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Journal articles on the topic 'Polyelectrolytes Conductivity'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Chikina, Ioulia, Valeri Shikin, and Andrey Varlamov. "The Ohm Law as an Alternative for the Entropy Origin Nonlinearities in Conductivity of Dilute Colloidal Polyelectrolytes." Entropy 22, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22020225.

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We discuss the peculiarities of the Ohm law in dilute polyelectrolytes containing a relatively low concentration n ⊙ of multiply charged colloidal particles. It is demonstrated that in these conditions, the effective conductivity of polyelectrolyte is the linear function of n ⊙ . This happens due to the change of the electric field in the polyelectrolyte under the effect of colloidal particle polarization. The proposed theory explains the recent experimental findings and presents the alternative to mean spherical approximation which predicts the nonlinear I–V characteristics of dilute colloidal polyelectrolytes due to entropy changes.

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2

Ostapova, Elena, and Heinrich Altshuler. "Polycalixresorcinarenes as Solid Polyelectrolytes." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.148.

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The electrical conductivity of network polytetraphenylcalix [resorcinarene (I) and sulfonated polytetraphenylcalix [resorcinarene (II) in the form of Н+, Na+ , Li+, Ag+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ cations was measured. It was found that the specific conductivity of the polymers in the form of doubly-charged metal cations was 0.2-0.4 S/m. It increased to 1-1.5 S/m when the polymer was in the form of singly-charged metal cations. The specific conductivity of the H-form polymer II became as high as 20 S/m. The self-diffusion coefficients and activation energies of metal cation diffusion in the polymer phase were calculated over the temperature range 298333 K.

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3

Takamuku, Shogo, Andreas Wohlfarth, Angelika Manhart, Petra Räder, and Patric Jannasch. "Hypersulfonated polyelectrolytes: preparation, stability and conductivity." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 8 (2015): 1267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01177e.

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A new sulfonation strategy enables the preparation of durable aromatic polymers with octasulfonated biphenyl units. This leads to polyelectrolytes with extremely high degrees of sulfonation, reaching high proton conductivities at low water contents.

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4

Singh, Meenakshi, Anil Kumar, Shirley Easo, and B. B. Prasad. "Electrolytic conductivity of crystal violet based quaternary ammonium polyelectrolytes in N,N′-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-047.

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Electrolytic conductivities of crystal violet based quaternary ammonium polyelectrolytes in very dilute solutions of dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide at 25 °C have been investigated. The electrolytic conductivity (κ) as a function of concentration for systems having a reduced charge density (ξ) greater than unity revealed a very narrow range of linearity in the dilute region. A modest correlation has been made with the counterion condensation and the polycation conformations in order to explain the relative magnitude of limiting equivalent conductivities. Keywords: conductance, polyelectrolyte, aprotic solvent, solvation, counterion condensation.

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5

Siska, David P., and D. F. Shriver. "Li+Conductivity of Polysiloxane−Trifluoromethylsulfonamide Polyelectrolytes." Chemistry of Materials 13, no. 12 (December 2001): 4698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm000420n.

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6

Ghazouani, Anis, Sondes Boughammoura, and Jalel M'Halla. "Studies of Electrolytic Conductivity of Some Polyelectrolyte Solutions: Importance of the Dielectric Friction Effect at High Dilution." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/852752.

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We present a general description of conductivity behavior of highly charged strong polyelectrolytes in dilute aqueous solutions taking into account the translational dielectric friction on the moving polyions modeled as chains of charged spheres successively bounded and surrounded by solvent molecules. A general formal limiting expression of the equivalent conductivity of these polyelectrolytes is presented in order to distinguish between two concentration regimes and to evaluate the relative interdependence between the ionic condensation effect and the dielectric friction effect, in the range of very dilute solutions for which the stretched conformation is favored. This approach is illustrated by the limiting behaviors of three polyelectrolytes (sodium heparinate, sodium chondroitin sulfate, and sodium polystyrene sulphonate) characterized by different chain lengths and by different discontinuous charge distributions.

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7

Wei, Xingfei, Ruimin Ma, and Tengfei Luo. "Thermal Conductivity of Polyelectrolytes with Different Counterions." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124, no. 8 (February 6, 2020): 4483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11689.

