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Journal articles on the topic 'Polyethylene'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Yurkin, A. A., I. D. Simonov-Emelyanov, P. V. Surikov, and N. L. Shembel. "EFFECT OF POLYETHYLENE MOLECULAR MASS CHARACTERISTICS ON SLIP EFFECT." Fine Chemical Technologies 11, no. 5 (October 28, 2016): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2016-11-5-91-93.

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The rheological properties of polyethylene with different molecular weight characteristics were studied. Difference of molecular weight characteristics was found on the basis of melt flow index, and slip effect in the molten polyethylene flow was studied. The presence of slip effect is found in case of flowing polyethylene with a higher molecular weight in contrast to polyethylene with lower molecular weight at different temperatures. Changes of the slip effect parameters upon mixing polyethylenes with very much different molecular weight characteristics were studied.

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2

Kuleznev, V. N., P. V. Surikov, V. D. Sevruk, and T. A. Sineva. "A Comparative Investigation of the Rheological Properties in Shear and Tension of Tube-Grade Polymodal Polyethylene Melts." International Polymer Science and Technology 41, no. 10 (October 2014): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1404101006.

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Melts of bimodal (tube) polyethylenes relax considerably more rapidly than normal monomodal specimens. At exit from an l/d = 20 capillary, a melt of bimodal polyethylene behaves like an unrelaxed melt, whereas normal polyethylene does not manage to relax entirely even at exit from an l/d = 30 capillary. The obtained results point to one of the reasons for the high durability of polyethylene tubes with a bimodal molecular weight distribution.

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3

Yahaya, O. T., D. C. Obadiah, O. E. Oladele, C. Obi, O. J. Edache, J. A. Haruna, and F. D. Oripelaye. "EFFECTS OF SOIL SOLARIZATION ON FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL POPULATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AMARANTHIS VIRIDIS L. (AFRICAN SPINACH) IN LAGOS, NIGERIA." African Journal of Health, Safety and Environment 2, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v2i2.168.

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Soil solarization is increasingly used to control soil-borne pathogens because it is environment-friendly. However, performance varied geographically, necessitating experimental trials before its introduction. This study assessed the effects of solarization on soil-borne bacteria and fungi, growth, and proximate composition of Amaranthus viridis (African spinach) in Lagos, Nigeria. Two raised beds were solarized for six weeks with a transparent and black polyethylene sheet, and a non-solarized (control) bed was equally made. The vegetable seeds were planted and their growths were recorded for four weeks. Soil samples at 15-20cm deep and leaves were obtained for microbiological and proximate analysis, respectively. The mean temperature of transparent xxpolyethylene’s soil was 45.33 oC, black polyethylene (35 oC), and non-solarized (33.50 oC). The mean height and width of transparent polyethylene’s A. viridis were 24 and 3cm, black polyethylene (19 and 2.2 cm), and non-solarized (17 and 1.6cm). The transparent polyethylene’s soil had 3100 and 250 cfu/g bacterial and fungal colonies, black polyethylene (3200 and 1900 cfu/g), and non-solarized (37000 and 1900 cfu/g), respectively. The proximate contents of the transparent polyethylene’s A. viridis were (70 moisture, 10 ash, 4.24 protein, 1.45 fat and 9.94 % fibre), black polyethylene (73.35 moisture, 8.36 ash, 3.1% protein, 1.23 fat, and 6.77 % fibre), and non-solarized (76.09 moisture, 5.91 protein, 3.15 ash, 1.31 fat and 6.75 % fibre). Overall, statistical differences (p ≤ 0.05) existed between the solarized and non-solarized and between transparent and black polyethylene (transparent>black>non-solarized). Thus, solarization could be an effective strategy for controlling soil-borne bacteria and fungi of A. viridis in the area studied.

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4

Wang, Yang, Guowei Feng, Nan Lin, Huiqing Lan, Qiang Li, Dichang Yao, and Jing Tang. "A Review of Degradation and Life Prediction of Polyethylene." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 3045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053045.

