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Journal articles on the topic 'Polycyclic musk'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Herren, D., and J. D. Berset. "Nitro musks, nitro musk amino metabolites and polycyclic musks in sewage sludges." Chemosphere 40, no. 5 (March 2000): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00325-2.

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2

Smyth, Shirley Anne, Lori A. Lishman, Edward A. McBean, Sonya Kleywegt, Jian-Jun Yang, M. Lewina Svoboda, Sandra Ormonde, Vince Pileggi, Hing-Biu Lee, and Peter Seto. "Polycyclic and Nitro Musks in Canadian Municipal Wastewater: Occurrence and Removal in Wastewater Treatment." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.018.

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Abstract The removal and/or partitioning (to sludge) of six polycyclic and five nitro musks through the liquid treatment train of a conventional Canadian secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plant is characterized. Raw influent, primary effluent, secondary effluent, primary sludge, and waste activated sludge concentrations were correlated to seasonal process temperatures (warm, 22°C; cold, 15°C). Maximum influent concentrations of polycyclic and nitro musks were 7,030 ± 2,120 ng/L for Galaxolide (HHCB) and 158 ± 89 ng/L for musk ketone respectively. Maximum secondary effluent concentrations were 2,000 ± 686 ng/L for HHCB and 51 ± 14 ng/L for musk ketone. Temperature appeared to influence the degree of removal of musks from wastewater during primary clarification (40% median removal at warm temperatures and 9% at cold temperatures) and overall treatment (82% median removal at warm temperatures and 74% at cold temperatures) but not secondary activated sludge treatment (71% median removal at warm temperatures and 70% at cold temperatures). In primary sludge, polycyclic musks were found at concentrations up to 35,000 ng/g for HHCB, and nitro musks were found at concentrations up to 490 ng/g for musk ketone. In waste activated sludge, polycyclic musks were found at concentrations up to 52,000 ng/g (HHCB), and nitro musks were found at concentrations up to 1,100 ng/g (musk ketone). The hydraulic retention time and the suspended solids of the treatment process appeared to influence the degree of partitioning of musks to sludge.

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3

Rimkus, Gerhard G. "Polycyclic musk fragrances in the aquatic environment." Toxicology Letters 111, no. 1-2 (December 1999): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00191-5.

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4

Sapozhnikova, Yelena, Dan Liebert, Edward Wirth, and Michael Fulton. "POLYCYCLIC MUSK FRAGRANCES IN SEDIMENTS AND SHRIMP TISSUES." Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 30, no. 5 (October 2010): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2010.525160.

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5

Schwartz, Stefan, Volker Berding, and Michael Matthies. "Aquatic fate assessment of the polycyclic musk fragrance HHCB." Chemosphere 41, no. 5 (September 2000): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00510-x.

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6

Fromme, Hermann, Thomas Otto, and Konstanze Pilz. "Polycyclic musk fragrances in different environmental compartments in Berlin (Germany)." Water Research 35, no. 1 (January 2001): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00233-5.

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7

Mersch-Sundermann, V., S. Kevekordes, and C. Jenter. "Lack of Mutagenicity of Polycyclic Musk Fragrances in Salmonella typhimurium." Toxicology in Vitro 12, no. 4 (August 1998): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-2333(98)00007-1.

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8

Rimkus, Gerhard G., and Manfred Wolf. "Polycyclic musk fragrances in human adipose tissue and human milk." Chemosphere 33, no. 10 (November 1996): 2033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(96)00321-9.

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9

Fromme, H., T. Otto, and K. Pilz. "Polycyclic musk fragrances in fish samples from Berlin waterways, Germany." Food Additives and Contaminants 18, no. 11 (November 2001): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030110063579.

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10

Lee, Hing-Biu, Thomas E. Peart, and Kurtis Sarafin. "Occurrence of Polycyclic and Nitro Musk Compounds in Canadian Sludge and Wastewater Samples." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 683–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.043.

