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1
Boulton, Rebecca A., and David M. Shuker. "Polyandry." Current Biology 23, no. 24 (December 2013): R1080—R1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.042.
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Pannell, John R., and Anne-Marie Labouche. "The incidence and selection of multiple mating in plants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1613 (March 5, 2013): 20120051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0051.
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Mating with more than one pollen donor, or polyandry, is common in land plants. In flowering plants, polyandry occurs when the pollen from different potential sires is distributed among the fruits of a single individual, or when pollen from more than one donor is deposited on the same stigma. Because polyandry typically leads to multiple paternity among or within fruits, it can be indirectly inferred on the basis of paternity analysis using molecular markers. A review of the literature indicates that polyandry is probably ubiquitous in plants except those that habitually self-fertilize, or that disperse their pollen in pollen packages, such as polyads or pollinia. Multiple mating may increase plants' female component by alleviating pollen limitation or by promoting competition among pollen grains from different potential sires. Accordingly, a number of traits have evolved that should promote polyandry at the flower level from the female's point of view, e.g. the prolongation of stigma receptivity or increases in stigma size. However, many floral traits, such as attractiveness, the physical manipulation of pollinators and pollen-dispensing mechanisms that lead to polyandrous pollination, have probably evolved in response to selection to promote male siring success in general, so that polyandry might often best be seen as a by-product of selection to enhance outcross siring success. In this sense, polyandry in plants is similar to geitonogamy (selfing caused by pollen transfer among flowers of the same plant), because both polyandry and geitonogamy probably result from selection to promote outcross siring success, although geitonogamy is almost always deleterious while polyandry in plants will seldom be so.
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Huchard, Elise, Cindy I. Canale, Chloé Le Gros, Martine Perret, Pierre-Yves Henry, and Peter M. Kappeler. "Convenience polyandry or convenience polygyny? Costly sex under female control in a promiscuous primate." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1732 (October 5, 2011): 1371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1326.
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Classic sex roles depict females as choosy, but polyandry is widespread. Empirical attempts to understand the evolution of polyandry have often focused on its adaptive value to females, whereas ‘convenience polyandry’ might simply decrease the costs of sexual harassment. We tested whether constraint-free female strategies favour promiscuity over mating selectivity through an original experimental design. We investigated variation in mating behaviour in response to a reversible alteration of sexual dimorphism in body mass in the grey mouse lemur, a small primate where female brief sexual receptivity allows quantifying polyandry. We manipulated body condition in captive females, predicting that convenience polyandry would increase when females are weaker than males, thus less likely to resist their solicitations. Our results rather support the alternative hypothesis of ‘adaptive polyandry’: females in better condition are more polyandrous. Furthermore, we reveal that multiple mating incurs significant energetic costs, which are strikingly symmetrical between the sexes. Our study shows that mouse lemur females exert tight control over mating and actively seek multiple mates. The benefits of remating are nevertheless not offset by its costs in low-condition females, suggesting that polyandry is a flexible strategy yielding moderate fitness benefits in this small mammal.
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Gyanwali, Gokarna P., and Ram H. Dhakal. "Polyandry Marriage Pattern in Highland People of Nepal." Molung Educational Frontier 14 (July 22, 2024): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v14i01.67897.
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Polyandry is a pattern of marriage in which a woman has more than one husband. It has been a common practice of marriage around the world since the historical period. There have been various forms of polyandry in Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, and America (snowbird of paradise, 2024). Among them, fraternal polyandry is common in most parts of the world. The polyandry system has also been common in most parts of Nepal in various forms. This article describes the present practice and situation of polyandry in the world as well as in the highland region of Nepal. This research is concerned with the study of the practice of polyandry in the upper Mustang of Nepal. For this research, the primary and secondary data are collected from the field and secondary sources like the Rural Municipality chairperson and local people for the case study. The major findings are that polyandry is prevalent in high hill and Himalayan regions of Nepal. It is arranged by the parents of girls or boys due to economic, social, biological, and cultural factors in the Himalayan region of Nepal.
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Middleton, Alex L. A. "Polyandry in the mating system of the American Goldfinch, Carduelis tristis." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-044.
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For the first time, regular and recurring classical polyandry is documented in a passerine species, the American Goldfinch. Between 1979 and 1985, five cases of polyandry were documented through observations at the nests of colour-banded birds. Based on the timing of second broods combined with a change of mates, an additional seven cases of polyandry were suspected to have occurred between 1969 and 1978. Polyandry was attempted by females with previous breeding experience and provided a successful strategy for producing a second brood in a short breeding season. The fledging success of known polyandrous females was 7.4 ± 0.81 young per season compared with 2.3 ± 0.22 for nests of all other females. Polyandry occurred at a minimum of 4.9% of all nests at Guelph.
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Price, Tom A. R., Amanda Bretman, Ana C. Gradilla, Julia Reger, Michelle L. Taylor, Paulina Giraldo-Perez, Amy Campbell, Gregory D. D. Hurst, and Nina Wedell. "Does polyandry control population sex ratio via regulation of a selfish gene?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1783 (May 22, 2014): 20133259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3259.
