Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polyelectrolytes Conductivity

Academic literature on the topic 'Polyelectrolytes Conductivity'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Polyelectrolytes Conductivity"

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Chikina, Ioulia, Valeri Shikin, and Andrey Varlamov. "The Ohm Law as an Alternative for the Entropy Origin Nonlinearities in Conductivity of Dilute Colloidal Polyelectrolytes." Entropy 22, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22020225.

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We discuss the peculiarities of the Ohm law in dilute polyelectrolytes containing a relatively low concentration n ⊙ of multiply charged colloidal particles. It is demonstrated that in these conditions, the effective conductivity of polyelectrolyte is the linear function of n ⊙ . This happens due to the change of the electric field in the polyelectrolyte under the effect of colloidal particle polarization. The proposed theory explains the recent experimental findings and presents the alternative to mean spherical approximation which predicts the nonlinear I–V characteristics of dilute colloidal polyelectrolytes due to entropy changes.
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Ostapova, Elena, and Heinrich Altshuler. "Polycalixresorcinarenes as Solid Polyelectrolytes." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.148.

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The electrical conductivity of network polytetraphenylcalix [resorcinarene (I) and sulfonated polytetraphenylcalix [resorcinarene (II) in the form of Н+, Na+ , Li+, Ag+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ cations was measured. It was found that the specific conductivity of the polymers in the form of doubly-charged metal cations was 0.2-0.4 S/m. It increased to 1-1.5 S/m when the polymer was in the form of singly-charged metal cations. The specific conductivity of the H-form polymer II became as high as 20 S/m. The self-diffusion coefficients and activation energies of metal cation diffusion in the polymer phase were calculated over the temperature range 298333 K.
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Takamuku, Shogo, Andreas Wohlfarth, Angelika Manhart, Petra Räder, and Patric Jannasch. "Hypersulfonated polyelectrolytes: preparation, stability and conductivity." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 8 (2015): 1267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01177e.

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A new sulfonation strategy enables the preparation of durable aromatic polymers with octasulfonated biphenyl units. This leads to polyelectrolytes with extremely high degrees of sulfonation, reaching high proton conductivities at low water contents.
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Singh, Meenakshi, Anil Kumar, Shirley Easo, and B. B. Prasad. "Electrolytic conductivity of crystal violet based quaternary ammonium polyelectrolytes in N,N′-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-047.

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Electrolytic conductivities of crystal violet based quaternary ammonium polyelectrolytes in very dilute solutions of dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide at 25 °C have been investigated. The electrolytic conductivity (κ) as a function of concentration for systems having a reduced charge density (ξ) greater than unity revealed a very narrow range of linearity in the dilute region. A modest correlation has been made with the counterion condensation and the polycation conformations in order to explain the relative magnitude of limiting equivalent conductivities. Keywords: conductance, polyelectrolyte, aprotic solvent, solvation, counterion condensation.
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Siska, David P., and D. F. Shriver. "Li+Conductivity of Polysiloxane−Trifluoromethylsulfonamide Polyelectrolytes." Chemistry of Materials 13, no. 12 (December 2001): 4698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm000420n.

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Ghazouani, Anis, Sondes Boughammoura, and Jalel M'Halla. "Studies of Electrolytic Conductivity of Some Polyelectrolyte Solutions: Importance of the Dielectric Friction Effect at High Dilution." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/852752.

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We present a general description of conductivity behavior of highly charged strong polyelectrolytes in dilute aqueous solutions taking into account the translational dielectric friction on the moving polyions modeled as chains of charged spheres successively bounded and surrounded by solvent molecules. A general formal limiting expression of the equivalent conductivity of these polyelectrolytes is presented in order to distinguish between two concentration regimes and to evaluate the relative interdependence between the ionic condensation effect and the dielectric friction effect, in the range of very dilute solutions for which the stretched conformation is favored. This approach is illustrated by the limiting behaviors of three polyelectrolytes (sodium heparinate, sodium chondroitin sulfate, and sodium polystyrene sulphonate) characterized by different chain lengths and by different discontinuous charge distributions.
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Wei, Xingfei, Ruimin Ma, and Tengfei Luo. "Thermal Conductivity of Polyelectrolytes with Different Counterions." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124, no. 8 (February 6, 2020): 4483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11689.

