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Journal articles on the topic 'Polychlorinated dibenzofurans'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 March 2023

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1

Gao, Xingbao, Bingjing Ji, Dahai Yan, Qifei Huang, and Xuemei Zhu. "A full-scale study on thermal degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash and its secondary air pollution control in China." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x16677078.

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Degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is beneficial to its risk control. Fly ash was treated in a full-scale thermal degradation system (capacity 1 t d−1) to remove polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Apart from the confirmation of the polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran decomposition efficiency, we focused on two major issues that are the major obstacles for commercialising this decomposition technology in China, desorption and regeneration of dioxins and control of secondary air pollution. The toxic equivalent quantity values of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans decreased to <6 ng kg−1 and the detoxification rate was ⩾97% after treatment for 1 h at 400 °C under oxygen-deficient conditions. About 8.49% of the polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) of the original fly ash were desorbed or regenerated. The extreme high polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran levels and dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran congener profiles in the dust of the flue gas showed that desorption was the main reason, rather than de novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the exhaust pipe. Degradation furnace flue gas was introduced to the municipal solid waste incinerator economiser, and then co-processed in the air pollution control system. The degradation furnace released relatively large amounts of cadmium, lead and polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans compared with the municipal solid waste incinerator, but the amounts emitted to the atmosphere did not exceed the Chinese national emission limits. Thermal degradation can therefore be used as a polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran abatement method for municipal solid waste incinerator source in China.

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2

Pollitt, Frances. "Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 30, no. 2 (October 1999): S63—S68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1999.1328.

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3

Li, Honghua, Pu Wang, Yongming Ju, Wenjuan Li, Ruiqiang Yang, Gang Li, Wenqiang Ren, Jie Li, and Qinghua Zhang. "Occurrence and Source Identification of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Surface Sediments from Liangshui River in Beijing, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 16465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416465.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in the surface sediments of Liangshui River, the second largest drainage river in Beijing, China. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls ranged from 3.5 to 3019 (mean value: 184) pg g−1 dry weight and from 319 to 5949 (mean value: 1958) pg g−1 dry weight, and the corresponding World Health Organization toxic equivalent quantity values were 0.0011–5.1 pg TEQ g−1 dry weight and 0.0074–1.4 pg TEQ g−1 dry weight, respectively. The spatial distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls showed increasing trends from urban area and development area to suburb. Principal component analysis revealed that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans contamination in the sediments may originate from pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate and municipal solid waste incineration. Regarding polychlorinated biphenyls, the steel industry, combustion processes and usage of some commercial polychlorinated biphenyl products were identified as the major sources. The emission from a former steel plant could be the main contributor to polychlorinated biphenyls in urban areas. The mean value of the total toxic equivalent quantities in the sediment samples exceeded the Canadian interim sediment quality guidelines. Long-term wastewater irrigation increases the load of sediment-bound pollutants in agricultural soil and may pose potential ecological risks to crops and human health.

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4

Van Den Berg, Martin, Kees Olie, and Otto Hutzinger. "Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 3 (February 1985): 171–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248509357079.

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5

Sofilić, T., and J. Jendričko. "PCDDs/Fs Pollution from Metallurgical Processes in the Town of Sisak, Croatia." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0048.

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Abstract In order to calculate the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from metallurgical processes located in the town of Sisak, Croatia, this research has built on experiences from developed countries, where the emission factor values from individual metallurgical processes have been taken from the reference data and used for the estimate of the emission of these pollutions in the European countries. The calculation of the emission polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from metallurgical processes located in the town of Sisak took into account annual outputs of sinter, pig iron, steel blooms and steel billets, as well as steel casts. The metallurgical processes installed in the town of Sisak between 1950 and 2010 emitted from Q1-TEQ =17 mg a-1 PCDDs/Fs in 2001 to Q1-TEQ =5823 mg a-1 in 1989, depending on the activity of these processes. Within the observed period, the largest source of PCDDs/Fs emission was the iron ore sintering plant. Within the observed timeframe, the town of Sisak did not experience any excessive air, soil or water pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from the local metallurgical processes.

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6

Colquhoun, David R., Erica M. Hartmann, and Rolf U. Halden. "Proteomic Profiling of the Dioxin-Degrading BacteriumSphingomonas wittichiiRW1." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/408690.