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8

Lopez, Luis G., and Rikkert J. Nap. "Highly sensitive gating in pH-responsive nanochannels as a result of ionic bridging and nanoconfinement." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 24 (2018): 16657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02028k.

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9

Zhu, Tianyu, and Chuanbing Tang. "Crosslinked metallo-polyelectrolytes with enhanced flexibility and dimensional stability for anion-exchange membranes." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 28 (2020): 4542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00757a.

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10

Ríos, Hernán E., Luis N. Sepúlveda, and Consuelo I. Gamboa. "Electrical conductivity of cationic polyelectrolytes in aqueous solution." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 28, no. 4 (March 1990): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1990.090280405.

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11

Zhang, S. "Single-ion conductivity and carrier generation of polyelectrolytes." Solid State Ionics 76, no. 1-2 (February 1995): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)00224-g.

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12

Yi, Qiangying, Gleb B. Sukhorokov, Jin Ma, Xiaobo Yang, and Zhongwei Gu. "Encapsulation of Phase Change Materials Using Layer-by-Layer Assembled Polyelectrolytes." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/756237.

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Phase change materials absorb the thermal energy when changing their phases (e.g., solid-to-liquid) at constant temperatures to achieve the latent heat storage. The major drawbacks such as limited thermal conductivity and leakage prevent the PCMs from wide application in desired areas. In this work, an environmentally friendly and low cost approach, layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique, was applied to build up ultrathin shells to encapsulate the PCMs and therefore to regulate their changes in volume when the phase change occurs. Generally, the oppositely charged strong polyelectrolytes Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) sodium salt (PSS) were employed to fabricate multilayer shells on emulsified octadecane droplets using either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant. Specifically, using BSA as the surfactant, polyelectrolyte encapsulated octadecane spheres in size of ∼500 nm were obtained, with good shell integrity, high octadecane content (91.3% by mass), and good thermal stability after cycles of thermal treatments.

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13

Percival, Stephen J., Leo J. Small, Erik D. Spoerke, and Susan B. Rempe. "Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer deposition on nanoporous supports for ion selective membranes." RSC Advances 8, no. 57 (2018): 32992–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra05580g.

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This work demonstrates that the ionic selectivity and ionic conductivity of nanoporous membranes can be controlled independently via layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of polyelectrolytes and subsequent selective cross-linking of these polymer layers.

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14

Babu, J. Ramesh, K. Ravindhranath, and K. Vijaya Kumar. "Nano-Pr2O3 Doped PVA + Na3C6H5O7 Polymer Electrolyte Films for Electrochemical Cell Applications." International Journal of Polymer Science 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7906208.

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Varying concentrations of nano-Pr2O3 doped in “PVA + Sodium Citrate (90 : 10)” polyelectrolyte films are synthesized using solution cast technique and the films are characterized adopting FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DSC methods. The film with 3.0% of nano-Pr2O3 content is more homogenous and possesses more amorphous region that facilitate the deeper penetration of nanoparticles into the film causing more interactions between the functional groups of the polymeric film and nano-Pr2O3 particles and thereby turning the film more friendlily to the proton conductivity. The conductivity is maximum of 7 × 10−4 S/cm at room temperature for 3.0% nano-Pr2O3 film and at that composition, the activation energy and crystallinity are low. With increase in temperature, the conductivity is increasing and it is attributed to the hopping of interchain and intrachain ion movements and furthermore decrease in microscopic viscosity of the films. The major charge carriers are ions and not electrons. These films are incorporated successfully as polyelectrolytes in electrochemical cells which are evaluated for their discharge characteristics. It is found that the discharge time is maximum of 140 hrs with open circuit voltage of 1.78 V for film containing 3% of nano-Pr2O3 and this reflects its adoptability in the solid-state battery applications.

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15

Zhao, Tianbao, Ruyi Yang, and Zhi Yang. "Swelling Effects on the Conductivity of Graphene/PSS/PAH Composites." Nanomaterials 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123280.

