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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer backbone'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Saha, Debasish, Karthik R. Peddireddy, Jürgen Allgaier, Wei Zhang, Simona Maccarrone, Henrich Frielinghaus, and Dieter Richter. "Amphiphilic Comb Polymers as New Additives in Bicontinuous Microemulsions." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 2410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122410.

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It has been shown that the thermodynamics of bicontinuous microemulsions can be tailored via the addition of various different amphiphilic polymers. In this manuscript, we now focus on comb-type polymers consisting of hydrophobic backbones and hydrophilic side chains. The distinct philicity of the backbone and side chains leads to a well-defined segregation into the oil and water domains respectively, as confirmed by contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering experiments. This polymer–microemulsion structure leads to well-described conformational entropies of the polymer fragments (backbone and side chains) that exert pressure on the membrane, which influences the thermodynamics of the overall microemulsion. In the context of the different polymer architectures that have been studied by our group with regards to their phase diagrams and small-angle neutron scattering, the microemulsion thermodynamics of comb polymers can be described in terms of a superposition of the backbone and side chain fragments. The denser or longer the side chain, the stronger the grafting and the more visible the brush effect of the side chains becomes. Possible applications of the comb polymers as switchable additives are discussed. Finally, a balanced philicity of polymers also motivates transmembrane migration in biological systems of the polymers themselves or of polymer–DNA complexes.

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2

Kot, E., R. K. K. Saini, L. R. R. Norman, and A. Bismarck. "Novel Drag-Reducing Agents for Fracturing Treatments Based on Polyacrylamide Containing Weak Labile Links in the Polymer Backbone." SPE Journal 17, no. 03 (September 4, 2012): 924–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/141257-pa.

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Summary Water-soluble polymers have found extensive use in the oil and gas industry. For instance, high-molecular-weight polymers are very efficient drag-/friction-reducing agents and viscosifiers. Unfortunately, the adsorption of the polymer on the reservoir formation reduces the effectiveness of the recovery of oil and gas from low-permeability formations, such as shale. The availability of water-soluble polymers containing weak links in the backbone of the polymer that can be degraded upon experiencing a certain trigger, such as temperature, pH, or reducing agent, would be very advantageous. Because of the ability of weak links to degrade under certain conditions, such polymers can be used for their intended application and can afterward be degraded in a controlled and predetermined way. The resulting lower-molecular-weight fractions of that polymer lead to a reduced viscosity and quick partitioning into the water phase, and they are also less likely to adsorb onto formation surfaces. Additionally, no oxidizers need to be pumped to break or clean the deposited polymer, thus saving treatment time. It has been proved that using a bifunctional reducing agent containing degradable groups and oxidizing metal ions as a redox couple is an effective method to initiate free-radical polymerization and build degradable groups into the backbone of vinyl polymers. Temperature-degradable but hydrolytically stable azo groups showed the most-desirable results. The presence of azo groups in the backbone of the synthesized polyacrylamide (PAM) was confirmed by H1-NMR spectra and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The degradation behavior of the PAM with temperature-sensitive azo groups was characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and proved that multiple labile links were built into the polymer backbone. It was also found that PAM with azo links in the polymer backbone is as good a drag-reducing agent as pure PAM. However, PAM with azo links in the backbone loses its drag-reduction properties once subjected to elevated temperatures, which for some applications is viewed as an advantage.

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3

Kanatieva, Anastasiia Yu, Dmitry A. Alentiev, Valeria E. Shiryaeva, Alexander A. Korolev, and Alexander A. Kurganov. "Impact of the Polymer Backbone Structure on the Separation Properties of New Stationary Phases Based on Tricyclononenes." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 5120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235120.

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The main purpose of this paper is to compare the chromatographic properties of capillary columns prepared with polymers with different backbone structures and to demonstrate the possibility of polymer differentiation via inverse gas chromatography. With the use of addition and metathesis types of polymerization of tricyclononenes, two new stationary phases were prepared. The metathesis polymer contained double bonds in the polymeric backbone while the backbone of the addition polymer was fully saturated and relatively mobile. A comparison of the separation and adsorption properties of new phases with conventional gas chromatography (GC) stationary phases clearly indicated their non-polar characteristics. However, the difference in the polymer structure appeared to have very little effect on the stationary phase separation properties, so other parameters were used for polymer characterization. The thermodynamic parameters of the sorption of alkanes and aromatic compounds in both polymeric stationary phases were also very similar; however, the entropy of sorption for hydrocarbons with seven or more carbon atoms was different for the two polymers. An evaluation of the specific surface energy of the stationary phases also allowed us to discriminate the two stationary phases.

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4

Park, Kyung Sun, Justin J. Kwok, Rishat Dilmurat, Ge Qu, Prapti Kafle, Xuyi Luo, Seok-Heon Jung, et al. "Tuning conformation, assembly, and charge transport properties of conjugated polymers by printing flow." Science Advances 5, no. 8 (August 2019): eaaw7757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw7757.