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Lopez, Luis G., and Rikkert J. Nap. "Highly sensitive gating in pH-responsive nanochannels as a result of ionic bridging and nanoconfinement." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 24 (2018): 16657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02028k.

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Zhu, Tianyu, and Chuanbing Tang. "Crosslinked metallo-polyelectrolytes with enhanced flexibility and dimensional stability for anion-exchange membranes." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 28 (2020): 4542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00757a.

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Ríos, Hernán E., Luis N. Sepúlveda, and Consuelo I. Gamboa. "Electrical conductivity of cationic polyelectrolytes in aqueous solution." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 28, no. 4 (March 1990): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1990.090280405.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polyelectrolytes Conductivity"

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Lilley, Scott J. "Enhancing the conductivity of crystalline polymer electrolytes." Thesis, St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/481.

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Wang, Shanshan. "Development of solid polymer electrolytes of polyurethane and polyether-modified polysiloxane blends with lithium salts." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1196139638.

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Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, 2007.
"December, 2007." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 01/30/2008) Advisor, Kyonsuku Min; Committee members, Mark Soucek, Kevin A. Cavicchi, Gary R. Hamed, Michael H. Cheung; Department Chair, Sadhan C. Jana; Dean of the College, Stephen Z. D. Cheng; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
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Zapata, Pedro José. "High throughput study of fuel cell proton exchange membranes: poly(vinylidene fluoride)/acrylic polyelectrolyte blends and nanocomposites with zirconium." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33991.

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In view of the unfavorable panorama of actual energy supply practices, alternative sustainable energy sources and conversion approaches have acquired noteworthy significance in recent years. Among these, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are being considered as a pivotal building block in the transition towards a sustainable energy economy. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) is a vital component, as well as a performance-limiting factor, of the PEMFC. Consequently, the development of high performance PEM materials is of upmost importance for the advance of the PEMFC field. In this work, alternative PEM materials based on semi-interpenetrated networks from blends of poly(vinyledene fluoride) (PVDF) and sulfonated crosslinked acrylic polyelectrolytes (PE), as well as tri-phase PVDF/PE/zirconium-based composites, are studied. To alleviate the burden resulting from the vast number of possible combinations of the different precursors utilized in the preparation of the membranes, custom high throughput screening systems have been developed for their characterization. By coupling the data spaces obtained via these systems with the appropriate statistical and data analysis tools it was found that, despite not being directly involved in the proton transport process, the inert PVDF phase plays a major role on proton conductivity. Particularly, a univocal inverse correlation between the PVDF crystalline characteristics (i.e., crystallinity and crystallite size) and melt viscosity, and membrane proton conductivity was discovered. Membranes based on highly crystalline and viscous PVDF homopolymers exhibited reduced proton conductivity due to precluded segmental motion of the PE chains during crosslinking. In addition, a maximum effective amount of PE (55-60wt%) beneficial for proton conductivity was revealed. In the case of composite membranes, despite the fact that nanoparticle dispersion was thermodynamically limited, a general improvement in proton conductivity was evidenced at low to medium nanoparticle loadings (0.5 to 1wt%) in comparison to non-hybrid PVDF/PE references. This beneficial effect was particularly noticeable in membranes based on PVDF homopolymers (7% to 14.3% increment), where the nanoparticles induced a "healing" effect by providing proton-conducting paths between non-crosslinked PE channels separated by dense PVDF areas resulting from large PVDF crystallites. In general, the results presented herein are promising for the development of new cost-effective alternative PEMs.
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Bocharova, Vera. "Electrically Conductive Low Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterisation and Application." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1231161926227-23379.

