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Academic literature on the topic 'Polycétides'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polycétides"
Riache, Nassima. "Vers une synthèse biomimétique des hirsutellones, alcaloïdes-polycétides antimycobactériens." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066737.
Full textVERS UNE SYNTHESE BIOMIMETIQUE DES HIRSUTELLONES, ALCALOÏDES-POLYCETIDES ANTIMYCOBACTERIENS Les hirsutellones sont des alcaloïdes-polycétides antimycobactériens isolés du champignon entomopathogène Hirsutella nivea. Elles présentent des caractéristiques structurales uniques: un macrocycle particulièrement contraint à 12 ou 13 chaînons comprenant un cycle γ-lactame ou succinimide et une liaison éther de phényle associée à un système tricyclique de type polycétide. La voie que nous avons choisie pour préparer ces molécules repose sur une stratégie biomimétique via un polyène linéaire comportant une partie azotée. Une cyclisation en cascade cationique ou radicalaire du précurseur linéaire devrait conduire au squelette des hirsutellones. La synthèse du polyène linéaire a été envisagée par une stratégie convergente mettant en jeu d’une part un triène linéaire, et d’autre part un motif δ-hydroxy-δ-lactame ou acide tétramique. Le triène linéaire de stéréochimie (E,Z,E) a été obtenu à partir du (+)-(R)-citronellal et sa préparation a fait intervenir une réaction d’hydrogénation syn d’un diényne dans les conditions Bolland. Pour la partie alcaloïdique, la synthèse biomimétique des δ-hydroxy-δ-lactames proposée par Snider a été envisagée pour les motifs qui nous intéressent. Alternativement, les dérivés d’acides tétramiques ont été quant à eux formés par une cyclisation de Lacey-Dieckmann ou encore en utilisant une modification de cette méthode selon Schlessinger, conduisant à des phosphonates d’acides tétramiques. Une réaction de Wittig-Horner-Emmons devrait alors permettre de coupler la partie triène et la partie alcaloïde afin de former le précurseur linéaire biomimétique. Un travail sur la métathèse tandem appliquéeà la synthèsede lactones chirales sera présenté. TOWARDS A BIOMIMETIC SYNTHESIS OF HIRSUTELLONES, ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL ALKALOIDS-POLYKETIDES Hirsutellones are antimycobacterial alkaloids-polyketides isolated from the insect pathogenic fungus Hirsutella nivea. It presents some unique structural features, especially a highly strained 12- or 13-membered ring incorporating a γ-lactame or a succinimide, a para-substituted phenyl ether linked to a tricyclic polyketide moiety. To make these molecules, we envisaged a biomimetic strategy via a linear polyene including the alcaloïde part. A cationic or radical cascade cyclization of the linear precursor would lead to the skeleton of hirsutellones. The linear polyene should be obtained by a convergent synthesis which will involve the coupling of a linear triene part with a δ-hydroxy-δ-lactam or a tetramic acid moiety. A linear (E,Z,E) triene intermediate has been synthesized from (+)-(R)-citronellal, and its preparation used in particular a key reaction of syn hydrogenation of a dienyne in the conditions of Bolland. For the alkaloid part, the biomimetic synthesis of δ-hydroxy-δ-lactames proposed by Snider has first been planned. Alternatively, tetramic acid derivatives have been formed by a Lacey-Dieckmann cyclization or using a modification of this method by Schlessinger, leading to tetramic acid phosphonates. A Wittig-Horner-Emmons reaction should allow coupling the triene part and the alkaloid one in order to form the biomimetic linear precursor of hirsutellones. Beside this work, a study of a tandem metathesis reactions applied to the synthesis of chiral lactones will also be described. Mots clés: produits naturels ; synthèse biomimétique ; polycétides ; acides tétramiques ; polyènes ; δ-hydroxy-δ-lactames ; synthèse totale ; réaction de Wittig ; réduction de Bolland
Ruiz, Johal. "Nouvelles synthèses par catalyse de composés organosilicés et leur transformation en fragments de polycétides." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S138/document.
Full textThe aldol reactions is one of the most important and commonly used methods to form C-C bonds. The catalytic tandem isomerization-aldol reaction of allylic alcohols allows to perform this reaction with many synthetic advantages. Thus, we have prepared by this method beta-hydroxyacylsilanes from alpha-hydroxyallylsilanes. First, we have attempted to develop a catalytic asymmetric version of this reaction, and also to synthesize beta-hydroxyacylsilanes by direct aldol reaction. Then, we used alpha-hydroxyallylsilanes to prepare alpha-silyl aldols trough epoxidation reactions. Next, we synthesized aldols from protected beta-hydroxyacylsilanes in a simple and efficient fashion which allowed us to perform iterative aldol reactions. We have illustrated the potential of this method by the synthesis of a fragment of (±)-pironetine. Finally, we have synthesized, from the same protected beta-hydroxyacylsilanes, silyl enol ethers that next have been used successfully as substrates for Mukaiyama aldol reactions
Venkatachalam, Mekala. "Molécules colorantes naturelles issues de la biodiversité marine fongique de La Réunion : optimisation de la production, extraction et caractérisation des pigments polycétides de Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0051.