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Intrachain charge transport is unique to conjugated polymers distinct from inorganic and small molecular semiconductors and is key to achieving high-performance organic electronics. Polymer backbone planarity and thin film morphology sensitively modulate intrachain charge transport. However, simple, generic nonsynthetic approaches for tuning backbone planarity and the ensuing multiscale assembly process do not exist. We first demonstrate that printing flow is capable of planarizing the originally twisted polymer backbone to substantially increase the conjugation length. This conformation change leads to a marked morphological transition from chiral, twinned domains to achiral, highly aligned morphology, hence a fourfold increase in charge carrier mobilities. We found a surprising mechanism that flow extinguishes a lyotropic twist-bend mesophase upon backbone planarization, leading to the observed morphology and electronic structure transitions.

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5

Li, Zongze, Gregory M. Treich, Mattewos Tefferi, Chao Wu, Shamima Nasreen, Sydney K. Scheirey, Rampi Ramprasad, Gregory A. Sotzing, and Yang Cao. "High energy density and high efficiency all-organic polymers with enhanced dipolar polarization." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 25 (2019): 15026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta03601f.

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6

Lv, Lei, Xiaofen Wang, Tao Dong, Xinlong Wang, Xiaoxi Wu, Lei Yang, and Hui Huang. "Significantly improving the efficiency of polymer solar cells through incorporating noncovalent conformational locks." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 1, no. 7 (2017): 1317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6qm00296j.

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7

Wang, Yu, Yudong Wang, Sushant Sahu, August A. Gallo, and Xiao-Dong Zhou. "Efficient Synthesis of High-Performance Anion Exchange Membranes by Applying Clickable Tetrakis(dialkylamino)phosphonium Cations." Polymers 15, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15020352.

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Tetrakis(dialkylamino)phosphonium (TKDAAP) compounds exhibit extraordinary base resistance, a prerequisite feature for high-performance anion exchange membranes (AEMs). It is, however, challenging to synthesize a TKDAAP compound with reactive functionality that can be used to link the cation to a polymer backbone. In this study, two TKDAAP compounds with alkyne functionality were synthesized and incorporated into an azide-modified SBS triblock copolymer backbone via Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) “click” chemistry. The properties of the resulting AEMs were characterized. It was found that (1) the triazole linker between the cation and the polymer backbone was stable under alkaline conditions; (2) varying the substituents of TKDAAP compounds could dramatically alter the stability; and (3) increasing the hydrophilicity of the AEM was an efficient way to enhance its ionic conductivity. Using clickable TKDAAP compounds makes it easy to combine various cations into polymer backbones with adjustable cation content, thus potentially leading to an efficient way to screen a wide variety of polyelectrolyte structures to identify the most promising candidates for high-performance AEMs.

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8

Hou, Qiong, Jie Luo, Sui Lian Luo, Hong Zhu, and Guang Shi. "White Electroluminescence from a Single Fluorene-Based Copolymer." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.732.

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White light emitting polymers were synthesized through incorporating of low-band gap red light emitting 4,7-di(4-hexyl-thien-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DHTBT) moieties into the backbone of a blue-light-emitting poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO). Incomplete energy transfer from the blue electroluminescent PFO backbone to the red light emitting unit occurred by carefully controlling the relative content of the low-band gap unit DHTBT in the resulting polymers. Pure white light electroluminescence from a single polymer has been obtained in a device with a configuration of ITO/PVK/polymer/Ba/Al.The highest external quantum efficiency is 1.04% at the luminance of 249 cd/m2 for the white emitting polymer with color coordinates (0.30, 0.35) very close to the CIE coordinates for National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard white-light emission (0.33,0.33).

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9

Chen, Bing, Zhanhai Xiao, Yanhu Li, Lei Yu, Wei Yang, and Jiwen Feng. "Bipolar π-conjugation interrupted host polymers by metal-free superacid-catalyzed polymerization for single-layer electrophosphorescent diodes." RSC Adv. 4, no. 91 (2014): 50027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06540a.

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10

O’Harra, Kathryn E., Danielle M. Noll, Irshad Kammakakam, Emily M. DeVriese, Gala Solis, Enrique M. Jackson, and Jason E. Bara. "Designing Imidazolium Poly(amide-amide) and Poly(amide-imide) Ionenes and Their Interactions with Mono- and Tris(imidazolium) Ionic Liquids." Polymers 12, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061254.

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Here we introduce the synthesis and thermal properties of a series of sophisticated imidazolium ionenes with alternating amide-amide or amide-imide backbone functionality, and investigate the structural effects of mono(imidazolium) and unprecedented tris(imidazolium) ionic liquids (ILs) in these ionenes. The new set of poly(amide-amide) (PAA) and poly(amide-imide) (PAI) ionenes represent the intersection of conventional high-performance polymers with the ionene archetype–presenting polymers with alternating functional and ionic elements precisely sequenced along the backbone. The effects of polymer composition on the thermal properties and morphology were analyzed. Five distinct polymer backbones were synthesized and combined with a stoichiometric equivalent of the IL 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ([Bnmim][Tf2N]), which were studied to probe the self-assembly, structuring, and contributions of intermolecular forces when IL is added. Furthermore, three polyamide (PA) or polyimide (PI) ionenes with simpler xylyl linkages were interfaced with [Bnmim][Tf2N] as well as a novel amide-linked tris(imidazolium) IL, to demonstrate the structural changes imparted by the inclusion of functional, ionic additives dispersed within the ionene matrix. This work highlights the possibilities for utilizing concepts from small molecules which exhibit supramolecular self-assembly to guide creative design and manipulate the structuring of ionenes.