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Graphene/poly-(sodium-4-styrene sulfonate)(PSS)/poly-(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) composite is a frequently adopted system for fabricating polyelectrolyte multilayer films. Swelling is the bottleneck limiting its applications, and its effects on the conductivity is still controversial. Herein, we report successful swelling of a graphene/PSS/PAH composite in a vapor atmosphere, and the relation with the mass fraction of water is uncovered. The composite was prepared via a layer-by-layer assembly technique and systematically characterized. The results indicated that the average thickness for each bilayer was about 0.95 nm. The hardness and modulus were 2.5 ± 0.2 and 68 ± 5 GPa, respectively, and both were independent of thickness. The sheet resistance decreased slightly with the prolongation of immersion time, but was distinct from that of the water mass fraction. It reduced from 2.44 × 105 to 2.34 × 105 ohm/sq, and the change accelerated as the water mass fraction rose, especially when it was larger than 5%. This could be attributing to the lubrication effect of the water molecules, which sped up the migration of charged groups in the polyelectrolytes. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that a microphase separation occurred when the fraction reached an extreme value owing to the dominated interaction between PSS and PAH. These results provide support for the structural stability of this composite material and its applications in devices.

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16

Shah, Azhar Hussain, Jiaye Li, Hengrui Yang, Usman Ali Rana, Vijayaraghavan Ranganathan, Humaira M. Siddigi, Douglas R. MacFarlane, Maria Forsyth, and Haijin Zhu. "Enhancement of ‘dry’ proton conductivity by self-assembled nanochannels in all-solid polyelectrolytes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 20 (2016): 7615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta00368k.

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17

Gil-Castell, Oscar, Diana Galindo-Alfaro, Soraya Sánchez-Ballester, Roberto Teruel-Juanes, José Badia, and Amparo Ribes-Greus. "Crosslinked Sulfonated Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Graphene Oxide Electrospun Nanofibers as Polyelectrolytes." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 8, 2019): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030397.

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Taking advantage of the high functionalization capacity of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), bead-free homogeneous nanofibrous mats were produced. The addition of functional groups by means of grafting strategies such as the sulfonation and the addition of nanoparticles such as graphene oxide (GO) were considered to bring new features to PVA. Two series of sulfonated and nonsulfonated composite nanofibers, with different compositions of GO, were prepared by electrospinning. The use of sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) allowed crosslinked and functionalized mats with controlled size and morphology to be obtained. The functionalization of the main chain of the PVA and the determination of the optimum composition of GO were analyzed in terms of the nanofibrous morphology, the chemical structure, the thermal properties, and conductivity. The crosslinking and the sulfonation treatment decreased the average fiber diameter of the nanofibers, which were electrical insulators regardless of the composition. The addition of small amounts of GO contributed to the retention of humidity, which significantly increased the proton conductivity. Although the single sulfonation of the polymer matrix produced a decrease in the proton conductivity, the combination of the sulfonation, the crosslinking, and the addition of GO enhanced the proton conductivity. The proposed nanofibers can be considered as good candidates for being exploited as valuable components for ionic polyelectrolyte membranes.

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18

Hsu, Huang-Ming, Chun-Han Hsu, and Ping-Lin Kuo. "The intensively enhanced conductivity of polyelectrolytes by amphiphilic compound doping." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 14 (2015): 2717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01672f.

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A simple amphiphilic compound, pyrenesulfonic acid (PSA), interacts with the hydrophobic moiety of a copolymer (sulfonated poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene), s-SISH) and simultaneously provides hydrophiles of –SO₃H. Doping 2% PSA to the membranes of s-SISH enhances its very low conductivity by 26 times from 2.0 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ to 5.3 × 10⁻² S cm⁻¹.

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19

Jin, Xuting, Guoqiang Sun, Hongsheng Yang, Guofeng Zhang, Yukun Xiao, Jian Gao, Zhipan Zhang, and Liangti Qu. "A graphene oxide-mediated polyelectrolyte with high ion-conductivity for highly stretchable and self-healing all-solid-state supercapacitors." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 40 (2018): 19463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07373b.

