Dissertations / Theses: 'Polyethylene oxide'

7

FitzGerald, Paul Anthony. "Solution Behaviour of Polyethylene Oxide, Nonionic Gemini Surfactants." University of Sydney. Chemistry, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/504.

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In recent years there has been increasing interest in novel forms of surfactants. Of particular interest are gemini surfactants, which consist of two conventional surfactants joined by a spacer at the head groups, as they exhibit lower critical micelle concentrations than can be achieved by conventional surfactants. In this work, the self-assembly behaviour of several nonionic gemini surfactants with polyethylene oxide head groups (GemnEm, where n (= 20) is the number of carbons per tail and m (= 10, 15, 20 and 30) is the number of ethylene oxides per head group) were investigated. The Critical Micelle Concentrations (CMCs) were measured using a fluorescence probe technique. The CMCs are all ~2 x 10?7 M, with almost no variation with m. The CMCs are several orders of magnitude lower than conventional C12Em nonionic surfactants. The mixing behaviour of the gemini surfactants with conventional surfactants was also studied. They obeyed ideal mixing behaviour with both ionic and nonionic surfactants. Micelle morphologies were studied using Small Angle Neutron Scattering. The gemini surfactants with the larger head groups (i.e. Gem20E20 and Gem20E30) formed spherical micelles. Gem20E15 showed strong scattering at low Q, characteristic of elongated micelles. As the temperature was increased towards the cloud point, the scattering approached the Q-1 dependence predicted for infinite, straight rods. The existence of anisotropic micelles was supported by the viscosity of Gem20E15, which increases by several orders of magnitude on heating towards its cloud point. Phase behaviour was determined using Diffusive Interfacial Transport coupled to near-infrared spectroscopy. Much of the behaviour of these systems is similar to conventional nonionic surfactants. For example, Gem20E10 forms a dilute liquid isotropic phase (W) coexisting with a concentrated lamellar phase (La) at around room temperature and forms a sponge phase at higher temperatures. This is similar to the behaviour of C12E3 and C12E4. The other surfactants studied are all quite soluble in water and form liquid isotropic and hexagonal phases from room temperature. At higher concentrations Gem20E15 formed a cubic and then a lamellar phase while Gem20E20 formed a cubic phase and then an intermediate phase. This is also comparable to the phase behaviour of conventional nonionic surfactants except the intermediate phase, which is often only observed for surfactant systems with long alkyl tails.

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8

Howard, Matthew A. Neau Steven H. "The application of polyethylene oxide (PolyOx®) and methoxypolyethylene glycol (Carbowax Sentry®) in the production of extruded-spheronized beads with a high drug load." Diss., UMK access, 2004.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Pharmacy and Dept. of Chemistry. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2004. "A dissertation in pharmaceutical sciences and chemistry." Advisor: Steven H. Neau. Typescript. Vita. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 24, 2006; title from "catalog record" of the print edition. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-141). Online version of the print edition.

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9

Olsen, Adam Paul Flagan Richard C. Kornfield Julia A. "Scanning activity gravimetric analysis (SAGA) of aqueous polyethylene oxide /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : Caltech, 2006. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05262006-133416.

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10

Mohammadi, Hadi. "On the Melting and Crystallization of Linear Polyethylene, Poly(ethylene oxide) and Metallocene Linear Low-Density Polyethylene." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84921.

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The crystallization and melting behaviors of an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer and series of narrow molecular weight linear polyethylene and poly(ethylene oxide) fractions were studied using a combination of ultra-fast and conventional differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and wide angle X-ray diffraction. In the case of linear polyethylene and poly(ethylene oxide), the zero-entropy production melting temperatures of initial lamellae of isothermally crystallized fractions were analyzed in the context of the non-linear Hoffman-Weeks method. Using the Huggins equation, limiting equilibrium melting temperatures of 141.4 ± 0.8oC and 81.4 ± 1.0oC were estimated for linear polyethylene and poly(ethylene oxide), respectively. The former and the latter are about 4oC lower and 12.5oC higher than these predicted by Flory/Vrij and Buckley/Kovacs, respectively. Accuracy of the non-linear Hoffman-Weeks method was also examined using initial lamellar thickness literature data for a linear polyethylene fraction at different crystallization temperatures. The equilibrium melting temperature obtained by the Gibbs-Thomson approach and the C2 value extracted from the initial lamellar thickness vs. reciprocal of undercooling plot were similar within the limits of experimental error to those obtained here through the non-linear Hoffman-Weeks method. In the next step, the Lauritzen-Hoffman (LH) secondary nucleation theory was modified to account for the effect of stem length fluctuations, tilt angle of the crystallized stems, and temperature dependence of the lateral surface free energy. Analysis of spherulite growth rate and wide angle X-ray diffraction data for 26 linear polyethylene and 5 poly(ethylene oxide) fractions revealed that the undercooling at the regime I/II transition, the equilibrium fold surface free energy, the strength of the stem length fluctuations and the substrate length at the regime I/II transition are independent of chain length. The value of the equilibrium fold surface free energy derived from crystal growth rate data using the modified Lauritzen-Hoffman theory matches that calculated from lamellar thickness and melting data through the Gibbs-Thomson equation for both linear polyethylene and poly(ethylene oxide). Larger spherulitic growth rates for linear polyethylene than for poly(ethylene oxide) at low undercooling is explained by the higher secondary nucleation constant of poly(ethylene oxide). While the apparent friction coefficient of a crystallizing linear polyethylene chain is 2 to 8 times higher than that of a chain undergoing reptation in the melt state, the apparent friction coefficient of a crystallizing poly(ethylene oxide) chain is about two orders of magnitude lower. This observation suggests that segmental mobility on the crystal phase plays a significant role in the crystal growth process. In case of the statistical ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, the fold surface free energies of the copolymer lamellae at the time of crystallization and melting increase with increasing undercooling, approaching the same magnitude at high undercooling. As a result of this temperature dependence, the experimental melting vs. crystallization temperature plot is parallel to the Tm = Tc line and the corresponding Gibbs-Thomson plot is non-linear. This behavior is attributed to the fact that longer ethylene sequences form a chain-folded structure with lower concentration of branch points on the lamellar surface at lower undercooling, while shorter ethylene sequences form lamellar structures at higher undercooling exhibiting a higher concentration of branch points on the lamellar surface. Branch points limit the ability of lamellar structures to relax their kinetic stem-length fluctuations during heating prior to melting. Ph. D.

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11

Abdallah, Mohammad Raji AlGhazi. "Role of polymer entanglements in polyethylene oxide induced fines flocculation." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38140.

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On a papermaking machine, fines and colloids are retained in a paper sheet. The most important particle interactions are among particles having a high weight fraction and a short characteristic interaction time. Most of these interactions follow Langmuir kinetics, in which the flocculation efficiency is one of the important parameters. To enhance retention, many retention aids are available, one of which is neutral polyethylene oxide (PEO) used in combination of a phenolic cofactor (CF). In this work, a new model was derived in which all possible interactions were considered and assumed to follow Langmuir kinetics. Since fines are the main component in the headbox of mechanical grade furnishes, fines homo- and heteroflocculation with a PEO/CF retention aid were investigated in a circulating flow loop, and found to follow Langmuir kinetics. The small amount of fines deposited on the fibers was attributed to the large detachment rate in turbulent shear. The apparent difference in the deposition time and the half time of flocculation was attributed to difference in efficiency. Fines homoflocculation showed that fines are flocculated (without a retention aid) to various extents depending on shear, and that aggregates of flocs will form when a retention aid is added. The PEO/CF flocculation efficiency was found to be a function of various parameters, i.e., aging of PEO solution, stirring intensity and time of stirring during dissolution, concentration at storage, shearing and dilution prior to injection. Optimum conditions were found for most parameters, and a critical shear intensity was determined. This PEO behavior was attributed to the extent of entanglements of PEO coils, which can be characterized prior to its addition to the flocculation vessel by a newly developed method. In this method, the pressure drop of a PEO solution passing through a capillary constriction was measured and correlated with its flocculation efficiency. Using the derived correlation, the flocculation efficiency can be estimated, and the relevant parameters can be controlled. Moreover, the salt effect on a PEO/CF system in a pulp was investigated. Salt was found to react with a CF causing a decrease in the flocculation efficiency. The effect of this reaction can be eliminated if PEO is added directly after CF addition.

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12

Taylor, Warren. "Protein adsorption at polyethylene oxide brushes of various surface coverage." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578707.

