Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polyethylene glycol

Academic literature on the topic 'Polyethylene glycol'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Polyethylene glycol"

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Alper, Arik, and Dinesh S. Pashankar. "Polyethylene Glycol." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 57, no. 2 (August 2013): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0b013e318296404a.

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Boora, Gian Maria. "Polyethylene glycol." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 54, no. 1-3 (July 1995): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02787908.

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B., Baloǧlu, and Kirkaǧaçhoǧlu O. "Preparation and evaluation of tolmetin sodium conventional and sustained-release suppositories." Scientia Pharmaceutica 70, no. 1 (February 14, 2002): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.aut-02-09.

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Conventional suppositories of tolmetin sodium were prepared by using two different types of Witepsol as an oily base and two different ratios of polyethylene glycol 400: polyethylene glycol 4000 as an water-soluble base. In addition, sustained- release suppositories were prepared by adding Eudragit L-100 ta the suppositories. The effects of the suppository base and the ratios of the polyethylene glycol 400: polyethylene glycols 4000 on the in vitro release characteristics were investigated. The release rate of tolmetin sodium from the conventional suppositories prepared with polyethylene glycol was slower than the other suppositories prepared with Witepsol. All of the suppositories with Eudragit L-100 showed slow-release profiles and the drug release rates clearly depended on the Eudragit L-100 content. When dissolution results were evaluated kinetically, zero order kinetic was observed with the sustained- release suppositories of tolmetin sodium prepared with polyethyleneglycol 400: polyethyleneglycol 4000 by adding Eudragit L-100.
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Makrlík, Emanuel, and Petr Vaňura. "Europium and cerium extraction by the nitrobenzene solution of dicarbolide in the presence of polyethylene glycols." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 3 (1986): 498–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19860498.

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Extraction of Eu3+ and Ce3+ microamounts from 0.1-0.4M perchloric acid by the nitrobenzene solution of dicarbolide H+[Co(C2B9H11)2]- in the presence of polyethylene glycols (Mr = 200, 300, 400) has been studied. The equilibrium data and the typical maxima on the dependence of the metal distribution ratio on the total analytical concentration of polyethylene glycol in the system can be explained assuming that the species ML3+org, ML3+2org, ML3+3org, MLH2+-1org, and HL+org (where M3+ = Eu3+, Ce3+; L = polyethylene glycol) are extracted into the organic phase. The values of extraction and equilibrium constants in the organic phase were determined and the effect of the polyethylene glycol molecular weight on the equilibrium constants and on the abundances of individual species in the organic phase is discussed. It has been found that the addition of polyethylene glycol to the acid - nitrobezene - dicarbolide system increases the values of the separation factors αCe/Eu.
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&NA;. "Bisacodyl/polyethylene glycol." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1175 (October 2007): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711750-00030.

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&NA;. "Bisacodyl/polyethylene glycol." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1328 (November 2010): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201013280-00038.

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Barman, Bhajendra N., Donald H. Champion, and Stephen L. Sjoberg. "Identification and quantification of polyethylene glycol types in polyethylene glycol methyl ether and polyethylene glycol vinyl ether." Journal of Chromatography A 1216, no. 40 (October 2009): 6816–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.024.

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Bekkali, Noor L. H., Daniël R. Hoekman, Olivia Liem, Marloes E. J. Bongers, Michiel P. van Wijk, Bas Zegers, Rolf A. Pelleboer, et al. "Polyethylene Glycol 3350 With Electrolytes Versus Polyethylene Glycol 4000 for Constipation." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 66, no. 1 (January 2018): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000001726.

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ChenCurrent address: Key Lab. of Ra, Ji, Scott K. Spear, Jonathan G. Huddleston, and Robin D. Rogers. "Polyethylene glycol and solutions of polyethylene glycol as green reaction media." Green Chemistry 7, no. 2 (2005): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b413546f.

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Iqbal, Tariq H., Mark A. Cox, Kenneth O. Lewis, and Brian T. Cooper. "Effect of Water-Loading on the Performance of Polyethylene Glycol as a Marker of Small Intestinal Permeability." Clinical Science 89, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0890299.