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20

Zhuo, Yi Zhi, Ao Lan Lai, Qiu Gen Zhang, Ai Mei Zhu, Mei Ling Ye, and Qing Lin Liu. "Enhancement of hydroxide conductivity by grafting flexible pendant imidazolium groups into poly(arylene ether sulfone) as anion exchange membranes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 35 (2015): 18105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta04257g.

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Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have been recognized as one of the most prospective polyelectrolytes for fuel cells due to their potential of adopting cheaper metal catalysts against proton exchange membranes (PEMs).

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21

Snyder, J. F., M. A. Ratner, and D. F. Shriver. "Ion Conductivity of Comb Polysiloxane Polyelectrolytes Containing Oligoether and Perfluoroether Sidechains." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 150, no. 8 (2003): A1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1589759.

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22

Wu, Miaomiao, Hongrui Huang, Bingqing Xu, and Gen Zhang. "Poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized 3D covalent organic frameworks as solid-state polyelectrolytes." RSC Advances 12, no. 26 (2022): 16354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01696f.

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Poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized three-dimensional COFs with 3D channels were successfully constructed for ion conduction in different directions, which achieves a high ionic conductivity of 3.6 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 260 °C.

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23

Fujinami, T., M. A. Mehta, K. Sugie, and K. Mori. "Molecular design of inorganic–organic hybrid polyelectrolytes to enhance lithium ion conductivity." Electrochimica Acta 45, no. 8-9 (January 2000): 1181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(99)00379-5.

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24

Borah, P., and A. Dutta. "A conductivity study of polyelectrolytes based on 4-vinyl pyridine and butylmethacrylate." Ionics 14, no. 4 (March 4, 2008): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-008-0203-6.

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25

Musin, Egor V., Alexey V. Dubrovskii, Aleksandr L. Kim, and Sergey A. Tikhonenko. "A Study of the Buffer Capacity of Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Depending on Their Concentration and the Number of Layers of the Polyelectrolyte Shell." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 9917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179917.

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Polyelectrolyte microcapsules are used in the development of new forms of targeted delivery systems, self-healing materials, sensors, and smart materials. Nevertheless, their buffer capacity has not been practically studied, although that characteristic makes it possible to estimate the change in the state of protonation of the entire polyelectrolyte system. This is necessary both for creating a buffer barrier system for pH-sensitive compounds (metals, enzymes, polyelectrolytes, drugs) and for the correct interpretation of the results of research and studying of the PMC structure. The buffer capacity of a PMC can be affected by the concentration of microcapsules in solution and the number of shell layers since the listed parameters affect other physicochemical properties of the PMC shell. This includes, for example, the electrical conductivity, permeability (of ions), osmotic pressure, charge density, etc. In this regard, we studied the change in the buffer capacity of polyelectrolyte microcapsules depending on their concentration and the number of shell layers. As a result, it was found that with an increasing concentration of microcapsules, the buffering capacity of the PMC increases, but at the same time, in the pH range from 4 to 5.5, the calculated buffering capacity of 1 billion capsules decreases with increasing their concentration. This effect may be associated with a decrease in the available -NH2 groups of the PMC’s shell. In addition, it was found that the main contribution to the buffer capacity of a PMC is made by the entire shell of the microcapsule and not just its surface. At the same time, the buffer capacity of the capsules has non-linear growth with an increase in the number of PMC shell layers. It is presumably associated either with a decrease in the polyelectrolyte layer with an increase in their number or with a decrease in the permeability of hydrogen protons.

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26

Spriestersbach, Karl-Heinz, Frank Rittig, and Harald Pasch. "Separation of non-UV-absorbing synthetic polyelectrolytes by CE with contactless conductivity detection." ELECTROPHORESIS 29, no. 21 (November 2008): 4407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200800248.

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27

Ryu, Jaeho, Hye Jung Youn, Seong Min Chin, and Sungrin Lee. "MECHANICAL PULPING: Effect of pH and conductivity in weak polyelectrolytes multilayering on paper properties." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2011-26-04-p410-414.

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28

Singh, Meenakshi, and Bhim B. Prasad. "Electrolytic Conductivity of theN-Chloranil- andN-Xylylene-Based Polyelectrolytes in Dimethylformamide and Dimethyl Sulfoxide." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 41, no. 3 (January 1996): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je9501907.