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After around 50 years of development, the key substance known as polyethylene has been extremely influential in a variety of industries. This paper investigates how polyethylene materials have been used in the domains of water, packaging, and medicine to advance contemporary society in order to comprehend the physical and chemical alterations that polyethylene undergoes after being subjected to long-term environmental variables (e.g., temperature, light, pressure, microbiological factors, etc.). For the safe operation of polyethylene materials, it has always been of the utmost importance to evaluate polyethylene’s service life effectively. This paper reviews some of the most common literature journals on the influence of environmental factors on the degradation process of polyethylene materials and describes methods for predicting the lifetime of degradable polyethylene materials using accelerated aging tests. The Arrhenius equation, the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW) method, the Friedman method, the Coats–Redfern method, the Kissinger method and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) method, Augis and Bennett’s method, and Advanced Isoconversional methods are all discussed, as well as the future development of polyethylene.

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5

Ivakhnenko, Tatiana E. "Modern Technologies in the Customs Examination of Polymers." Вестник Российской таможенной академии, no. 4 (2022): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54048/20727240_2022_04_063.

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The article discusses the features of using the two most effective methods for the physicochemical analysis of polymers: IR-spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry, and draws conclusions regarding the prospects for using the nuclear magnetic resonance method to identify polyethylene for customs purposes. Polyethylene in primary forms makes up a significant share in the import of polymer raw materials to the Russian Federation. A significant difference in import duty rates for sub-items, including polyethylenes in primary forms, differing in physical and chemical characteristics, causes a high risk of false declaration of these goods. Features of the classification of polyethylenes in accordance the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity of the Eurasian Economic Union determine the need to identify such indicators as the qualitative chemical composition, the presence and ratio of copolymer units in the polymer, density, structure of the polymer, etc. Of particular importance is the need to identify the type of polyethylene. To identify the characteristics by which polyethylene can be attributed to one of the types that are important for the classification of polymer raw materials in accordance with the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity of the Eurasian Economic Union, it is necessary to carry out consistent identification using a complex of modern high-tech methods of physical and chemical research.

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6

Bashir, Z., and J. A. Odell. "Polyethylene-polyethylene microfibrillar composites." Journal of Materials Science 28, no. 4 (January 1, 1993): 1081–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00400896.

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7

Yuan, Shi-Fang, Luyao Wang, Yi Yan, Tian Liu, Zygmunt Flisak, Yanping Ma, and Wen-Hua Sun. "4,4′-Dimethoxybenzhydryl substituent augments performance of bis(imino)pyridine cobalt-based catalysts in ethylene polymerization." RSC Advances 12, no. 25 (2022): 15741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01547a.

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Employing ligands with 4,4′-dimethoxybenzhydryl groups, the cobalt precatalysts display high activities toward ethylene polymerization and produce highly linear polyethylenes, the high density polyethylene (HDPE).

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8

Grigoryeva, O., A. Fainleib, J. Grenet, and J. M. Saiter. "Reactive Compatibilization of Recycled Polyethylenes and Scrap Rubber in Thermoplastic Elastomers: Chemical and Radiation-Chemical Approach." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 81, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548229.

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Abstract Reactive compatibilization of recycled low- or high-density polyethylenes (LDPE and HDPE, respectively) and ground tire rubber (GTR) via chemical interactions of pre-functionalized components in their blend interface has been carried out. Polyethylene component was functionalized with maleic anhydride (MAH); as well, the rubber component was modified via functionalization with MAH or acrylamide (AAm) using chemically or irradiation (γ-rays) induced grafting techniques. The grafting degree and molecular mass distribution of the functionalized polymers have been measured via FTIR and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) analyses, respectively. Additional coupling agents such as p-phenylene diamine (PDA) and polyamide fiber were used for producing some thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). Thermoplastic elastomer materials based on synthesized reactive polyethylenes and GTR as well as ethylene-propylenediene monomer rubber (EPDM) were prepared by dynamic vulcanization of the rubber phase inside thermoplastic (polyethylene) matrix and their phase structure, and main properties have been studied using DSC, DMTA and mechanical testing. As a result, high performance thermoplastic elastomers based on functionalized polyethylene and ground rubber with improved mechanical properties have been developed.

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9

English, A. D., P. Smith, and D. E. Axelson. "Polyethylene/deutero-polyethylene phase behaviour." Polymer 26, no. 10 (September 1985): 1523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(85)90087-4.