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11

Liu, Delong, Ying Zhang, Lingling Zhan, Tsz-Ki Lau, Hang Yin, Patrick W. K. Fong, Shu Kong So, et al. "Design of wide-bandgap polymers with deeper ionization potential enables efficient ternary non-fullerene polymer solar cells with 13% efficiency." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 23 (2019): 14153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta04237g.

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12

Duan, Chunhui, Jacobus J. van Franeker, Martijn M. Wienk, and René A. J. Janssen. "High open circuit voltage polymer solar cells enabled by employing thiazoles in semiconducting polymers." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 36 (2016): 5730–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py01083k.

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13

Kang, So-Huei, Junghoon Lee, Dahyeon Yoo, Byoung Hoon Lee, and Changduk Yang. "Dithienosilole-co-5-fluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-containing regioisomeric polymers for organic field-effect transistors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 28 (2019): 8522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02414j.

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14

Chen, Yunxiang, and Fang Chen. "Fluorination effects on bithiophene unit in benzodithiophene-4,8-dione based D–A type alternating copolymers for highly efficient polymer solar cells." RSC Advances 12, no. 55 (2022): 36038–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra05925h.

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15

Ngo, An Thien, Pierre Karam, and Gonzalo Cosa. "Conjugated polyelectrolyte–lipid interactions: Opportunities in biosensing." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 1 (December 3, 2010): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-10-11-02.

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Fluorescent conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have attracted considerable interest over the past decade as novel materials for developing biosensing schemes and sensing devices for biomolecules. This interest stems from the exquisite polymer sensitivity to the presence of fluorescence quenchers, enabling amplified sensing of molecules of interest. Efficient energy transport along the polymer backbone is critical to their sensing capabilities. Considerable research efforts have thus gone into understanding and controlling energy transport along the polymer backbone. In particular, it has been shown that interactions between CPEs with either surfactants or lipid molecules may significantly reduce energy transport along the polymer backbone that in turn may provide for unique biosensing opportunities. In the first half of this review, we give a historical overview on energy transport in conjugated polymers and polyelectrolytes. In the second half, we summarize the most recent work on the interaction of CPEs with surfactants with an emphasis on our own work elucidating electronic energy transport in CPEs encapsulated into lipid vesicles or embedded within the membrane of lipid vesicles.

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16

Kozanecka-Szmigiel, Anna, Ewa Schab-Balcerzak, Dariusz Szmigiel, and Jolanta Konieczkowska. "The unexpected photomechanical effect in glassy “T-type” azopolyimides." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 14 (2019): 4032–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc06518g.

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17

Liu, Meng, Lu Yin, Shuangshuang Zhang, Zhengbiao Zhang, Wei Zhang, and Xiulin Zhu. "Design and Synthesis of a Cyclic Double-Grafted Polymer Using Active Ester Chemistry and Click Chemistry via A “Grafting onto” Method." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020240.

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Combing active ester chemistry and click chemistry, a cyclic double-grafted polymer was successfully demonstrated via a “grafting onto” method. Using active ester chemistry as post-functionalized modification approach, cyclic backbone (c-P2) was synthesized by reacting propargyl amine with cyclic precursor (poly(pentafluorophenyl 4-vinylbenzoate), c-PPF4VB6.5k). Hydroxyl-containing polymer double-chain (l-PS-PhOH) was prepared by reacting azide-functionalized polystyrene (l-PSN3) with 3,5-bis(propynyloxy)phenyl methanol, and further modified by azide group to generate azide-containing polymer double-chain (l-PS-PhN3). The cyclic backbone (c-P2) was then coupled with azide-containing polymer double-chain (l-PS-PhN3) via CuAAC reaction to construct a novel cyclic double-grafted polymer (c-P2-g-Ph-PS). This research realized diversity and complexity of side chains on cyclic-grafted polymers, and this cyclic double-grafted polymer (c-P2-g-Ph-PS) still exhibited narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn < 1.10).

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18

Greco, Jeffrey F., and Patricia A. Bianconi. "A carbon network backbone polymer functionalized with polymer brushes." Polymer Journal 42, no. 4 (February 17, 2010): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pj.2009.343.

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19

Li, Fei, Yuxiang Wang, Yuan Sheng, Guo Wei, Yixiang Cheng, and Chengjian Zhu. "CPL emission of chiral BINOL-based polymers via chiral transfer of the conjugated chain backbone structure." RSC Advances 5, no. 128 (2015): 105851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra23329a.

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Chiral BINOL-based polymers incorporating phenothiazine moieties can exhibit strong mirror image Cotton effects and emit green color CPL signals via effective chiral transfer of the conjugated polymer chain backbone.

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20

Gao, Wenli, Rui Tang, Minghao Bai, Hengzhe Yu, Yonghong Ruan, Jinli Zheng, Yinjun Chen, and Wengui Weng. "Dynamic covalent polymer networks with mechanical and mechanoresponsive properties reinforced by strong hydrogen bonding." Polymer Chemistry 13, no. 15 (2022): 2173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2py00179a.

