Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polymer

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Polymer'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Polymer"

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Brostow, Witold, Hanna Fałtynowicz, Osman Gencel, Andrei Grigoriev, Haley E. Hagg Lobland, and Danny Zhang. "Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Polymers and Polymer-Based Composites." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 14, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht14.04.514.

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A definition of rigidity of polymers and polymer-based composites (PBCs) by an equation is formulated. We also discuss tribological properties of polymers and PBCs including frictions (static, sliding and rolling) and wear. We discuss connections between viscoelastic recovery in scratch resistance testing with brittleness B, as well as Charpy and Izod impact strengths relations with B. Flexibility Y is related to a dynamic friction. A thermophysical property, namely linear thermal expansivity, is also related to the brittleness B. A discussion of equipment needed to measure a variety of properties is included.
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Kozhevnikov, Н. V., N. I. Kozhevnikova, and M. D. Goldfeyn. "Solving Some Environmental Problems of Polymer Chemistry." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Chemistry. Biology. Ecology 10, no. 2 (2010): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2010-10-2-34-42.

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The kinetics and mechanism of vinyl monomer polymerization were studied. Ways to solve some environmental problems of polymer chemistry have been developed, namely, monomer stabilization to avoid the formation of side polymers due to spontaneous polymeriza­ tion while synthesis, purification and storage of monomers, synthesis of environmentally-pure emulgator-free latexes, synthesis of polymer­ ic flocculants for water purification from disperse particles.
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Hincapie, Rafael E., Ante Borovina, Torsten Clemens, Eugen Hoffmann, Muhammad Tahir, Leena Nurmi, Sirkku Hanski, Jonas Wegner, and Alyssia Janczak. "Optimizing Polymer Costs and Efficiency in Alkali–Polymer Oilfield Applications." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 5508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245508.

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In this work, we present various evaluations that are key prior field applications. The workflow combines laboratory approaches to optimize the usage of polymers in combination with alkali to improve project economics. We show that the performance of AP floods can be optimized by making use of lower polymer viscosities during injection but increasing polymer viscosities in the reservoir owing to “aging” of the polymers at high pH. Furthermore, AP conditions enable the reduction of polymer retention in the reservoir, decreasing the utility factors (kg polymers injected/incremental bbl. produced). We used aged polymer solutions to mimic the conditions deep in the reservoir and compared the displacement efficiencies and the polymer adsorption of non-aged and aged polymer solutions. The aging experiments showed that polymer hydrolysis increases at high pH, leading to 60% higher viscosity in AP conditions. Micromodel experiments in two-layer chips depicted insights into the displacement, with reproducible recoveries of 80% in the high-permeability zone and 15% in the low-permeability zone. The adsorption for real rock using 8 TH RSB brine was measured to be approximately half of that in the case of Berea: 27 µg/g vs. 48 µg/g, respectively. The IFT values obtained for the AP lead to very low values, reaching 0.006 mN/m, while for the alkali, they reach only 0.44 mN/m. The two-phase experiments confirmed that lower-concentration polymer solutions aged in alkali show the same displacement efficiency as non-aged polymers with higher concentrations. Reducing the polymer concentration leads to a decrease in EqUF by 40%. If alkali–polymer is injected immediately without a prior polymer slug, then the economics are improved by 37% compared with the polymer case. Hence, significant cost savings can be realized capitalizing on the fast aging in the reservoir. Due to the low polymer retention in AP floods, fewer polymers are consumed than in conventional polymer floods, significantly decreasing the utility factor.
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Jovanovic, Slobodan, Gordana Nestorovic, and Katarina Jeremic. "Conducting polymer materials." Chemical Industry 57, no. 11 (2003): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0311511j.

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Conducting polymers represent a very interesting group of polymer materials Investigation of the synthesis, structure and properties of these materials has been the subject of considerable research efforts in the last twenty years. A short presentating of newer results obtained by investigating of the synthesis, structure and properties of two basic groups of conducting polymers: a) conducting polymers the conductivity of which is the result of their molecular structure, and b) conducting polymer composites (EPC), is given in this paper. The applications and future development of this group of polymer materials is also discussed.
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Chen, Weifeng, Shaona Chen, Weimin Hu, Dejiang Li, and Zhongxu Dai. "The Preparation Approaches of Polymer/graphene Nanocomposites and their Appilcation Research Progress as Electrochemical Sensors." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 20, no. 4 (October 31, 2017): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v20i4.356.

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Graphene, a two-dimensional sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms packed into a honeycomb lattice, can be combined with various polymers through different methods and techniques. Polymer/graphene nanocomposites are expected to not only preserve the fa-vorable properties of graphene and polymers, but also greatly enhance the intrinsic properties due to the synergetic effect between them. In this review, the preparation approaches of graphene/polymer nanocomposites, including melt blending, solution blending, in-situ polymeri-zation and in-situ synthesis, were presented comprehensively in order to study the relationship between these approaches and the final characteristics and performances. Each approach had different influences on the final properties of the nanocomposites. The advantages and disadvantages of the preparation methods were discussed respectively. Additionally, the application researches of the polymer/graphene nanocomposites as electrochemical sensors, were introduced in detail. With regard to some important or novel sensors, the mechanisms were proposed for reference. Finally, conclusions were given and the issues waiting to be settled for further development were pointed out. The current review demonstrates that polymer/graphene nanocomposites exhibit superior electrochemical performances and will be applied practically in the field of sensor devices.
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Alli, Yani Faozani. "THE EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTES ON POLYMER VISCOSITY FOR EFFECTIVENESS OF POLYMER INJECTION." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 42, no. 2 (August 6, 2020): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.42.2.386.