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Abstract Fragrances such as synthetic musk compounds are commonly used as additives in a wide range of consumer and personal-care products. At the end of their life cycle, most of these compounds will end up in municipal sewage systems. In this work, we report the occurrence of selected polycyclic and nitro musk compounds in sewage sludge, influent, effluent, as well as some industrial wastewater samples collected in Canada. A newly developed supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technique was used for the extraction of residual musk fragrances in the sludge. Final analysis was performed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using electron-impact and methane negative ion chemical ionization techniques. The results indicated that Galaxolide® (HHCB), Tonalide® (AHTN), musk xylene (MX), and musk ketone (MK) were the most common musk compounds in the Canadian environment, as they were found in every sample in this study. In the same sludge sample, levels of HHCB and AHTN (ranging from 1.3 to 26.7 μg/g) were often found to be about 1000 times higher than those of MX and MK (ranging from 1.4 to 422 ng/g). Similarly, in the sewage influent and effluent collected in Ontario, the levels of HHCB and AHTN (ranging from 159 to 2411 ng/L) were much higher than those of MX and MK (ranging from 1 to 84 ng/L). The levels of musk compounds varied widely in industrial wastewaters. In one sample collected from a detergent manufacturer, the levels of HHCB, AHTN, MX, and MK were found to be 54,200, 13,300, 5480, and 2.2 ng/L, respectively. It was also noted that the levels of MX and MK observed in the samples collected from the commercial laundries in Toronto were significantly higher than those found in domestic sewage.

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11

Wang, Lili, and Xiaowei Liu. "Degradation of Aqueous Polycyclic Musk Tonalide by Ultraviolet-Activated Free Chlorine." Processes 7, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7020095.

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Chlorine-incorporating ultraviolet (UV) provides a multiple barrier for drinking water disinfection. Meanwhile, post-UV employment can promote the degradation of micropollutants by radical production from chlorine residual photolysis. This work studied the degradation of one such chemical, tonalide (AHTN), by low-pressure UV-activated free chlorine (FC) under typical UV disinfection dosage of <200 mJ·cm−2 and water matrix of filtered tank effluent. AHTN was rapidly degraded by UV/FC in accordance with pseudo-first-order kinetics. The reaction rate constants of AHTN with reactive chlorine species and hydroxyl radical (HO•) were estimated. Mechanistic exploration evidenced that under UV/FC, AHTN degradation was attributable to direct photolysis, ClO•, and HO•. The carbonyl side chain of AHTN served as an important attack site for radicals. Water matrices, such as natural organic matter (NOM), HCO3−, Cu2+, PO43−, and Fe2+, showed noticeable influence on the UV/FC process with an order of NOM > HCO3− >Cu2+ > PO43− > Fe2+. Reaction product analysis showed ignorable formation of chlorinated intermediates and disinfection byproducts.

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12

Kevekordes, Sebastian, Volker Mersch-Sundermann, Martin Diez, and Hartmut Dunkelberg. "In vitro genotoxicity of polycyclic musk fragrances in the micronucleus test." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 395, no. 2-3 (December 1997): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5718(97)00160-5.

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13

Lu, Bin Yu, Yu Jie Feng, Peng Gao, and Zhao Han Zhang. "Occurrence and Distribution of Polycyclic Musks in Surface Water from the Songhua River." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1508.

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Concentrations and distributions of four polycyclic musks (galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), celestolide (ADBI) and phantolide (AHMI)) in surface water from the Songhua River were investigated. Experimental data showed that the Songhua River had been polluted to different degrees except the rivers source. Concentrations of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI and AHMI were in the ranges of 6.77-30.65, 2.19-7.97, < LOD-1.94 and < LOD-2.53 ng/L, respectively. The results indicated a low proportion of wastewater burden in this river, and the HHCB and AHTN were the major components. Risk assessments on HHCB and AHTN suggest that the current polycyclic musk levels in Songhua River represent a low potential risk to the aquatic organisms.

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14

Zhang, Xiaohan, and Huisheng Zhuang. "Development of an ultrasensitive PCR assay for polycyclic musk determination in fish." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 35, no. 5 (February 21, 2018): 950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2018.1429676.

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15

Wang, Meie, Chi Peng, Weiping Chen, and Bernd Markert. "Ecological risks of polycyclic musk in soils irrigated with reclaimed municipal wastewater." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 97 (November 2013): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.07.032.

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16

Steinberg, Pablo, Thomas Fischer, Michael Arand, Eunju Park, Ibrahim Elmadfa, Gerhard Rimkus, Hubertus Brunn, and Hans-Peter Dienes. "Acute hepatotoxicity of the polycyclic musk 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthaline (AHTN)." Toxicology Letters 111, no. 1-2 (December 1999): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00176-9.

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17

Peng, Feng-Jiao, Fionne Kiggen, Chang-Gui Pan, Sally A. Bracewell, Guang-Guo Ying, Daniel Salvito, Henriette Selck, and Paul J. Van den Brink. "Fate and effects of sediment-associated polycyclic musk HHCB in subtropical freshwater microcosms." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 169 (March 2019): 902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.092.

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18

Liu, Xiaowei, Zhonglin Chen, Lili Wang, Youxian Wu, and Temesgen Garoma. "RETRACTED: Degradation of polycyclic musk HHCB in water by O3, UV, and UV/O3." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 230, no. 1 (February 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.12.017.