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1. Polyethylene glycol has been used extensively to measure small intestinal permeability in vivo. However, polyethylene glycol seems to traverse the intestinal mucosa in much greater quantities than sugar molecules of equivalent Mr. In addition, the recovery of the lowest Mr polymers of administered polyethylene glycol has been found to be both low and unreliable. 2. To compare the behaviour of a range of polyethylene glycol polymers with sugar probes in vivo, a combined polyethylene glycol/mannitol/lactulose probe was administered sequentially to healthy individuals in the fasted state and under conditions of water-loading. Timed hourly urine collections were made for 6 h. 3. Mannitol and lactulose recoveries were all within the normal range and were unaffected by coadministration of water. The lactulose/mannitol recovery ratios did not vary significantly over the 6 h collection period. In contrast, the recovery of total polyethylene glycol was significantly greater when subjects were water-loaded. Futhermore, proportionally greater quantities of polyethylene glycol Mr 370 than Mr 854 were recovered towards the end of the collection period than at the start. 4. Our results show that, in contrast to lactulose and mannitol, excretion of low—medium Mr polyethylene glycol polymers is highly dependent on coadministration of water. Futhermore, the differential rate of excretion of the low compared with the high Mr polyethylene glycol polymers suggests that the volume of distribution of the individual polymers may vary with Mr, and smaller polyethylene glycol molecules may undergo considerable renal tubular reabsorption.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polyethylene glycol"

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Pathak, Shantanu Chaturvedi. "Characterization of plasma-polymerized polyethylene glycol-like films." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31789.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Dr. Dennis W. Hess; Committee Member: Dr. Clifford L. Henderson; Committee Member: Dr. J. Carson Meredith; Committee Member: Dr. L. Andrew Lyon; Committee Member: Dr. Mark R. Prausnitz. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Malik, Farooq. "Construction and characterisation of polyethylene glycol modified cytokines." Thesis, Open University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308154.

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Turner, Kelly A. "Polyethylene glycol stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44090.

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The chromatographic properties of various silicone stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography have been extensively studied, yet the properties of nonsilicone phases have not been so well investigated. The most popular nonsilicone phases are the high molecular weight polyethylene glycols (HMW PEG) which are commercially available in a wide range of molecular weights, crossâ linkable and uncross-linkable (Carbowax 2OM and 4OM, the Superox series, etc.). Their most outstanding features are their unique polarity and selectivity; for this reason these phases are widely used in the analysis of aqueous solutions, essential oils, and perfumes. Unfortunately HMW-PEG's are very sensitive to slight differences in preparation and handling procedures which can cause analyses to differ with each laboratory, each column, and even each use. HMWâ PEG's also suffer from low temperature stability, a high minimum allowable operating temperature, and have lower diffusion coefficients than silicone phases. This study examines the efficiency differences of eight columns differing only in immobilization procedure and added functional groups. Comparison is made using HETP versus u and separation number (TZ) versus u curves. These curves offer important information, in particular, the effect of carrier gas, u, column operating temperature, degree of crossâ linking, and cross-linking temperature on chromatographic efficiency and separation number. In addition, the contributions of the CL (resistance to mass transfer in the liquid phase) and DL (diffusion coefficient in the liquid phase) terms in the Golay equation are calculated [1]. Solids at room temperature, PEG stationary phases undergo a solid-liquid phase transition within their useful temperature range. The effect of this transition on the chromatographic properties is investigated using efficiency, separation number, capacity ratio, and retention index versus temperature curves. Four more columns, in addition to the eight mentioned above, demonstrate the influence of end-groups and the molecular weight of the stationary phase on the phase transition temperature range.
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Zuo, Amy. "Cross-interactions of bovine chymotrypsinogen-A and polyethylene glycol." Connect to resource, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/45411.

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Naigamwalla, Dinaz. "Effects of polyethylene glycol on colon carcinogenesis in rodents." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0005/MQ46132.pdf.