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29

Alb, Alina M., Ahmet Paril, Huceste Çatalgil-Giz, Ahmet Giz, and Wayne F. Reed. "Evolution of Composition, Molar Mass, and Conductivity during the Free Radical Copolymerization of Polyelectrolytes†." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 111, no. 29 (July 2007): 8560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0688299.

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30

Prasad, Bhim B., Anil Kumar, Meenakshi Singh, and Sandhya Singh. "Electrolytic Conductivity of Crystal Violet-Based Quaternary Ammonium Polyelectrolytes in Propylene Carbonate and Sulfolane." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 40, no. 1 (January 1995): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00017a017.

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31

Postnov, V. N., N. A. Melnikova, M. S. Lobanova, A. G. Novikov, and I. V. Murin. "Synthesis and Proton Conductivity of Solid Polyelectrolytes Based on Aquivion Membranes with Carbon Nanotubes." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 89, no. 3 (March 2019): 556–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363219030332.

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32

RIETZ, R., K. SCHMIDTROHR, W. MEYER, H. SPIESS, and G. WEGNER. "Anion dynamics and conductivity in glassy polyelectrolytes - a two-dimensional solid state NMR study." Solid State Ionics 68, no. 1-2 (February 1994): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)90249-6.

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33

He, Xiaohui, Meiping Hu, Yiwang Chen, and Defu Chen. "Hybrid polyelectrolytes based on stable sulfonated polynorbornene with higher proton conductivity and lower methanol permeability." Journal of Power Sources 242 (November 2013): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.067.

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34

Lonergan, Mark C., Mark A. Ratner, and Duward F. Shriver. "Cryptand Addition to Polyelectrolytes: A Means of Conductivity Enhancement and a Probe of Ionic Interactions." Journal of the American Chemical Society 117, no. 8 (March 1995): 2344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00113a024.

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35

Wang, Ping, Yin-Ning Zhou, Jiang-Shui Luo, and Zheng-Hong Luo. "Poly(ionic liquid)s-based nanocomposite polyelectrolytes with tunable ionic conductivity prepared via SI-ATRP." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 3 (2014): 882–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py01025b.

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36

Ogihara, Wataru, Jiazeng Sun, Maria Forsyth, Douglas R. MacFarlane, Masahiro Yoshizawa, and Hiroyuki Ohno. "Ionic conductivity of polymer gels deriving from alkali metal ionic liquids and negatively charged polyelectrolytes." Electrochimica Acta 49, no. 11 (April 2004): 1797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2003.12.011.

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37

Garrido, Leoncio, Inmaculada Aranaz, Alberto Gallardo, Carolina García, Nuria García, Esperanza Benito, and Julio Guzmán. "Ionic Conductivity, Diffusion Coefficients, and Degree of Dissociation in Lithium Electrolytes, Ionic Liquids, and Hydrogel Polyelectrolytes." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 122, no. 34 (August 9, 2018): 8301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06424.

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38

Bakshi, Mandeep Singh, and Shweta Sachar. "Surfactant polymer interactions between strongly interacting cationic surfactants and anionic polyelectrolytes from conductivity and turbidity measurements." Colloid and Polymer Science 282, no. 9 (December 13, 2003): 993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-003-1022-y.

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39

Peters, Brandon L., Zhou Yu, Paul C. Redfern, Larry A. Curtiss, and Lei Cheng. "Effects of Salt Aggregation in Perfluoroether Electrolytes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 020506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4c7a.

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Electrolytes comprised of polymers mixed with salts have great potential for enabling the use of Li metal anodes in batteries for increased safety. Ionic conductivity is one of the key performance metrics of these polymer electrolytes and achieving high room-temperature conductivity remains a challenge to date. For a bottom-up design of the polymer electrolytes, we must first understand how the structure of polyelectrolytes on a molecular level determines their properties. Here, we use classical molecular dynamics to study the solvation structure and ion diffusion in electrolytes composed of a short-chain perfluoroether with LiFSI or LiTFSI salts. Density functional theory is also used to provide some insights into the structures and energies of the salt interactions with the perfluoroether. We observe the formation of aggregates of salts in the fluorinated systems even at low salt concentrations. The fluorine-fluorine attraction in the solvent is the governing factor for creating the salt aggregates. The aggregates’ size and lifetime change with concentration and anion. These simulations provide an insight into the structure and dynamics of perfluoroether based electrolytes that can be used to improve Li-ion batteries.