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In this thesis the protein resistive nature of polyethylene oxide brushes shall be investigated. Initially a novel grafting-to procedure for the production of high molecular weight and high grafting density PEO brushes will be presented. This procedure will allow the accurate control of the grafting density of PEO brushes. The crystallisation and oxidation of PEO brushes is also briefly investigated. Ex situ ellipsometry experiments will show that the adsorbed amount of protein is related to the surface coverage of polymer. supporting the random sequential adsorption theory (RSA-model) of Katira et al. However. through in situ QCM-D experiments it will be shown that RSA-model cannot fully describe the protein adsorption kinetics and may need to be revised to take these observations into account. We will show through use of an exponential model that the adsorption of protein at PEO brushes is a site blocking process and not an entropic process on the time scales measured here. Neutron reflectivity experiments on the INTER reflectometer instrument at ISIS show that the lysozyme protein is most likely adsorbing in the primary position at the gold- brush interface. The experiments presented in this thesis support the conclusion that the protein resistive nature of PEO brushes is that of a site blocking barrier.

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13

Lu, Chen Pelton Robert H. "Mechanisms of filler flocculation with PEO/cofactor dual-component flocculants /." *McMaster only, 2003.

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14

Cong, Rongjuan Pelton Robert H. "PEO/poly(vinyl phenol-co-styrene sulfonate) aqueous complex formation /." *McMaster only, 2002.

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15

Carty, William Michael. "Processing of ceramic fibers from particle suspensions /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10571.

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16

Johnston, Erika Ellen. "Surface and biological properties of biofouling-resistant, poly(ethylene oxide)-like plasma deposited films /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9890.

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17

Duan, Xiadong. "Biomedical applications of dendrimer-modified polyurethanes with PEO (polyethylene oxide) attached." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9023.

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A novel approach was used to synthesize bioactive polyurethanes by applying polypropylenimine octaamine dendrimers as the chain extenders, while another approach trying to incorporate star PEO (polyethylene oxide) directly into polyurethane failed to attain appropriate polymers. A protection/deprotection strategy was used to incorporate the dendrimers into the polyurethane chains, then PEO was chemically attached after deprotection to increase the biocompatibility of the material. A generation 2.0 polypropylenimine octaamine dendrimer which has eight arms ending with amine groups, was used for the modification. The dendrimers were protected using the N-hydroxy-succinimide ester of a tert-butyloxycarbonyl (tBOC)-protected alanine or 9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chlorocarbonate (Fmoc) in methylene chloride-triethylamine. A molar ratio of 6:1 (protecting group:dendrimer) was used to get a statistical distribution of protected dendrimers in which most of the dendrimers would have 6 arms protected. The partially protected dendrimers were used with ethylene diamine (ED) or butanediol (BDO) as a chain extender (molar ratio of dendrimer ED/DO = 1:9) to produce the dendrimer modified polyurethanes. After deprotection of the dendrimers, PEG-SPA (Polyethylene Glycol-Succinimidyl Propionate) was used to attach PEO to the polyurethane chains. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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18

Carignan, Alain. "The influence of cofactors on the flocculation properties of polyethylene oxide." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24053.

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Adding polyethylene oxide (PEO) at the wet end of a paper machine, can result in an increase in retention of the fine particles. The results obtained with PEO and the cofactors (SNS, MPR, and CAR), are discussed in terms of the association-induced polymer bridging mechanism. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) of polymer solutions revealed that each of the three cofactors are forming complexes with PEO. CAR radically increased the apparent diameter of the PEO chains, and MPR seems to decrease it. In latex suspensions, the SNS was found very efficient in the sequence latex-polymer-cofactor (LPC), increasing the PEO hydrodynamic layer thickness (HLT). Flocculation experiments with the help of a Photometric Dispersion Analyser (PDA), with PEO only (no cofactor) suggested that the fines are composed of more than one component. SNS was found to make all the fines alike by adsorbing on them. Adding the PEO after SNS gave homoflocculation. As a result, the specific surface of fines, calculated by PEO adsorption was found to be 0.223 m$ sp2$/g. The association-induced polymer bridging mechanism can happen in three different manners depending if the cofactor and the polymer are adsorbing onto fines. When neither of PEO nor cofactor adsorb onto the collector, the PEO/cofactor association-complexes bridge the particles (van de Ven and Alince (1996)). When the cofactor (e.g. SNS) and the polymer adsorb onto the fines, in the sequence fines-cofactor-polymer (FCP), with a chemical ratio cofactor/PEO of 3/1, adsorption of the PEO chains onto cofactor-coated fines is likely to occur at the beginning followed by the flocculation of the fines. In the sequences fines-polymer-cofactor (FPC), when the polymer adsorbs onto the fines and the cofactor adsorbs (e.g. SNS) or not (e.g. MPR), a reenforcement of the bondstrength was noticed. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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19

Rodrigues, Raphael. "Synthesis and characterization of polysulfone/nanoclay/polyethylene oxide composite ultrafiltration membranes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-19072016-114431/.

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Membrane structure modification is a common approach to enhance membrane properties and performance. For example, the addition of dopants to the membrane casting solution has been observed to increase hydrophilicity, alter surface and internal pore structure, increase thermal and mechanical resistance, and impart anti-fouling properties. In this study, it was evaluated how the addition of individual and simultaneous nanoclay and polyethylene oxide (PEO) dopants affected the structure and performance of polysulfone (PSU) ultrafiltration membranes. Membrane performance was evaluated in the cross-flow configuration. The pure water permeability of the neat PSU membrane was 15 L/m².h.bar and at the optimal dosage of the individually doped membranes was 1.5% weight nanoclay to PSU and 5% weight PEO to PSU resulting in permeability of 56 and 237 L/m².h.bar, respectively. Simultaneous doping using the optimal individual weight percentages had a lower effect resulting in a permeability of 192 L/m².h.bar, in contrast the simultaneous addition of 4.5% nanoclay and 5% PEO had a higher effect resulting in a permeability of 319 L/m².h.bar. The control membrane was compared to the referred membranes and with the 4.5% nanoclay membrane (best permeability only when combined with PEO). These membranes were further examined to determine dopant effects on pore microstructure, superficial charge, separation performance, and fouling susceptibility. In general, doping with nanoclay improved membrane thermal/mechanical resistance and permeability with minimal loss in rejection. Doping with PEO resulted in a greater permeability as compared to nanoclay; however, PEO doping decreased rejection, mechanical resistance, and increased irreversible fouling. Thus, both advantageous and disadvantageous effects should be considered when selecting a dopant to optimize membrane performance. A modificação da estrutura de membranas é uma abordagem utilizada para melhorar as propriedades de membranas e desempenho de um sistema. Por exemplo, a adição de dopantes na solução de síntese da membrana permite aumentar a hidrofilicidade, alterar a estrutura de poros superficiais e internos e conferir propriedades anti-depósitos. Neste estudo, foi avaliada como a adição de óxido de polietileno e de nano-argila afetam a estrutura e desempenho de membranas de ultrafiltração de polisulfona (PSU). O desempenho da membrana foi avaliado na configuração de fluxo paralelo (cross-flow). A permeabilidade média à água pura da membrana de PSU pura foi de 15 L/m2.h.bar. As dosagem ótimas das membranas dopadas individualmente foram de 1,5% em massa de PSU para nano-argila e 5% em massa de PSU para PEO, resultando em permeabilidades médias de 56 e 237 L/m2.h.bar, respectivamente. A dopagem simultânea usando ambas as percentagens individuais ótimas teve um efeito menor do que o esperado, resultando em uma permeabilidade média de 192 L/m2.h.bar. Em contraste, verificou-se que a adição simultânea de 4,5% de nano-argila combinada com 5% de PEO teve um efeito maior do que o uso isolado dos aditivos, resultando em uma permeabilidade média de 319 L/m2.h.bar. Desta forma, a membrana de controle foi comparada com as referidas membranas e com membranas compostas somente por nano-argila a 4,5. Estas membranas foram ainda examinadas em detalhes para determinar os efeitos dos dopantes na microestrutura dos poros, cargas superficiais, desempenho da separação, sensibilidade à formação de depósitos, rugosidade superficial e propriedades térmicas e mecânicas. Verificou-se que a dopagem com nano-argila melhora a resistência térmica e mecânica e a permeabilidade das membranas, com uma perda mínima na rejeição. A dopagem com PEO resultou em um aumento notável de permeabilidade em comparação com a adição individual de nano-argila. No entanto, a capacidade de rejeição e resistência térmica e mecânica destas membranas diminuem e a formação de depósitos irreversíveis aumenta. Desta forma, avalia-se que para a utilização de mais de um tipo de dopante os efeitos vantajosos e desvantajosos devem ser considerados individualmente e em conjunto no esforço de se otimizar o desempenho de sistemas de membranas.