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Mechanoresponsive dynamic covalent networks were designed and synthesized by embedding radical mechanophores into the polymer backbone as crosslinkers. The mechanical properties and mechanoresponsiveness of the polymers were reinforced by hydrogen bonds.

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21

Ghosh, Malay. "New Polymer Synthesis: Polymers Possessing Diiminosulfoxide Functionality in the Backbone." Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 27, no. 2 (February 1990): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222339009351492.

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22

Ghosh, Malay. "New Polymer Synthesis: Polymers Possessing Diiminosulfoxide Functionality in the Backbone." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 27, no. 2 (1990): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601329008544719.

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23

Mukherjee, Soma, William L. A. Brooks, Yuqiong Dai, and Brent S. Sumerlin. "Doubly-dynamic-covalent polymers composed of oxime and oxanorbornene links." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 10 (2016): 1971–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py02046h.

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Two sets of reversible covalent linkages distributed in series along a polymer backbone were used to prepare a new class of doubly dynamic-covalent polymers capable of reversibly dissociatingviatwo distinct pathways.

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24

Wang, Deyin, Xiaohui Wen, Dong Zhang, and Jiajun Tang. "Dynamical and Structural Properties of Comb Long-Chain Branched Polymer in Shear Flow." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 25, 2022): 11290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911290.

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Using hybrid multi-particle collision dynamics (MPCD) and a molecular dynamics (MD) method, we investigate the effect of arms and shear flow on dynamical and structural properties of the comb long-chain branched (LCB) polymer with dense arms. Firstly, we analyze dynamical properties of the LCB polymer by tracking the temporal changes on the end-to-end distance of both backbones and arms as well as the orientations of the backbone in the flow-gradient plane. Simultaneously, the rotation and tumbling behaviors with stable frequencies are observed. In other words, the LCB polymer undergoes a process of periodic stretched–folded–stretched state transition and rotation, whose period is obtained by fitting temporal changes on the orientation to a periodic function. In addition, the impact induced by random and fast motions of arms and the backbone will descend as the shear rate increases. By analyzing the period of rotation behavior of LCB polymers, we find that arms have a function in keeping the LCB polymer’s motion stable. Meanwhile, we find that the rotation period of the LCB polymer is mainly determined by the conformational distribution and the non-shrinkable state of the structure along the velocity-gradient direction. Secondly, structural properties are numerically characterized by the average gyration tensor of the LCB polymer. The changes in gyration are in accordance with the LCB polymer rolling when varying the shear rate. By analyzing the alignment of the LCB polymer and comparing with its linear and star counterparts, we find that the LCB polymer with very long arms, like the corresponding linear chain, has a high speed to reach its configuration expansion limit in the flow direction. However, the comb polymer with shorter arms has stronger resistance on configuration expansion against the imposed flow field. Moreover, with increasing arm length, the comb polymer in shear flow follows change from linear-polymer-like to capsule-like behavior.

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25

Yap, Jeaniffer E., Neil Mallo, Donald S. Thomas, Jonathon E. Beves, and Martina H. Stenzel. "Comparing photoswitching of acrylate or methacrylate polymers conjugated with donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 47 (2019): 6515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01345h.

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Polymers with donor–acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) groups were synthesized using RAFT methods to evaluate the effect of polymer length (20 vs. 100 DP units) and backbone rigidity (acrylate and methacrylate blocks).

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26

Zalewski, Karol, Zbigniew Chyłek, and Waldemar A. Trzciński. "A Review of Polysiloxanes in Terms of Their Application in Explosives." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071080.

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Polysiloxanes are reviewed for their properties depending on the functionalization of a silicon–oxygen backbone chain. Next, the properties were referred to the requirements that polymers used in plastic/polymer-bonded explosive (PBX)-type explosives must meet. Finally, the current state and prospects for the implementation of polysiloxanes in plastic/polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) formulations are presented.

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27

Li, Fei, Yuxiang Wang, Ziyu Wang, Yixiang Cheng, and Chengjian Zhu. "Red colored CPL emission of chiral 1,2-DACH-based polymers via chiral transfer of the conjugated chain backbone structure." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 38 (2015): 6802–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01148e.

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Chiral polymers incorporating a chiral 1,2-DACH moiety and BODIPY can exhibit strong mirror image Cotton effects and emit red colored CPL signals via the effective chiral transfer of the conjugated polymer chain backbone.

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28

OKADA, S., and H. NAKANISHI. "RECENT PROGRESS IN POLYDIACETYLENE MATERIAL RESEARCH FOR NONLINEAR OPTICS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 03, no. 04 (October 1994): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218199194000298.

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In order to enhance the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities (χ(3) s ) of polydiacetylenes, polydiacetylenes with π-conjugation between polymer backbone and acetylenic substituents were synthesized. In the case of hexatriyne monomer, solid-state polymerization proceeded via 1, 4-addition to give polydiacetylene with directly bound ethynyl substituents. Also 1, 4-addition polymerization took place in the case of octatetrayne and dodecahexayne monomers and gave polydiacetylenes with butadiynyl and octatetraynyl substituents, respectively. These butadiynyl and octatetraynyl moieties of the latter two polymers could thermally be polymerized furthermore. Especially, in the case of dodecahexayne, formation of an interesting ladder polymer with π-conjugation between two polydiacetylene backbones were confirmed by the solid-state NMR. The effective χ(3)(−3ω; ω, ω, ω) value in three-photon resonant region of the π-conjugation system of polydiacetylenes with butadiynyl substituents was elucidated to be about 10−9 esu. The ratio of χ(3) to absorption at the THG wavelength in near-resonant region was found to be larger than that in resonant region. Aiming at obtaining sharp excitonic absorption of polydiacetylenes, polydiacetylene microcrystals with controlled molecular weight distribution, i.e., uniform electronic structure in the polymer backbones, were also examined.