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The use of polymer for tertiary oil recovery has been known to be important as viscosity modifier to increase sweep efficiency of water flood and chemical flood. The most common polymer used for chemical flood is hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) that owing large number of charges along the polymer chains. However, formation water as dissolution water contain high electrolytes that has a great effect on polymer viscosity, as well as responsible to generate the efficiency of polymer flooding. In this study, the effect of electrolytes from saline and cation divalent to the viscosity of polymer was investigated. Three studied polymers were dissolved in various concentration of saline and cation divalent by analyzing the compatibility, viscosity, and the filtration ratio of polymers. The results showed that the presence of electrolytes in every concentration of water did not impact the compatibility and filtration ratio of polymers. Whereas, the addition of sodium chloride as saline ionic and calcium chloride as cationic divalent were both reducing the viscosity of polymers. The lower viscosity of polymer related to the ability of polymer to expand the hydrodynamic which limited by the neutralization of internal repulsion of the electrolytes.
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Zhao, Lingling, Yifan Zhou, Jiaying Zhang, Hongze Liang, Xianwu Chen, and Hui Tan. "Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels: From Polymer to Biomedical Applications." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 10 (October 23, 2023): 2514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102514.

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Hydrogels prepared from natural polymer have attracted extensive attention in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, wound healing, and regenerative medicine due to their good biocompatibility, degradability, and flexibility. This review outlines the commonly used natural polymer in hydrogel preparation, including cellulose, chitosan, collagen/gelatin, alginate, hyaluronic acid, starch, guar gum, agarose, and dextran. The polymeric structure and process/synthesis of natural polymers are illustrated, and natural polymer-based hydrogels including the hydrogel formation and properties are elaborated. Subsequently, the biomedical applications of hydrogels based on natural polymer in drug delivery, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and other biomedical fields are summarized. Finally, the future perspectives of natural polymers and hydrogels based on them are discussed. For natural polymers, novel technologies such as enzymatic and biological methods have been developed to improve their structural properties, and the development of new natural-based polymers or natural polymer derivatives with high performance is still very important and challenging. For natural polymer-based hydrogels, novel hydrogel materials, like double-network hydrogel, multifunctional composite hydrogels, and hydrogel microrobots have been designed to meet the advanced requirements in biomedical applications, and new strategies such as dual-cross-linking, microfluidic chip, micropatterning, and 3D/4D bioprinting have been explored to fabricate advanced hydrogel materials with designed properties for biomedical applications. Overall, natural polymeric hydrogels have attracted increasing interest in biomedical applications, and the development of novel natural polymer-based materials and new strategies/methods for hydrogel fabrication are highly desirable and still challenging.
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Sharma, Swati. "Polymer-to-Carbon Conversion: From Nature to Technology." Materials 12, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12050774.

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Glassy carbon is derived from synthetic organic polymers that undergo the process of coking during their pyrolysis. Polymer-to-carbon conversion (hereafter referred to as PolyCar) also takes place in nature, and is indeed responsible for the formation of various naturally occurring carbon allotropes. In the last few decades the PolyCar concept has been utilized in technological applications, i.e., specific polymers are patterned into the desired shapes and intentionally converted into carbon by a controlled heat-treatment. Device fabrication using glassy carbon is an excellent example of the use of the PolyCar process in technology, which has rapidly progressed from conventional to micro- and nanomanufacturing. While the technique itself is simple, one must have a good understanding of the carbonization mechanism of the polymer, which in turn determines whether or not the resulting material will be glassy carbon. Publications that comprise this special issue shed light on several aspects of the formation, properties and performance of glassy carbon in the cutting-edge technological applications. The results of detailed material characterization pertaining to two important research areas, namely neural electrodes and precision glass molding, are presented as examples. I hope that the readers will enjoy as well as benefit from this collection.
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Chremos, Alexandros, Cheol Jeong, and Jack F. Douglas. "Influence of polymer architectures on diffusion in unentangled polymer melts." Soft Matter 13, no. 34 (2017): 5778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01018d.

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Molecular dynamics simulations of polymer melts composed of polymers of different branching complexity suggests that the average polymer shape and hydrodynamic radius are important for the understanding of the polymer diffusion, as in polymer solutions.
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Myshkin, Nikolai K., and Alexander Kovalev. "Polymer mechanics and tribology." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 4 (May 8, 2018): 764–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-06-2017-0162.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the advances in mechanics and tribology of polymers and polymer-based materials. It is focused on the understanding of the correlation of contact mechanics and the tribological behavior of polymers and polymer composites by taking account of surface forces and adhesion in the contact. Design/methodology/approach Mechanical behavior of polymers is considered a viscoelasticity. Tribological performance is estimated while considering the parts of deformation and adhesion in friction arising in the contact. Surface energy, roughness, load and temperature effects on the tribological behavior of polymers are evaluated. Polymer composites produced by reinforcing and by the addition of functional additives are considered as materials for various applications in tribology. Particular attention is given to polymer-based nanocomposites. Findings A review of studies in tribology has shown that polymer-based materials can be most successfully used as self-lubricating components of sliding bearings. The use of the fillers provides changes in the tribological performance of neat polymers and widens their areas of application in the industry. Thin polymer films were found to be prospective lubricants for memory storage devices, micro-electro-mechanical systems and precision mechanisms. Further progress in polymer tribology should be achieved on solving the problems of contact mechanics, surface physics and tribochemistry by taking account of the scale factor. Originality/value The review is based on the experience of the authors in polymer mechanics and tribology, their research data and on data of many other literature sources published in this area. It can be useful for specialists in polymer research and industrial engineers working in tribology and industrial lubrication.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polymer"

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Schlindwein, Walkiria Santos. "Conducting polymers and polymer electrolytes." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33889.