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20

Reading, Martin. "An investigation into the structure and properties of polyethylene oxide nanocomposites." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/171659/.

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Polymer nanocomposites have attracted great interest over many years, because of the enhanced properties exhibited by such systems. However, it is only recently that the electrical characteristics of this class of material have begun to be studied in detail. Whenever fillers are added to a host polymer matrix, dispersion is of critical importance since, while a well dispersed nanophase may be beneficial, poor dispersion can have negative consequences. Hence, for the nanocomposites to be used appropriately and provide the best properties, a method for observing the dispersion within the matrix is useful. Despite this, evaluating the dispersion of nano-additives in the bulk is far from straight forward using conventional solid-state materials characterization techniques. This study set out to consider the influence of nano-additives on the physical, thermal and electrical properties of poly(ethylene oxide) systems. The initial objective is to investigate the extent to which dispersion of nanofillers and effect of host molecular weight can be inferred from rheological analysis. This investigation covers many systems based upon polyethylene oxide (PEO); PEO blends, thermally aged PEO and PEO composites with montmorillonite (MMT), micro/nano silicon dioxide (SD/nSD) and boehmite fillers (BO). The study continued from dispersion and solution characterisation onto thermal and electrical properties. The effects of additives and treatment on the crystallisation kinetics and thermal transitions are considered. Polymers are most well known for their electrically insulating properties, therefore electrical analysis into AC breakdown and dielectric spectroscopy were also performed. The research has shown that rheology is capable of producing well dispersed PEO nanocomposites. Addition of fillers during the rheology phase produced the expected monotonic increase in viscosity apart from boehmite, which formed a very viscous gel after reaching a threshold loading. Large drops in thermal transitions were observed for the composite samples. All fillers caused a large increase in breakdown strength at higher loadings, except boehmite which caused the breakdown strength to decrease,an effect discussed in detail.

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21

Jia, Zhanxu Brash John L. "Combined heparin and polyethylene oxide surface modification for improved blood compatibility." *McMaster only, 2006.

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22

Sheu, Min-Shyan. "Glow discharge immobilization of polyethylene-oxide-containing surfactants for non-fouling surfaces /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8021.

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23

Liu, Zaiwen. "Conformation and orientation of an alanine-rich polypeptide incorporated in electrospun PEO fibers." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 60 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597632371&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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24

Bernard, Sophie. "Blends of a polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer and its corresponding homopolymers at the air-water interface." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0012780.

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25

Sung, Cynthia. "A study of polyethylene oxide-polysiloxane networks as biomaterials for drug release." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14501.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Program in Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, 1989. Includes bibliographical references. by Cynthia Sung. Ph.D.

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26

Wang, Bing. "Copper-oxides catalyzed polyethylene depolymerization in a pilot-scale reactor." Ohio : Ohio University, 2000. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1173210030.

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27

Ragheb, Amro M. Brook Michael A. "Controlling protein-silicone interactions by the modification of silicone elastomers with poly(ethylene oxide) /." *McMaster only, 2005.

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28

Hamilton-Brown, Paul Optometry &amp Vision Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "A surface forces and protein adsorption study of grafted PEO layers." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Optometry and Vision Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25541.

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A combination of surface analytical techniques, colloid probe Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to optimise the grafting density of covalently attached 5, 20 and 40 kDa methoxy-terminated PEO layers (under marginal solvation (cloud point) conditions for the PEO molecules). The combination of these techniques allowed us to relate the PEO layer density and molecular conformations to the range, magnitude and types of forces generated by coatings of various grafting densities. The key optimisation parameter was the grafting time with the concentration of PEO in solution having a weaker effect. Oxidation of the substrate occurred, but did not significantly limit the surface density of the functional groups used to chemically attach the PEO molecules. Interactions between the substrate and silica were electrostatic in origin and did not contribute to the interaction between silica and the PEO surfaces due to salt screening effects Surfaces with dense, highly stretched PEO layers (brushes) generated purely repulsive forces at all separation distances, arising from compression by the silica spherical probe used. The force profiles for lower density surfaces comprised long-ranged attractive and short-ranged repulsive forces. The attractive forces were most likely due to attractive bridging interactions between the PEO chains and the SiO2 surface. For low grafting densities, i.e. inter-chain grafting distances, s &gt ??RF, the PEO layers were not strongly stretched and free to adsorb onto the opposing silica surface. XPS analysis demonstrated that HSA and Fibrinogen adsorbed onto low density 20 kDa PEO coatings (s &gt ??RF), most likely via diffusion through the PEO layer. No protein adsorption was found (detection limit &gt 10 ng/cm2) on high density, ???strongly stretched brush??? coatings (s &lt ?? RF). Analysis of data from the more sensitive Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) techniques indicated that low amounts of adsorbed HSA, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgG were present on high density 20 and 40 kDa surfaces; the most likely explanation being attractive interactions between the proteins and the PEO layers during the protein adsorption experiments. ToF-SIMS data obtained for the strongly stretched (s &lt ?? RF) 5 kDa PEO surfaces suggested that no protein was adsorbed, in line with the XPS data for the same surfaces.

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29

Thar, Dhaval. "Acetone Induced Structural Effects on Charge Storage in PEO-Graphite Supercapacitor Electrodes." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1490351036541031.

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30

Sapkota, Dol Raj. "Single molecule tracking studies of solvent-swollen microdomains in cylinder-forming polystyrene-Poly (ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer films." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35763.

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Master of Science Department of Chemistry Takashi Ito Solvent swelling of block copolymer microdomains plays an essential role in the improvement of microdomain alignment by solvent vapor annealing and in chemical separations using block copolymer monoliths. Here, investigation of the effects of solvent swelling on the molecular permeability and dimensions of cylindrical microdomains in polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) films is done by using single molecule tracking. These films are prepared by sandwiching benzene (with/without methanol) or THF (with/without methanol) solutions containing 5 nM sulforhodamine B (SRB) between two glass substrates. The PEO microdomains are aligned in the solution flow direction during the film preparation. The diffusional motions of individual SRB molecules are measured at different drying times to assess the microdomain radius and permeability. These parameters, on average, gradually decrease with an increase in drying time; however the trend differs slightly from one solvent system to another. A sharp decrease of microdomain radius is observed for benzene, benzene-methanol, THF and THF-methanol swollen films at initial drying condition (for example 2 days). In contrast, microdomain permeability does not decrease sharply; instead a gradual decreasing trend is seen for all solvent systems. In addition, mixing of a small amount of methanol (14% in PEO microdomains) either with benzene or with THF does not produce noticeable difference in the swelling of PEO microdoamins. Importantly, both benzene and THF offer similar microdomain swelling behavior at the same drying temperature, which is evident from the microdomain radius values, however THF shows comparatively larger microdomain permeability and better correlation between permeability and microdomain radius compared with benzene.

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31

Kadari, Anil K. Neau Steven H. "Polyethylene oxide (Polyox®) as an effective alternative to hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in the preparation of beads." Diss., UMK access, 2005.

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Thesis (M.S.)--School of Pharmacy. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005. "A thesis in pharmaceutical sciences." Typescript. Advisor: Steven H. Neau. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed March 12, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-88). Online version of the print edition.

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32

Tan, Jiahong Brash John L. "Polyethylene oxide-containing block copolymers as surface modification additives in polyurethanes for protein and cell resistance /." *McMaster only, 2004.

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33

Shi, Jingjun. "Chain Dynamics in the Crystalline Region of Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) as Investigated by Solid-State NMR." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1428341117.

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34

McAlduff, Michael. "Solid-state NMR studies of polymer adsorption onto metal oxide surfaces." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115692.

