chains with a broad chain density distribution appear to interact well with C30+ waxy compounds, effectively lowering pour point, reducing wax appearance temperature (WAT) and suppressing wax deposition. A gradual reduction of WATs in polymer treated waxy deposit was observed via DSC/CPM measurements when the polymer blends were varied with polyacrylate/methacrylate/modified carboxylate ratios. Cold finger tests were performed at selected temperature differentials that closely represented field conditions in order to demonstrate the efficacy of the optimized blend, in which deposits of C30+ waxy compounds were significantly eliminated. It's commonly accepted that comb shaped polymers interact with wax crystals via incorporation and perturbation. The polymer blend presented here, with an optimized ratio of non-polar and polar groups, appear to enable a secondary mechanism that introduces a repulsive force between growing wax crystals, which is reminiscent of interfacial polarization of charged wax crystals under an external electric field. Through Zeta Potential, Cold Finger, Yield Stress, DSC, SARA and HTGC analysis, it was demonstrated that this additional interference rendered the comb shaped polymer blend much more effective, against other PAMAs, OMACs, and linear polymers such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
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Rabiej, Stanislaw, Ryszard Kwiatkowski, and Andrzej Wlochowicz. "Determination of the crystallinity of polymer blends." In X-Ray Investigations of Polymer Structures, edited by Andrzej Wlochowicz, Jaroslaw Janicki, and Czeslaw Slusarczyk. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.267185.

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Akhilesan, S., Susy Varughese, and C. Lakshmana Rao. "Electromechanical Behavior of Conductive Polyaniline/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Blend Films Under Uniaxial Loading." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-7937.

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Polyaniline (PANI) an electronically conducting polymer, and its charge transfer complexes are interesting engineering materials due to their unique electronic conductivity, electrochemical behavior, low raw material cost, ease of synthesis and environmental stability in comparison with other conjugated polymers. The main disadvantage of PANI is its limited processability. Blending of conducting polymers with insulating polymers is a good choice to overcome the processability problem. In this study a solution-blend method is adopted to prepare conductive polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol (PANI/PVA) blend films at various blend ratios. Interest in applications for polyaniline (PANI) has motivated investigators to study its electro mechanical properties, and its use in polymer composites or blends with common polymers. The work described here looks at the uniaxial deformation behavior of the conducting polymer films and the anisotropic dependency of electrical conductivity of the blend films exposed to static and dynamic loading conditions. The relation between mechanical strain, electrical conductivity and film microstructure is investigated on PANI/PVA blend films.
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Hwang, Ho-Sang, Bum-Kyoung Seo, and Kune-Woo Lee. "Strippable Core-Shell Polymer Emulsion for Decontamination of Radioactive Surface Contamination." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40193.

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In this study, the core-shell composite polymer for decontamination from the surface contamination was synthesized by the method of emulsion polymerization and blends of polymers. The strippable polymer emulsion is composed of the poly(styrene-ethyl acrylate) [poly(St-EA)] composite polymer, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The morphology of the poly(St-EA) composite emulsion particle was core-shell structure, with polystyrene (PS) as the core and poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) as the shell. Core-shell polymers of styrene (St)/ethyl acrylate (EA) pair were prepared by sequential emulsion polymerization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an emulsifier using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. Related tests and analysis confirmed the success in synthesis of composite polymer. The products are characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA that were used, respectively, to show the structure, the thermal stability of the prepared polymer. Two-phase particles with a core-shell structure were obtained in experiments where the estimated glass transition temperature and the morphologies of emulsion particles. Decontamination factors of the strippable polymeric emulsion were evaluated with the polymer blend contents.
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Reports on the topic "Polymer blends"

1

Mulkern, Thomas J., Donovan Harris, and Alan R. Teets. Epoxy Functionalized Hyberbranched Polymer/Epoxy Blends. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada372416.

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Rafailovich, M., and J. Sokolov. Surface and interfacial properties of polymer blends. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6048397.

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Fabish, T. J., W. F. Lynn, R. J. Passinault, A. Vreugdenhil, and B. Metz. High Performance Flat Coatings Through Compatibilized Immiscible Polymer Blends. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada375878.

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Chu, B. Phase transition in polymer blends and structure of ionomers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5362446.

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Anastasiadis, S. H., I. Gancarz, and J. T. Koberstein. Interfacial Tension of Immiscible Polymer Blends: Temperature and Molecular Weight Dependence. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada192463.

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Naslund, Robert A., and Phillip L. Jones. Characterization of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer Blends by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada253616.

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Rafailovich, M., and J. Sokolov. Determination of concentration profiles at interfaces and surfaces of partially miscible polymer blends. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6583481.

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Rafailovich, M., and J. Sokolov. Surface and interfacial properties of polymer blends. Progress report, September 25, 1990--December 24, 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10107795.

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Chaffee, Kevin P., and Patrick T. Mather. A Preliminary Investigation of the Interfacial and Dielectric Properties of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Polymer Blends. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada362369.

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Rafailovich, M., and J. Sokolov. Determination of concentration profiles at interfaces and surfaces of partially miscible polymer blends. Final Technical report, September 25, 1990--December 24, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10147798.

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