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COLLAZOS, STEPHANIE ORTIZ. "LANGMUIR FILMS OF FATTY ACID ESTERS OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=29504@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Ésteres de polietilenoglicol derivados de ácidos graxos são surfactantes não iônicos biodegradáveis com aplicação em vários segmentos da indústria, em especial nas indústrias de óleo e gás, farmacêutica, de cosméticos e de alimentos. Ésteres de ácidos graxos naturais, tais como acido esteárico e palmítico, foram sintetizados e caracterizados, e os seus filmes de Langmuir foram obtidos. As propriedades viscoelásticas destes polímeros modificados hidrofobicamente foram investigadas na interface ar-água. Desta forma foi também possível avaliar a isoterma de Langmuir Pi-A e as propriedades mecânicas das monocamadas através do cálculo do módulo de compressão (Cs -1). A elasticidade superficial dilatacional e a tensão superficial dinâmica dos filmes adsorvidos foram analisadas pelo método da gota pendente em um goniômetro. Os módulos dinâmicos oscilatórios de armazenamento e perda do bulk da solução aquosa do tensioativo foram estudados em um reômetro de cisalhamento. Os estudos de tensão superficial dinâmica revelaram que a adsorção do surfactante na interface ar-água acontece de maneira rápida atingindo uma região de meso-equilíbrio em aproximadamente de 1 a 2 min. Foi demostrado o comportamento preferencialmente elástico destes polímeros modificados hidrofobicamente em duas e três dimensões (interface e bulk). Consequentemente, foi alcançada uma boa capacidade para estes polímeros atuarem como agentes coletores de petróleo na presença ou ausência de eletrólitos na subfase aquosa.
Fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycols are biodegradable non-ionic surfactants with application in many industrial segments such as oil and gas, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food. Esters of polyethylene glycols based on natural fatty acids such as stearic acid and palmitic acid, were synthesized and characterized, and their Langmuir films were obtained. The viscoelastic properties of these hydrophobically modified polymers at the air/water interface have been investigated. Thus it was also possible to evaluate the Langmuir isotherm (Pi-A) and mechanical properties of the monolayers by calculating the compression modulus (Cs-1). The surface dilatational elasticity and dynamic surface tension of the adsorbed films were analyzed by the pendant drop method with a goniometer apparatus. The oscillatory dynamic storage and loss modules of the bulk of the aqueous surfactant solution were studied in a shear rheometer. The dynamic surface tension studies show that the kinetics of the surfactant adsorption at the air-water interface is reasonably fast, reaching the meso-equilibrium region in approximately 1 to 2 min. It was demonstrated an elastic behavior of these hydrophobic modified polymers in two and three dimensions (interface and bulk). Consequently, it was achieved a good capacity for them to act as oil herding agents in presence or absence of electrolytes in the aqueous subphase.
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Houts, Frederick William. "Analysis of Methoxy-polyethylene Glycol-modified Human Serum Albumin." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1149010508.

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Dancho, David M. "Analysis of Polyethylene Glycol in the α-Hemolysin Nanopore." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/483.

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Nanopores have been shown to be a useful analytical tool for single molecule detection. They have been used to study the composition of DNA and other molecules of interest. These pores are usually α-hemolysin which is a toxin from Staphylococcus aureus or more recently nanoscale synthetic solid state pores. Now we are beginning to look at other molecules or proteins by sending them into the nanopores and measuring a characteristic partial current blockade. In this thesis we look at polyethylene glycol (PEG) as it enters and blocks current through a single alpha hemolysin pore. We report the effects of ionic strength, PEG size, and applied voltage on the depth and duration of the current blockades. We also apply autocorrelation analysis on the arrival times of PEG molecules to the pore see if we can identify if the PEG is translocating through the pore or escaping from the same side it enters. This suggests a new approach to current blockade analysis.
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Howard, Matthew A. Neau Steven H. "The application of polyethylene oxide (PolyOx®) and methoxypolyethylene glycol (Carbowax Sentry®) in the production of extruded-spheronized beads with a high drug load." Diss., UMK access, 2004.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Pharmacy and Dept. of Chemistry. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2004.
"A dissertation in pharmaceutical sciences and chemistry." Advisor: Steven H. Neau. Typescript. Vita. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 24, 2006; title from "catalog record" of the print edition. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-141). Online version of the print edition.
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Schmidt, Kurt A. G. "Solubility of sulphur dioxide in mixed polyethylene glycol dimethyl ethers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq22670.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Polyethylene glycol"

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Milton, Harris J., ed. Poly(ethylene glycol) chemistry: Biotechnical and biomedical applications. New York: Plenum Press, 1992.

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Milton, Harris J., Zalipsky Samuel 1954-, American Chemical Society. Division of Polymer Chemistry., and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Poly(ethylene glycol): Chemistry and biological applications. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997.