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This dissertation presents solid-state NMR studies that probe the dynamic and conformational properties of polymers adsorbed on solid surfaces in the dry state. The systems studied include a series of ethylene based random copolymers where the binding group is modified, and two diblock copolymer systems where the blocks have different intrinsic mobilities and surface interactions. The thesis begins by looking at the structures formed by the adsorption of poly (ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (PEA), poly (ethylene- co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH), poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA), and polyethylene (PE) on metal oxide powders (zirconia and alumina). NMR spectroscopy, FTIR-PAS, and TGA were used to characterize the surface behaviour of the systems with comparisons made between the bulk and adsorbed copolymers. 13C CPMAS, 1H and T 1 relaxation measurements were all recorded with the aim of correlating the microscopic structure of the surface with changes in NMR data. The chain conformation of adsorbed ethylene copolymers was found to strongly depend on the binding strength of the polar sticker groups with the substrates. The chain dynamics of adsorbed diblock copolymers in the dry state are reported for the first time. Poly (styrene)-b-poly ( t-butyl acrylate) (PS-PtButA) and poly (styrene)-b-poly (acrylic acid) (PS-PAA) were selected to vary both the block size and the binding strength. Once again the primary surface characterization methods are NMR spectroscopy, FTIR-PAS, and TGA. 13C CPMAS, 1H, T1, and T1rho relaxation measurements were all recorded with the aim of correlating the surface structures with changes in NMR data. For the most part, the observed trends in the chain mobilities of the anchor (PAA) and buoy (PS) blocks with block size can be correlated with the predicted mushroom, intermediate and extended brush structures which collapse upon removal of the solvent. However, the chain mobility of the PS buoys decreases with increasing anchor block size. Although the chain mobility of the PS buoys are moderately enhanced relative to the bulk state, the mobility is sufficiently restricted to comfirm the picture of a thin glassy layer with adhesive properties similar to the surface of bulk polystyrene. The diblock copolymers poly (2-vinylpyridine), poly (isoprene)- b-poly (2--vinylpyridine), (PI-P2VP) and poly (isoprene)- b-poly (4-vinylpyridine) (PI-P4VP) were selected to complement the PS-PAA system as both systems have been studied by surface force microscopy. The large contrast in chain mobilities of the PI and PVP blocks allowed spectral editing through variation of the 13C cross polarization parameters. The trends in mobility with block size differ from that of PS-PAA in that the segmental mobility of the buoys increases with anchor block size as expected. The chain mobility of the collapsed PI brushes is significantly enhanced as compared to the bulk state, again supporting the interpretation of surface microscopy studies which require an entropically unfavorable flattened, yet rubbery, surface structure.

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35

Watson, Walter Philip. "Hybrid Macrocycles for Supramolecular Assemblies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6958.

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Hybrid macrocycles, which chimerically integrate multiple chemical compositions and architectures, provide an effective way to impart new properties to polymers that are not found in their linear or homocyclic analogues. This dissertation addresses the incorporation of hydrophilic blocks into hydrophobic polymer, as either a poly(dimethyl siloxane)-block-poly(oxyethylene) (PDMS-POE) tadpole with a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail or as a diblock poly(styrene)-block-diethylene glycol (PS-DEG) hydrophobic-hydrophilic macrocycle. The supramolecular association properties of both kinds of cycles were studied: the PDMS-POE tadpoles in forming micelles, and the PS-DEG macrocycles in threading with linear polymer to form polyrotaxanes. For the PDMS-POE macrocycle, linear alpha,omega-dihydroxy PDMS was cyclized under dilute conditions with dichloromethylhydrosilane as a linking group to produce hydrosilane-functionalized cyclic PDMS. This was joined to alpha-methoxy,omega-allyl POE via a free radical hydrosilylation reaction to produce the hybrid tadpole macrocycle, which was analyzed by GPC, DSC, and 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Supramolecular aggregation consisting of the formation of micelles under both polar and nonpolar conditions was studied by surface tensiometry and quasielastic light scattering. For the PS-DEG macrocycle, linear alpha,omega-dihydroxy PS was prepared by ATRP polymerization of styrene, followed by reaction with KOH to give hydroxyl endgroups. The linear PS was then cyclized under dilute conditions with diethylene glycol ditosylate, and the product was analyzed by GPC, MALDI-TOF MS, DSC, and 1H, 13C and DOSY NMR spectroscopy. The macrocycle was then statistically threaded with linear PS to give the supramolecular structure poly(styrene)-rotaxa-cyclo[poly(styrene)-block-diethylene glycol]. Characterization was performed with DOSY NMR to verify that the product was threaded, and 1H NMR was collected to determine that the product was 13% macrocycle by weight. DSC showed only one Tg, indicating that the linear and cyclic species were present in the same phase.

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36

Kruger, Hermanus Joachim. "Characterisation of expandable graphite and its flame retardant abilities in flame retardant systems for polyethylene." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61304.

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In the pursuit of lower cost intumescent flame retardant (IFR) systems, the compound expandable graphite (EG) was identified. This compound delivers high flame retardant performance but provides non-uniform thermal shielding when exposed to open flame from below due to negative gravitational effects. It was theorised that this may be remedied either through ion exchange of the interstratified ions with low glass transition ions or through use in binary systems with other compounds. Two classes of commercial EG were identified, namely a low and a high expansion onset temperature EG compound. Extensive characterisation of each EG compound was undertaken to assess its composition, expansion mechanisms and onset temperatures in order to identify compatible compounds for binary use. The susceptibility of each compound to ion exchange was also assessed. An industrial IFR ethylenediamine phosphate (EDAP) and a novel flame retardant were synthesised for assessment in binary use with EG. Coupled with the above study, this project developed two novel fire testing techniques as low cost alternatives to well-established fire testing methods such as cone calorimetry. The first technique involved an open flame fire testing method which allowed vertical or horizontal testing. Digital and infrared (IR) video recording during operation facilitated comparison of multiple performance indicators further strengthening this method. The second technique allowed assessment of the mass loss resistance of each compound during laser pyrolysis. Characterisation of the EG compounds allowed development of structural models to describe each compound and explain the mechanisms of their expansion and gaseous release. Exhaustive ion exchange testing did not deliver favourable results, necessitating the pursuit of compounds for binary use with EG. A novel IFR was synthesised by neutralising 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride salt with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. This compound, which melts at 257 °C, decomposes concurrently to release carbon dioxide gas which promotes intumescent charring. The flame retardant performance of this compound and EDAP as primary flame retardants and in combination with expandable graphite was evaluated. As a proof of concept, the novel compound was tested as a primary flame retardant using cone calorimetry after which its utility in binary systems with low temperature expandable graphite was tested. Substantial decreases in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and flame out time were achieved for all binary systems. This success led to testing of a number of combinations of low and high expansion onset EG and the other IFRs to identify the highest performing combination, which proved to be the 10-10 EDAP-EG system. Combinations of EG and the novel compound also showed excellent results. The novel fire testing techniques proved effective in identifying high performance combinations and showed comparable trends to those measured in cone calorimetry, at a greatly reduced cost and material requirement. IR analysis of open flame fire testing indicated increases in the temperatures required for ignition and burn through of the substrate. Observations, corroborated by optical video, showed that cohesive and uniform thermal shielding was achieved in all binary systems tested. This study illustrates that systems of 10% EG combined with either 10% DABAP or 10% EDAP are both the most economical binary systems tested but are extremely high performance systems as well. Both of these systems delivered excellent results while being more economic than the widely used industrial system with a 25-30% EDAP loading. It is recommended that these compounds be considered for industrial use. Furthermore, the effective fire testing techniques developed in this study may be utilised in future fire testing to identify high performance compounds at a lower cost prior to further assessment through methods such as cone calorimetry. Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. Chemical Engineering PhD Unrestricted

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37

Kessler, Reto. "Self-assembly and microfluidic patterning of poly-l-lysine-g-polyethylene glycol on titanium oxide Diploma work /." Zürich : Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, ETHZ, 1999. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=dipl&nr=33.

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38

Vahidi, Ghazal. "Application of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Zinc Oxide as a Green Fire-Retardant System in High Density Polyethylene." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31725.

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Polymeric materials are widely used in diverse applications. However, a major weakness in the majority of the thermoplastic polymers is their lack of ability to resist fire. Most of the chemicals and additives currently used to improve fire retardancy have deleterious effects on the environment. This research focuses on developing an environmentally safe and effective fire-retardant system for high density polyethylene (HDPE), using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and zinc oxide (ZnO). The effect of CNCs coated with nano ZnO has been investigated for improving the fire resistance properties of the HDPE. Improved dispersion of CNCs into HDPE matrix was achieved by employing maleic anhydride as a coupling agent. It was found that addition of CNCs-ZnO can introduce a reasonable level of flame retardancy in HDPE matrix in addition to improving the maximum tensile strength and elongation at break.

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39

Pallon, Love. "Polyethylene/metal oxide nanocomposites for electrical insulation in future HVDC-cables : probing properties from nano to macro." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Polymera material, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-193591.