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10

Zong, Kening, Yanhui Hou, Xiaobei Zhao, Yali Sun, Binyuan Liu, and Min Yang. "Slurry Homopolymerization of Ethylene Using Thermostable α-Diimine Nickel Catalysts Covalently Linked to Silica Supports via Substituents on Acenaphthequinone-Backbone." Polymers 14, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 3684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173684.

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Four supported α-diimine nickel(II) catalysts covalently linked to silica via hydroxyl functionality on α-diimine acenaphthequinone-backbone were prepared and used in slurry polymerizations of ethylene to produce branched polyethylenes. The catalytic activities of these still reached 106 g/molNi·h at 70 °C. The life of the supported catalyst is prolonged, as can be seen from the kinetic profile. The molecular weight of the polyethylene obtained by the 955 silica gel supported catalyst was higher than that obtained by the 2408D silica gel supported catalyst. The melting points of polyethylene obtained by the supported catalysts S-C1-a/b are all above 110 °C. Compared with the homogeneous catalyst, the branching numbers of the polyethylenes obtained by the supported catalysts S-C1-a/b is significantly lower. The polyethylenes obtained by supported catalyst S-C1-a/b at 30–50 °C are free-flowing particles, which is obviously better than the rubber-like cluster polymer obtained from homogeneous catalyst.

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11

Vega, Juan F., Virginia Souza-Egipsy, M. Teresa Expósito, and Javier Ramos. "Melting Temperature Depression of Polymer Single Crystals: Application to the Eco-Design of Tie-Layers in Polyolefinic-Based Multilayered Films." Polymers 14, no. 8 (April 17, 2022): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081622.

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In this paper, we describe a method for determining polymer compatibility, which will aid in establishing the requirements of polyolefinic materials for the eco-design of multilayer films for mechanical recycling while avoiding the use of reactive tie layers. Our ultimate goal is to define the molecular characteristics of the polyolefinic structural layer that improve compatibility with the tie layer during mechanical recycling. We have investigated the melting temperature depression of single crystals of various polyethylenes embedded in commercial polymeric matrices with various functionalities (ester, acrylate, acetate and methacrylic acid sodium ionomer), which can be potentially used as tie layers. We demonstrate how the concentration and molecular architecture of the matrices affect the melting temperature of the embedded single crystals differently depending on the latter’s molecular architecture. The main finding indicates that the tie layers are more compatible with linear polyethylene than with branched polyethylenes. Indeed, our results show that the heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta linear low-density polyethylene is incompatible with all of the tie layers tested. The depression of melting temperatures observed are in excellent agreement with the results obtained by investigating the rheological behaviour and morphological features of solution-mixed blends in which segmental interactions between polymeric chains have been, in theory, maximized. Because Ziegler–Natta linear density polyethylene is one of the most commonly used polymers as a structural layer in multi-layer applications, the findings of this study are useful as they clearly show the unsuitability of this type of polyethylene for recycling from an eco-design standpoint. The specific molecular requirements for polyethylene layers (branching content less than 0.5/100 carbon atoms) can be specified for use in packaging, guiding the eco-design and valorisation of recycled multi-layered films containing this material.

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12

Huang, Chang-Hung, Yung-Chang Lu, Lin-I. Hsu, Jiann-Jong Liau, Ting-Kuo Chang, and Chun-Hsiung Huang. "Effect of material selection on tibial post stresses in posterior-stabilized knee prosthesis." Bone & Joint Research 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.911.bjr-2020-0019.r2.