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Polymers are mostly used as insulator materials. Since the late sixties, two new classes of polymeric materials possessing either ionic or electronic conductivities have been extensively studied. The work carried out in this thesis concerns of the study of polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) complexed with divalent salts (ionic conductors) and polypyrroles (PPy) electrochemically and chemically prepared (electronic conductors). Different techniques were used to study their properties including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Variable Temperature Polarising Microscopy (VTPM), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), a.c. Impedance, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Water-cast films of PEOn:ZnX2 (X = C1, Br, I) were prepared at a range of stoichiometries. The effects of either residual presence of water or thermal treatment related to the formation of high melting crystalline materials were investigated. The morphology of the zinc halides films differs from similar films cast from acetonitrile/methanol mixtures. The presence of high melting crystalline material in the water cast samples is influenced mostly by the concentration, type of anion and drying procedure applied to the samples. The high melting crystalline materials in the zinc samples are more affected by the drying regime. In some cases, solvent effects can be removed by using a high temperature (e.g. 180°C) drying regime. The presence of water normally depresses the melting temperature of the crystalline structures. Films of PEOn.:CaBr2 and PEOn:NiBr2 cast from water were also examined. The high melting crystalline materials in the calcium samples are more affected by the presence of water. The nickel samples are highly crystalline and the presence of high melting material does not seem to be influenced by either the presence of solvent or the drying procedure. EXAFS was used as a suitable technique to probe the local structure surrounding the cation. The results of the zinc halide samples gave some indication of the interionic and polymer-cation interactions. It was demonstrated that the halogen provides the most substantial contribution for the total EXAFS spectrum and the oxygen contribution is much less significant, except in the case of PEOn:ZnC12 samples. This could be due to the size of the nearest neighbour atoms and/or to the interaction polymer-cation. The presence of neutral "ion pairing" is suggested for the PEOn:ZnBr2 samples. The EXAFS results for the samples containing NiBr2 indicated a strong interaction between polymer-salt and the local structure was dependent on concentration, unlike the zinc samples. The polymerisation of pyrrole was investigated by using chemical and electrochemical oxidation routes. The structural characterisation of the compounds obtained was limited by their insolubility. The electrochemically prepared samples presented higher conductivity than the ones which were chemically prepared. The EXAFS results at the Fe K-edge of the PPyFeCl4 sample, which was prepared by direct chemical oxidation, suggested that the iron is coordinated to oxygens at a distance 1.97 A, chlorines at 3.08 A and perhaps nitrogens at 3.72 A. The iron local structure of the composite PVA/PPy doped with FeCl3 was different from the PPyFeCl4 sample. The iron in the composite sample was coordinated to oxygens at 1.98 A and chlorines at 2.18 A. Alternatively, the presence of a distorted FeCl4- is considered.
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Muangpil, Sairoong. "Functionalised polymers and nanoparticle/polymer blends." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654111.

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The incorporation of nanoparticles into polydimethylsiloxane polymers either in the form of physical blending or chemical crosslinking has long been studied as it can improve the properties of composite materials. Interactions between the host polymer and the filler particle, filler concentration and conformation of each component are the key factors that influence these properties. Understanding the effect of these factors is of fundamental importance in all practical applications of composite materials. This thesis describes the study of a range of PDMS composites by using a variety of experimental techniques. The main techniques used were spin-spin (T2) relaxation and diffusion NMR spectroscopy, rheology and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The molecular mobility of a series of PDMS melts has been studied for both unentangled and entangled molecular weight regimes separated by the critical entanglement molecular weight (Mc) of the polymer. The experimental results revealed the effect of molecular weight and polydispersity of the polymers on their segmental mobility. The dramatic decrease of chain mobility observed at molecular weight above Mc was attributed to the effect of chain entanglements. The effect of nano-sized trimethylsilylated polysilicate resin (R2) on the chain mobility of PDMS in the form of physically blended was also examined. Two different concentrations (17 and 30 vol%) of R2 were incorporated into a wide range molecular weight of PDMS melts. Below Mc, the R2 particle was found to reinforce the PDMS at all particle loadings, whereas a plasticisation effect was observed for high molecular weight PDMS above Mc. This was attributed to a reduction of the degree of the entanglements when polymer chains adsorbed on particles. Chemically bonded composites of PDMS and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were successfully synthesised via hydrosilylation. The length of the PDMS central block was found to affect both the size and the molecular mobility of the triblock polymers. The weight fraction of POSS and substituted groups on POSS were also seen to affect the molecular mobility. Finally, a series ofrandom crosslink polymer films ofPDMS and phenylsilsesquioxane (TPh) was studied by AFM, TEM, SAXS and SANS techniques to investigate the factors influencing the optical clarity of the samples. The degree of swelling and the segmental mobility of the sample films swollen in good and poor solvents were also studied.
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Smartt, William Mark. "Formation of microporous polymer via thermally-induced phase transformations in polymer solutions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32853.

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Chester, Shawn Alexander. "Mechanics of amorphous polymers and polymer gels." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68898.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 345-356).
Many applications of amorphous polymers require a thermo-mechanically coupled large-deformation elasto-viscoplasticity theory which models the strain rate and temperature dependent response of amorphous polymeric materials in a temperature range which spans the glass transition temperature of the material. We have formulated such a theory, and also numerically implemented our theory in a finite element program. The material parameters in the theory have been calibrated for poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, and Zeonex - a cyclo-olefin polymer. The predictive capabilities of the constitutive theory and its numerical implementation have been validated by comparing the results from a suite of validation experiments against corresponding results from numerical simulations. Amorphous chemically-crosslinked polymers form a relatively new class of thermallyactuated shape-memory polymers. Several biomedical applications for thermally-actuated shape-memory polymers have been proposed/demonstrated in the recent literature. However, actual use of such polymers and devices made from these materials is still quite limited. For the variety of proposed applications to be realized with some confidence in their performance, it is important to develop a constitutive theory for the thermo-mechanical response of these materials and a numerical simulation-based design capability which, when supported with experimental data, will allow for the prediction of the response of devices made from these materials under service conditions. We have developed such a theory and a numerical simulation capability, and demonstrated its utility for modeling the thermo-mechanical response of the shape-memory polymer tBA-PEGDMA. An elastomeric gel is a cross-linked polymer network swollen with a solvent, and certain thermally-responsive gels can undergo large reversible volume changes as they are cycled about a critical temperature. We have developed a thermodynamically-consistent continuum-level theory to describe the coupled mechanical-deformation, fluid permeation, and heat transfer of such gels. We have numerically implemented our theory in a finite element program by writing thermo-chemo-mechanically coupled elements. We show that our theory is capable of simulating swelling, squeezing of fluid by applied mechanical forces, and thermally-responsive swelling/de-swelling of such materials.
by Shawn Alexander Chester.
Ph.D.
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Mohagheghian, Iman. "Impact response of polymers and polymer nanocomposites." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648854.