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Nanocomposites of polyethylene and metal oxide nanoparticles have shown to be a feasible approachto the next generation of insulation in high voltage direct current cables. In order to reach an operationvoltage of 1 MV new insulation materials with reduced conductivity and increased breakdown strengthas compared to modern low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is needed.In this work polyethylene MgO nanocomposites for electrical insulation has been produced andcharacterized both from an electrical and material perspective. The MgO nanoparticles weresynthesized into polycrystalline nanoparticles with a large specific surface area (167 m2 g–1). Meltprocessing by extrusion resulted in evenly dispersed MgO nanoparticles in LDPE for the silane surfacemodified MgO as compared to the unmodified MgO. All systems showed a reduction in conductivityby up to two orders of magnitude at low loading levels (1–3 wt.%), but where the surface modifiedsystems were able to retain reduced conductivity even at loading levels of 9 wt.%. A maximuminteraction radius to influence the conductivity of the MgO nanoparticles was theoretically determinedto ca. 800 nm. The interaction radius was in turn experimentally observed around Al2O3 nanoparticlesembedded in LDPE using Intermodulation electrostatic force microscopy. By applying a voltage on theAFM-tip charge injection and extraction around the Al2O3 nanoparticles was observed, visualizing theexistence of additional localized energy states on, and around, the nanoparticles. Ptychography wasused to reveal nanometre features in 3D of electrical trees formed under DC-conditions. Thevisualization showed that the electrical tree grows by pre-step voids in front of the propagatingchannels, facilitating further growth, much in analogy to mechanical crack propagation (Griffithconcept). An electromechanical effect was attributed as possible mechanism for the formation of the voids. Nanokompositer av polyeten och metalloxidpartiklar anses vara möjliga material att använda i morgondagens isolationshölje till högspänningskablar för likström. För att nå en transmissionsspänning på 1 MV behövs isolationsmaterial som i jämförelse med dagens polyeten har lägre elektrisk ledningsförmåga, högre styrka mot elektriskt genomslag och som kan kontrollera ansamling av rymdladdningar. De senaste årens forskning har visat att kompositer av polyeten med nanopartiklar av metalloxider har potential att nå dessa egenskaper. I det här arbetet har kompositer av polyeten och nanopartiklar av MgO för elektrisk isolation producerats och karaktäriserats. Nanopartiklar av MgO har framställts från en vattenbaserad utfällning med efterföljande calcinering, vilket resulterade i polykristallina partiklar med en mycket stor specifik ytarea (167m2 g-1). MgO-nanopartiklarna ytmodifierades i n-heptan genom att kovalent binda oktyl(trietoxi)silan och oktadekyl(trimetoxi)silan till partiklarna för att skapa en hydrofob och skyddande yta. Extrudering av de ytmodifierade MgO nanopartiklarna tillsammans med polyeten resulterade i en utmärkt dispergering med jämnt fördelad partiklar i hela kompositen, vilket ska jämföras med de omodifierade partiklarna som till stor utsträckning bildade agglomerat i polymeren. Alla kompositer med låg fyllnadsgrad (1–3 vikt% MgO) visade upp till 100 gånger lägre elektrisk konduktivitet jämfört med värdet för ofylld polyeten. Vid högre koncentrationer av omodifierade MgO förbättrades inte de isolerande egenskaperna på grund av för stor andel agglomerat, medan kompositerna med de ytmodifierade fyllmedlen som var väl dispergerade behöll en kraftig reducerad elektrisk konduktivitet upp till 9 vikt% fyllnadshalt. Den minsta interaktionsradien för MgO-nanopartiklarna för att minska den elektriska konduktiviten i kompositerna fastställdes med bildanalys och simuleringar till ca 800 nm. Den teoretiskt beräknade interaktionsradien kompletterades med observation av en experimentell interaktionsradie genom att mäta laddningsfördelningen över en Al2O3-nanopartikle i en polyetenfilm med intermodulation (frekvens-mixning) elektrostatisk kraftmikroskop (ImEFM), vilket är en ny AFM-metod för att mäta ytpotentialer. Genom att lägga på en spänning på AFM-kantilevern kunde det visualiseras hur laddningar, både injicerades och extraherades, från nanopartiklarna men inte från polyeten. Det tolkades som att extra energinivåer skapades på och runt nanopartiklarna som fungerar för att fånga in laddningar, ekvivalent med den gängse tolkningen att nanopartiklar introducera extra elektronfällor i den polymera matrisen i nanokompositer. Nanotomografi användes för att avbilda elektriska träd i tre dimensioner. Avbildningen av det elektriska trädet visade att tillväxten av trädet hade skett genom bildning av håligheter framför den framväxande trädstrukturen. Håligheterna leder till försvagning av materialet framför det propagerande trädet och förenklar på det sättet fortsatt tillväxt. Bildningen av håligheter framför trädstrukturen uppvisar en analogi till propagering av sprickor vid mekanisk belastning, i enlighet med Griffiths koncept. QC 20161006

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40

Liu, Kangsheng. "Stabilisation of non-equilibrium melt in a linear polyethylene in the presence of reduced graphene oxide nanoplatelets." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/19853.

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In this thesis, investigation on stabilisation of non-equilibrium melt in the presence of high aspect ratio reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGON) was carried out. The non-equilibrium melt was prepared by melting disentangled ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) which was synthesised using homogeneous single-site catalytic system. Rheological analyses of the disentangled UHMWPE/rGON nanocomposites prepared by physical mixing conclusively demonstrate the transformation of the melt from non-equilibrium state to equilibrium state was suppressed when the filler was added. The suppression effect on the transformation reached maximum at a certain filler content and the non-equilibrium melt state was retained within the experimental time, indicating the existence of strong filler-chain interaction that hindered the chain thermodynamics. In order to have better understanding of the suppression on the transformation, thermal analysis was performed on the non-equilibrium melts to follow the influence of non-equilibrium polymer melt on crystallisation kinetics of disentangled UHMWPE with and without rGON. The analysis was carried out by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the changes in enthalpic relaxation process were found in good agreement with the rheological response of the melts. Thermal analysis showed the presence of two endothermic peaks in a sample of non-equilibrium melt that was left to crystallise under isothermal condition after melting. The high temperature endothermic peak (141.5 °C) was related to melting of crystals obtained on crystallisation from the disentangled domains of the heterogeneous (non-equilibrium) polymer melt, whereas the low melting temperature endothermic peak was related to melting of crystals formed from entangled domains of the melt. It was further found that with increasing the annealing time in melt (160 °C), the enthalpy of the lower melting temperature peak increased at the expense of the higher melting temperature peak, confirming transformation of the non-equilibrium polymer melt to equilibrium melt state. The enthalpic relaxation process as a function of rGON showed that at the specific content of the filler, where the suppression of the transformation reached maximum, the high endothermic peak remained independent of the annealing time of the polymer melt at 160 °C. This observation strengthened the concept that in the presence of the filler, chain dynamics was arrested to an extent that the everlasting non-equilibrium melt state having lower entanglement density was retained facilitating crystal formation having high melting endothermic temperature. This unique property of the nanocomposites provokes potential in facilitating their processability and making high demanding products in more complex dimensions.

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41

Cerezo, Frances Therese, and francestherese_cerezo@hotmail com. "Thermal stability and mechanical property of polymer layered graphite oxide composites." RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080627.161157.