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29

Maehara, Takayuki, Hiroshi Hashimoto, and Joji Ohshita. "Synthesis and Heat Resistance of Arylenedioxy-organosilanylene Polymers with Adamantane Units." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 64, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2009): 1567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2009-11-1241.

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Arylenedioxy-organosilanylene polymers with adamantane units in the backbone were prepared by Rh-catalyzed dehydrocoupling of bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)adamantanes with organohydrosilanes, and their heat resistance was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis in nitrogen. Among these polymers, the highest Td10 (10% weight loss temperature) of 547 °C was achieved for polymer 2a prepared from 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)adamantane and phenylsilane. Polymer 2a exhibited good heat resistance even in air with Td10 = 387 °C, and standing of the polymer at 150 °C for 8 h resulted in no evident weight loss

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30

Yin, Xiaodong, Yali Qiao, Matthew R. Gadinski, Qing Wang, and Chuanbing Tang. "Flexible thiophene polymers: a concerted macromolecular architecture for dielectrics." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 17 (2016): 2929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00233a.

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Highly flexible and transparent free-standing films can be readily obtained from oligothiophene-containing norbornene polymers and their hydrogenated derivatives prepared by ROMP. The rigidness/softness of the polymer backbone and polar side chains dictate dielectric properties.

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31

Zhang, Qi, Hengda Sun, and Meifang Zhu. "Structure design for high performance n-type polymer thermoelectric materials." Chinese Physics B 31, no. 2 (January 1, 2022): 028506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac3a64.

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Organic thermoelectric (OTE) materials have been regarded as a potential candidate to harvest waste heat from complex, low temperature surfaces of objects and convert it into electricity. Recently, n-type conjugated polymers as organic thermoelectric materials have aroused intensive research in order to improve their performance to match up with their p-type counterpart. In this review, we discuss aspects that affect the performance of n-type OTEs, and further focus on the effect of planarity of backbone on the doping efficiency and eventually the TE performance. We then summarize strategies such as implementing rigid n-type polymer backbone or modifying conventional polymer building blocks for more planar conformation. In the outlook part, we conclude forementioned devotions and point out new possibility that may promote the future development of this field.

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32

Hou, Qiong, Lin Tao Hou, Jie Luo, Nai Yuan Li, Hong Zhu, and Guang Shi. "White and Red Electroluminescence from a Single Copolymers of Fluorene and 4-Thienyl-2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.762.

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We have developed efficient pure white- and red-light-emitting polymers through incorporating of low-band gap orange-light-emitting 4-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTT) moieties into the backbone of a blue-light-emitting poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO). Partial or complete energy transfer from the blue electroluminescent PFO backbone to the orange- light-emitting unit occurred by carefully controlling the relative content of the low-band gap unit BTT in the resulting polymers. Pure white- and red-light electroluminescence from a single polymer has been obtained in a device with a configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca/Al. The highest external quantum efficiency is 2.4% with luminous efficiency 2.20 cd/A at the luminance of 793 cd/m2 for the red-light emitting copolymer PFO-BTT with emission peak at 607 nm for 15mol% BTT content, the highest external quantum efficiency is 0.5% at the luminance of 81 cd/m2 for the white emitting polymer with color coordinates (0.34, 0.34) very close to the CIE coordinates for National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard white-light emission (0.33,0.33).

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33

Jeong, WonJo, Kyumin Lee, Jaeyoung Jang, and In Hwan Jung. "Development of Benzobisoxazole-Based Novel Conjugated Polymers for Organic Thin-Film Transistors." Polymers 15, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051156.

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Benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bis(oxazole) (BBO) is a heterocyclic aromatic ring composed of one benzene ring and two oxazole rings, which has unique advantages on the facile synthesis without any column chromatography purification, high solubility on the common organic solvents and planar fused aromatic ring structure. However, BBO conjugated building block has rarely been used to develop conjugated polymers for organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). Three BBO-based monomers, BBO without π-spacer, BBO with non-alkylated thiophene π-spacer and BBO with alkylated thiophene π-spacer, were newly synthesized and they were copolymerized with a strong electron-donating cyclopentadithiophene conjugated building block to give three p-type BBO-based polymers. The polymer containing non-alkylated thiophene π-spacer showed the highest hole mobility of 2.2 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1, which was 100 times higher than the other polymers. From the 2D grazing incidence X-ray diffraction data and simulated polymeric structures, we found that the intercalation of alkyl side chains on the polymer backbones was crucial to determine the intermolecular ordering in the film states, and the introduction of non-alkylated thiophene π-spacer to polymer backbone was the most effective to promote the intercalation of alkyl side chains in the film states and hole mobility in the devices.