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Aims The material and design of knee components can have a considerable effect on the contact characteristics of the tibial post. This study aimed to analyze the stress distribution on the tibial post when using different grades of polyethylene for the tibial inserts. In addition, the contact properties of fixed-bearing and mobile-bearing inserts were evaluated. Methods Three different grades of polyethylene were compared in this study; conventional ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE), and vitamin E-stabilized polyethylene (VEPE). In addition, tibial baseplates with a fixed-bearing and a mobile-bearing insert were evaluated to understand differences in the contact properties. The inserts were implanted in neutral alignment and with a 10° internal malrotation. The contact stress, von Mises stress, and equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) on the tibial posts were extracted for comparison. Results The stress and strain on the tibial post for the three polyethylenes greatly increased when the insert was placed in malrotation, showing a 38% to 56% increase in von Mises stress and a 335% to 434% increase in PEEQ. The VEPE insert had the lowest PEEQ among the three materials. The mobile-bearing design exhibited a lower increase in stress and strain around the tibial posts than the fixed-bearing design. Conclusion Using VEPE for the tibial component potentially eliminates the risk of material permanent deformation. The mobile-bearing insert can help to avoid a dramatic increase in plastic strain around the tibial post in cases of malrotation. The mobility allows the pressure to be distributed on the tibial post and demonstrated lower stresses with all three polyethylenes simulated. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(11):768–777.

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13

Jia, Xiangqing, Chuan Qin, Tobias Friedberger, Zhibin Guan, and Zheng Huang. "Efficient and selective degradation of polyethylenes into liquid fuels and waxes under mild conditions." Science Advances 2, no. 6 (June 2016): e1501591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501591.

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Polyethylene (PE) is the largest-volume synthetic polymer, and its chemical inertness makes its degradation by low-energy processes a challenging problem. We report a tandem catalytic cross alkane metathesis method for highly efficient degradation of polyethylenes under mild conditions. With the use of widely available, low-value, short alkanes (for example, petroleum ethers) as cross metathesis partners, different types of polyethylenes with various molecular weights undergo complete conversion into useful liquid fuels and waxes. This method shows excellent selectivity for linear alkane formation, and the degradation product distribution (liquid fuels versus waxes) can be controlled by the catalyst structure and reaction time. In addition, the catalysts are compatible with various polyolefin additives; therefore, common plastic wastes, such as postconsumer polyethylene bottles, bags, and films could be converted into valuable chemical feedstocks without any pretreatment.

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Ohta, Toshiaki, Kazuhiko Seki, Toshihiko Yokoyama, Ikuo Morisada, and Kunishige Edamatsu. "Polarized XANES studies of oriented polyethylene and fluorinated polyethylenes." Physica Scripta 41, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/41/1/036.

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15

Zhang, Cheng, Kaichang Li, and John Simonsen. "Terminally functionalized polyethylenes as compatibilizers for wood-polyethylene composites." Polymer Engineering & Science 46, no. 1 (2005): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.20443.

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Hippi, U., J. Mattila, M. Korhonen, and J. Seppälä. "Compatibilization of polyethylene/aluminum hydroxide (PE/ATH) and polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide (PE/MH) composites with functionalized polyethylenes." Polymer 44, no. 4 (February 2003): 1193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00856-x.

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17

Gómez-Barrena, Enrique, Francisco Medel, and José Antonio Puértolas. "Polyethylene Oxidation in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Evolution and New Advances." Open Orthopaedics Journal 3, no. 1 (December 24, 2009): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325000903010115.

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Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) remains the gold standard acetabular bearing material for hip arthroplasty. Its successful performance has shown consistent results and survivorship in total hip replacement (THR) above 85% after 15 years, with different patients, surgeons, or designs.As THR results have been challenged by wear, oxidation, and liner fracture, relevant research on the material properties in the past decade has led to the development and clinical introduction of highly crosslinked polyethylenes (HXLPE). More stress on the bearing (more active, overweighted, younger patients), and more variability in the implantation technique in different small and large Hospitals may further compromise the clinical performance for many patients. The long-termin vivoperformance of these materials remains to be proven. Clinical and retrieval studies after more than 5 years ofin vivouse with HXLPE in THR are reviewed and consistently show a substantial decrease in wear rate. Moreover, a second generation of improved polyethylenes is backed byin vitrodata and awaits more clinical experience to confirm the experimental improvements. Also, new antioxidant, free radical scavengers, candidates and the reinforcement of polyethylene through composites are currently under basic research.Oxidation of polyethylene is today significantly reduced by present formulations, and this forgiving, affordable, and wellknown material is still reliable to meet today’s higher requirements in total hip replacement.

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18

Zhou, Liwei, Xuan Wang, Yongqi Zhang, Peng Zhang, and Zhi Li. "An Experimental Study of the Crystallinity of Different Density Polyethylenes on the Breakdown Characteristics and the Conductance Mechanism Transformation under High Electric Field." Materials 12, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172657.