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Polymer composites formed from layered fillers with high surface volume ratio show enhanced reinforcement. Graphite oxide is a high modulus material that can be separated into thin layers with high surface area. The aim of this study is to prepare polymer layered graphite oxide composites using functionalised polyolefin to enhance compatibility with various forms of layered graphite oxide in varying concentration. Functionalised polyolefins reinforced with layered graphite oxides and expanded graphite oxides were prepared using solution blending and melt blending methods. Three different mixing methods with varying shear intensity were employed to prepare polymer layered graphite oxide composites. The crystalline structure, thermal and mechanical properties of the prepared polymer layered graphite oxide composites was studied. Oxidised graphite prepared from the Staudenmaier method and its exfoliated form were dispersed in poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) (EMAA) via solution blending to prepare EMAA layered composites. The thermal stability was determined using thermogravimetric analysis. The EMAA layered composites showed higher thermal stability in comparison with pure EMAA. The mechanical properties of these EMAA layered composites were determined through dynamic mechanical analysis. Shear modulus, yield stress and storage modulus of EMAA in the presence of graphite oxide fillers decreased. A solution blending method was used to prepare poly(propylene-grafted-maleic anhydride) layered expanded graphite oxide composites (PPMA-EGO). Two types of PPMA-EGO were prepared using different mixing methods - low and high shear were employed. The effects of preparative mixing methods on the PPMA-EGO properties were investigated. The mechanical properties of PPMA-EGO obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that EGO had a reinforcing effect on the elastic behaviour of PPMA-EGO. This is due to strong interfacial adhesion between PPMA and EGO as a result of hydrogen bonding. The elastic behaviour of PPMA-EGO was affected by the surface area of graphite flakes. Low sheared PPMA-EGO elastic behaviour was found to be higher compared with that of high sheared PPMA-EGO. A melt blending method was used to prepare PPMA-EGO with varying EGO concentration. The interconnected network structure of EGO in the PPMA-EGO was not observed as shown by its scanning electron microscopy images. Thermogravimetric analysis of PPMA-EGO indicates increased decomposition temperature of the PPMA matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed enhanced storage modulus of PPMA-EGO. The maximum elastic modulus of PPMA-EGO was observed at 3 %wt of EGO. The electrical conductivity of PPMA-EGO was measured only for EGO concentrations above 2 %wt. The EGO concentration was found to be the most critical factor in the enhancement of the electrical conductivity of PPMA-EGO. Wide angle X-ray diffraction analysis of all polymer layered graphite oxide composites revealed no change in interlayer spacing of graphite layers, indicating the absence of EMAA intercalation in the graphite layers. The crystallisation temperature and crystallinity of all polymer layered graphite oxide composites were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicated that graphite oxide and expanded graphite oxides acted as nucleating agents in inducing the crystallisation of functionalised polyolefin in the layered composites. However, the degree of crystallinity of functionalised polyolefin decreased in the layered composites.

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42

Du, Ying Jun. "PEO and PEO-heparin modified surfaces for blood contacting applications /." *McMaster only, 2001.

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43

Pourrahimi, Amir Masoud. "The synthesis, surface modification and use of metal-oxide nanoparticles in polyethylene for ultra-low transmission-loss HVDC cable insulation materials." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Polymera material, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190808.

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Polyethylene composites which contain low concentrations of metal-oxide nanoparticles e.g. ZnO and MgO are emerging materials for the use in insulations of extruded high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) cables. The challenge in the development of the composites with ultra-low electrical conductivity is to synthesize uniform and high-purity metal-oxide nanoparticles, which are functionalized with hydrophobic groups in order to make them compatible with polyethylene. The thesis reports different approaches to prepare this new generation of insulation materials. Different reaction parameters/conditions – zinc salt precursor, precursor concentrations and reaction temperature – were varied in order to tailor the size and morphology of the ZnO nanoparticles. It was shown that different particle sizes and particle morphologies could be obtained by using different zinc salt precursors (acetate, nitrate, chloride or sulphate). It was shown that 60 °C was a suitable reaction temperature in order to yield particles with different morphologies ranging from nano-prisms to flower-shaped superstructures. For removal of reaction residuals from the particles surfaces, a novel cleaning method based on ultrasonication was developed, which was more efficient than traditional water-replacement cleaning. After cleaning, the presence of one atomic layer of zinc-hydroxy-salt complex (ZHS) on the nanoparticle surfaces was suggested by thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy. A method involving three steps – silane coating, heat treatment and silica layer etching – was used to remove the last trace of the ZHS species from the nanoparticle surface while preserving its clean and active hydroxylated surface. The surface chemistry of these nanoparticles was further tailored from hydroxyl groups to hydrophobic alkyl groups with different lengths by reactions involving methyltrimethoxysilane (C1), octyltriethoxysilane (C8) and octadecyltrimethoxysilane (C18). MgO nanoparticles were prepared by aqueous precipitation of Mg(OH)2 followed by a partial transformation to MgO nanoparticles via heat treatment at 400 °C. The surface regions of the MgO nanoparticles convert into a hydroxide phase in humid media. A novel method to obtain large surface area MgO nanoparticles with a remarkable inertness to humidity was also presented. The method involved three steps: (a) thermal decomposition of Mg(OH)2 at 400 °C; (b) silicone oxide coating of the nanoparticles to prevent inter-particle sintering and (c) a high temperature heat treatment at 1000 °C. These MgO nanoparticles showed essentially no sign of formed hydroxide phase even after extended exposure to humid air. The functionalized metal-oxide nanoparticles showed only a minor adsorption of phenolic antioxidant, which is important in order to obtain nanocomposites with an adequate long-term stability. Tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the surface-modified metal-oxide nanoparticles showed improved dispersion and interfacial adhesion in the polyethylene matrix with reference to that of unmodified metal-oxide nanoparticles. The highly “efficient” interfacial surface area induced by these modified nanoparticles created the traps for charge carriers at the polymer/particle interface thus reducing the DC conductivity by more than 1 order of magnitude than that of the pristine polyethylene. Polyetenkompositer med mycket låga halter av ZnO och MgO metalloxid nanopartiklar är en växande kategori material för användning som isolering av extruderade kablar avsedda för likriktad högspänning. En utmaning i utvecklingen av dessa material kan relateras till den praktiska kompositframställningen, vilken innefattar framställning av högrena metalloxid nanopartiklar som ytmodifieras med hydrofoba molekylstrukturer för att möjliggöra blandning med den hydrofoba polyetenplasten. Denna avhandling behandlar olika metoder för att framställa denna generation av isoleringsmaterial. Vid syntesen av de rena nanopartiklarna krävdes optimering av ett antal olika reaktionsparametrar för att uppnå tillfredställande slutresultat i form av partikelstorlekar och partikelmorfologier. Dessa inkluderade val av zinksalt, zinksaltkoncentration vid utfällning, samt reaktionstemperatur vid framställningen. Experimenten avslöjade att olika partikelstorlekar och partikelmorfologier kunde framställas som endast korrelerat mot källan av zinkjonerna, och berodde av vilka motjoner som zinkatomerna haft i zinksaltet (acetat, nitrat, klorid eller sulfat). Optimering av reaktionstemperaturen visade att ca 60 °C utgjorde en lämplig start för utvärdering av synteserna, som resulterade i olika partikelmorfologier i form av pyramidformade nanopartiklar till blomformationer. Utöver de specifika reaktionsparametrarna utvecklades även en ny ultrasonikeringsmetod för att rena ytorna hos partiklarna från motjoner relaterade till de valda specifika salterna. Metodiken som visade sig avsevärt mer effektiv än sedvanlig rening att utfällda nanopartiklar via repetitivt vattenutbyte, och skapade förutsättningar etablering av kolloidal stabilitet och fragmentering av aggregat i vattensuspensionerna. Efter ultrasonikeringsreningen beräknades de kvarvarande zinkhydroxidsalterna (ZHS) utgöra endast ett atomlager ZHS utifrån termogravimetriska data kompletterade med infraröd spektroskopi. En metod att eliminera de kvarvarande ZHS-komplexen från ytan av partiklarna tillämpades/utvecklades, inkluderade ytbeläggning av partiklarna med silan, följt av värmebehandling samt etsning av den resulterande kiseloxidytan, för att uppnå en ren hydroxylyta på partiklarna. Ytkemin hos dessa partiklar modifierades från att bestå av hydroxylgrupper till att utgöras av hydrofoba alkylgrupper med olika längder relaterade metyltrimetoxysilan (C1), oktyltrietoxysilan (C8), eller oktadekyltrimetoxysilan (C18). Även MgO nanopartiklar framställdes via vattenutfällning av Mg(OH)2 partiklar, vilka omvandlades till MgO nanopartiklar via en lågtemperatur värmebehandling vid 400°C. Ytan av dessa partiklar omvandlades dock till hydroxid i fuktig miljö. En ny metod att bibehålla den stora ytarean av MgO nanopartiklarna med anmärkningsvärd motståndskraft mot att omvandlas till hydroxid utvecklades således. Metoden består av (a) en låg temperatur omvandling av Mg(OH)2, (b) en kiseloxidytbehandling av nanopartiklarna för att undvika partikelsintring vid högre temperaturer och (c) en hög temperaturbehandling vid 1000 °C. De framställda partiklarna uppvisade ingen anmärkningsvärd känslighet mot luftfuktighet och bibehöll MgO sammansättningen efter exponering mot fukt. De modifierade metalloxid nanopartiklarna visade mycket liten adsorption av fenoliska antioxidanter, vilket medförde en långtidsstabilitet hos polyeten nanokompositerna. De ytmodifierade metalloxidpartiklarna visade även förbättrade möjligheter för dispergering och yt-kompatibilitet med/i polyetenmatrisen i jämförelse med omodifierade metalloxidpartiklar, utifrån mätningar baserade på dragprovning och svepelektronmikroskopi. Slutligen, de utvecklade ytorna på de modifierade nanopartiklarna skapade ett polymer/nanopartikel gränssnitt som kunder fungera som laddningsansamlingsområden i nanokompositerna, vilket resulterade i en storleksordning minskad ledningsförmåga hos kompositerna jämfört med den rena polyetenen. QC 20160829

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44

Pirondelli, Andrea. "Production and Electrical Characterization of Low Density Polyethylene-based Micro- and Nano-dielectrics containing Graphene Oxide, Functionalized Graphene and Carbon Black additives." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.