Full textIt is well known that the vast majority of food colorants used in food and beverage applications comes from the pigments synthesized by plant materials. Besides, stability of many plant-derived colors can create formulation problems. Factors such as the region, the climate, the environment, the cultivar all impact colors shade, strength and overall stability in the final product. As an alternate, fungi of the genus Monascus, Penicillium and Talaromyces are known as excellent producers of red pigments. These red pigments are of industrial interest as they are stable and non-toxic and can be used as food colorants.This present research deals with the selection of high throughput red pigment producing Talaromyces albobiverticillius as a source of polyketide based natural food colorants. Design of Experiments (DoE) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) have been used to optimize culture conditions and media formulation of fermentation process. Using Box Behnken Design (BBD), the influence of different physical factors on pigment and biomass production was studied using potato dextrose broth as culture media. The best optimal conditions were found to be with initial pH of 6.4, temperature of 24 °C, agitation speed of 164 rpm and fermentation time of 149 h gave 47.93 ± 0.58 mg /L of orange pigment, 196.28 ± 0.76 mg / L of red pigment and 12.58 ± 0.41 g /L of dry biomass. With the application of Plackett- Burman Design (PBD), 16 different media formulations were optimized using various carbon and nitrogen sources. When Sucrose and Yeast extract was used as a basal medium at 24° C, high pigment yield was observed: 695.93 ± 0.29 mg /L of orange pigment, 738.28 ± 0.51 mg / L of red pigment and 6.80 ± 0.37 g /L of dry biomass.Twelve different compounds were detected from the HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS analysis of intracellular and extracellular pigmented extracts. In particular, N-threonine-monascorubramine, N-glutaryl-rubropunctamine and PP-O were tentatively identified among these twelve compounds; further, this work reports for the first time on the PDA, MS and NMR characterization of the here named as N-GABA-monascorubramine derivative (6-[(Z)-2-Carboxyvinyl]-N-GABA-monascorubramine) pigment bearing a cis configuration at the C10-C11 double bond, in Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548. Attempts were made to study the effects of sea salts on pigment synthesis; sustainable green extraction methods for pigments; upscaling of fermentation from shake flasks to laboratory fermenter. All these experiments with their results were discussed briefly as individual chapters. Overall, these findings bring out the potential of marine-derived red pigment producing fungi and its possibility of obtaining tailor made food colorants
Shao, Na. "Development of eco-compatible transformations and their synthetic applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0305.
Full textPolyketides fragments are ubiquitous in a wide range of drugs and natural products conferring excellent bioactivity to these organic molecules. As a consequence, organic chemists must develop novel strategies fulfilling at the best the different concepts of synthetic economies to construct such valuable scaffolds. During this PhD, we developed different eco-compatible cascades avoiding unnecessary steps to access different polyketides fragments and fluorinated analogues. At first, we developed a multi-catalytic enantioselective fluorination-decarboxylative aldolization followed by a kinetic resolution to generate enantiopure 1,3-diols featuring challenging tetrasubstituted fluorinated stereocenters. Subsequently, we realized the synthesis of a complementary type of fluorinated structure by combining an aldol-Tishchenko reaction with a Kinetic Resolution, producing a wide array of fluorinated 1,3-diols possessing three contiguous stereocenters with excellent levels of enantiocontrol. These reactions provide concise routes to useful 1,3-diols but consume stoichiometric reagents to induce change in the oxidation state from the starting materials to the final products. In order to obtain better redox-economies, we also developed a base-promoted redox-neutral alcohol-aldolization starting from the alcohol oxidation level to directly afford a series of difluorinated anti 1,3-diols. Finally, we designed a concise and redox-economical 6-step strategy providing a key polyketide fragment of apratoxin A, a natural product showing high levels of cytotoxic activity. This route is much shorter than the previously reported 12-20 steps sequences required to access this scaffold
Risser, Fanny. "Études d’un mécanisme enzymatique et d’interactions inter-protéiques au sein de voies complexes de biosynthèse de polycétides Characterization of Intersubunit Communication in the Virginiamycin trans-Acyl Transferase Polyketide Synthase Understanding Intersubunit Interactions in the Enacyloxin Mixed cis- /trans-acyltransferase Modular Polyketide Synthase Insights into a dual function amide oxidase/macrocyclase form lankacidin biosynthesis." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0296.