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Miniaturization has become a driving force in different areas of technology including microelectronics, sensoric- and bio-technologies and in fundamental science. Because of the well-known limitations of conventional lithographic methods, newly emerging bottom-up approach, utilizing self-assembly of various nanoobjects including single polymer molecules and carbon nanotubes constitutes a very promising alternative for fabrication of ultimately small devices. Carbon nanotubes are attractive materials for nanotechnology and hold much promise to revolutionize fundamental science in a investigation of phenomena, associated with the nanometer–sized objects.It was found in this work that grafted chains of poly(2-vinylpyridine) form a shell covering the carbon nanotubes that makes them dispersible in organic solvents and in acidic water (CNTs-g-P2VP).The positively charged poly(2-vinylpyridine) shell is responsible for the selective deposition of carbon nanotubes onto oppositely charged surfaces. It was established that the deposition CNTs-g-P2VP from aqueous dispersions at low pH is an effective method to prepare ultra-thin films with a tunable density of carbon nanotubes.It was shown that poly(2-vinylpyridine) grafted to carbon nanotubes is a universal support for the immobilization of various nanoclusters at the carbon nanotube's surface. Prussian Blue nanoparticles were selectively attached to the surface of CNTs-g-P2VP.Conducting polymer nanowires are another very promising kind of nanomaterials that could be also suitable for applications in nanodevices and nanosensors. In this work was developed a simple method to control the conformation and orientation of single adsorbed polyelectrolyte molecules by co-deposition with octylamine. A simple chemical route to conductive polypyrrole nanowires by the grafting of polypyrrole from molecules of polystyrensulfonic acid was developed. The dc conductivity of individual polypyrrole nanowires approaches the conductivity of polypyrole in bulk.The conductivity can be described using variable-range hopping model.
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Bocharova, Vera. "Electrically Conductive Low Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterisation and Application." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23607.

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Miniaturization has become a driving force in different areas of technology including microelectronics, sensoric- and bio-technologies and in fundamental science. Because of the well-known limitations of conventional lithographic methods, newly emerging bottom-up approach, utilizing self-assembly of various nanoobjects including single polymer molecules and carbon nanotubes constitutes a very promising alternative for fabrication of ultimately small devices. Carbon nanotubes are attractive materials for nanotechnology and hold much promise to revolutionize fundamental science in a investigation of phenomena, associated with the nanometer–sized objects.It was found in this work that grafted chains of poly(2-vinylpyridine) form a shell covering the carbon nanotubes that makes them dispersible in organic solvents and in acidic water (CNTs-g-P2VP).The positively charged poly(2-vinylpyridine) shell is responsible for the selective deposition of carbon nanotubes onto oppositely charged surfaces. It was established that the deposition CNTs-g-P2VP from aqueous dispersions at low pH is an effective method to prepare ultra-thin films with a tunable density of carbon nanotubes.It was shown that poly(2-vinylpyridine) grafted to carbon nanotubes is a universal support for the immobilization of various nanoclusters at the carbon nanotube's surface. Prussian Blue nanoparticles were selectively attached to the surface of CNTs-g-P2VP.Conducting polymer nanowires are another very promising kind of nanomaterials that could be also suitable for applications in nanodevices and nanosensors. In this work was developed a simple method to control the conformation and orientation of single adsorbed polyelectrolyte molecules by co-deposition with octylamine. A simple chemical route to conductive polypyrrole nanowires by the grafting of polypyrrole from molecules of polystyrensulfonic acid was developed. The dc conductivity of individual polypyrrole nanowires approaches the conductivity of polypyrole in bulk.The conductivity can be described using variable-range hopping model.
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Lin, Chia-Hung, and 林家宏. "Ionic Conductivity and Electrochemical s Reactions of Rigid-Rod Solid Polyelectrolytes." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38022107140773093720.