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Oggigiorno la ricerca di nuovi materiali per gradatori di campo da impiegarsi in accessori di cavi ha iniziato a studiare alcuni materiali nano dielettrici con proprietà elettriche non lineari con la tensione ed aventi proprietà migliorate rispetto al materiale base. Per questo motivo in questo elaborato si sono studiati materiali nanostrutturati a base di polietilene a bassa densità (LDPE) contenenti nano polveri di grafene funzionalizzato (G*), ossido di grafene (GO) e carbon black (CB). Il primo obiettivo è stato quello di selezionare e ottimizzare i metodi di fabbricazione dei provini. La procedura di produzione è suddivisa in due parti. Nella prima parte è stata utilizzatala tecnica del ball-milling, mentre nella seconda un pressa termica (thermal pressing). Mediante la spettroscopia dielettrica a banda larga (BDS) si sono misurate le componenti reali e immaginarie della permettività e il modulo della conducibilità del materiale, in tensione alternata. Il miglioramento delle proprietà rispetto al provino di base composto dal solo polietilene si sono ottenute quando il quantitativo delle nanopolveri era maggiore. Le misure sono state effettuate sia a 3 V che a 1 kV. Attraverso misurazioni di termogravimetria (TGA) si è osservato l’aumento della resistenza termica di tutti i provini, soprattutto nel caso quando la % di nanopolveri è maggiore. Per i provini LDPE + 0.3 wt% GO e LDPE + 0.3 wt% G* si è misurata la resistenza alle scariche parziali attraverso la valutazione dell’erosione superficiale dei provini. Per il provino contenente G* è stato registrato una diminuzione del 22% del volume eroso, rispetto al materiale base, mentre per quello contenente GO non vi sono state variazioni significative. Infine si è ricercata la resistenza al breakdown di questi ultimi tre provini sopra citati. Per la caratterizzazione si è fatto uso della distribuzione di Weibull. Lo scale parameter α risulta aumentare solo per il provino LDPE + 0.3 wt% G*.

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45

Nawaz, Sohail. "Preparation and long-term performance of poly(ethylene-co-butyl acrylate) nanocomposites and polyethylene." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Polymera material, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-104685.

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The current study discusses the preparation and long-term performance of polymer composites used for various purposes under different ageing conditions. The first part deals with the preparation and characterization of polymer nanocomposites based on poly(ethylene-co-butyl acrylate) (EBA–13 and EBA–28 with 13 and 28 wt % butyl acrylate, respectively) and 2–12 wt % (0.5–3 vol %) of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (two types with different specific surface areas and different hydroxyl-group concentrations; uncoated and coated with, respectively, octyltriethoxysilane and aminopropyltriethoxysilane). The nanocomposite with EBA–13 showed better overall nanoparticle dispersion while EBA–28 resulted in poor dispersion, probably due to insufficiently high shear forces acting during extrusion mixing which were unable to break down nanoparticle agglomerates. The activity of hindered phenolic antioxidant (0.2 wt%) in all EBA nanocomposites was assessed by determining the oxidation induction time using DSC. The composites containing uncoated aluminium oxide nanoparticles showed a much shorter initial OIT than the pristine polymer with the same initial concentration of antioxidant, indicating adsorption of antioxidant onto the nanoparticle surfaces. Composites containing coated nanoparticles showed a significantly smaller decrease in the initial OIT, suggesting the replacement of hydroxyl groups with organic silane tails, decreasing the concentration of available adsorption sites on the nanoparticle surfaces. The decrease in OIT with increasing ageing time in dry air at 90 °C of the nanocomposites was slower than that of the unfilled pristine polymer, suggesting a slow release of antioxidant from adsorption sites. The EBA nanocomposites exposed to liquid water at 90°C showed faster decrease of OIT than samples exposed to dry or humid air. The migration rate of antioxidant was controlled by the boundary conditions in the case of ageing in humid air and liquid water. The antioxidant diffusivity was lower for the composites containing uncoated ND than for the composites containing ND coated with octyltriethoxysilane or aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The migration and chemical consumption of deltamethrin DM, (synthetic pyrethroid) and synergist piperonyl butoxide from molded polyethylene sheets was also studied. Deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide are often used for food storage and insect control purposes. DM showed no signs of crystallization and remained in a liquid state after being cooled to room temperature. Exposure of polyethylene compound sheets to liquid water (at 80 & 95 °C), caused degradation and hydrolysis of the ester bond in the DM, present in the prepared material, and generated species containing hydroxyl groups. Liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy showed a significant migration of the active species in liquid water, whereas in air at 80 °C (60 and 80 %RH) the loss of DM and PBO was negligible over 30 days. The long-term performance of medium-density polyethylene stabilized with six different phenolic antioxidants (0.1 wt%) in aqueous chlorinated media at 70 °C was studied. The results were compared with data for previously studied solutions of antioxidants in squalane (a liquid, low molar mass analogue of polyethylene). A linear relationship was established between the time to reach antioxidant depletion in polyethylene tape samples and the time in squalane samples. Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy of drawn samples revealed the onset of surface oxidation and surface embrittlement in tape samples exposed beyond the time for antioxidant depletion. QC 20121109 Cable insulation materials Loss of deltamethrin and pipronyl butoxide from polyethylene long-term performance of polyethylene in chlorine dioxide water

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46

Chen, Wei. "Local Structure and Molecular Dynamics of Supramolecules And Semicrystalline Polymers As Investigated By Solid State NMR." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1459960834.

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47

Gill, Yasir Q. "Preparation and characterization of polyethylene based nanocomposites for potential applications in packaging." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18052.

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The objective of my work was to develop HDPE clay nanocomposites for packaging with superior barrier (gas and water) properties by economical processing technique. This work also represents a comparative study of thermoplastic nanocomposites for packaging based on linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and Nylon12. In this study properties and processing of a series of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and Nylon 12 nanocomposites based on Na-MMT clay and two different aspect ratio grades of kaolinite clay are discussed.

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48

Huang, Zhenyu. "Crystallization and Melting Behavior of Linear Polyethylene and Ethylene/Styrene Copolymers and Chain Length Dependence of Spherulitic Growth Rate for Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Fractions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29211.