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Sun, Shuangyi. "Alkoxyphenacyl Polymers: A Novel Photodegradable Polymer Platform." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1424234383.

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Cooke, Richard Hunter III. "THE ENHANCEMENT OF PEROXIDE-CURED FLUOROELASTOMER RUBBER TO METAL BONDING." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1377022145.

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Michaille, Sylvie. "Photolyse et photo-oxydation des polyesters insatures a l'etat solide." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2D013.

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L'evolution photolytique et photo-oxydative des polyesters insatures, reticules ou non, exposes a une lumiere polychromatique de longueurs d'onde superieures a 300 nm, a ete etudiee par spectrophotometries ir, irtf, uv-visible. L'influence de chaque parametre d'elaboration a pu etre determinee: nature et concentration des diacides, nature des glycols, nature et concentration des agents reticulants, mode de reticulation. Les mecanismes mettent en jeu l'excitation primaire des groupes fumarates-maleates ou des groupes phtalates, et des reactions radicalaires rendent compte de l'apparition de produits hydroxyles et carbonyles. La photo-isomerisation fumaratemaleate a ete mise en evidence. Par des etudes paralleles de la photochimie du polystyrene et du polybutylene terephtalate a grande longueur d'onde, les differentes origines du photojaunissement ont ete precisees. Le photojaunissement des polyesters insatures depend a la fois des oligomeres styreniques et des unites phtalates. Des processus photolytiques doivent etre impliques au niveau des liaisons ester ainsi que des recombinaisons radicalaires. L'effet de la longueur d'onde d'irradiation a ete apprehende. A 365 nm, la conjugaison phtalatestyrene ne peut etre mise en evidence; a 253,7 nm, des reactions de photopassivation ont pu etre observees. De telles conditions d'irradiation ne sont pas representatives du photo-vieillissement des polyesters insatures reticules
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Smallfield, J. A. O. "Metal-polymer and polymer-polymer interfaces : application to conjugated polymer electronic devices /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343235668.

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Yang, Lianyun. "Novel Ferroelectric Behavior in Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene)-Based Random Copolymers." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1431686125.

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Books on the topic "Polymer"

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Efremovich, Zaikov Gennadiĭ, Bouchachenko A. L, and Ivanov V. B, eds. Aging of polymers, polymer blends and polymer composites. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2002.

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Efremovich, Zaikov Gennadiĭ, Bouchachenko A. L, and Ivanov V. B, eds. Aging of polymers, polymer blends, and polymer composites. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2002.

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Godovsky, Yu K., K. Horie, A. Kaneda, N. Kinjo, L. F. Kosyanchuk, Yu S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova, et al. Speciality Polymers/Polymer Physics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0017962.

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Rubinson, Judith F., and Harry B. Mark, eds. Conducting Polymers and Polymer Electrolytes. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0832.

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Chiellini, Emo, Junzo Sunamoto, Claudio Migliaresi, Raphael M. Ottenbrite, and Daniel Cohn, eds. Biomedical Polymers and Polymer Therapeutics. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b112950.

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I, Kroschwitz Jacqueline, ed. Polymers: Polymer characterization and analysis. New York: Wiley, 1990.

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Emo, Chiellini, and International Symposium on Frontiers in Biomedical Polymers including Polymer Therapeutics: From Laboratory to Clinical Practice (3rd : 1999 : Shiga, Japan), eds. Biomedical polymers and polymer therapeutics. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.

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Inoue, S., S. Jacob, M. Jiang, J. P. Kennedy, M. Li, H. Sugimoto, M. Xiang, and H. Zhou, eds. Polymer Synthesis/Polymer-Polymer Complexation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49424-3.

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1957-, Webster Dean C., and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Polymer Libraries. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.

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Meeting, American Chemical Society. Interpenetrating polymer networks. Edited by Klempner Daniel, Sperling L. H. 1932-, Utracki L. A. 1931-, American Chemical Society. Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering., and Chemical Congress of North America (4th : 1991 : New York, N.Y.). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polymer"

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Xanthos, Marino. "Polymers and Polymer Composites." In Functional Fillers for Plastics, 1–16. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527605096.ch1.

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Xanthos, Marino. "Polymers and Polymer Composites." In Functional Fillers for Plastics, 1–18. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527629848.ch1.

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Lekkerkerker, Henk N. W., Remco Tuinier, and Mark Vis. "The Interface in Demixed Colloid–Polymer Dispersions." In Colloids and the Depletion Interaction, 185–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52131-7_5.

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AbstractIn Chaps. 3 and 4, the focus was on theory and experiments related to the phase behaviour of mixtures containing colloidal spheres and nonadsorbing polymers. As we have seen, when the polymer coils are sufficiently large relative to the colloidal spheres, a colloidal gas–liquid (fluid–fluid) phase separation may occur. The two phases that appear differ in composition. One phase is a dilute colloidal fluid (a colloidal ‘gas’) dispersed in a concentrated polymer solution. This phase coexists with a concentrated colloidal fluid (a colloidal ‘liquid’) dispersed in a dilute polymer solution.
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Bhatia, Saurabh. "Natural Polymers vs Synthetic Polymer." In Natural Polymer Drug Delivery Systems, 95–118. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41129-3_3.

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Han, Chang Dae. "Relationships Between Polymer Rheology and Polymer Processing." In Rheology and Processing of Polymeric Materials: Volume 1: Polymer Rheology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187823.003.0005.