Full textComplex polyketides are secondary metabolites which are produced by a range of different organisms, and which present a broad spectrum of therapeutic activity. The modular organization of the enzymes responsible for their synthesis, the polyketide synthases (PKS), makes them attractive targets for synthetic biology aimed at obtaining new polyketide structures. One of the most promising strategies to date consists in swapping of whole sub-units between different PKS systems. However, the success of this strategy critically depends on understanding and exploiting ‘docking domains’ the protein sequences at the C- and N-terminal extremities of the subunits which are responsible for correctly ordering the polypeptides, and therefore for faithful chain transfer. To increase our knowledge of DDs, we investigated several interfaces in both trans-AT and cis-AT PKSs. This work led notably to the identification of the first family of DDs from trans-AT PKSs, and we were further able to characterize a complete interface formed between two consecutive subunits within the virginiamycin PKS. In addition, we showed that at least one DD of matched pairs is often an intrinsically disordered region (IDR), as this type of interaction motif allows for specific but medium affinity contacts. Indeed, in the enacyloxin hybrid cis-AT/trans-AT PKS which we also investigated extensively, docking at every interface is mediated by a C-terminal IDR. In addition, we demonstrated that multiple structural classes of DD are present within the system, but that variations of the electrostatic ‘code’ within an individual structural class can also be used to ensure specificity. Taken together, these results provide important guidelines for future attempts to deploy DDs in subunit engineering. Another attractive target for synthetic biology are the so-called ‘post-PKS’ enzymes, which chemically decorate the initially-formed structure, and are often essential for their bioactivity. In this context, we studied LkcE, a bi-functional enzyme that catalyzes a rare amide oxidation followed by an intramolecular Mannich reaction to yield the lankacidin macrocycle – both to understand its unusual mechanism and to evaluate its suitability as a general polyketide modifying enzyme. We solved four crystal structures of the enzyme, and characterized it kinetically. Together, our data allowed us to propose a detailed catalytic mechanism for LkcE, involving a large-scale conformational change of the enzyme to bring the substrate into a cyclisation-ready state. Moreover, we showed that LkcE displays a certain tolerance toward its substrate structures, suggesting its usefulness as a general catalyst for cyclisation/ligation reaction in synthetic biology and chemical synthesis
Francois, Romain. "Monooxygénations catalysées par des polycétide synthases modulaires : caractérisation structurale et fonctionnelle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0259.
Full textPolyketides are specialized metabolites synthetized by a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and some animals. Although their ecological functions remain poorly understood, their biological activities allow them to be exploited as drugs in humans and animals (as e.g. antibiotics, anthelmintics, anticancer agents, etc.). While in some cases the natural molecules can be utilized, in others it is necessary to adapt the structures of the metabolites to optimize their medicinal properties. A promising strategy for obtaining such molecules is to modify the polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes by genetic engineering. However, this approach requires detailed knowledge of how these enzymes function on the molecular level. PKSs are complex high-molecular-weight systems divided into several polypeptides called subunits, which are themselves composed of modules, each catalyzing a cycle of polyketide extension and modification. The activities of these modules are divided into domains, each with a defined biosynthetic role.The discovery of new enzymatic functions carried by these domains extends the known range of reactions catalyzed by PKSs and, consequently, the chemical diversity of the polyketides synthesized. In principal, these activities can then be incorporated into other PKSs, leading to the synthesis of polyketide derivatives with potentially improved properties. Several non-canonical reactions of interest have recently been identified in the PKSs synthesizing oocydine and lobatamide A catalyzed by various monooxygenase activities. Specifically, three types of monooxygenases were identified: Baeyer-Villiger type monooxygenases (BVMOs), -hydroxylases and oxime-generating monooxygenases (Ox).In order to underpin efforts to exploit this chemistry in engineering, the work describes in this thesis aimed to establish detailed structure-function relationships for these enzymes. The principal achievement of this PhD was to characterize in detail the Ox domain of the lobatamide PKS using an approach combining X-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis coupled with mass spectrometry. Its three-dimensional structure was elucidated at high resolution and the amino acids involved in enzymatic catalysis were identified, allowing us to propose a catalytic mechanism. In addition, in silico docking and mutagenesis experiments provided further information on the order of biosynthetic events within the module and its spatial arrangement during catalysis. The results of this portion of the work were published in the high-impact journal Angew. Chemie as a full article.Preliminary bioinformatics studies, followed by the production and purification of the BVMOs and -hydroxylase, enabled us to initiate the first crystallisation trials of these enzymes, with the aim of solving their structures and establishing the structural basis of these monooxygenase activities. These attempts were not successful, but follow-up experiments are proposed
Fleury, Etienne. "Elucidation structurale et synthèse du fragment C1-C25 d'un nouveau polycétide naturel." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P626.