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Sphingomonas wittichiiRW1 is a bacterium of interest due to its ability to degrade polychlorinated dioxins, which represent priority pollutants in the USA and worldwide. Although its genome has been fully sequenced, many questions exist regarding changes in protein expression ofS. wittichiiRW1 in response to dioxin metabolism. We used difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) to identify proteomic changes induced by growth on dibenzofuran, a surrogate for dioxin, as compared to acetate. Approximately 10% of the entire putative proteome of RW1 could be observed. Several components of the dioxin and dibenzofuran degradation pathway were shown to be upregulated, thereby highlighting the utility of using proteomic analyses for studying bioremediation agents. This is the first global protein analysis of a microorganism capable of utilizing the carbon backbone of both polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans as the sole source for carbon and energy.

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7

(Bart) Bosveld, A. T. C., and Martin Van den Berg. "Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans on fish-eating birds." Environmental Reviews 2, no. 2 (July 1, 1994): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a94-010.

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Fish-eating birds are top predators at the end of the aquatic food chain. As such, they accumulate high concentrations of halogenated polycyclic aromatics like polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this paper the levels and effects of these compounds on fish-eating birds are reviewed. To discuss the causal relationships between these compounds and the effects, dose–response studies in various bird species are reviewed. Neurotoxicity and effects on reproduction, embryonic respiration, mixed-function oxidase isoenzyme activities, and vitamin A and thyroid hormone levels are discussed. Using data from the literature, the lowest observed effect levels are calculated for different end points, and differences in sensitivity between the species are discussed.Key words: fish-eating birds, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, reproductive impairment, cytochrome P-450.

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8

Kožul, Darija, and Snježana Romanić. "Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Soil and Sediment." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1922.

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Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Soil and SedimentThis review presents methods for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), called dioxins, in soil and sediment. These compounds are produced as by-products of different combustion processes, and because of their persistency and toxicity they present a threat for animal and human health. Due to their high organic matter content, soil and sediment can accumulate dioxins and have become important secondary emission sources. Determining dioxins in these samples is complex because dioxins are present in trace levels and have to be separated from interferences whereas other classes of organic contaminants are present in higher concentrations. After sampling, follows extraction of compounds with a suitable solvent, extract clean-up from unwanted compounds, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. At the end of this review, we gave levels of PCDD/PCDFs found in soil and sediment samples.

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9

Weerasinghe, N. C. A., Michael L. Gross, and Donald J. Lisk. "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in sewage sludges." Chemosphere 14, no. 5 (January 1985): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(85)90248-6.

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10

WANG, Haiyan. "Holographic QSRR of polychlorinated dibenzofurans." Chinese Science Bulletin 50, no. 10 (2005): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/04wb0094.

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11

Choi, Geun-Hyoung, Dal-Soon Choi, Su-Myeong Hong, Oh-Kyoung Kwon, Hee Soo Eun, Jung Han Kim, and Jin Hyo Kim. "Investigation on Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls of Grains and Estimation of Dietary Intake for Korean." Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 55, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2012.040.

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12

Mitoma, Yoshiharu, Maki Takase, Yoshiko Yoshino, Taizo Masuda, Hideki Tashiro, Naoyoshi Egashira, and Takashi Oki. "Novel Mild Hydrodechlorination of PCDDs, PCDFs, and co-PCBs inside Fly Ash Using a Calcium-Promoted Rhodium Carbon Catalyst in Methanol." Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 3 (2006): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06002.

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Environmental Context. The generic term ‘dioxins’, the family of which includes polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like compounds such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), is used to describe highly toxic and mutagenic compounds. Many methods that involve high-temperature or high-pressure dry hydrogen conditions to ensure adequate decomposition for persistent chlorinated aromatic pollutants present disadvantages for repeated synthesis or recovery of vaporized dioxins and co-PCBs. We discovered that highly efficient degradation of dioxins in fly ash is accomplished in 24 h using metallic calcium and Rh/C in alcohol in a sealed tube at 25°C at 0.15 MPa. Abstract. Effective hydrodechlorination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like compounds such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in fly ash was achieved in 24 h using a simple stirring operation in a sealed tube with metallic calcium and Rh/C catalyst in an alcohol solution at room temperature with 0.15 MPa of increasing internal pressure. The initial 7806 pg dioxin toxic equivalent (TEQ) (g of ash)–1 of dioxins in fly ash, which had adsorbed inside the solid phase, was finally degraded to 23.6 pg of TEQ (g of ash)–1, according to estimation using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis.