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40

Moodley, M., M. A. Johnston, J. C. Hughes, and L. W. Titshall. "Effects of a water treatment residue, lime, gypsum, and polyacrylamide on the water retention and hydraulic conductivity of two contrasting soils under field conditions in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Soil Research 42, no. 3 (2004): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03045.

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Water treatment residue (WTR), a waste by-product of the 'drinking' water treatment industry, consists mainly of clay and fine silt flocculated out of suspension by chemicals such as polyelectrolytes and aluminium sulfate. This residue was disposed of almost exclusively in landfill, but land treatment is increasingly being seen as a possible alternative for this form of waste. A key concern, however, is that should the WTR decompose to its constituent fractions, this could cause blockage of pores and decrease the hydraulic properties of soil. To test this hypothesis, 2 field experiments were established on physically contrasting soils in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Application rates from 0 to 1280 Mg/ha of WTR were compared with amendments of lime, gypsum, and polyacrylamide to determine their effects on water retention and hydraulic conductivity. Although after 3 years at one experiment and 2 years at the second differences between the WTR treatments were measurable, only the 1280�Mg/ha application rate was significantly different from the control. The chemical amendments that were applied purely as comparative treatments had no significant influence on either water retention or hydraulic conductivity. Neither soil showed any difference in readily available water content. The experiments showed that, in both soil types, the WTR increased water retention and hydraulic conductivity but that improvement in both of these properties was only significant at the 1280 Mg/ha application rate. Thus, very high amounts of WTR must be added to affect these physical properties of soils.

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41

Krupina, Anna A., Ruslan R. Kayumov, Grigory V. Nechaev, Alexander N. Lapshin, and Lyubov V. Shmygleva. "Polymer Electrolytes Based on Na-Nafion Plasticized by Binary Mixture of Ethylene Carbonate and Sulfolane." Membranes 12, no. 9 (August 29, 2022): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090840.

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The development of post-lithium current sources, such as sodium-ion batteries with improved energy characteristics and an increased level of safety, is one of the key issues of modern energy. It requires the search and study of materials (including electrolytes) for these devices. Polyelectrolytes with unipolar cationic conductivity based on Nafion® membranes are promising. In this work, the effect of swelling conditions of the Nafion® 115 membrane in Na+-form with mixtures of aprotic solvents such as ethylene carbonate and sulfolane on its physicochemical and electrotransport properties was studied. Nafion-Na+ membranes were swollen in a mixture of solvents at temperatures of 40, 60, and 80 °C. The results were obtained using methods of impedance spectroscopy, simultaneous thermal analysis, and IR spectroscopy. The best conductivity was observed for a membrane swelling at 80 °C in a mixture with a mass fraction of ethylene carbonate of 0.5, which reaches 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C and retains rather high values down to −60 °C (10−6 S cm−1). Thus, it is possible to expand the operating temperature range of a sodium battery by varying the composition of the polymer electrolyte and the conditions for its preparation.

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42

Mai, Cheng-Kang, Ruth A. Schlitz, Gregory M. Su, Daniel Spitzer, Xiaojia Wang, Stephanie L. Fronk, David G. Cahill, Michael L. Chabinyc, and Guillermo C. Bazan. "Side-Chain Effects on the Conductivity, Morphology, and Thermoelectric Properties of Self-Doped Narrow-Band-Gap Conjugated Polyelectrolytes." Journal of the American Chemical Society 136, no. 39 (September 17, 2014): 13478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja504284r.

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Valtakari, Dimitar, Roger Bollström, Martti Toivakka, and Jarkko J. Saarinen. "Influence of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes on the conductivity and morphology of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) films." Thin Solid Films 590 (September 2015): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.07.014.

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Liu, Huimin, Liqiang Huang, Xiaofang Cheng, Aifeng Hu, Haitao Xu, Lie Chen, and Yiwang Chen. "N-type Self-Doping of Fluorinate Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Polymer Solar Cells: Modulation of Dipole, Morphology, and Conductivity." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2016): 1145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b15678.