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Naigamwalla, Dinaz. Effects of polyethylene glycol on colon carcinogenesis in rodents. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.

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Yang, Zhen-Zhen, Qing-Wen Song, and Liang-Nian He. Capture and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide with Polyethylene Glycol. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31268-7.

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Kuixiong, Gao, ed. Polyethylene glycol as an embedment for microscopy and histochemistry. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993.

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Qing-Wen, Song, He Liang-Nian, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Capture and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide with Polyethylene Glycol. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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Berridge, Rory. The thermal degradation of Lutron KS1 (a modified polyethylene glycol). [s.l.]: typescript, 1997.

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Chandaroy, Parthapratim. Control of cell-liposome adhesion and liposome content release by thermally regulating polymer-lipid bilayer interaction. Buffalo, NY: State University of New York, 2003.

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Veronese, Francesco M. PEGylated protein drugs: Basic science and clinical applications. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2009.

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Weiler, Lisa Anne-Marie. The effect of polyethylene glycol spacer segments on the function of surface modifying macromolecules (SMMs) in polyurethanes. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polyethylene glycol"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Polyethylene Glycol." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 560. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9074.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Polyethylene Glycol Terephthalate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 560. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9079.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Polyethylene Glycol (200) Dibenzoate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 560. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9075.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Polyethylene Glycol (600) Dibenzoate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 560. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9076.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Polyethylene Glycol (400) Dilaurate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 560. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9078.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Polyethylene-Propylene Adipate Glycol." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 560. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9083.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Polyethylene Glycol Di-2-Ethylhexoate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 560. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9077.

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Zalipsky, Samuel, Robert Seltzer, and Kwang Nho. "Succinimidyl Carbonates of Polyethylene Glycol." In ACS Symposium Series, 91–100. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1991-0469.ch010.

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Yarak, Samira, and Luis Henrique Barbizan de Moura. "Polyethylene Glycol for the Hands and Face." In Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Procedures, 575–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78265-2_80.

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Srichana, Teerapol, and Tan Suwandecha. "Polyethylene Glycol in Clinical Application and PEGylated Drugs." In Biodegradable Polymers in Clinical Use and Clinical Development, 451–93. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118015810.ch13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polyethylene glycol"

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Saito, Mitsunori, and Kanami Tsuji. "Bistable Optical Functions of Polyethylene Glycol." In 2018 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icd.2018.8470036.

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Saito, Mitsunori, and Kanami Tsuji. "Bistable Optical Functions of Polyethylene Glycol." In 2018 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icd.2018.8514683.

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Devocelle, Marc, Alan Hibbitts, Aoife O’Connor, Sally-Ann Cryan, and Deirdre Fitzgerald-Hughes. "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-based Peptidomimetics (Pegtides)." In 35th European Peptide Symposium. Prompt Scientific Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17952/35eps.2018.175.

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Chen, Xia, and Yangdong Hu. "Anaerobic degradation of polyethylene glycol 400." In 2015 6th International Conference on Manufacturing Science and Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmse-15.2015.352.

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Saito, Mitsunori, and Yoshihiro Nishimura. "Bistable optical transmission properties of polyethylene-glycol." In SPIE Organic Photonics + Electronics, edited by Rachel Jakubiak, Manfred Eich, and Jean-Michel Nunzi. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.928337.

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Nechaev, A. I., P. V. Khramtsov, and S. A. Zamorina. "Polyethylene glycol-based modification of graphene oxide." In ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OCBT2020): Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0069205.

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Genin, V. D., D. K. Tuchina, A. N. Bashkatov, E. A. Genina, and V. V. Tuchin. "Polyethylene glycol diffusion in ex vivo skin tissue." In NEW OPERATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES (NEWOT’2015): Proceedings of the 5th International Scientific Conference «New Operational Technologies». AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4936023.

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Watanabe, Masaji, and Fusako Kawai. "Simulation for microbial depolymerization processes of polyethylene glycol." In IntelSys 2013 International Conference on Advances in Intelligent Systems in Bioinformatics, Chem-Informatics, Business Intelligence, Social Media and Cybernetics. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/intelsys130111.

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Sari Rahayu, Murni. "Polyethylene Glycol (Peg) And Salicylic Acid As Alternative Stimulants." In 8th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research 2019. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.03.03.12.