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13

Urbaniak, Magdalena, Edyta Kiedrzyńska, Marcin Kiedrzyński, Michał Mendra, and Adam Grochowalski. "The impact of point sources of pollution on the transport of micropollutants along the river continuum." Hydrology Research 45, no. 3 (November 6, 2013): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2013.242.

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The main objectives of the presented study were to quantify the transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) along the river continuum and to evaluate the impact of wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) located in the catchment on the river quality. The samples were collected during the spring (high water flow) and summer season (serene water flow) of 2010. The river samples were collected from five stations located along the lowland Pilica River, including two stations situated above and below the Sulejow Reservoir. At the same time, samples from the outlets of 17 WTPs were collected. As evidenced by the results, the largest WTPs discharged up to 59.09 μg toxic equivalent (TEQ) of PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs per day during high flow events and up to 26.03 μg TEQ during serene water flows. During the same time, the smallest WTPs released on average 0.81 and 0.70 μg TEQ day−1, respectively. The obtained results have also demonstrated an increase in the TEQ concentration along the Pilica River continuum (from 4.75 to 6.25 pg TEQ L−1). The exception were samples collected below the dam where 63% TEQ reduction was observed compared to samples collected above the reservoir.

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14

Qarah, Ahmad, Makafui Gasonoo, Dat Do, and Douglas A. Klumpp. "Superacid-promoted synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzofurans." Tetrahedron Letters 57, no. 33 (August 2016): 3711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.06.100.

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15

Safe, S., T. Sawyer, G. Mason, S. Bandiera, B. Keys, M. Romkes, J. Piskorska-Pliszczynska, B. Zmudzka, and L. Safe. "Polychlorinated dibenzofurans; quantitative structure activity relationships." Chemosphere 14, no. 6-7 (January 1985): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(85)90175-4.

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16

Khasawneh, I. "Luminescence characteristics of dibenzofuran and several polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins." Talanta 35, no. 4 (April 1988): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(88)80083-3.

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17

Heuvel, John P. Vanden, and George Lucier. "Environmental Toxicology of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans." Environmental Health Perspectives 100 (April 1993): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3431525.

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18

Vanden Heuvel, J. P., and G. Lucier. "Environmental toxicology of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans." Environmental Health Perspectives 100 (April 1993): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.93100189.

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19

Needham, L. L., D. G. Patterson, V. W. Burse, D. C. Paschal, W. E. Turner, and R. H. Hill. "Reference Range Data for Assessing Exposure To Selected Environmental Toxicants." Toxicology and Industrial Health 12, no. 3-4 (May 1996): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379601200322.

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We analyzed blood and urine specimens from 32 charter boat captains, anglers, and spouses from both groups, who reportedly ate fish from Lakes Michigan, Huron, or Erie, for selected environmental toxicants. The toxicants measured in serum were polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, other polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and persistent pesticides. Nonpersistent pesticides and elements were measured in urine; and elements were measured in blood. Internal dose levels of these toxicants will be compared to reference range data that we have compiled. These reference range data will be used to ascertain the exposure status of individuals or groups within this study.

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20

Sofilic, T., J. Jendričko, Z. Kovačevic, and M. Ćosić. "Measurement of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emission from EAF steel making proces." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0089-1.

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Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel manufacturing is an important recycling activity which contributes to the recovery of steel resources and steel scrap/waste minimization. Because of the content of plastics, coatings and paintings as well as other nonferrous materials in the charge during melting, a strong emission of pollutants, including polluting substance group consists of persistent organic pollutions (POPs) represented by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) occurs. This study was set out to investigate emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from the stack of a new electric-arc furnace-dust treatment plant installed during modernisation of the Melt Shop in CMC SISAK d.o.o., Croatia. Obtained results have been compared with previously obtained results of PCDDs/Fs emission measurements from the old electric-arc furnace dust treatment without dust drop-out box, as well as quenching tower. The total PCDDs/Fs concentration in the stack off gases of both electric arc furnaces EAF A and EAF B were 0.2098 and 0.022603 ng I-TEQ/Nm3 respectively, and these results are close to previous obtained results by other authors. The calculated values of the emission factors for PCDDs/Fs calculated on the basis of measured PCDDs/Fs concentration in the stack off gases in 2008 and 2011 were 1.09 and 0.22 ng I-TEQ/ ton steel, respectively.

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21

Huzlik, Jiri, Roman Licbinsky, and Daniela Durcanska. "Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans Emissions from Transportation." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2011.3.41-47.