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In order to study the crystallinity of different density polyethylenes, this paper conducts an experimental study on the transformation of the conductance mechanism under a high electric field. In this experiment, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differentials scanning calorimetry (DSC), direct current (DC) breakdown of low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), as well as the conductivity characteristics under an electric field of 5–200 kV/mm are tested. In addition, the electric field–current density curves of the four kinds of polyethylene are fitted to analyze their conductance transition in non-ohmic regions under different high field strengths, through applying the mathematical formula of a variety of conductance mechanisms. The experimental results are as follows: as the density of polyethylene increases, the crystallinity increases continuously. Moreover, the continuous increase of crystallinity causes the electric conduction flow under the same field strength to decrease significantly. The field strength corresponding to the two turning points in the conductance characteristic curve increases simultaneously, and the breakdown field strength increases accordingly; through analysis, it is found that in the high field, as the electric field increases, the conductance mechanism develops from the ohmic conductance of the low field strength region to the bulk effect of the high field strength region (Poole–Frenkel effect). Then, it develops into the electrode effect to the high field strength (Schottky effect), although the threshold field strength of this conductance mechanism transition increases with the increase of crystallinity.

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19

NAGAI, Yozo. "Polyethylene." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 80, no. 8 (2007): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.80.282.

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Toyota, Akinori. "Polyethylene." Kobunshi 37, no. 11 (1988): 806–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.37.806.

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21

Lyapidevskaya, O. B., O. I. Rubtsov, and I. V. Bessonov. "Foam Polyethylene Made of Recycled Polyethylene." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1079, no. 4 (March 1, 2021): 042037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1079/4/042037.

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22

Harris, W. H. "Alternative Bearing Surfaces: Crosslinked Polyethylenes for Total Hip Replacement. A Review." HIP International 13, no. 3 (July 2003): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112070000301300302.

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Highly crosslinked polyethylene has three major advantages as an alternative bearing surface that are in common with ceramic on ceramic and metal on metal. They are 1) prior long-term in vivo human use, 2) low wear and lysis rates and 3) being a relatively inert material. In addition they have several other advantages not shared by the hard on hard alternatives. They include lower cost, less difficulty from impingement and less difficulty with accelerated wear if the acetabular component is placed in a high degree of abduction. It does not have the brittleness of ceramic nor the metallosis that can accompany the metal on metal bearings. Polyethylene is familiar, without a learning curve. It is more adaptable, with extended lip liners, offset liners and constrained liners. For certain of the crosslinked polyethylenes wear is independent of head diameter. Thus, there appear to be several valuable advantages for considering highly crosslinked polyethylene as the preferred alternative bearing.

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Sturm, Derek R., Kevin J. Caputo, Siyang Liu, and Ronald P. Danner. "Diffusivity of solvents in semi-crystalline polyethylene using the Vrentas-Duda free-volume theory." Journal of Polymer Engineering 38, no. 10 (November 27, 2018): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2018-0047.

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Abstract Diffusion of penetrants in polyethylene below the melt temperature is heavily dependent on the crystallinity of the polyethylene, the temperature of the experiment, and the concentration of solvent in the polymer. As the crystallinity of the polyethylene increases, there is an increase in the path that the solvent must travel as the solvent cannot penetrate the tightly packed chains in the crystalline domain. This effect is typically accounted for by a tortuosity factor. In this work, a simple and effective characterization of the tortuosity factor based simply on the crystal weight fraction has been developed. Data have been collected for six polyethylenes having densities ranging from 0.912 to 0.961 g/cm3 and for three solvents – isopentane, cyclohexane, and 1-hexene. Diffusivity predictions have been obtained using the free-volume theory of Vrentas and Duda in conjunction with the new tortuosity factor. The polyethylenes had crystallinities varying from 40% to 82% effecting an approximately 60% change in the diffusivity. The decrease resulting from ignoring the crystallinity altogether was in some cases essentially a factor of 5. The error in the predicted diffusivities over all the systems was 25%. For cyclohexane, it is shown that the same model parameters characterize data below the melt temperature (in the semi-crystalline region) as well as above the melt temperature (in the amorphous region).