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Torre, Ana, Edward Común, Luis Mosquera, and Arleey Sanabria Sanabria. "Application of Self-Curing Concrete Method using Polyethylene Glycol." In The 18th LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: Engineering, Integration, And Alliances for A Sustainable Development” “Hemispheric Cooperation for Competitiveness and Prosperity on A Knowledge-Based Economy”. Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18687/laccei2020.1.1.246.

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Reports on the topic "Polyethylene glycol"

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Keddie, Daniel, Brooke Farrugia, and Tim Dargaville. Synthesis of discrete allyl-functional polyethylene glycol for efficient hydrophilization of dihydr (polydimethylsiloxane). Queensland, Australia: Queensland University of Technology, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.59805.

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Benavides-Montes, Victor. Polyethylene Glycol and Silica Coatings of Bismuth Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Whole Serum Compatibilities. Portland State University Library, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.162.

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Liu, Yibo, Zhe Zhang, Shaohong Yu, and Zhongwen Zhang. Efficacy of polyethylene glycol loxenatide for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.5.0106.

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Zheng, You-you, Ning Liang, Long-kun Liu, Wei-jia Sun, Xue-hui Wang, Yu-xin Sun, Yun-ru Chen, Xiao-xia Han, Zhao-lan Liu, and Jian-ping Liu. Effectiveness and Safety of Chinese Patent Medicine for Functional Constipation: A Systematic Review and Network-Meta Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0049.

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Review question / Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese patent medicine in treatment of functional constipation by using the Network Meta-Analysis. 1. Types of participants: participants diagnosed as functional constipation according to Rome III, Rome IV or other published criteria or guidelines. No limitation on types of FC, age, sex, and nation. Children and pregnant women were excluded. Participants who had other constipation-related diseases including irritable bowel syndrome, functional defecation disorders and opioid-induced constipation were excluded. 2 Types of Interventions. Chinese patent medicine which have been registered with the approval batch number beginning with “Z,” approved by Chinese National Medical Product Administration (NMPA), used alone or in combination with Polyethylene Glycol, Lactulose, Bisacodyl, Prucalopride Succinate, probiotic, or Mosapride which recommended by latest clinical guidelines released by authorized organizations. The dosage, formulation, and route of administration of Chinese patent medicine were not limited. 3 Types of control. Registered Chinese patent medicines used alone, Polyethylene Glycol, Lactulose, Bisacodyl, Prucalopride Succinate, probiotic, Mosapride which recommended by latest clinical guidelines released by authorized organizations or placebo were eligible. 4 Types of outcomes. Primary outcomes were the clinical effect, score of dyschezia and defecation time. Secondary outcomes were adverse events and recurrence rate. 5 Types of study design. Parallel randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Conference abstracts were excluded if full articles were not available.
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Li, Yaodong, Zuoqiong Zhou, Yiping WANG, Gang MAI, Yangyun HANG, Lingling ZHU, Ming ZHAO, et al. Comparison of oral sodium phosphate tablets and polyethylene glycol lavage solution for colonoscopy preparation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.5.0013.

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Review question / Objective: To systematically compare the bowel cleaning ability, patient tolerance and safety of oral sodium phosphate tablets (NaPTab) and oral polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (PEGL) to inform clinical decision making. Review question include: 1) patient populations with an indication for colonoscopy, including outpatients or inpatients requiring diagnosis or treatment, 2) randomized controlled trial (RCT) study designs, 3) a sodium phosphate tablet intervention group, 4) a control group receiving PEGL administered orally or by nasogastric tube, and 5) outcome measures including cleansing quality, adverse effects, patient acceptance, and changes in serum electrolytes after preparation.
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Browdy, Craig, and Esther Lubzens. Cryopreservation of Penaeid Shrimp Embryos: Development of a Germplasm Cryo-Bank for Preservation of High Health and Genetically Improved Stocks. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695849.bard.