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22

McNeill, Ian C., Livia Memetea, Musarrat H. Mohammed, Alwyn R. Fernandes, and Peter Ambidge. "Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in PVC pyrolysis." Polymer Degradation and Stability 62, no. 1 (January 1998): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00272-3.

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23

Kuroki, H., K. Haraguchi, and Y. Masuda. "Metabolism of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in rats." Chemosphere 20, no. 7-9 (January 1990): 1059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90221-e.

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24

Lucier, G. W., K. G. Nelson, R. B. Everson, T. K. Wong, R. M. Philpot, T. Tiernan, M. Taylor, and G. I. Sunahara. "Placental markers of human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzofurans." Environmental Health Perspectives 76 (December 1987): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.877679.

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25

Imagawa, Takashi, and Chun Wai Lee. "Correlation of polychlorinated naphthalenes with polychlorinated dibenzofurans formed from waste incineration." Chemosphere 44, no. 6 (September 2001): 1511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00287-3.

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26

Swerev, M., and K. Ballschmiter. "HPLC and heart cutting techniques of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins." Chemosphere 15, no. 9-12 (January 1986): 1123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(86)90381-4.

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27

Roots, O., H. Kiviranta, T. Pitsi, P. Rantakokko, P. Ruokojärvi, M. Simm, R. Vokk, and L. Järv. "Monitoring of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in Estonian food." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences 60, no. 3 (2011): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2011.3.08.

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28

Sugita, Kazutoshi, Shozo Asada, Tetsuaki Yokochi, Tsuyoshi Okazawa, Mitsuhiro Ono, and Sumio Goto. "Survey of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban air." Chemosphere 29, no. 9-11 (November 1994): 2215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90389-1.

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29

Ball, M., O. Päpke, and A. Lis. "Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans in Cigarette Smoke - Polychlordibenzodioxine und Polychlordibenzofurane in Cigarettenrauch." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 14, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0615.

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AbstractThe paper describes a method for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans both in gas phase and in particulate matter of cigarette smoke. This method was used for analysing the concentrations of all relevant polychlorinated dibenzofurans in the smoke of the ten best-selling German cigarette brands. The distribution of the various tetra-octachlordibenzodioxin isomers was similar to that obtained after combustion. None of the cigarettes investigated was found to contain 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzodioxin. The total values expressed as TCDD toxic equivalent values are low, ranging from 0.05 to 0.17 pg/cig. These results are compared with the data reported in the literature to date. Regarding uptake of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans, cigarette smoke is only a source of minor importance as compared to nutrition.

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30

González, Neus, and José Domingo. "Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in blood of the Spanish population: Temporal trend." Arhiv za farmaciju 71, no. 6 (2021): 455–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/arhfarm71-33765.

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The present article reviews the human biomonitoring studies conducted in Spain to assess exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In general terms, important variations in POPs concentrations between Spanish regions and specific populations were observed, while no associations between exposure to POPs and adverse health outcomes were found. Moreover, occupational exposure seems not to be a risk factor with regards to POPs exposure in the Spanish population. The present review highlights the importance of conducting human biomonitoring studies to find possible associations between POPs and adverse health effects.

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31

Belinskaya, E. A., S. E. Mazina, E. K. Pichugina, and G. V. Zykova. "IMPACT OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AND BENZ[A]PYRENE ON GERMINATION OF COMMON BARLEY SEEDS (HORDÉUM VULGÁRE L.)." Toxicological Review, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2020-4-44-48.

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The paper considers the influence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and benz[a] pyrene on the germination of barley seeds, as well as the influence of pollutants on seed storage. As a result of the experiments, the negative effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on seed germination at a concentration of 100 μg/ kg has been found, which can be explained by the high accumulation of low-chlorinated pollutants by seeds. The negative effect of benz[a]pyrene on seed germination at concentrations of 20 and 100 μg/kg has been registered.

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32

Vácha, R., M. Vysloužilová, and V. Horváthová. "Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxines and dibenzofurans in agricultural soils of the Czech Republic." Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 10 (November 19, 2011): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3618-pse.

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The set of 102 samples of agricultural soils was taken for the study of the load of agricultural soils with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuranes (PCDDs/Fs). The background value of PCDDs/Fs in agricultural soils of theCzech Republicwas determined. The soils with different sources of the load of PCDDs/Fs were compared. It was concluded that fluvisols in fluvial zones and soils with long-term sludge application are soils with the highest contents of PCDDs/Fs. The soils affected by imission outputs show a lower intensity of the load with PCDDs/Fs that is characterised by higher content of toxic congeners.