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The extent of female multiple mating (polyandry) can strongly impact on the intensity of sexual selection, sexual conflict, and the evolution of cooperation and sociality. More subtly, polyandry may protect populations against intragenomic conflicts that result from the invasion of deleterious selfish genetic elements (SGEs). SGEs commonly impair sperm production, and so are likely to be unsuccessful in sperm competition, potentially reducing their transmission in polyandrous populations. Here, we test this prediction in nature. We demonstrate a heritable latitudinal cline in the degree of polyandry in the fruitfly Drosophila pseudoobscura across the USA, with northern population females remating more frequently in both the field and the laboratory. High remating was associated with low frequency of a sex-ratio-distorting meiotic driver in natural populations. In the laboratory, polyandry directly controls the frequency of the driver by undermining its transmission. Hence we suggest that the cline in polyandry represents an important contributor to the cline in sex ratio in nature. Furthermore, as the meiotic driver causes sex ratio bias, variation in polyandry may ultimately determine population sex ratio across the USA, a dramatic impact of female mating decisions. As SGEs are ubiquitous it is likely that the reduction of intragenomic conflict by polyandry is widespread.
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Gurung, Juddha Bahadur. "Rapid Cultural Change: A Case Study of Polyandry Marriage System among the Gurung Community from Upper Mustang, Nepal." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 6 (August 25, 2013): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8480.
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Nepal is multi ethnic, multi lingual and multi cultural country. In Upper Mustang polyandry is practiced by Loba communities. However, the condition of polyandry is dying out at present. The young are not in favor of this system. Socio-economic, political, seasonal migration, tourism and developmental factors have played crucial role in this regards. From conservation perspective polyandry played crucial role to manage local resources and in population dynamics in the past. This paper is based on field survey carried out in two different time periods (1998 and 2008) in order to compare or understand changing pattern of polyandry. In last couple of years, polyandry system has changed very rapidly in Loba communities of Upper Mustang. Rising community awareness, multiple economic opportunities, improve communication, foreign employment, modern education, open tourism, road access and other visual and in visual forces has lead society from close to open and more wider side or increase the horizon of young generation. Polyandry system is directly affected. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8480 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 75-106
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Kok, Jan, Luc Bulten, and Bente M. de Leede. "Persecuted or permitted? Fraternal Polyandry in a Calvinist colony, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), seventeenth and eighteenth centuries." Continuity and Change 36, no. 3 (December 2021): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000308.
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AbstractSeveral studies assume that Calvinist Christianity severely undermined or even persecuted the practice of polyandry in the Sri Lankan areas under Dutch control. We analyze Dutch colonial policy and Church activities toward polyandry by combining ecclesiastical and legal sources. Moreover, we use the Dutch colonial administration of the Sinhalese population to estimate the prevalence of polyandry. We conclude that polyandry was far from extinct by the end of the Dutch period and we argue that the colonial government was simply not knowledgeable, interested and effective enough to persecute the practice in the rural areas under its control.
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Boulton, Rebecca A., and David M. Shuker. "A sex allocation cost to polyandry in a parasitoid wasp." Biology Letters 11, no. 6 (June 2015): 20150205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0205.
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The costs and benefits of polyandry are central to understanding the near-ubiquity of female multiple mating. Here, we present evidence of a novel cost of polyandry: disrupted sex allocation. In Nasonia vitripennis , a species that is monandrous in the wild but engages in polyandry under laboratory culture conditions, sexual harassment during oviposition results in increased production of sons under conditions that favour female-biased sex ratios. In addition, females more likely to re-mate under harassment produce the least female-biased sex ratios, and these females are unable to mitigate this cost by increasing offspring production. Our results therefore argue that polyandry does not serve to mitigate the costs of harassment (convenience polyandry) in Nasonia . Furthermore, because males benefit from female-biased offspring sex ratios, harassment of ovipositing females also creates a novel cost of that harassment for males.
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Sutter, Andreas, and Anna K. Lindholm. "Detrimental effects of an autosomal selfish genetic element on sperm competitiveness in house mice." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1811 (July 22, 2015): 20150974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0974.
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Female multiple mating (polyandry) is widespread across many animal taxa and indirect genetic benefits are a major evolutionary force favouring polyandry. An incentive for polyandry arises when multiple mating leads to sperm competition that disadvantages sperm from genetically inferior mates. A reduction in genetic quality is associated with costly selfish genetic elements (SGEs), and studies in invertebrates have shown that males bearing sex ratio distorting SGEs are worse sperm competitors than wild-type males. We used a vertebrate model species to test whether females can avoid an autosomal SGE, the t haplotype, through polyandry. The t haplotype in house mice exhibits strong drive in t heterozygous males by affecting spermatogenesis and is associated with homozygous in utero lethality. We used controlled matings to test the effect of the t haplotype on sperm competitiveness. Regardless of mating order, t heterozygous males sired only 11% of zygotes when competing against wild-type males, suggesting a very strong effect of the t haplotype on sperm quality. We provide, to our knowledge, the first substantial evidence that polyandry ameliorates the harmful effects of an autosomal SGE arising through genetic incompatibility. We discuss potential mechanisms in our study species and the broader implications for the benefits of polyandry.