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45

Harris, Kenneth R. "Comment on “Ionic Conductivity, Diffusion Coefficients, and Degree of Dissociation in Lithium Electrolytes, Ionic Liquids, and Hydrogel Polyelectrolytes”." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 122, no. 48 (November 12, 2018): 10964–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08610.

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46

Ermakov, Alexey V., Ekaterina S. Prikhozhdenko, Polina A. Demina, Ilya A. Gorbachev, Anna M. Vostrikova, Andrei V. Sapelkin, Irina Y. Goryacheva, and Gleb B. Sukhorukov. "Composite multilayer films based on polyelectrolytes and in situ ‐formed carbon nanostructures with enhanced photoluminescence and conductivity properties." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 136, no. 27 (March 21, 2019): 47718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.47718.

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Firda, Putri Bintang Dea, Yoga Trianzar Malik, Jun Kyun Oh, Evan K. Wujcik, and Ju-Won Jeon. "Enhanced Chemical and Electrochemical Stability of Polyaniline-Based Layer-by-Layer Films." Polymers 13, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 2992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172992.

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Polyaniline (PANI) has been widely used as an electroactive material in various applications including sensors, electrochromic devices, solar cells, electroluminescence, and electrochemical energy storage, owing to PANI’s unique redox properties. However, the chemical and electrochemical stability of PANI-based materials is not sufficiently high to maintain the performance of devices under many practical applications. Herein, we report a route to enhancing the chemical and electrochemical stability of PANI through layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. PANI was assembled with different types of polyelectrolytes, and a comparative study between three different PANI-based layer-by-layer (LbL) films is presented here. Polyacids of different acidity and molecular structure, i.e., poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), and tannic acid (TA), were used. The effect of polyacids’ acidity on film growth, conductivity, and chemical and electrochemical stability of PANI was investigated. The results showed that the film growth of the LbL system depended on the acidic strength of the polyacids. All LbL films exhibited improved chemical and electrochemical stability compared to PANI films. The doping level of PANI was strongly affected by the type of dopants, resulting in different chemical and electrochemical properties; the strongest polyacid (PSS) can provide the highest conductivity and chemical stability of conductive PANI. However, the electrochemical stability of PANI/PAA was found to be better than all the other films.

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Chen, Lie, Lina Sun, Rong Zeng, Shuqin Xiao, and Yiwang Chen. "Cross-linked zwitterionic polyelectrolytes based on sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) with high proton conductivity for direct methanol fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 212 (August 2012): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.008.

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Li, Qi, Feng Yan, and John Texter. "Electrospinning Graphene – Retention of Anisotropy." MRS Advances 5, no. 40-41 (2020): 2101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.263.

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AbstractRealization of the full potential of 2D nanosheet materials in energy storage and conversion devices requires heterogeneously structured electrodes having good electrical conductivity and large mean free paths for ion diffusion. Electrospinning of anisotropic objects usually obscures this anisotropy because of a large amount of carrier polymer typically required to form fibers. We demonstrate electrospinning of graphene with nearly quantitative retention of flake anisotropy to provide low to moderate density coatings of randomly oriented flakes having very large inter-flake mean free paths for ionic diffusion. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is used as a carrier polymer and yields graphene anisotropy retention over an instability domain wherein electrospinning transitions to electrospraying. Graphene is deposited in polymer-encapsulated films at weight concentrations up to 50%, almost an order of magnitude higher than previously reported. Electrode applications will require at least partial replacement of PVA by electrically conducting polymers, and such polyelectrolytes should also suppress this electrospraying instability. We believe that large-scale electrospinning of graphene nanosheets will accelerate development of 2D materials in the fields of energy storage and conversion, catalysis, and tissue engineering.

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Guhathakurta, Soma, and Kyonsuku Min. "Influence of crystal morphology of 1H-1,2,4-triazole on anhydrous state proton conductivity of sulfonated bisphenol A polyetherimide based polyelectrolytes." Polymer 50, no. 4 (February 2009): 1034–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.12.035.

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