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19

Böhm, Leonard, and Rolf-Alexander Düring. "Partitioning of polycyclic musk compounds in soil and aquatic environment—experimental determination of KDOC." Journal of Soils and Sediments 10, no. 4 (February 23, 2010): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-010-0200-z.

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20

Wormuth, Matthias, Martin Scheringer, and Konrad Hungerbühler. "Linking the Use of Scented Consumer Products to Consumer Exposure to Polycyclic Musk Fragrances." Journal of Industrial Ecology 9, no. 1-2 (February 8, 2008): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1088198054084626.

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21

Villa, Sara, Marco Vighi, and Antonio Finizio. "Theoretical and experimental evidences of medium range atmospheric transport processes of polycyclic musk fragrances." Science of The Total Environment 481 (May 2014): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.017.

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22

Pablos, María Victoria, María Ángeles Jiménez, Laura San Segundo, Federica Martini, Eulalia Beltrán, and Carlos Fernández. "Effects of dietary exposure of polycyclic musk HHCB on the metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35, no. 6 (March 15, 2016): 1428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.3286.

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23

Thomas, S. M., A. A. Bodour, K. E. Murray, and E. C. Inniss. "Sorption behavior of a synthetic antioxidant, polycyclic musk, and an organophosphate insecticide in wastewater sludge." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 1 (July 1, 2009): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.284.

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Emerging contaminants (ECs) are chemicals that are currently unregulated due to limited understanding of health effects and limited data regarding occurrence. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) receive many ECs as components of influent waste and the removal of organic contaminants, such as ECs, occurs primarily by sorption to sludge. Therefore, it is important to develop measures of sorption behavior by ECs to sludge. This study evaluates sorption of three ECs: 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) a synthetic antioxidant, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyrane (HHCB) a polycyclic musk, and chlorpyrifos a organophosphate insecticide. Twenty-four hour laboratory-scale sorption experiments were conducted for each compound individually and then in combination, which allowed the quantification of sorption onto wastewater sludge and the affects of multiple compounds. ECs in both the liquid and solid phases were analyzed using a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Isotherms of individual sorption behavior followed a linear trend (R2>0.9) for individual ECs, while Kd averaged 2,689 L kg−1, 27,786 L kg−1 and 31,402 L kg−1 for BHA, chlorpyrifos and HHCB, respectively. Sorption behavior for BHA was linear during combined studies with Kd of 1,766 L kg−1 or a decrease of 34%, while HHCB and chlorpyrifos followed non-linear isotherm models. Synergistic effects were observed with spike concentrations ≥25 mg L−1 for HHCB and ≥20 mg L−1 for chlorpyrifos. Kd values ranged from 16,984–6,000,000 L kg−1 for HHCB and 19,536–3,000,000 L kg−1 for chlorpyrifos. These distribution coefficients differed substantially from previously published values, mainly because few studies used sludge as the sorption media. Results suggest that HHCB and chlorpyrifos may be contained in the sludge unlike BHA, which is more available in the aqueous phase. Future investigations should evaluate WWTP processes for degrading ECs to harmless products and releases of ECs from sludge.

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24

Ricking, M., J. Schwarzbauer, J. Hellou, A. Svenson, and V. Zitko. "Polycyclic aromatic musk compounds in sewage treatment plant effluents of Canada and Sweden––first results." Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, no. 4 (April 2003): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00480-0.

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25

Mersch-Sundermann, V., S. Kevekordes, and C. Jenter. "Testing of SOS induction of artificial polycyclic musk fragrances in E. coli PQ37 (SOS chromotest)." Toxicology Letters 95, no. 3 (May 1998): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00003-4.

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26

Gao, Yanpeng, Yuemeng Ji, Guiying Li, Bixian Mai, and Taicheng An. "Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity increase during indirect photochemical transformation of polycyclic musk tonalide: A modeling study." Water Research 105 (November 2016): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.055.

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27

Kannan, Kurunthachalam, Jessica L. Reiner, Se Hun Yun, Emily E. Perrotta, Lin Tao, Boris Johnson-Restrepo, and Bruce D. Rodan. "Polycyclic musk compounds in higher trophic level aquatic organisms and humans from the United States." Chemosphere 61, no. 5 (November 2005): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.041.

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28

Pedersen, Signe, Henriette Selck, Daniel Salvito, and Valery Forbes. "Effects of the polycyclic musk HHCB on individual- and population-level endpoints in Potamopyrgus antipodarum." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72, no. 4 (May 2009): 1190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.10.012.