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34

DO, JUNG YUN, SEUNG KOO PARK, SUNTAK PARK, JUNG JIN JU, MIN-SU KIM, and MYUNG-HYUN LEE. "ELECTRO-OPTIC POLYIMIDE WITH HYPER-BRANCHED CHROMOPHORE STRUCTURES." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 13, no. 03n04 (December 2004): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863504002067.

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Hyper-branched chromophores were developed and attached to a polyimide backbone. The chromophore structures led to increasing chromophore concentration in polymers. Electro-optic coefficients were measured to investigate the effect of various chromophore concentrations in side chain polymers. Thermal and electric stabilities of poled polymer films were correlated with the hyper-branched structures.

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35

Bolm, Carsten, Cihangir Tanyeli, Achim Grenz, and Christian L Dinter. "ROMP-Polymers in Asymmetric Catalysis: The Role of the Polymer Backbone." Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 344, no. 6-7 (August 2002): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1615-4169(200208)344:6/7<649::aid-adsc649>3.0.co;2-x.

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36

Kumar, D. Sharath, H. S. Pallavi, and Phani Kumar Pullela. "Detection of Non-nitro Compounds by Amplified Fluorescence Polymer (AFP): An Opportunity for Breath-Based Disease Diagnosis." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 9 (2021): 2229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23446.

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Amplified fluorescence polymers (AFP) are a set of unique polymers known for their ability to detect trace nitro explosives. The prior knowledge in the AFP field indicates that the functional group variation on the polymer backbone is responsible for the selectivity of an analyte. The mechanism of analyte detection is believed that only compounds with nitro functional groups are detected by AFP. Usually, AFP functional groups varied to detect nitro compounds and the non-nitro compound detection and the mechanism of the AFP were not completely understood. In this work, the AFP polymer was kept constant and studied with 136 analytes with different functional groups for analyzing few non-nitro compounds. Among the 136 compounds analyzed, about fourteen have been detected by AFP. It was observed that most of the fourteen compounds were non-nitro compounds. The mechanism proposed originally for nitro compounds and associated hypothesises the existence of a parking space on the polymer backbone. Present study suggested that the possibility of only nitro compounds interacting with AFP due to the three-dimensional shape of the analyte as the detrimental factor. The discovery of non-nitro compound detection by AFP opens up the use of AFP for gas-phase disease volatile organic compound detection. Future studies of functional group variation on the AFP backbone in relation to the analyte detection could provide insights into the relation of analyte detection by AFP and the parameters to optimize for obtaining the selectivity and specificity.

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37

Johnson, Ross S., Jacob J. Haworth, Patrick S. Finnegan, David R. Wheeler, and Shawn M. Dirk. "Conjugated Polymer Patterning through Photooxidative Backbone Cleavage." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 35, no. 12 (April 17, 2014): 1116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201400133.

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38

Zhang, Tian, Shelby D. Dickerson, Tianyu Zhu, Chuanbing Tang, and Sheryl L. Wiskur. "Polymer compositions on kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols using polymer-supported silyl chlorides." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 31 (2020): 5011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00747a.

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39

Fan, Linli, and Li Liu. "Dynamics of asymmetric star polymers under coarse grain simulations." e-Polymers 19, no. 1 (November 3, 2019): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0064.

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AbstractThe asymmetric star polymers are studied by coarse grain simulations. Each polymer chain is represented by number of consecutive soft blobs and additional uncrossability constraints are added to prevent chain crossings. In this work two types of asymmetric star polymers with different backbone lengths are structured. Their dynamical properties are discussed by comparisons with corresponding linear chains, the one covers chain length along with the asymmetric arm through the branch point to one of the symmetric arm, or the backbone chain between two symmetric arm ends, or the largest linear possesses the same molecular weight of the entire star. To reveal the influence of the asymmetric arm length on their relaxation decay times, the autocorrelation function of the vectors from each branching point to corresponding asymmetric arm end are calculated, results are compared with the symmetric star having the same backbone chain.

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40

Zhai, Bao Gai, and Yuan Ming Huang. "Effect of Cis-Backbone on Optical Properties of Polyphenylacetylene." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.483.

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By controlling the temperature of chemical reaction, we synthesized four polyphenylacetylene samples, in which the percentages of cis configurations were determined to be 65, 75, 85 and 100%, respectively. Ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence studies show that the cis-configured backbones have posed significant effects on the optical absorption and fluorescence of the polyphenylacetylenes. Upon the 325-nm excitation, the dilute solutions of these cis-polyphenylacetylenes give off weak fluorescence with their peak located at about 390 nm, but the concentrated solutions of the polymer can give off strong orange-red fluorescence with their peak located at about 600 nm. With Hückel tight binding theory, both the E-k dispersion relations and the density of states were calculated for cis-polyphenylacetylene. Our results suggest that the blue photoluminescence of polyacetylenes origins from the backbone enhanced -conjugation of the phenyl chromophors in the polymer, and that intermolecular interactions can occur in the excited complex of the polymer.

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Shen, Tanxiao, Nan Jiang, Xiao’a Zhang, Lirong He, Xian Hua Lang, Jing Zhi Sun, and Hui Zhao. "Pyrene-Functionalized Polyacetylenes: Synthesis and Photoluminescence Property." Polymers 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2019): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081366.