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The crystallization and melting behavior of linear polyethylene and of a series of random ethylene/styrene copolymers was investigated using a combination of classical and temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry. In the case of linear polyethylene and low styrene content copolymers, the temporal evolutions of the melting temperature, degree of crystallinity, and excess heat capacity were studied during crystallization. The following correlations were established: 1) the evolution of the melting temperature with time parallels that of the degree of crystallinity, 2) the excess heat capacity increases linearly with the degree of crystallinity during primary crystallization, reaches a maximum during the mixed stage and decays during secondary crystallization, 3) the rates of shift of the melting temperature and decay of the excess heat capacity lead to apparent activation energies that are very similar to these reported for the crystal ac relaxation by other techniques. Strong correlations in the time domain between the secondary crystallization and the evolution of the excess heat capacity suggest that the reversible crystallization/melting phenomenon is associated with molecular events in the melt-crystal fold interfacial region. In the case of higher styrene content copolymers, the multiple melting behavior at high temperature is investigated through studies of the overall crystallization kinetics, heating rate effects and partial melting. Low melting crystals can be classified into two categories according to their melting behavior, superheating and reorganization characteristics. Low styrene content copolymers still exhibit some chain folded lamellar structure. The shift of the low melting temperature with time in this case is tentatively explained in terms of reorganization effects. Decreasing the crystallization temperature or increasing the styrene content leads to low melting crystals more akin to fringed-micelles. These crystals exhibit a lower tendency to reorganize during heating. The shift of their melting temperature with time is attributed to a decrease in the conformational entropy of the amorphous fraction as a result of constraints imposed by primary and secondary crystals. To further understand the mechanism of formation of low melting crystals, quasi-isothermal crystallization experiments were carried out using temperature modulation. The evolution of the excess heat capacity was correlated with that of the melting behavior. On the basis of these results, it is speculated that the generation of excess heat capacity at high temperature results from reversible segmental exchange on the fold surface. On the other hand, the temporal evolution of the excess heat capacity at low temperature for high styrene content copolymers is attributed to the reversible segment attachment and detachment on the lateral surface of primary crystals. The existence of different mechanisms for the generation of excess heat capacity in different temperature ranges is consistent with the observation of two temperature regimes for the degree of reversibility inferred from quasi-isothermal melting experiments. In a second project, the chain length and temperature dependences of spherulitic growth rates were studied for a series of narrow fractions of poly(ethylene oxide) with molecular weight ranging from 11 to 917 kg/mol. The crystal growth rate data spanning crystallization temperatures in regimes I and II was analyzed using the formalism of the Lauritzen-Hoffman (LH) theory. Our results are found to be in conflict with predictions from LH theory. The Kg ratio increases with molecular weight instead of remaining constant. The chain length dependence of the exponential prefactor, G0, does not follow the power law predicted by Hoffman and Miller (HM). On this basis, the simple reptation argument proposed in the HM treatment and the nucleation regime concept advanced by the LH model are questioned. We proposed that the observed I/II regime transition in growth rate data may be related to a transition in the friction coefficient, as postulated by the Brochard-de Gennnes slippage model. This mechanism is also consistent with recent calculations published by Toda in which both the rates of surface nucleation and substrate completion processes exhibit a strong temperature dependence. Ph. D.

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49

Ottoboni, Fabíola Silva. "Desenvolvimento de novos compósitos baseados em polietileno e híbridos gerados a partir de resíduos agrícolas modificados com óxido de nióbio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97136/tde-27082013-103658/.

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As fibras naturais estao ganhando espaco no mercado como materia-prima por apresentarem caracteristicas desejaveis para aplicacoes industriais, por ser um material renovavel, biodegradavel e de baixo custo. Neste sentido, a exploracao da celulose vem crescendo, inclusive no estudo de compositos polimericos reforcados com fibras naturais. Este trabalho visa primeiramente a obtencao de hibridos celulose/oxido de niobio hidratado a partir do tratamento e modificacao do bagaco de cana-de-acucar, e posteriormente a geracao de compositos de matriz de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e carga de celulose modificada. O Nb2O5.nH2O foi gerado pelo metodo da precipitacao convencional, partindo-se de niobio metalico. Os hibridos foram produzidos nas proporcoes de 10, 20, 30 e 40% de oxido e caracterizados utilizando-se as seguintes tecnicas: difracao de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia de absorcao no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria exploratoria diferencial (DSC) e microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados indicam que houve boa interacao entre a fibra de celulose e o oxido de niobio hidratado em todas as proporcoes estudadas. Pelas curvas DSC em atmosfera oxidativa pode-se observar que o Nb2O5.nH2O agiu como um agente retardante a chamas. A proporcao do hibrido definida para a geracao dos compositos foi 90Cel/10Nb2O5.nH2O. Inicialmente foram fabricados os compositos reforcados apenas com celulose branqueada, (x)PEBD/(100-x)Cel, com x = 5, 10, 15 e 20, e realizado o estudo de suas propriedades fisico-quimicas: FTIR, TG, DSC, MEV; e dos testes mecanicos. A partir dos dados obtidos definiu-se a proporcao 5% de reforco para a geracao dos compositos reforcados com o hibrido, 95PEBD:5Cel/Nb2O5.nH2O, e tambem com a adicao do agente compatibilizante: polietileno modificado com anidrido maleico (PE-g-AM), 95PEBD:5Cel/Nb2O5.nH2O+5PE-g-AM. A insercao das fibras de celulose a matriz polimerica gera um material mais resistente e rigido e com menor deformacao, assim como a presenca do Nb2O5.nH2O. O PE-g-AM aumenta o valor do modulo elastico. A utilizacao de uma menor granulometria de carga promove uma maior dispersao e uniformidade da celulose da matriz. A dispersao das fibras na matriz dificulta o processo migracao das cadeias moleculares do PEBD, diminuindo o grau de cristalinidade. Os valores de ?Hf mostram que a adicao do inorganico enfraquece a interacao interfacial da matriz com o reforco, diminuindo a ?Hf e a XC. A presenca do Nb2O5.nH2O nos compositos gera um aumento da Tf. Natural fibers are in prominent position in the researches as raw material for presenting characteristics desirable for industrial applications; it is a renewable material, biodegradable and low cost. Thus, the exploration of cellulose has been growing, including the study of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers. This study primarily aims to obtain hybrids cellulose/hydrous niobium oxide from the treatment and modification of sugarcane bagasse, and subsequently the generation of composites with matrix of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and modified cellulose as reinforcement. The Nb2O5.nH2O was generated by the conventional precipitation method, starting from niobium metal. The hybrids were produced in proportions of 10, 20, 30 and 40% of oxide and characterized using the following techniques: x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated good interaction between the cellulose fiber and niobium oxide hydrate in all ratios studied. For the DSC curves in oxidative atmosphere can be observed that the Nb2O5.nH2O acted as an agent flame retardant. The proportion of the hybrid set for the generation of composites was 90Cel/10Nb2O5.nH2O. Initially were manufactured composites reinforced only with bleached cellulose, (x)LDPE/(100-x)Cel, with x = 5, 10, 15 and 20, and was conducted the study the physicochemical properties: FTIR, TGA, DSC, SEM; and mechanical properties by the tensile tests. According to this results was defined the percentage of 5% for the generation of composites reinforced with hybrid 95PEBD:5Cel/Nb2O5.nH2O, and also with the addition of compatibilizing, polyethylene modified with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA), 95PEBD:5Cel/Nb2O5.nH2O+5PE-g-MA. The inclusion of cellulose fibers to the polymer matrix creates a material more resistant and rigid and with a smaller deformation, as well as the presence of Nb2O5.nH2O. The PE-g-MA increases the value of elastic modulus. The use of a smaller particle size of load promotes greater uniformity and dispersion of the cellulose in the matrix. The dispersion of fibers in the matrix hinders the migration process of the molecular chains of LDPE, reducing the degree of crystallinity. ZHf values show that the addition of inorganic weakens the interaction at the matrix with the reinforcement, decreasing ZHf and XC. The presence of the Nb2O5.nH2O in composites generates an increase in Tf.

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50

Upadhyay, Rahul Kumar. "Development of Polyethylene Grafted Graphene Oxide Reinforced High Density Polyethylene Bionanocomposites." Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3587.

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The uniform dispersion of the nano fillers without agglomeration in a polymeric matrix is widely adapted for the purpose of mechanical properties enhancement. In the context to biomedical applications, the type and amount of nanoparticles can potentially influence the biocompatibility. In order to address these issues, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) based composites reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) were prepared by melt mixing followed by compression moulding. In an attempt to tailor the dispersion and to improve the interfacial adhesion, polyethylene (PE) was immobilized onto GO sheets by nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction. A good combination of yield strength (ca. 20 MPa), elastic modulus (ca. 600 MPa) and an outstanding elongation at failure (ca. 70 %) were recorded with 3 wt % polyethylene grafted graphene oxide (PE-g-GO) reinforced HDPE composites. Considering the relevance of protein adsorption as a biophysical precursor to cell adhesion, the protein adsorption isotherms of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were determined to realize three times higher equilibrium constant (Keq) for PE-g-GO reinforced HDPE composites as compared to GO reinforced composites. In order to assess the cytocompatibility, osteoblast cells (MC3T3) were grown on HDPE/GO and HDPE/PE-g-GO composites, in vitro. The statistically significant increase in metabolically active cell was observed, irrespective of the substrate composition. Such observation indicated that HDPE with GO or PE-g-GO addition (upto 3 wt %) can be used as cell growth substrate. The extensive proliferation of cells with oriented growth pattern also supported the fact that tailored GO addition can support cellular functionality, in vitro. Taken together, the experimental results suggest that the PE-g-GO in HDPE can effectively be utilized to enhance both mechanical and cytocompatibility properties and can further be explored for potential biomedical applications.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polyethylene oxide'

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