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Vitske, Rudolf E., Aleksey A. Kondratyuk, and Vladimir P. Nesterenko. "Influence of Filling Agent Quantity on Characteristics of Polymeric Composites." Key Engineering Materials 685 (February 2016): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.685.548.

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This paper presents the investigation of the influence of an added filling agent on the strength and hardness of composites based on the ultra-high molecular polyethylene UHMWPE. The results of the volume resistivity definition are demonstrated for the range of polyethylenes and composites based on UHMWPE.

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Barral, Ana Maria, and Ben Stenson. "Enrichment of Microbes Potentially Degrading Polyethylene Using a Microcosm Approach." Fine Focus 6, no. 1 (October 23, 2020): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/ff.6.1.84-101.

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Plastic pollution is a worldwide phenomenon with concerning effects on the biosphere and particularly on the marine environment. Biodegradation is considered an environmentally friendly alternative to combat the increasing quantities of plastic pollutants where different microbial sources are tested for plastic degradation potential. In this project, a microcosm approach was used as an enrichment method for marine microbes degrading polyethylene. Pieces of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and highdensity polyethylene (HDPE) previously deployed in ocean water have been explored as a source of microbial biomass. This source plastic was added to a synthetic medium containing sterilized pieces of LDPE and HDPE as the sole carbon source and were incubated for extended periods (32-86 days) in the laboratory to promote growth of microbes that can degrade plastic. Biodegradation of polyethylene was confirmed by dry weight measurements and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. For both LDPE and HDPE a significant reduction in dry weight was observed. FTIR analysisshowed peaks suggesting oxidative changes in polyethylene’s chemical composition. In summary, the microcosm approach can be considered a viable approach for enrichment of plastic-degrading marine microbial populations.

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Barral, Ana Maria, and Ben Stenson. "Enrichment of Microbes Potentially Degrading Polyethylene Using a Microcosm Approach." Fine Focus 6, no. 1 (October 23, 2020): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/ff.6.1.84-101.

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Plastic pollution is a worldwide phenomenon with concerning effects on the biosphere and particularly on the marine environment. Biodegradation is considered an environmentally friendly alternative to combat the increasing quantities of plastic pollutants where different microbial sources are tested for plastic degradation potential. In this project, a microcosm approach was used as an enrichment method for marine microbes degrading polyethylene. Pieces of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and highdensity polyethylene (HDPE) previously deployed in ocean water have been explored as a source of microbial biomass. This source plastic was added to a synthetic medium containing sterilized pieces of LDPE and HDPE as the sole carbon source and were incubated for extended periods (32-86 days) in the laboratory to promote growth of microbes that can degrade plastic. Biodegradation of polyethylene was confirmed by dry weight measurements and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. For both LDPE and HDPE a significant reduction in dry weight was observed. FTIR analysisshowed peaks suggesting oxidative changes in polyethylene’s chemical composition. In summary, the microcosm approach can be considered a viable approach for enrichment of plastic-degrading marine microbial populations.

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Puig, C. C. "Enhanced crystallisation in branched polyethylenes when blended with linear polyethylene." Polymer 42, no. 15 (July 2001): 6579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00102-1.

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Hamed, Gary R., and Hasan S. Dweik. "Bonding of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene to Styrene-Butadiene Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538302.

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Abstract The adhesion between a sulfur-vulcanized SBR and polyethylenes (PE) of various molecular weights has been determined using a T-peel geometry. When the viscosity average molecular weight of the polyethylene exceeds about 700 k, bonding is sufficient to cause rubber tear during peeling. In contrast, with PE of Mv≈147k, joint strength is reduced by more than an order of magnitude and fracture proceeds between the SBR and PE. It is hypothesized that the high bond strength with the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is due to the formation of entrapped tangles between chains of the two adherends. Consistent with this, SBR-UHMWPE bonds are not disrupted after extensive swelling in toluene.

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Valencia López, Luis Alexandro, Francisco Javier Enríquez-Medrano, Ricardo Mendoza Carrizales, Florentino Soriano Corral, Adali Castañeda Facio, and Ramón Enrique Díaz de León Gómez. "Influence of Organoboron Compounds on Ethylene Polymerization Using Cp2ZrCl2/MAO as Catalyst System." International Journal of Polymer Science 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/519203.