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33

Nguyễn Khắc, Mạnh, Ái Quốc Trần, Tất Thành Nguyễn, and Tuấn Việt Trần. "Các phương pháp phân tích polychlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins và polychlorinated dibenzofurans." Journal of Military Science and Technology, VITTEP (December 20, 2022): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.vittep.2022.141-149.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo para-dioxins (PCDD) và polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) tại Việt Nam có hai nguồn chủ yếu từ hậu quả chiến tranh và các nguồn thải công nghiệp. Đặc biệt với bối cảnh nền công nghiệp lạc hậu sử dụng những kỹ thuật đã cũ như ở Việt Nam thì việc phải quan trắc và kiểm soát chặt chẽ các nguồn thải có khả năng sinh PCDD/PCDF là rất cần thiết. Trong bài viết này, độc tính của PCDD/PCDF, cách đánh giá độc tính thông qua hệ số độ độc tương đương (Toxic equivalent factors – TEF) và tổng độ độc tương đương (Toxic equivalent quantity – TEQ) được trình bày. Tiếp theo là quá trình hình thành và phát triển của các kỹ thuật phân tích PCDD/PCDF trên thế giới qua các thời kỳ được thảo luận chi tiết. Thông qua đó, thực trạng về ô nhiễm PCDD/PCDF tại Việt Nam được đề cập và các giải pháp xử lý được đề xuất.

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34

Creaser, Colin S., and Ameera Al-Haddad. "Fractionation of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans on porous graphitic carbon." Analytical Chemistry 61, no. 11 (June 1989): 1300–1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00186a025.

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35

Klima, Vigilija, Renata Chadyšienė, Rūta Ivanec-Goranina, Dainius Jasaitis, and Vaida Vasiliauskienė. "Assessment of Air Pollution with Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofuranes (PCDFs) in Lithuania." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070759.

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Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) are highly bioavailable in humans, either through direct inhalation or indirectly by trophic transfer from contaminated food or water. The main sources of pollution with PCDD/F include industrial and non-industrial combustion sources, like domestic contaminated wood burning, house fires, burning of leaves from trees, etc. When looking for alternative energy sources and reduced energy costs, solid waste incineration plants are intended to be built in the vicinity of urbanized areas, and thus, the need emerges for examination and prediction of to what extent the solid waste incineration plants might affect the surrounding ecosystem, air pollution, and human health. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (or simply PCDD/F congeners) belong to the group of semi-volatile organic compounds with environmental stability and long-range transfer in the ambient air. Dioxin isomers are highly toxic and may have carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in humans. PCDD/F is detected in air, water, sediment, plants and animals. PCDD/F is generally distributed in the particulate phase in ambient air. For solid waste incineration plant emissions, the distribution of PCDD/F particles into particles with a diameter of <10 μm is more than 81% of the total particulate matter, and more than 54% of the PCDD/F is distributed into particles with a diameter of <2.5 μm. The aim of this study is to investigate the sources of PCDD/F, emissions and potential hazards, i.e., a toxic equivalent in Lithuania. The measurements were performed in two largest cities of Lithuania Vilnius and Kaunas, where the level of PCDD/F discovered was from 0.015 to 0.52 pg/m3 and from 0.02 to 0.05 pg/m3, respectively. The sites for the monitoring were selected based on their proximity to the locations of the planned cogeneration power plants in these cities.

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36

Zhang, Chenxi, Xiaomin Sun, and Mei Li. "Transformation of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in the Environment." Current Organic Chemistry 22, no. 11 (July 4, 2018): 1041–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272822666180419155257.

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37

Müller, Jochen F., Caroline Gaus, Joelle A. Prange, Olaf Päpke, Ka Fai Poon, M. H. W. Lam, and Paul K. S. Lam. "Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in sediments from Hong Kong." Marine Pollution Bulletin 45, no. 1-12 (September 2002): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00326-5.

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38

Mader, Brian T., and James F. Pankow. "Vapor pressures of the polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and the polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)." Atmospheric Environment 37, no. 22 (July 2003): 3103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00270-x.

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39

Tyler, A. O., G. E. Millward, P. H. Jones, and A. Turner. "Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Sediments from U.K. Estuaries." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 39, no. 1 (July 1994): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1994.1045.