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29

Gatermann, R., S. Biselli, H. Hühnerfuss, G. G. Rimkus, M. Hecker, and L. Karbe. "Synthetic Musks in the Environment. Part 1: Species-Dependent Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic and Nitro Musk Fragrances in Freshwater Fish and Mussels." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42, no. 4 (May 1, 2002): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0041-2.

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30

Košnář, Zdeněk, Filip Mercl, Abraham Demelash Chane, Lorenzo Pierdonà, Pavel Míchal, and Pavel Tlustoš. "Occurrence of synthetic polycyclic and nitro musk compounds in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants." Science of The Total Environment 801 (December 2021): 149777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149777.

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31

Tumová, Jitka, Pavel Šauer, Oksana Golovko, Olga Koba Ucun, Roman Grabic, Jana Máchová, and Hana Kocour Kroupová. "Effect of polycyclic musk compounds on aquatic organisms: A critical literature review supplemented by own data." Science of The Total Environment 651 (February 2019): 2235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.028.

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32

Blahova, Jana, Lenka Divisova, Lucie Plhalova, Vladimira Enevova, Martin Hostovsky, Veronika Doubkova, Petr Marsalek, Petr Fictum, and Zdenka Svobodova. "Multibiomarker Responses of Juvenile Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) to Subchronic Exposure to Polycyclic Musk Tonalide." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 74, no. 4 (November 24, 2017): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0484-8.

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33

Chen, Chun, Shengguo Xue, Qixing Zhou, and Xiujie Xie. "Multilevel ecotoxicity assessment of polycyclic musk in the earthworm Eisenia fetida using traditional and molecular endpoints." Ecotoxicology 20, no. 8 (July 26, 2011): 1949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0735-9.

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34

Gatermann, R., S. Biselli, H. Hühnerfuss, G. G. Rimkus, S. Franke, M. Hecker, R. Kallenborn, L. Karbe, and W. A. König. "Synthetic Musks in the Environment. Part 2: Enantioselective Transformation of the Polycyclic Musk Fragrances HHCB, AHTN, AHDI, and ATII in Freshwater Fish." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42, no. 4 (May 1, 2002): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0042-1.

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35

Bester, Kai, Heinrich Hühnerfuss, Wilfried Lange, Gerhard G. Rimkus, and Norbert Theobald. "Results of non target screening of lipophilic organic pollutants in the German Bight II: polycyclic musk fragrances." Water Research 32, no. 6 (June 1998): 1857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(97)00424-7.

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36

Chen, Cui-hong, Qi-xing Zhou, Zhang Cai, and Ying-ying Wang. "Effects of Soil Polycyclic Musk and Cadmium on Pollutant Uptake and Biochemical Responses of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59, no. 4 (April 16, 2010): 564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9522-5.

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37

Sun, Ping, Kenneth Casteel, Hongjian Dai, Kenneth R. Wehmeyer, Brian Kiel, and Thomas Federle. "Distributions of polycyclic musk fragrance in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and sludges in the United States." Science of The Total Environment 493 (September 2014): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.038.

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38

Heberer, Thomas. "Occurrence, Fate, and Assessment of Polycyclic Musk Residues in the Aquatic Environment of Urban Areas — A Review." Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 30, no. 56 (December 2002): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aheh.200390005.

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39

Luckenbach, Till, and David Epel. "Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters." Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 1 (January 2005): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7301.

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40

Tasselli, Stefano, and Licia Guzzella. "Polycyclic musk fragrances (PMFs) in wastewater and activated sludge: analytical protocol and application to a real case study." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 25 (January 13, 2020): 30977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06767-7.

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41

Moon, Hyo-Bang, Duk-Hee Lee, Yoon Soon Lee, and Kurunthachalam Kannan. "Occurrence and accumulation patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and synthetic musk compounds in adipose tissues of Korean females." Chemosphere 86, no. 5 (February 2012): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.008.

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42

Sanchez-Prado, Lucía, Mercedes Lourido, Marta Lores, Maria Llompart, Carmen Garcia-Jares, and Rafael Cela. "Study of the photoinduced degradation of polycyclic musk compounds by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 18, no. 11 (May 21, 2004): 1186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1459.

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43

Tasselli, Stefano, Erica Valenti, and Licia Guzzella. "Polycyclic musk fragrance (PMF) removal, adsorption and biodegradation in a conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant in Northern Italy." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 28 (March 16, 2021): 38054–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13433-4.

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44

Fang, Hansun, Yanpeng Gao, Honghong Wang, Hongliang Yin, Guiying Li, and Taicheng An. "Photo-induced oxidative damage to dissolved free amino acids by the photosensitizer polycyclic musk tonalide: Transformation kinetics and mechanisms." Water Research 115 (May 2017): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.006.