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Four pyrene-functionalized polyacetylenes were designed and prepared through a typical post-polymerization modification route, which is the highly efficient reaction between activated ester and primary anime groups. The chemical structures of the resultant polymers were characterized with multiple spectroscopic techniques and the data indicated the successful functionalization of the polyacetylenes. The introduction of the pyrene moieties into the polymer structure allowed us to investigate the interactions between the polymer backbone and side chains. For the mono-substituted polyacetylenes, both the monomer and excimer emission features of the pyrene groups could be recorded, while for the di-substituted polyacetylenes, the fluorescence from the pyrene excimer vanished and the fluorescence intensity from the pyrene monomer decreased, the fluorescence from the polymer chain predominated the emission features. The concomitant energy transfer from the pyrene monomer and excimer to poly(diphenylacetylene) backbone was associated with the underlying mechanism. In addition to the substitution modes, the linkage between the poly(diphenylacetylene) backbone and the pyrene moiety also played a significant role in the determination of the emission species. A long alkyl spacer was beneficial to the pyrene monomer emission while a short one may be helpful to the formation of the excimer and intramolecular energy transfer.

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Tang, Xin De, Tie Shi Wang, Ye Chen, Fa Qi Yu, and Mei Shan Pei. "Synthesis of Conjugated Polythiophenes with Azobenzene Substitutes in the Side Chains." Solid State Phenomena 181-182 (November 2011): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.181-182.127.

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Novel conjugated polythiophene derivatives with azobenzene moieties to attaching to the polymer backbone via a flexible alkyl spacer were synthesized by electrochemically direct anodic oxidation in boron trifluoride diethyletherate (BFEE). The physical, optical and fluorescent properties of the resulting polymers were characterized. As conducting and optical materials, the polymers can be promising in the field of photoelecrtonics area.

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43

Deng, Xin-Xing, Yang Cui, Yao-Zong Wang, Fu-Sheng Du, and Zi-Chen Li. "Graft Copolymers with Polyamide Backbones via Combination of Passerini Multicomponent Polymerization and Controlled Chain-growth Polymerization." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 4 (2014): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13450.

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We report a facile ‘grafting from’ approach to graft copolymers with polyamide backbones and controlled vinyl polymer or polyester side chains. Two polyamides with in situ-formed pendant bromide or hydroxyl groups were obtained by Passerini-based multicomponent polymerization. They were used respectively to initiate the atom-transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers or the ring-opening polymerization of lactones to generate two new types of graft copolymers. One of the important features of the method is that the pendant initiators are generated in situ from non-branching monomers, and they are linked to the polymer backbone by ester bonds. Therefore, the vinyl polymer side chains could be detached from the backbones, and their structures could thus be fully characterized. Moreover, multicomponent polymerization and atom-transfer radical polymerization can even be carried out in a one-pot manner.

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Waware, Umesh Somaji, Ravi Arukula, A. M. S. Hamouda, and Peter Kasak. "Electrochemical and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigations of conductive polymers." Ionics 26, no. 2 (November 4, 2019): 831–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-03250-8.

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Abstract We report the synthesis of high soluble poly(aniline-co-o-hydroxyaniline) copolymers with varying the amount of o-hydroxyaniline (20, 40, 60, and 80 %) and referred as PA-co-o-HA20, PA-co-o-HA40, PA-co-o-HA60, and PA-co-o-HA80 respectively. The chemical and structural composition of the polymers and copolymers were determined by XPS, UV–Vis, and FE-SEM analysis. Electrochemical studies of the as-prepared polymers showed two single-electron oxidations and two single-electron reductions reversibly at various scan rates ranging from 20 to 50 mV and results reveals that the current density of the copolymer was lesser than the conventional polyaniline (PA). This is due to increasing the hydroxyl (-OH) branching on the polymer backbone in the polymer chain. The current density decreases from PA-co-o-HA20 to PA-co-o-HA80 by increasing the weight percentage of o-hydroxyaniline in the polymeric backbone.

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45

Bae, Chulsung. "(Invited) Molecular Engineering of Ion-Conducting Polymer Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Technologies." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391731mtgabs.

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Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on hydroxide-conducting polymers are a key component for anion-based electrochemical energy technology such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, and advanced batteries. Although these alkaline electrochemical technologies offer a promising alternative to acidic proton exchange membrane electrochemical devices, the access to chemically stable, mechanically durable, high-performing polymer electrolyte materials has been bottleneck to advance electrochemical technologies for hydrogen and other green chemicals until now. Despite vigorous research of AEM polymer design, examples of high-performance polymers with good alkaline stability at an elevated temperature are uncommon. Traditional aromatic polymers used in AEM applications contain a heteroatomic backbone linkage which is prone to degradation via nucleophilic attack by hydroxide ion. In this presentation, I will highlight recent progress at the Bae group of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the development of advanced hydroxide-conducting polymers and membranes for AEM technology applications. We have developed a number of synthetic methodologies that produce polymer design made of all C−C bond backbones and a flexible chain-tethered quaternary ammonium group and that provide an effective solution to the problem of alkaline stability. The advantage of good solvent processability, synthetic versatility, and convenient scalability of the reaction process has generated considerable interest of these polymers, and they are considered leading candidates for commercial standard AEM. AEM fuel cells, electrolyzer, and redox flow battery tests of some of the developed polymer membranes showed excellent performance, suggesting that this new class of AEMs open a new avenue to electrochemical devices with real-world applications.