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碩士
國立中山大學
材料科學研究所
91
ABSTRACT sPBI is a heterocyclic aromatic polymer assuming a para- catenated backbone yielding a rod-like configuration. Because of its rigidity, this rod-like molecule displays superior mechanical tenacity, thermo-oxidative stability, and solvent resistance. It is also the precursor of rigid-rod solid polyelectrolyte exhibiting high solubility and superior ionic conductivity. Isotropic solution were prepared by dissolving sPBI in distilled methanesulfonic acid containing 0.0, 0.989, 4.76, 9.09, 15.0, 20.0, 23.1 wt. % lithium ion of dopants of LiCF3SO3 or LiN(CF3SO2)2. The room-temperature DC conductivity of sPBI cast film doped with 15.0 wt. % LiN(CF3SO2)2 parallel (�翣|) and transverse (�粻) to the film surface was as large as 8.26×10-6 and 1.84×10-7 S/cm, respectively. The concentration of 15.0 wt. % lithium ion was considered to be the critical concentration; and LiN(CF3SO2)2 was the more effective dopant. Scanning electron microscopy micrograph of a cut edge of the film displayed a layered structure parallel to the film surfaces, thus the parallel DC conductivity (�翣|) was batter than the transverse DC conductivity (�粻) of the same film. Because the dissociation energy of lithium salt and the relation of temperature and conductivity, we proved that sPBI film had ionic conduction. We used cyclic voltammetry with non-blocking electrode and without auxiliary electrolyte to study the electrochemical reactions of the sPBI rigid-rod solid polyelectrolyte.
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Chen, Chien-Chang, and 陳建彰. "Chemical Synthesis and Ionic Conductivity of Water-Soluble Articulated Rigid-Rod Solid Polyelectrolytes." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73559897782059643859.

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碩士
國立中山大學
材料科學研究所
91
A water-soluble rigid-rod polyelectrolyte sPBI-PS(Li+) could be doped with LiI and cast as a freestanding film from aqueous solution showing a room-temperature in-plane DC conductivity (�������n) of 8.3╳10-3 S/cm. However, the cast film assumed an anisotropic microstructure due to nematic liquid-crystalline rigid-rod backbone leading to an out-of-the plane DC conductivity (����) which was three orders smaller than those of the ������, and severely limited its applications as a solid polyelectrolyte for thin-film battery. 2-Sulfo-terephthalic acid and 5-sulfo-isophthalic acid in ratios of 5：1, 15：1, 25：1, or 50：1 were synthesized via copolycondensation reaction making the rigid-rod backbone of sPBI-PS(Li+) become articulated. Further reaction with 1,3-propanesultone pendants, the rigid-rod polyelectrolyte was changed into a new water-soluble articulated rigid-rod polyelectrolyte a-sPBI-PS(Li+). Various analyses were applied to ascertain chemical structure and purities of synthesized monomers and polymers. The copolymer conductivity and intrinsic viscosity would decrease with increasing the articulation ratio. For a-sPBI-PS(Li+), LiClO4 was a better dopant, compared to LiI, to enhance conductivity. a-sPBI-PS(Li+) (25:1) doped LiI had a room-temperature conductivity as high as 4.7´10-3 S/cm. No layered structure was revealed by wide-angle X-ray scattering and scanning electron microscope. The cast thin-film thus had 3-dimensionally isotropic structure and electrical conductivity.
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Sun, Ju-Pin, and 孫如彬. "Chemical Synthesis and Ionic Conductivity of Water-SolubleRigid-Rod and Articulated Rigid-Rod Solid Polyelectrolytes." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24000426847352258497.