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Polymer products have long been used for a variety of applications in our daily lives, as well as for some more exotic applications, such as biomedical devices, superhigh- speed airplanes, and outer-space vehicles. Other applications are too numerous to mention them all here. There are many steps involved in the production of polymer products, from the synthesis of raw materials to the manufacturing of the finished products. Of the many steps involved, the fabrication (processing) step plays a pivotal role in determining the quality of the final products. Successful processing of polymeric materials requires a good understanding of their rheological behavior (Han 1976, 1981). Thus, intimate relationships exist between polymer rheology and polymer processing. In this chapter we describe briefly some of these close relationships between polymer rheology and polymer processing. Rheology is the science that deals with the deformation and flow of matter. Hence, polymer rheology is the science that deals with the deformation and flow of polymeric materials. Since there are a variety of polymeric materials, we can classify polymer rheology further into different categories, depending upon the nature of the polymeric materials; for instance, (1) the rheology of homogeneous polymers, (2) the rheology of miscible polymer blends, (3) the rheology of immiscible polymer blends, (4) the rheology of particulate-filled polymers, (5) the rheology of fiberglass-reinforced polymers, (6) the rheology of organoclay nanocomposites, (7) the rheology of polymeric foams, (8) the rheology of thermosets, (9) the rheology of block copolymers, and (10) the rheology of liquid-crystalline polymers. Each of these polymeric materials exhibits its own unique rheological characteristics. Thus, different theories are needed to interpret the experimental results of the rheological behavior of different polymeric materials. However, at present we do not have a comprehensive theory that can describe the rheological behavior of some polymeric materials and thus we must resort to empirical correlations to interpret the experimentally observed rheological behavior of those materials. It is then fair to state that a complete understanding of the rheological behavior of all polymeric materials remains quite a challenge indeed.
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"Polymer Characterisation." In Fundamentals of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymer Science, 100–140. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781837672325-00100.

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It is one thing to assert that you have synthesised an inorganic or organometallic polymer, it is another thing to convince your peers that it is a polymer. Polymer characterisation provides data to prove your assertion. Polymer characterisation involves using analytical methods to ascertain the composition, structure, molecular weight, morphology, and bulk macroscopic properties of polymers. Information derived from characterisation studies confirms the polymeric nature of materials and reveals the inherent properties of materials. The studies also provide data to predict the performance of the polymers during use and under specific conditions. In this chapter, we will discuss the various analytical and bioanalytical methods used in polymer characterisation. The chapter will also lay out principles that guide selecting a characterisation method to study a specific property. By the end of the chapter, we expect the student to achieve the learning objectives stated below.
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Doi, M., and H. See. "Properties of an isolated polymer molecule." In Introduction to Polymer Physics, 1–19. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198517726.003.0001.

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Abstract A polymer is a large molecule made up of many small, simple chemical units, joined together by chemical reaction. For example, polyethylene As with most other substances, in order to understand the properties of polymeric materials we must consider a large assembly of molecules. However, in the case of polymers, the molecules themselves are very large, and we need to use statistical mechanics to calculate the characteristics of even an isolated polymer. One way to investigate the properties of a single polymer is to place it in a very dilute solution, so that interactions between the polymers can be neglected. Experimentally, such dilute polymer solutions are used to determine the size and molecular weight of the molecule. In this chapter, we will theoretically investigate the properties of an isolated, single polymer chain in solution.
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Han, Chang Dae. "Rheology of Particulate-Filled Polymers, Nanocomposites, and Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." In Rheology and Processing of Polymeric Materials: Volume 1: Polymer Rheology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187823.003.0018.

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Polymer composites consisting of a thermoplastic polymer forming the matrix phase and a large amount of inorganic particles (commonly referred to as fillers) or glass fibers, which are often referred to as particulate-filled polymers, are very common in the plastics and elastomer’s industries (Deanin and Schott 1974; Kraus 1965; Lubin 1969). Polymer composites are developed to achieve a set of properties not possessed by the thermoplastic polymer (i.e., polymeric matrix) alone. Polymeric matrices can be thermoplastics, which soften and behave as viscous liquids when heated to above their glass transition temperatures (in the case of amorphous thermoplastic polymers) or above their melting temperatures (in the case of semicrystalline thermoplastic polymers). Polymeric matrices can also be thermosets, which undergo a transformation from a viscous resinous liquid to a hard or rubbery solid in the presence of heat and/or curing agents. There are numerous industrial products made of particulate-filled polymeric materials; for example, thermoplastic polymers filled with mica or calcium carbonate, carbon-black-filled elastomers, thermoplastic polymers or thermosets reinforced with glass fibers or carbon fibers. The ultimate goal of adding fillers to a thermoplastic polymer and adding glass fiber or carbon fiber to a thermoset is to improve the mechanical properties of the polymer. However, fillers, glass fibers, or carbon fibers themselves usually supply little or no reinforcement since there is little interfacial interaction between a thermoplastic polymer and fillers, and between a thermoset and glass fiber or carbon fiber. This has led to the development of “coupling agents,” chemical additives capable of improving the interfacial bonds between a thermoplastic polymer and fillers, and between a thermoset and glass fibers or carbon fibers (Plueddemann 1982). The use of coupling agents for the surface modification of fillers to reinforce thermoplastics has generally been directed towards improving the mechanical strength and chemical resistance of composites by improving adhesion across the interface. When inorganic fillers or glass fibers are added to a thermoplastic polymer, the resulting material exhibits a complex rheological behavior, quite different from the rheology of neat homopolymers presented in Chapter 6.
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Rathod, Dinesh, Madhuri N. Mangulkar, and Bhagwan Ghanshamji Toksha. "Polymer Composites for Construction Applications." In Industrial Applications of Polymer Composites, 1–19. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815124811123010004.

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Polymer composite concrete (PCC) nowadays plays a major role in the construction industry. PCC is a valuable element in the development of sustainable construction materials. The polymers and classical concrete blends offer newer properties and applications. A polymeric action in the field of admixtures provides insight into the development of highly performing modified mineral concrete and mortars. The influence of various polymers on the properties of concrete is variable due to the polymeric chain reactions. The optimization of properties such as crack resistance, permeability, and durability with the addition of polymer is required. The present work reviews the types, performances, and applications of PCC to improve various properties of concrete in both fresh and hardened states as they have shown a strong potential from technical, economical, and design points of view.
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Abeydeera, Pramudi, and Eugene de Silva. "Polymer Science and Technology." In Innovations in Materials Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering Research, 1–21. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6830-2.ch001.