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45

Wang, Xue-Tong, Ying Zhou, Bao-Ping Hu, Rui Fu, and Hang-Xin Cheng. "Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and synthetic musk compounds with Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) needles in Shanghai, China." Environmental Pollution 252 (September 2019): 1819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.002.

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46

Ehiguese, Friday Ojie, M. Judit González-Delgado, Carmen Garrido-Perez, Cristiano V. M. Araújo, and M. Laura Martin-Diaz. "Effects and Risk Assessment of the Polycyclic Musk Compounds Galaxolide® and Tonalide® on Marine Microalgae, Invertebrates, and Fish." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020371.

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The current research investigated the potential environmental risk of the polycyclic musk compounds, Galaxolide® (HHCB) and Tonalide® (AHTN), in the marine environments. These substances are lipophilic, bioaccumulated, and potentially biomagnified in aquatic organisms. To understand the toxicity of HHCB and AHTN, acute toxicity tests were performed by exposing marine microalgae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tretraselmis chuii, and Isochrysis galbana), crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), echinoderms (Paracentrotus lividus), bivalves (Mytilus galloprovincialis), fish (Sparus aurata), and a candidate freshwater microalga (Raphidocelis subcapitata) to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.005–5 µg/L) following standardized protocols (US EPA, Environment Canada and OECD). P. tricornutum and I. galbana were sensitive to both substances and for P. tricornutum exposed to HHCB and AHTN, the IC10 values (the inhibition concentration at which 10% microalgae growth inhibition was observed) were 0.127 and 0.002 µg/L, respectively, while IC10 values calculated for I. galbana were 5.22 µg/L (a little higher than the highest concentration) and 0.328 µg/L, for HHCB and AHTN, respectively. Significant (p < 0.01) concentration dependent responses were measured in P. lividus and M. galloprovincialis larvae developments, as well as S. aurata mortality tested with HHCB. The effect of HHCB on P. lividus larvae development was the most sensitive endpoint recorded, producing an EC50 value (the effect concentration at which 50% effect was observed) of 4.063 µg/L. Considering the risk quotients both substances seem to represent high environmental risk to P. tricornutum and M. galloprovincialis in marine environments.

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47

Bester, Kai. "Retention characteristics and balance assessment for two polycyclic musk fragrances (HHCB and AHTN) in a typical German sewage treatment plant." Chemosphere 57, no. 8 (November 2004): 863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.032.

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48

Pender, Jenny, Carolyn Read, John Egan, and Theo De Waal. "Evaluation of emerging waterborne contaminants in Ireland." Water Supply 15, no. 6 (June 24, 2015): 1228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.089.

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A group of potential emerging contaminants in two Irish drinking water supplies were investigated. The aim was to investigate the presence of emerging contaminants which are not currently routinely monitored or regulated as part of the European Communities Drinking Water Regulations SI 278 of 2007 but are known or anticipated to occur in drinking water supplies. A monthly sampling and analysis programme was carried out to examine the presence of seven groups of potential emerging contaminants in two Irish drinking water supplies. The seven groups selected were: herbicides, molluscides, endocrine disrupters, perfluorinated chemicals, disinfection by-products, personal care products, and heavy metals. The investigation showed that the majority of the seven selected groups of contaminants were not detected at either drinking water site. Results from the first site (water treatment plant (WTP) 1) showed elevated levels of musk xylenes, a member of the personal care products suite of tests. The specific compound detected was galaxolide, a polycyclic musk found in perfumes, soaps, cosmetics and detergents. Results from the second site (WTP 2) showed elevated levels of oestrone, a member of endocrine disrupter steroid suite of tests. Oestrone is one of three types of oestrogen made by the body and is produced by the ovaries as well as by adipose tissue and the adrenal glands. Results from both sites showed that of the seven groups of contaminants chosen for examination most were not detected. The musk xylene compound galaxolide was detected on one occasion at a level just above the guideline limit and oestrone a component of the endocrine disrupting chemicals steroid suite of tests was found on two occasions throughout the study.

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Moon, Hyo-Bang, Yong-Rock An, Kyum Joon Park, Seok-Gwan Choi, Dae-Yeon Moon, Minkyu Choi, and Hee-Gu Choi. "Occurrence and accumulation features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and synthetic musk compounds in finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) from Korean coastal waters." Marine Pollution Bulletin 62, no. 9 (September 2011): 1963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.031.

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Fernandes, D., G. Dimastrogiovanni, M. Blázquez, and C. Porte. "Metabolism of the polycyclic musk Galaxolide and its interference with endogenous and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 163 (September 2012): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.033.

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