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碩士
國立中山大學
材料科學研究所
89
ABSTRACT A water-soluble rigid-rod polyelectrolyte sPBI-PS(Li+) could be doped with LiI and cast as a freestanding film from aqueous solution showing a room-temperature in-plane DC conductivity (s|| ) of 8.3╳10-3 S/cm. However, the cast film assumed an anisotropic microstructure due to preferential orientation of the rigid-rod backbone leading to an out-of-the plane DC conductivity (s^) which was three orders smaller than those of the s||, and severely limited its applications as a solid polyelectrolyte for thin-film battery. In addition to synthesizing rigid-rod polyelectrolyte sPBI-PS(Li+) for comparison, this study used 2-sulfo-terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid in ratios of 15：1, 25：1, or 50：1 for copolycondensation reaction making the rigid-rod backbone of sPBI-PS(Li+) become articulated. Further reaction with 1,3-propanesultone pendants, the rigid-rod polyelectrolyte was changed into a new water-soluble articulated rigid-rod polyelectrolyte A-sPBI-PS(Li+). Various analyses were applied to ascertain chemical structure, purities, thermal properties and molecular weight of synthesized monomers and polymers. Freestanding films of sPBI-PS(Li+) and A-sPBI-PS(Li+) were cast from aqueous solutions doped with LiI, LiBF4, or LiCF3SO3 for various concentrations up to 5 wt.%. Thin-film room-temperature s|| of sPBI-PS(Li+) could be 3.15´10-3 S/cm, and of A-sPBI-PS(Li+) could be 2.76´10-3 S/cm. X-ray scattering and electron microscopic results suggested that the sPBI-PS(Li+) cast film was in-plane isotropic but out-of-the plane anisotropic, and the A-sPBI-PS(Li+) cast film was three-dimensionally isotropic.
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Du, Yue-Lin, and 杜岳霖. "Chemical Synthesis and Ionic Conductivity of Water-Soluble Articulated Rigid-Rod Polyelectrolytes Derivatized with Sulfonated Ionomer Pendants." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50733740246668114282.

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碩士
國立中山大學
材料科學研究所
93
Articulated rigid-rod polymers asPBI were synthesized via polycondensation reaction. Using 2-sulfoterephthalic acid and 5-sulfoisophthalic acid in different ratios for copolycondensation reaction making the fully conjugated rigid-rod backbone became articulated. Both rigid-rod and articulated rigid-rod were further derivatized using alkane sulfonated pendants and became water-soluble rigid-rod and articulated rigid-rod polyelectrolytes. Lithium salt doped cast films of the polyelectrolytes showed a root-temperature DC conductivity parallel to film surface (
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Tsay, Pei-yun, and 蔡珮芸. "Chemical Synthesis and Ionic Conductivity of Water-Soluble Rigid-Rod Solid Polyelectrolytes with Aspect Ratio and Pendant Modifications." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04523684329511900792.

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碩士
國立中山大學
材料科學研究所
93
Polycondensation reaction was carried out for synthesizing rigid-rod polymer hPBI. Various molar ratios (50:1, 25:1, and 15:1) of 2-hydroterephthalic acid and 5-hydroisophthalic acid were also introduced in the synthesis for articulated rigid-rod polymer a-hPBI. The polymers were further derivatized with 1,3-propanesulton for pendants of lithium ionomer to become water soluble polyelectrolytes hPBI-PS(Li+) and a-hPBI-PS(Li+), respectively. Lithium salt doped cast film of the rigid-rod polyelectrolyte hPBI-PS(Li+) showed a room-temperature DC conductivity parallel to film surface as high as 4.02×10-3 S/cm. Molecular weight of the rigid-rod polyelectrolyte was low indicating a small molecular aspect ratio. In cast film, the molecules were randomly distributed and highly isotropic facilitated Li cations mobility for a high film conductivity. The conductivity was also insensitive to the anion of lithium salt. No apparent layered structure was revealed by scanning electron microscope suggesting that the cast films had near three-dimensionally isotropic structure and conductivity.
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Book chapters on the topic "Polyelectrolytes Conductivity"

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Litt, Morton, Sergio Granados-Focil, and Junwon Kang. "Rigid Rod Polyelectrolytes with Frozen-In Free Volume: High Conductivity at Low RH." In ACS Symposium Series, 49–63. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2010-1040.ch004.

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Schönhoff, Monika, and Cornelia Cramer. "Conductivity Spectra of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Revealing Ion Transport Processes." In Multilayer Thin Films, 321–36. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527646746.ch14.

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Su, Na, Heng Xu, and Zhengmin Cao. "Effects of Polymerization Variables on the Electrical Conductivity of Polypyrrole–Anionic Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brush (PPy/ASPB) Composite." In Advanced Graphic Communications, Packaging Technology and Materials, 875–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0072-0_108.

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Kavitha, E. "Advanced Functional Membranes for Energy Applications." In Advanced Functional Membranes, 237–66. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901816-8.