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The objectives of the project were to develop a successful protocol for cryopreservation of penaeid germ plasm in order to preserve a pathogen-free broodstock nucleus for commercial exploitation of marine shrimp in aquaculture. The critical parameters to be characterized in the project were: 1. Determination of chill sensitivity and chill tolerant embryonic stages, including a full description and time course study of embryonic developmental stages. 2. Development of protocols for loading and removal of cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) from embryos; determination of optimal concentrations and duration of loading. 3. Characterization of the toxicity of the selected CP As and 4. Establishing optimal cooling and thawing procedures. Studies were performed on two penaeid species: Litopenaeus vannamei (in the USA) and P. semisulcatus (in Israel). The effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development rate and hatching success was studied in L. vannamei, showing that spawns maybe maintained at temperatures ranging from 24°C to 30°C, without compromising hatchability. Embryonic development extends from 12 hr to 19 hr at 30°C and 24°C, respectively. Studies showed that advanced embryonic developmental stages were chill tolerant in the two studied species, but P. semisulcatus could better endure lower temperatures than L. vannamei. A large number of experiments were performed to determine the optimal CP As, their concentration and duration of loading. Permeating (e.g. glycerol, methanol, DMSO, 1,2- propanediol, ethylene glycol, glucose) and non-permeating CPAs (sucrose, PVP, polyethylene glycol) were tested and several combinations of permeating and non-permeating CP As, on fertilized eggs (embryos), nauplii and protozoeae. In general, nauplii tolerated higher CPA concentrations than eggs and nauplii were also more permeable to radiolabeled methanol. Chlorine treatment intended to remove the chitinous envelop from eggs, did not increase dramatically the permeation of radiolabled methanol into eggs. Cooling eggs, nauplii or protozoeae to cryogenic temperatures, by either vitrification or slow cooling protocols, did not result in full survival of thawed samples, despite exhaustive attempts testing various protocols and CP As. Results seemed more encouraging in freezing of nauplii in comparison to eggs or protozoeae. Successful preliminary results in cryopreservation of spermatozoa of P. vannamei, will facilitate preservation of genetic specific to some extent.
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Provenza, Frederick, Avi Perevolotsky, and Nissim Silanikove. Consumption of Tannin-Rich Forage by Ruminants: From Mechanism to Improved Performance. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695840.bard.

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Trees and shrubs are potentially important sources of food for livestock in many parts of the world, but their use is limited by tannins. Tannins reduce food intake by decreasing digestibility or by causing illness. Supplementing cattle, sheep, and goats with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has a high affinity for binding tannins and thus attenuating their aversive effects, increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves weight gains and wool growth. The objectives of this proposal were: Objective 1: To further delineate the conditions under which PEG affects intake of high-tannin foods. Objective 2: To ascertain if animals self-regulate intake of PEG in accord with the tannin content of their diet under pen, paddock, and field conditions. Objective 3: To determine how nutritional status and PEG supplementation affect preference for foods varying in nutrients and tannins. Objective 4: To assess the effects of PEG on food selection, intake, and livestock performance in different production systems. The results from this research show that supplementing livestock with low doses of PEG increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves performance of cattle, sheep, and goats. Neutralizing the effects of tannins with supplemental PEG promotes the use of woody species usually considered useless as forage resources. Supplementing animals with PEG has the potential to improve the profitability - mainly milk production - of high-yielding dairy goats fed high-quality foods and supplemented with browse in Mediterranean areas. However, its contribution to production systems utilizing low-yielding goats is limited. Our findings also support the notion that supplemental PEG enhances the ability of livestock to control shrub encroachment and to maintain firebreaks. However, our work also suggests that the effectiveness of supplemental PEG may be low if alternative forages are equal or superior in nutritional quality and contain fewer metabolites with adverse effects.
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Boisclair, Yves R., and Arieh Gertler. Development and Use of Leptin Receptor Antagonists to Increase Appetite and Adaptive Metabolism in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697120.bard.

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Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.

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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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Altstein, Miriam, and Ronald J. Nachman. Rational Design of Insect Control Agent Prototypes Based on Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593398.bard.