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The chapter provides an overview of polymer science, covering synthesis, polymer characterization, rheology, mechanical properties, and applications. The chapter delves into the definition of polymers, their historical development, and various classification systems. It also explores the importance of polymers for human survival and discusses the fundamentals of polymer science. The chapter continues by discussing the properties and applications of polymers, including an examination of polymer solution properties, mechanical properties, and the wide range of applications in different industries. Also explored is synthesis and construction of polymers, which form the foundation of their physical nature. This leads to the crucial topic of structure-property relationships, examining how molecular interactions and arrangements impact polymer properties. Furthermore, the chapter explores different types of polymers and their applications, spanning from thermoplastics to thermoset polymers, natural polymers to biopolymers. The chapter concludes by discussing polymer processing techniques.
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Conference papers on the topic "Polymer"

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Inganas, Olle, Soumyadeb Ghosh, Emil J. Samuelsen, Knut E. Aasmundtveit, Leif A. A. Pettersson, and Tomas Johansson. "Model polymers for polymer actuators." In 1999 Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Yoseph Bar-Cohen. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.349712.

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Rosato, Chiara, Paolo Scopece, Piero Schiavuta, Marco Scatto, Francesca Felline, and Andrea Tinti. "Active Polymer Nanocomposites: application in thermoplastic polymers and in polymer foams." In 2015 1st Workshop on Nanotechnology in Instrumentation and Measurement (NANOFIM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nanofim.2015.8425349.

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Sibanda, Charmaine, Gurthwin Bosman, and Erich Rohwer. "Diffusivity of single fluorescent probes embedded in thin polymer films." In JSAP-OSA Joint Symposia. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jsap.2017.6p_a409_2.

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Photophysics and photochemistry in polymer science has been central areas of interest in understanding the structure and dynamics of polymers. The physical properties of polymers especially the dynamical properties close to the phase transition from rubbery to the glassy state are complex and have not been completely understood despite experimental and theoretical studies over the past decades [1]. Understanding the dynamics of polymer nano environments is highly crucial for numerous technological applications in various industrial and biomedical sectors related to protective and functional coatings and biocompatibility of medical implants [2]. The diffusivity of single probes embedded in thin polymer films can exhibit unusual physical properties due to geometric constraints imposed by the presence of surfaces and interfaces and using single molecule fluorescence microscopy as an imaging technique, allows one to look at the microscopic processes on the nanometer scale [3]. For this research single nanoparticles were embedded in thin polystyrene (PS) and poly (isobutyl methacrylate) (PIMA) films, some of these polymeric films were relaxed and the others were non-relaxed in order to study nano scale polymer dynamics that affect the diffusivity of the single nanoparticles. The diffusivity of the single nanoparticles helps to study the molecular dynamics in thin polymeric films and how these molecular dynamics are related to the glass transition of the thin polymer films. The molecular dynamics include the relaxation processes in polymers such as the α-relaxation, which is believed to contribute to the heterogeneity motion of the single nanoparticles as the temperature of the polymer film is increased towards the glass transition temperature.
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Zinchenko, T. O., and V. V. Antipenko. "APPLICATION OF POLYMER MATERIALS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SMART GLASSES." In Actual problems of physical and functional electronics. Ulyanovsk State Technical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61527/appfe-2023.238-239.

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The work is devoted to the use of polymeric materials in the processing of smart glasses. In particular, polymer films such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as well as electrochromic polymers. Polymer frequencies are widely used in window and other cases to improve their functional properties such as density, thermal insulation and UV protection. Electrochromic polymers allow you to control the transmission of light and heat in the room. These innovative materials require a wide range of applications for smart vehicles, including automobiles and electronics.
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Muenchinger, Kiersten. "Material derivation affects the perception of sustainability in polymer products." In 9th International Conference on Kansei Engineering and Emotion Research (KEER2022). Kansei Engineering and Emotion Research (KEER), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788419184849.51.

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There is an increasing demand for “natural” products by consumers, businesses, scientists and product developers. Trends suggest that the term natural may be colloquially understood to be a plant-based material or ingredient. This study investigates whether this trend could apply to polymers by declaring the derivation of the polymer as a plant or as petroleum. Because polymer materials do provide environmentally positive attributes for products in relation to other materials, such as lightweighting, durability, and lower fabrication energy requirements, it may be helpful to understand the influence of a polymer’s derivation on the perception of a polymer product’s sustainability. The goal of this study is to assess peoples’ relative perceptions of the sustainabilities of polymer drinking cups when the base materials from which the polymers were derived are exposed. A set of six injection-molded drinking cups was given to research subjects to analyze. Each cup is made of a different polymer. The polymers have derivations including petroleum, corn, sugar and trees. Participants evaluated the cups on six qualitative design strategies for sustainability, including natural-ness. This paper compares the perceived sustainable attributes of the cups, and which attributes were most strongly influenced by revealing the derivation of the polymers.
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Ulu, Furkan Ismail, Ram Mohan, and Ravi Pratap Singh Tomar. "Development of Thermally Conductive Polymer/CNF Nanocomposite Materials via PolyJet Additive Manufacturing by Improvement of Digital Material Design." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11556.

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Abstract PolyJet printing technology allows building polymeric materials with complex multi-material structures in the resolution of tens of microns layer thickness providing high control over the entire 3-D part. On the other hand, thermally conductive polymer/CNF nanocomposite materials offer new opportunities for replacing metals in industry and applications that require heat dissipation to avoid degradation of materials prematurely. CNFs are one of the best promising filler types to enhance thermal conductance of polymers. However, experimental thermal conductivities of polymer/CNF nanocomposites are significantly low compared to the intrinsic thermal conductivity of CNFs. Present work focused on selectively addition CNF fillers to form a thermally conductive path which helps to control dispersion and alignment. PolyJet printing forms the material and the structure simultaneously which allows the control over the material distribution and morphology on entire 3-D parts while providing possibilities to manipulate the design and create a conductive path. In the present research, improvement of thermal conductivity of Polymer/CNF nanocomposites via PolyJet printing using voxel digital printing method was investigated. Samples were designed as VeroClear material, VeroClear with CNFs, VeroCyan material, VeroCyan with CNFs. DSC and TPS were used to perform the thermal characterization of the samples.
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Gross, K. A., F. Y. Yan, C. C. Berndt, and G. P. Simon. "Repair of Multi-Layered, Polymer-Based Thermal Spray Coatings." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p0074.