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Organoboron compounds of nonionic and ionic nature, tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, and N,N-dimethylanilinium tetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate were evaluated to act in conjunction with MAO as activators on ethylene polymerization by using the catalyst Cp2ZrCl2. A decrease on the catalytic activity was observed in both cases in relation with a reference polyethylene which was synthesized in absence of any organoboron compound. An increase on the crystallinity degree and molecular weight, as well as an improvement in thermal and dynamic-mechanical properties, was observed in polyethylenes synthetized in presence of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. A low density polyethylene with improved thermal stability was obtained when N,N-dimethylanilinium tetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate was employed as activator.

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LAJE, STANISLAWA. "Ecological polyethylene products. Part I. Polyethylene geomembranes." Polimery 41, no. 05 (May 1996): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1996.307.

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v. Lacroix, F., J. Loos, and K. Schulte. "Morphological investigations of polyethylene fibre reinforced polyethylene." Polymer 40, no. 4 (February 1999): 843–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00309-7.

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Berger, W., U. Ludwig, W. Hauffe, and F. E. Karasz. "Cold drawing of polyethylene terephthalate/polyethylene films." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34, no. 3 (August 20, 1987): 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340305.

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de Oliveira Sampaio, M. M. B., and L. E. Pimentel Real. "Polyethylene Blends: Better Formulations for Recycled Polyethylene." Macromolecular Symposia 321-322, no. 1 (December 2012): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201251137.

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Delarosa, Dathin Aulia, Sumaiyah S, and Poppy Anjelisa Z. Hasibuan. "Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation Curcumin Ovule with Polyethylene Glycol (Peg) Base." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v8i1.650.

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Objective: This study aims to formulate and in vitro evaluation curcumin ovule with polyethylene glycol bases 400 and 6000 concentration variation using fushion method. Method: Curcumin ovule formulated by fushion method using the comparison of polyethylene glycol 400 and 6000 base concentration. In vitro evaluation of preparations included observation of organoleptic (odor, color, and shape), measurement of uniformity of weight, disintegration time, observation of stability of the preparation during 6 months storage at refrigerator temperature, and release test. Results: The results showed that all preparations ovule curcumin were orange, specific odor, cone-shape, stable for 6 months storage at refrigerator. Uniformity of ovule weight and disintegration time according the standard prepaation. Ovule release test showed formula I polyethylen glycol base concentration of 400 (90%) and 6000 (10%) very fast to release of curcumin from the preparation compared to other formula is gave average release of 93,7% ± SD 0.36. Conclusion: Curcumin can be formulated in the form of ovule using polyethylene glycol bases 400 and 6000 concentration variation.

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Yeh, Jen-Taut, Wei-Hsiang Shih, and Shyh-Shiuan Huang. "Paint Solvent Permeation Resistance of Polyethylene, Polyethylene/Polyamide and Polyethylene/Modified Polyamide Bottles." Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 287, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1439-2054(20020101)287:1<23::aid-mame23>3.0.co;2-p.

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LIN, R. J. T., D. BHATTACHARYYA, and S. FAKIROV. "MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROTATIONALLY MOLDED PET MICROFIBRIL REINFORCED COMPOSITES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 4613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797920604177x.

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Being a fast growing plastic manufacturing industry, rotational molding has been using the linear polyethylenes extensively as the raw material. As these materials have shown insufficient mechanical properties for certain applications where strength and stiffness of the products are the main concerns, worldwide rotational molders have expressed a need for stronger and stiffer materials to be available for rotomolding. A possible attractive solution may be the recently developed microfibril reinforced composites (MFCs). Blends of linear medium density polyethylene/polyethylene terephthalate (LMDPE/PET) with an MFC structure are manufactured on a commercial-scale set-up and thereafter used in rotational molding. The samples are characterized morphologically and tested mechanically. The results obtained show that the MFC-concept has good application opportunities in the polymer processing including rotational molding.