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The general objective of this study was to develop rationally designed mimetic antagonists (and agonists) of the PK/PBAN Np class with enhanced bio-stability and bioavailability as prototypes for effective and environmentally friendly pest insect management agents. The PK/PBAN family is a multifunctional group of Nps that mediates key functions in insects (sex pheromone biosynthesis, cuticular melanization, myotropic activity, diapause and pupal development) and is, therefore, of high scientific and applied interest. The objectives of the current study were: (i) to identify an antagonist biophores (ii) to develop an arsenal of amphiphilic topically active PK/PBAN antagonists with an array of different time-release profiles based on the previously developed prototype analog; (iii) to develop rationally designed non-peptide SMLs based on the antagonist biophore determined in (i) and evaluate them in cloned receptor microplate binding assays and by pheromonotropic, melanotropic and pupariation in vivo assays. (iv) to clone PK/PBAN receptors (PK/PBAN-Rs) for further understanding of receptor-ligand interactions; (v) to develop microplate binding assays for screening the above SMLs. In the course of the granting period A series of amphiphilic PK/PBAN analogs based on a linear lead antagonist from the previous BARD grant was synthesized that incorporated a diverse array of hydrophobic groups (HR-Suc-A[dF]PRLa). Others were synthesized via the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. A hydrophobic, biostablePK/PBAN/DH analog DH-2Abf-K prevented the onset of the protective state of diapause in H. zea pupae [EC50=7 pmol/larva] following injection into the preceding larval stage. It effectively induces the crop pest to commit a form of ‘ecological suicide’. Evaluation of a set of amphiphilic PK analogs with a diverse array of hydrophobic groups of the formula HR-Suc-FTPRLa led to the identification of analog T-63 (HR=Decyl) that increased the extent of diapause termination by a factor of 70% when applied topically to newly emerged pupae. Another biostablePK analog PK-Oic-1 featured anti-feedant and aphicidal properties that matched the potency of some commercial aphicides. Native PK showed no significant activity. The aphicidal effects were blocked by a new PEGylated PK antagonist analog PK-dF-PEG4, suggesting that the activity is mediated by a PK/PBAN receptor and therefore indicative of a novel and selective mode-of-action. Using a novel transPro mimetic motif (dihydroimidazole; ‘Jones’) developed in previous BARD-sponsored work, the first antagonist for the diapause hormone (DH), DH-Jo, was developed and shown to block over 50% of H. zea pupal diapause termination activity of native DH. This novel antagonist development strategy may be applicable to other invertebrate and vertebrate hormones that feature a transPro in the active core. The research identifies a critical component of the antagonist biophore for this PK/PBAN receptor subtype, i.e. a trans-oriented Pro. Additional work led to the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the DH receptor from H. zea, allowing for the discovery of three other DH antagonist analogs: Drosophila ETH, a β-AA analog, and a dF analog. The receptor experiments identified an agonist (DH-2Abf-dA) with a maximal response greater than native DH. ‘Deconvolution’ of a rationally-designed nonpeptide heterocyclic combinatorial library with a cyclic bis-guanidino (BG) scaffold led to discovery of several members that elicited activity in a pupariation acceleration assay, and one that also showed activity in an H. zea diapause termination assay, eliciting a maximal response of 90%. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a CAP2b antidiuretic receptor from the kissing bug (R. prolixus) as well as the first CAP2b and PK receptors from a tick was also achieved. Notably, the PK/PBAN-like receptor from the cattle fever tick is unique among known PK/PBAN and CAP2b receptors in that it can interact with both ligand types, providing further evidence for an evolutionary relationship between these two NP families. In the course of the granting period we also managed to clone the PK/PBAN-R of H. peltigera, to express it and the S. littoralis-R Sf-9 cells and to evaluate their interaction with a variety of PK/PBAN ligands. In addition, three functional microplate assays in a HTS format have been developed: a cell-membrane competitive ligand binding assay; a Ca flux assay and a whole cell cAMP ELISA. The Ca flux assay has been used for receptor characterization due to its extremely high sensitivity. Computer homology studies were carried out to predict both receptor’s SAR and based on this analysis 8 mutants have been generated. The bioavailability of small linear antagonistic peptides has been evaluated and was found to be highly effective as sex pheromone biosynthesis inhibitors. The activity of 11 new amphiphilic analogs has also been evaluated. Unfortunately, due to a problem with the Heliothis moth colony we were unable to select those with pheromonotropic antagonistic activity and further check their bioavailability. Six peptides exhibited some melanotropic antagonistic activity but due to the low inhibitory effect the peptides were not further tested for bioavailability in S. littoralis larvae. Despite the fact that no new antagonistic peptides were discovered in the course of this granting period the results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of the PK/PBAN family of Nps with their receptors, provided several HT assays for screening of libraries of various origin for presence of PK/PBAN-Ragonists and antagonists and provided important practical information for the further design of new, peptide-based insecticide prototypes aimed at the disruption of key neuroendocrine physiological functions in pest insects.
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