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Abstract Polymeric coatings manufactured by thermal spray processes exhibit variable mechanical and adhesion properties that depend on their exact processing schedules. One important advantage of these coatings is that they can be readily repaired by re-spraying any delaminated or otherwise defective regions. In some instances the repaired region exhibits better mechanical attributes than the original coating. In this study the repairability of several classes of polymeric and polymer-ceramic composite coatings were investigated with a focus on the interfacial adhesion properties. The coatings include those of monolayer and bilayer ethylene methacrylic acid (EMAA), and CaCO3-EMAA composites. The coating thickness did not influence the interfacial adhesive strength between the coating and substrate; while a higher preheat temperature produced a greater interfacial cohesion for the monolayer coating on a metal substrate. The substrate preheat temperature played a dominant role concerning the peel strength of the coating. Greater peel strengths were achieved between polymers, at least twofold greater than that between the polymer and the steel substrate when the pre-heat temperature was greater than the melting point of the polymer. The peel strength of the composite coating decreased with filler content; both on the steel substrate and on a previously sprayed polymer coating. On the basis of these observations, the adhesion mechanism between polymers was explained with a model that relied on the formation of welding points.
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Zhang, Yadong, Liming Wang, Tatsuo Wada, and Hiroyuki Sasabe. "Carbazole Main-Chain Polymers with Di-Acceptor-Substituents for Nonlinear Optics." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.8.

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Polymeric second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have been studied extensively in recent years for applications in electrooptic devices [1,2]. There are three types of polymer materials developed for this purpose: guest-host systems [3], side-chain polymers [4-6], and main-chain polymers [7-9]. The second-order NLO effects of these materials were demonstrated after electric poling above the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg). While many guest-host and side-chain NLO polymers have been developed, relatively few main-chain polymers have been prepared. Most of the main-chain polymers reported are heat-to tail; namely, all the Chromophore dipole moments point in the same direction along the polymer main chain.
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Guo, Hu, Xiuqin Lyu, Yang Xu, Shaopeng Liu, Yuxuan Zhang, Fengxiang Zhao, Zhengbo Wang, et al. "Recent Advances of Polymer Flooding in China." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200084-ms.

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Abstract Polymer flooding is one of the most promising chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques which have high incremental oil recovery factor (IORF), low cost and wide reservoir applicability. The first field test of polymer flooding was reported in the United States in 1960s. The first large commercial polymer flooding in China started in Daqing oilfield, which has been remained the largest application in the world. However, encouraged by the conventional field applications and new findings of polymer's viscoelasticity effect on residual oil saturation (ROS) reduction, some high concentration high molecular weight polymer flooding (HCHMW) field tests have been conducted and reported. Although some field tests were well documented, subsequent progress was seldom reported. According to a recent review of latest polymer flooding projects in China, it is found that HCHMW have only very limited application in Daqing. This is not in agreement with the expectations especially that viscoelastivity of synthetic partically hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is drawing much attention recently. This paper explains why HCHMW is not widely used at present. Different opinions on polymer's viscoelasticity effect on ROS reduction are also critically reviewed. Other field progress of salt-tolerance polymer flooding tests and new amphiphilic polymer tests in Daqing were summarized. Associative polymer (APs) commercial application in offshore reservoirs and some new polymers used in China were also involved. Risk of high polymer injection pressure, optimum viscosity ratio, blocking mechanism, and capillary number theory are discussed. Learnings from many polymer flooding field applications has been given. In the end, quaternary recovery practices in post-polymer flooding reservoirs were compared. This paper helps to clarify some misleading ideas in polymer flooding implementations based on theory and practices of polymer flooding in China.
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Myshkin, N. K., S. S. Pesetskii, and A. Ya Grigoriev. "Polymer Composites in Tribology." In BALTTRIB 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/balttrib.2015.25.

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There are many options for tribological applications of basic polymers primarily as matrices and fillers of compound material due to the structural peculiarities of polymers. The polymer materials for tribosystems and their processing technique are briefly described. It is shown that composites with thermoplastic matrix are effective antifriction materials just as composites with thermosetting matrix is basically used as brake materials. Information on tribological behavior of polymer-based materials is presented. Polymer nanocomposites made by mixing nanofillers with melted thermoplastics are considered. The use cases of polymer composites and nanocomposites in industry are described.
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Reports on the topic "Polymer"

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Stavland, Arne, Siv Marie Åsen, Arild Lohne, Olav Aursjø, and Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Lab (cm and m scale). University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.201.

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Polymer flooding is one of the most promising EOR methods (Smalley et al. 2018). It is well known and has been used successfully (Pye 1964; Standnes & Skjevrak 2014; Sheng et al. 2015). From a technical perspective we recommend that polymer flooding should be considered as a viable EOR method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for the following reasons: 1. More oil can be produced with less water injected; this is particularly important for the NCS which are currently producing more water than oil 2. Polymers will increase the aerial sweep and improve the ultimate recovery, provided a proper injection strategy 3. Many polymer systems are available, and it should be possible to tailor their chemical composition to a wide range of reservoir conditions (temperature and salinity) 4. Polymer systems can be used to block water from short circuiting injection production wells 5. Polymer combined with low salinity injection water has many benefits: a lower polymer concentration can be used to reach target viscosity, less mechanical degradation, less adsorption, and a potential reduction in Sor due to a low salinity wettability effect. There are some hurdles when considering polymer flooding that needs to be considered: 1. Many polymer systems are not at the present considered as green chemicals; thus, reinjection of produced water is needed. However, results from polymer degradation studies in the IORCentre indicates that a. High molecular weight polymers are quickly degraded to low molecular weight. In case of accidental release to the ocean low molecular weight polymers are diluted and the lifetime of the spill might be quite short. According to Caulfield et al. (2002) HPAM is not toxic, and will not degrade to the more environmentally problematic acrylamide. b. In the DF report for environmental impact there are case studies using the DREAM model to predict the transport of chemical spills. This model is coupled with polymer (sun exposure) degradation data from the IORCentre to quantify the lifetime of polymer spills. This approach should be used for specific field cases to quantify the environmental risk factor. 2. Care must be taken to prepare the polymer solution offshore. Chokes and vales might be a challenge but can be mitigating according to the results from the large-scale testing done in the IORCentre (Stavland et al. 2021). None of the above-mentioned challenges are server enough to not consider polymer flooding. HPAM is neither toxic, nor bio-accumulable, or bio-persistent and the CO2 footprint from a polymer flood may be significantly less than a water flood (Dupuis et al. 2021). There are at least two contributing factors to this statement, which we will return in detail to in the next section i) during linear displacement polymer injection will produce more oil for the same amount of water injected, hence the lifetime of the field can be shortened ii) polymers increase the arial sweep reducing the need for wells.
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Sanchez, Issac C., and Donald R. Paul. Polymer-Polymer Interactions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada282944.