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Iurzhenko, M. V., M. O. Kovalchuk, V. Yu Kondratenko, V. L. Demchenko, A. M. Pylypenko, K. H. Gusakova, H. V. Zhuk, V. S. Verbovskyi, O. V. Hopachenko, and I. A. Gotsyk. "INFLUENCE OF GAS MIXTURES OF HYDROGEN WITH METHANE ON THE OPERATIONAL AND THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE PIPES OF OPERATING GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS OF UKRAINE." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving 75, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2023.08.

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The paper presents the results of complex studies of the influence of mixtures of hydrogen gas with natural gas in the ratios of 10%Н2/90%СН4 and 20%Н2/80%СН4 on the operational and thermophysical characteristics of PE-80 polyethylene pipes and their material Research was conducted on an experimental stand, the diagram of which is attached. The results of comprehensive strength and thermophysical studies of the material of PE-80 polyethylene pipes, which were previously operated in the current gas distribution networks of Ukraine for 15 years, after 6 months of hydrogen exposure, are presented. In order to indicate possible changes in the properties of the material, the same complex of studies was carried out before hydrogen exposure of the samples. The influence of gas mixtures on the thermophysical properties of polyethylene pipes has been established, which is manifested in the reduction of the size of polyethylene crystallites and their orderliness in the volume of pipe walls under the influence of gas mixtures. At the same time, the appearance of crystallites of a new shape was found on the surface of the inner wall of the pipes. It is assumed that this may be caused by the competing action of methane and hydrogen molecules. In the course of conducting hydraulic tests on the resistance of pipes to internal pressure and mechanical studies on uniaxial tension, it was determined that all pipe samples, according to their strength characteristics, meet the requirements of regulatory documents issued for polyethylene pipes used for natural gas transportation. The relationship between the concentration of hydrogen in the mixture and the degree of its influence on the strength characteristics of the samples was established. No changes in the chemical structure of the material of polyethylene pipes were detected. It should be noted that the given results are only the beginning of a more detailed study, during which it is also planned to investigate the effect of hydrogen mixtures on technical polyethylenes after 12 and 24 months of hydrogen exposure. Bibl. 17, Fig. 11, Tab. 2.

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&NA;. "Polyethylene glycols." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1281 (December 2009): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912810-00081.

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Alper, Arik, and Dinesh S. Pashankar. "Polyethylene Glycol." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 57, no. 2 (August 2013): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0b013e318296404a.

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NOWAKOWSKA, MARIA, JOZEF BORECKI, and ANTONI MAJ. "Electroconductive polyethylene." Polimery 34, no. 12 (December 1989): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1989.524.

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Chew, F. S., and M. H. Lev. "Polyethylene osteolysis." American Journal of Roentgenology 159, no. 6 (December 1992): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.159.6.1442395.

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Leigh Krietsch Boerner. "Upcycling polyethylene." C&EN Global Enterprise 98, no. 41 (October 26, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-09841-scicon7.

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RITTER, STEVE. "PHOTONIC POLYETHYLENE." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 18 (May 4, 2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n018.p011.

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Boora, Gian Maria. "Polyethylene glycol." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 54, no. 1-3 (July 1995): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02787908.

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Graham, D. R. "Polyethylene wear." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 70, no. 6 (July 1988): 942–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198870060-00023.

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Picker-Freyer, Katharina M. "Polyethylene oxides." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 85, no. 2 (July 31, 2006): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-006-7698-8.

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Cole-Hamilton, David J. "Nature’s Polyethylene." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49, no. 46 (September 13, 2010): 8564–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201002593.

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Sagitova, E. A., K. A. Prokhorov, G. Yu Nikolaeva, A. V. Baimova, P. P. Pashinin, A. Yu Yarysheva, and D. I. Mendeleev. "Raman analysis of polyethylene glycols and polyethylene oxides." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 999 (April 2018): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/999/1/012002.

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Ajji, A., A. Ait-Kadi, and A. Rochette. "Polyethylene-Ultra High Modulus Polyethylene Short Fibers Composites." Journal of Composite Materials 26, no. 1 (January 1992): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839202600108.

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Pegoretti, A. "Relaxation processes in polyethylene fibre-reinforced polyethylene composites." Composites Science and Technology 60, no. 8 (June 2000): 1181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(00)00024-5.

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