Full textSu, Li. "Generation of analogues of the anti-tumor polyketide stambomycins by genetic engineering and allied approaches." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0081.
Full textThe polyketide secondary metabolites of bacteria are a rich source of bioactive agents, with notable applications in anti-infective and anti-cancer therapy. However, their structures often need to be optimized in order to tailor their therapeutic and biophysical properties. The 51-membered macrolide stambomycins, among the largest of known polyketides, were recently discovered by genome mining in Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877, and notably exhibit promising anti-cancer activity. The family encompasses six members which differ from each other in the alkyl functionality at C-26, due to the alternative choice of extender units by an exceptional acyl transferase domain (AT12) of the modular polyketide synthase (PKS) responsible for synthesizing the stambomycin core. Given their enormous size of the stambomycins and the intrinsic promiscuity of AT12, there is substantial interest in accessing ring-contracted and C-26 substituted derivatives of this compounds which might retain the bioactivity of the parental structures, or exhibit improved or even new properties. In this work, we have leveraged our current understanding of modular PKS systems to internally contract the stambomycin assembly line, leading to the successful generation, albeit at low yield, of target smaller derivatives (37-membered ‘mini-stambomycins’). By careful analysis, we could identify multiple factors contributing to the low titers, information which should inform future engineering strategies. Furthermore, using a mutasynthesis strategy, we were able to exploit the broad specificity of the AT12 domain to create 6 novel C-26 substituted stambomycin analogues. Finally, we unexpectedly identified three series of novel desferrioxamine siderophores produced by S. ambofaciens. As a number of key metabolites generated in this work have potential interest for therapeutic applications, they will be targeted for purification, structural characterization and biological evaluation
Pereira, de sant'ana Danilo. "SÍNTESE DO FRAGMENTO C1-C9 DA (−)-DICTIOSTATINA E ESTUDOS VISANDO A SÍNTESE TOTAL DA (+)-TAUTOMICETINA." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENCM0011/document.
Full textSTUDIES TOWARD THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (+)-TAUTOMYCETIN: (+)-Tautomycetin is a polyketide natural product isolated in 1989 from Streptomyces griseochromogenes with antifungal activity. Currently, TTN is best known for its activity in serine/threonine phosphatase proteins. We developed a convergent synthetic route to this natural product. Two key fragments of (+)-tautomycetin were synthesized, the B2 fragment containing the C1-C12 chain and the compound 260, corresponding to the C7'-C13 fragment of (+)-tautomycetin. The synthesis of fragment B2 employed a stereoselective chiral epoxide opening reaction as a key step, which consist of a novel strategy to prepare the desoxypropionate moiety of TTN. The synthesis of 260 employed a novel method for bis-esterification of anhydrides developed in the Dias-Campagne groups
Laureti, Luisa. "Activation d'un cluster de gènes de polycétide synthase de type I chez Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877 : isolation et caractérisation d'un nouveau macrolide géant." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10001/document.
Full textThe constant and urgent need of novel bioactive compounds is the result of the emergence in the last decades of new and old infectious diseases, a sore for humankind. Actinomycetes and especially the genus Streptomyces are the principal producers of microbial drugs producing nearly 60-70% of the natural products. The majority of secondary metabolites belong to the class of polyketides that are synthesised by multienzymatic complexes named polyketides synthases (PKS). PKSs condensate simple small carboxylic acids to generate a wide range of complex polyketide structures. In the search for new drugs, the genome mining approach proved to be a powerful tool in the identification of cryptic secondary metabolite pathways. The sequencing and the analysis of Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877 genome has revealed a large type I PKS cluster, on the right arm of the chromosome. The cluster contains 9 PKS, composed of 25 functional modules. In silico analysis of the PKS genes and of the tailoring genes enabled to predict the structure of the expected metabolite, a macrolide. In the laboratory standard conditions, the cluster showed to be silent. Therefore, to promote the expression of the cluster, the regulatory gene samR0484, encoding a LAL regulator (Large ATP binding protein of the LuxR family) was overexpressed in the wt strain. Transcriptional analyses showed that the PKS genes were expressed. Subsequently, by comparative metabolic profiling between the mutant strain and the wt, we were able to detect the novel metabolite produced by S. ambofaciens. Structural elucidation revealed four form of a 50-membered macrolide, named sambomycin. The compounds endow antibacterial and antitumoral activities. The structure unveiled unique and interesting characteristics of sambomycin, i.e. the cyclization reaction and the presence of an atypical extender unit. The mechanisms of biosynthesis have been analysed more in details in this work. We also investigated in the regulation of the cluster. The LAL regulator was shown to be an essential transcriptional activator, binding to the promoter regions of the PKS genes and probably to other genes in the cluster