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Global warming has become a serious threat to the environment as well as human life. The application of renewable and green energy sources has been emphasized in recent years to overcome the energy demand and save the environment. As a competent alternative to renewable energy sources, membrane-based energy generation has attracted the attention of researchers. In the past few decades, the application of advanced functional membranes in green energy production has gained importance. The application of polyelectrolyte membranes in fuel cells has become an emerging technology due to high proton conductivity, excellent thermal, chemical stability, and mechanical strength. Pressure retarded osmosis is also one of the membrane-based energy generation techniques which have been upgraded with significant developments. The various polymeric membranes, both inorganic and organic, have been employed in the energy production processes. In the past few years, the application of biopolymeric membranes made up of chitosan blends has shown excellent progress. The storage of energy also plays an equivalent role in energy production. The application of membranes has a vital role in energy storage batteries. This chapter deals with all the advanced functional membranes for energy production and storage.
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Conference papers on the topic "Polyelectrolytes Conductivity"

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Alhajeri, Mubarak Muhammad, Jenn-Tai Liang, and Reza Barati Ghahfarokhi. "Polyelectrolyte Multilayered Nanoparticles as Nanocontainers for Enzyme Breakers During Hydraulic Fracturing Process." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205981-ms.

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Abstract In this study, Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembled polyelectrolyte multilayered nanoparticles were developed as a technique for targeted and controlled release of enzyme breakers. Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) were assembled by means of alternate electrostatic adsorption of polyanions and polycations using colloidal structure of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) as LbL building blocks. High enzyme concentrations were introduced into polyethyleneimine (PEI), a positively charged polyelectrolyte solution, to form an electrostatic PECs with dextran sulfate (DS), a negatively charged polyelectrolyte solution. Under the right concentrations and pH conditions, PEMs were assembled by alternating deposition of PEI with DS solutions at the colloidal structure of PEI-DS complexes. Stability and reproducibility of PEMs were tested over time. This work demonstrates the significance of PEMs as a technique for the targeted and controlled release of enzymes based on their high loading capacity, high capsulation efficiency, and extreme control over enzyme concentration. Entrapment efficiency (EE%) of polyelectrolyte multilayered nanoparticles were evaluated using concentration measurement methods as enzyme viscometric assays. Controlled release of enzyme entrapped within PEMs was sustained over longer time periods (> 18 hours) through reduction in viscosity, and elastic modulus of borate-crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar (HPG). Long-term fracture conductivity tests at 40℃ under closure stresses of 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 psi revealed high fracture clean-up efficiency for fracturing fluid mixed with enzyme-loaded PEMs nanoparticles. The retained fracture conductivity improvement from 25% to 60% indicates the impact of controlled distribution of nanoparticles in the filter cake and along the entire fracture face as opposed to the randomly dispersed unentrapped enzyme. Retained fracture conductivity was found to be 34% for fluid systems containing conventional enzyme-loaded PECs. Additionally, enzyme-loaded PEMs demonstrated enhanced nanoparticle distribution, high loading and entrapment efficiency, and sustained release of the enzyme. This allows for the addition of higher enzyme concentrations without compromising the fluid properties during a treatment, thereby effectively degrading the concentrated residual gel to a greater extent. Fluid loss properties of polyelectrolyte multilayered nanoparticles were also studied under static conditions using a high-pressure fluid loss cell. A borate-crosslinked HPG mixed with nanoparticles was filtered against core plugs with similar permeabilities. The addition of multilayered nanoparticles into the fracturing fluid was observed to significantly improve the fluid- loss prevention effect. The spurt-loss coefficient values were also determined to cause lower filtrate volume than those with crosslinked base solutions. The PEI-DS complex bridging effects revealed a denser, colored filter cake indicating a relatively homogenous dispersion and properly sized particles in the filter cake.
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Anandan, Rudhra, Reza Barati, and Stephen Johnson. "Polyelectrolyte Complex Stabilized CO2 Foam Systems for Improved Fracture Conductivity and Reduced Fluid Loss." In SPE International Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/191424-18ihft-ms.

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