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Lohne, Arild, Arne Stavland, Siv Marie Åsen, Olav Aursjø, and Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Interpretation and parameter identification. University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.202.

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Injecting a polymer solution into a porous medium significantly increases the modeling complexity, compared to model a polymer bulk solution. Even if the polymer solution is injected at a constant rate into the porous medium, the polymers experience different flow regimes in each pore and pore throat. The main challenge is to assign a macroscopic porous media “viscosity” to the fluid which can be used in Darcy law to get the correct relationship between the injection rate and pressure drop. One can achieve this by simply tabulating experimental results (e.g., injection rate vs pressure drop). The challenge with the tabulated approach is that it requires a huge experimental database to tabulate all kind of possible situations that might occur in a reservoir (e.g., changing temperature, salinity, flooding history, permeability, porosity, wettability etc.). The approach presented in this report is to model the mechanisms and describe them in terms of mathematical models. The mathematical model contains a limited number of parameters that needs to be determined experimentally. Once these parameters are determined, there is in principle no need to perform additional experiments.
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Lotufo, Guilherme, Mandy Michalsen, Danny Reible, Philip Gschwend, Upal Ghosh, Alan Kennedy, Kristen Kerns, et al. Interlaboratory study of polyethylene and polydimethylsiloxane polymeric samplers for ex situ measurement of freely dissolved hydrophobic organic compounds in sediment porewater. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48512.

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We evaluated the precision and accuracy of multilaboratory measurements for determining freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment porewater using polydimethylsiloxane and low-density polyethylene polymeric samplers. Four laboratories exposed performance reference compound (PRC) preloaded polymers to actively mixed and static ex situ sediment for approximately one month or more. For Cfree results, intralaboratory precision was high for single compounds; most PAHs and PCBs variability was low. Variability was higher for most hydrophobic PAHs, PCBs, and naphthalene, which were present at low concentrations and required larger PRC-based corrections. Intra- and interlaboratory variability between methods was low. Cfree polymer equilibrium was achieved in approximately one month during active exposures, suggesting using PRCs may be avoided for ex situ analysis using comparable active exposure; however, such testing may not reflect field conditions. Polymer-derived Cfree concentrations for most PCBs and PAHs averaged within a factor of 2 compared with concentrations in isolated porewater; difference factors of up to 6 were observed for naphthalene and the most hydrophobic PAHs and PCBs. Cfree results were similar for academic and private sector laboratories. The accuracy and precision demonstrated for determinating Cfree using polymer sampling are anticipated to increase regulatory acceptance and confidence.
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Lambeth, Robert H., Randy A. Mrozek, Joseph L. Lenhart, Yelena R. Sliozberg, and Jan W. Andzelm. Branched Polymers for Enhancing Polymer Gel Strength and Toughness. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada577092.

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Tuteja, Anish. Polymer-based and Polymer-templated Nanostructured Thermoelectric Devices. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609278.

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Russell, T. P. Segmental interpenetration at polymer-polymer interfaces. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/569114.

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Tour, James M. Organometallics for Conducting Polymer Synthesis and Starburst Polymer Synthesis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada235933.

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Aursjø, Olav, Aksel Hiorth, Alexey Khrulenko, and Oddbjørn Mathias Nødland. Polymer flooding: Simulation Upscaling Workflow. University of Stavanger, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.203.

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There are many issues to consider when implementing polymer flooding offshore. On the practical side one must handle large volumes of polymer in a cost-efficient manner, and it is crucial that the injected polymer solutions maintain their desired rheological properties during transit from surface facilities and into the reservoir. On the other hand, to predict polymer flow in the reservoir, one must conduct simulations to find out which of the mechanisms observed at the pore and core scales are important for field behavior. This report focuses on theoretical aspects relevant for upscaling of polymer flooding. To this end, several numerical tools have been developed. In principle, the range of length scales covered by these tools is extremely wide: from the nm (10-9 m) to the mm (10-3 m) range, all the way up to the m and km range. However, practical limitations require the use of other tools as well, as described in the following paragraphs. The simulator BADChIMP is a pore-scale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver based on the Lattice Boltzmann method. At the pore scale, fluid flow is described by classical laws of nature. To a large extent, pore scale simulations can therefore be viewed as numerical experiments, and they have great potential to foster understanding of the detailed physics of polymer flooding. While valid across length scales, pore scale models require a high numerical resolution, and, subsequently, large computational resources. To model laboratory experiments, the NIORC has, through project 1.1.1 DOUCS, developed IORCoreSim. This simulator includes a comprehensive model for polymer rheological behavior (Lohne A. , Stavland, Åsen, Aursjø, & Hiorth, 2021). The model is valid at all continuum scales; however, the simulator implementation is not able to handle very large field cases, only smaller sector scale systems. To capture polymer behavior at the full field scale, simulators designed for that specific purpose must be used. One practical problem is therefore: How can we utilize the state-of-the-art polymer model, only found in IORCoreSim, as a tool to decrease the uncertainty in full field forecasts? To address this question, we suggest several strategies for how to combine different numerical tools. In the Methodological Approach section, we briefly discuss the more general issue of linking different scales and simulators. In the Validation section, we present two case studies demonstrating the proposed strategies and workflows.
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Crosby, Alfred J. Responsive Polymer Interfaces. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada499873.

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