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40

Wakimoto, T., N. Kannan, M. Ono, R. Tatsukawa, and Y. Masuda. "Isomer-specific determination of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in Japanese and American polychlorinated biphenyls." Chemosphere 17, no. 4 (January 1988): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(88)90254-8.

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41

Singh, Joginder, Walter Miles, and Jean P. Barrette. "Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins in Technical Pentachlorophenol." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 3 (May 1, 1985): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.3.583.

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Abstract Thirty-four technical pentachlorophenol samples from 4 different manufacturers were analyzed for the presence of hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorodioxins. A double column procedure for extraction and cleanup was used for processing the samples, followed by gas chromatographymassspectrometry for qualitative and quantitative determinations. All runs were performed isothermally on a packed glass column of 3% Dexsil 400. Octachloronaphthalene was used as an internal standard for quantitative estimations. The amounts of chlorodioxins found ranged from 1 to 38.5 ppm hexachlorodioxin, 119 to 562 ppm heptachlorodioxin, and 361 to 1723 ppm octachlorodioxin. Interfering polychlorinated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzofurans were also observed in these samples.

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42

SASAKI, Yuko. "Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Organisms." Journal of Environmental Chemistry 10, no. 3 (2000): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5985/jec.10.517.

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43

TYSKLIND, M., D. TILLITT, L. ERIKSSON, K. LUNDGREN, and C. RAPPE. "A Toxic Equivalency Factor Scale for Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans." Toxicological Sciences 22, no. 2 (1994): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/22.2.277.

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44

Tysklind, M. "A Toxic Equivalency Factor Scale for Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 22, no. 2 (February 1994): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/faat.1994.1031.

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45

Alawi, Mahmoud A., Ahmad A. Najjar, and Hani N. Khoury. "Levels of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/Dibenzofurans in Jordanian Clay." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 43, no. 4 (August 18, 2014): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201400240.

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46

Wielgosiński, Grzegorz. "The Possibilities of Reduction of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans Emission." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/392175.

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In the study the most important and known polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) emission sources are presented and known methods of reduction of dioxin emission to the atmosphere are discussed in detail. It is indicated that the most relevant emission source is a combustion process. The mechanism of dioxin formation in thermal processes is presented in brief. The author characterized primary methods of reduction of PCDDs/PCDFs emission encompassing the interference into the combustion process to minimize their formation and discussed known secondary methods aimed at their removal from the stream of waste gases. It was attempted to make a critical assessment of PCDD/Fs reduction methods described in literature.

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47

Wang, I.-Ching, and Wen-Jhy Lee. "Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in farmed fish, water, sediment, and feed." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 45, no. 2 (January 4, 2010): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520903429873.

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48

Larsen, John Christian. "Risk assessments of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in food." Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 50, no. 10 (October 2006): 885–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200500247.

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49

Son, Jun-Ik, Seung-Jae Lee, Se-In Park, Eun-Hye Kwon, Hueon Namkung, Jun-Gu Kang, and Wonseok Lee. "Emission Characteristics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) in Commercial Bio-SRF and SRF Incineration Plants." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082787.

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Incineration plants using solid refused fuel (SRF) should control their air pollution materials to minimize environmental impact. This study evaluated the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) congener patterns in seven commercial incineration plants in Korea using SRF and biomass SRF (bio-SRF). We examined the reduction rate differences of PCDD/DFs, depending on the air pollutant control device. All seven incineration plants sufficiently managed their dioxin emissions. However, both SRF and bio-SRF incineration plants showed active chlorination reactions and resulted in a large amount of highly chlorinated dioxins. The average dioxin concentration was 0.02 ng international toxic equivalency quantity (I-TEQ)/Sm3. Ratios of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF were high in the waste heat boilers of both SRF and bio-SRF incineration plants. The octachlorinated dibenzofuran (OCDF) ratio was only high in the SRF incineration plants. Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and OCDF exhibited high dioxin ratios. SRF incineration plants had a low ratio of OCDF to 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF. In addition, the reduction rate of PCDD/DFs was substantially high after treatment with the air pollutant control device.

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50

Erickson, Mitchell D., Steven E. Swanson, Jairus D. Flora, and Gary D. Hinshaw. "Polychlorinated dibenzofurans and other thermal combustion products from dielectric fluids containing polychlorinated biphenyls." Environmental Science & Technology 23, no. 4 (April 1989): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00181a012.

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