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Lee, Eun-Su, Sung-Moon Kim, Mi-Hye Yi, Jae-Won Ka, and Min-Cheol Oh. "Coplanar Electrode Polymer Modulators Incorporating Fluorinated Polyimide Backbone Electro-Optic Polymer." Photonics 7, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7040100.

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High-speed coherent optical communication has been expanding to handle the ever-increasing data traffic, and the large modulation bandwidth of electro-optic (EO) polymer modulators has been especially appreciated. However, to be useful in optical communication, the EO polymer device should address several issues, such as thermal stability, photo-oxidation, and bias drift. In this work, as a part of the experiments to address these challenges, an EO polymer with a fluorinated polyimide backbone is utilized to create EO polymer modulators with improved thermal stability. A coplanar electrode structure is introduced to enhance the poling efficiency and reduce the bias drift.

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47

Kausar, Ayesha. "Conjugated Polymer/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites—State-of-the-Art." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5110292.

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Graphene oxide is an imperative modified form of graphene. Similar to graphene, graphene oxide has gained vast interest for the myriad of industrial applications. Conjugated polymers or conducting polymers are well known organic materials having conducting backbone. These polymers have semiconducting nature due to π-conjugation along the main chain. Doping and modification have been used to enhance the electrical conductivity of the conjugated polymers. The nanocomposites of the conjugated polymers have been reported with the nanocarbon nanofillers including graphene oxide. This review essentially presents the structure, properties, and advancements in the field of conducting polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites. The facile synthesis, processability, and physical properties of the polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites have been discussed. The conjugated polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites have essential significance for the supercapacitors, solar cells, and anti-corrosion materials. Nevertheless, the further advanced properties and technical applications of the conjugated polymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites need to be explored to overcome the challenges related to the high performance.

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48

Lear, G., S. D. M. Maday, V. Gambarini, G. Northcott, R. Abbel, J. M. Kingsbury, L. Weaver, J. A. Wallbank, and O. Pantos. "Microbial abilities to degrade global environmental plastic polymer waste are overstated." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (March 15, 2022): 043002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac59a7.

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Abstract Internationally, the environmental damage caused by the improper disposal of approximately 100 Mt of plastic waste per annum is of growing concern. Attempts to address this issue have generated many hundreds of scientific studies announcing the discovery of novel plastic-degrading microorganisms and their respective enzymes. On closer inspection, however, evidence remains sparse for the microbial degradation of most of the plastic polymers produced globally. We systematically surveyed the international literature to confirm how many microorganisms proposed to degrade plastics (n = 664) cause substantial (i.e. ⩾20% mass) losses of virgin polymer, rather than losses of plastic additives, filler, and/or shedding of polymer micro-fragments. We noted where degradation was only demonstrated for artificially aged polymer since physicochemical ageing procedures increase the abundance of monomers and oligomers such that they may be degraded by microbial activity. Additionally, artificial ageing may introduce functional groups to the polymer backbone, creating more locations susceptible to microbial degradation than would otherwise occur in the environment. We identified multiple studies demonstrating the effective microbial degradation of heterochain plastic polymers such as polylactic acid, polycaprolactone and polyethylene terephthalate (i.e. polymers containing elements other than carbon in the backbone structure). However, in the literature, we find no evidence for the substantial degradation of unadulterated polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride, homochain polymers which represent the overwhelming majority of global plastics production. Current research demonstrates that the pre-treatment of plastics with elevated temperature or UV-light may speed physicochemical plastic degradation, with valuable applications for downstream microbial processing. However, evidence for the microbial degradation of most plastic polymers in current circulation is lacking. We outline simple criteria that should be met before announcing the microbial degradation of plastic polymers. We hope this may help to address largely unsubstantiated expectations that microorganisms can degrade many plastic polymers in situ.

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Ye, Jia Hai. "Synthesis and Characterization of a New Donor and Acceptor Substituted Conjugated Polytetraphenylethenes." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.167.

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A series of new functional polymers which were constituted by Tetraphenylethene(TPE) units with donor group and acceptor group conjugated to each other is synthesized through Wittig reaction. The 1H NMR measurements indicate that the cis-vinylene units exit in polymer backbone. The UV-absorption and Fluorescent emission are investigated.

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50

Gao, Baojiao, Liqin Zhang, and Dandan Zhang. "Effects of structures of bidentate Schiff base type bonded-ligands derived from benzaldehyde on the photoluminescence performance of polymer–rare earth complexes." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 6 (2018): 4373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07590a.

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Two kinds of bidentate Schiff base ligands derived from benzaldehyde, benzaldehyde/m-aminophenol (BAMA) type and benzaldehyde/glutamic acid (BAGL) type ligands, were synchronously synthesized and bonded on the backbone of polysulfone (PSF) through molecular design and by polymer reactions, and two functional polymers, PSF-BAMA and PSF-BAGL, were obtained.

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