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Eti Mul Erowati and Ikama Dewi Setia Triana. "JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF POLYANDRY MARRIAGES REVIEWED FROM LAW NUMBER 1 OF 1974 ON MARRIAGE." Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) 8, no. 2 (August 2, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v8i2.47083.
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This legal research aims to determine the juridical analysis of polyandry marriages in terms of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. This research is a juridical-normative legal research. The research approach used is a statutory approach. The types of legal materials used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The data collection technique used is a literature study technique. Furthermore, using data processing techniques that are deductive and analyzed using content analysis. The results showed that polyandry marriages are part of polygamy just like polygyny, but polyandry marriages are prohibited in Indonesia, while polygynous marriages are permitted under certain conditions. However, even so, polyandry marriages also still occur, although very rarely, which is caused by several factors, namely economic factors, distance factors and the unfulfilled inner living, age factors, lack of family harmony, lack of faith and weak understanding of religion as social control. and cultural factors. Based on a juridical analysis of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, it is not found any article that regulates permission for women or wives to have more than one husband or permission to do polyandry. The practice of polyandry is prohibited in Indonesia because it can have several impacts, namely the impact on offspring and the impact on the parties.
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Holman, Luke, and Hanna Kokko. "The consequences of polyandry for population viability, extinction risk and conservation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1613 (March 5, 2013): 20120053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0053.
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Polyandry, by elevating sexual conflict and selecting for reduced male care relative to monandry, may exacerbate the cost of sex and thereby seriously impact population fitness. On the other hand, polyandry has a number of possible population-level benefits over monandry, such as increased sexual selection leading to faster adaptation and a reduced mutation load. Here, we review existing information on how female fitness evolves under polyandry and how this influences population dynamics. In balance, it is far from clear whether polyandry has a net positive or negative effect on female fitness, but we also stress that its effects on individuals may not have visible demographic consequences. In populations that produce many more offspring than can possibly survive and breed, offspring gained or lost as a result of polyandry may not affect population size. Such ecological ‘masking’ of changes in population fitness could hide a response that only manifests under adverse environmental conditions (e.g. anthropogenic change). Surprisingly few studies have attempted to link mating system variation to population dynamics, and in general we urge researchers to consider the ecological consequences of evolutionary processes.
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Eizaguirre, Christophe, David Laloi, Manuel Massot, Murielle Richard, Pierre Federici, and Jean Clobert. "Condition dependence of reproductive strategy and the benefits of polyandry in a viviparous lizard." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1608 (November 21, 2006): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3740.
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Species in which males do not contribute to reproduction beyond the provision of sperm offer good opportunities to study the potential genetic benefits that females can obtain from polyandry. Here, we report the results of a study examining the relationships between polyandry and components of female fitness in the common lizard ( Lacerta vivipara ). We found that polyandrous females produce larger clutches than monandrous females. Polyandrous females also lose fewer offspring during the later stages of gestation and at birth, but we did not find any relationship between polyandry and physical characteristics of viable neonates. Our results were consistent with the predictions of the intrinsic male quality hypothesis, while inbreeding avoidance and genetic incompatibility avoidance might also explain some part of the variation observed in clutch size. Moreover, the benefits of polyandry appeared to depend on female characteristics, as revealed by an interaction between reproductive strategy and female length on reproductive success. Thus, all females did not benefit equally from mating with multiple males, which could explain why polyandry and monandry coexist.
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Byrne, Phillip G., and J. Scott Keogh. "Extreme sequential polyandry insures against nest failure in a frog." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1654 (September 9, 2008): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0794.
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Sequential polyandry may evolve as an insurance mechanism to reduce the risk of choosing a mate that is infertile, closely related, genetically inferior or incompatible, but polyandry also might insure against nest failure in unpredictable environments. Most animals are oviparous, and in species where males provide nest sites whose quality varies substantially and unpredictably, polyandrous females might insure offspring success by distributing their eggs across multiple nests. Here, we test this hypothesis in a wild population of an Australian terrestrial toadlet, a polyandrous species, where males construct nests and remain with broods. We found that females partitioned their eggs across the nests of two to eight males and that more polyandrous females gained a significant increase in mean offspring survivorship. Our results provide evidence for the most extreme case of sequential polyandry yet discovered in a vertebrate and also suggest that insurance against nest failure might favour the evolution of polyandry. We propose that insurance against nest failure might be widespread among oviparous taxa and provide an important explanation for the prevalence of sequential polyandry in nature.
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Pizzari, Tommaso, and Nina Wedell. "The polyandry revolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1613 (March 5, 2013): 20120041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0041.
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Gowaty, Patricia Adair. "Adaptively flexible polyandry." Animal Behaviour 86, no. 5 (November 2013): 877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.08.015.
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Price, Tom A. R., Greg D. D. Hurst, and Nina Wedell. "Polyandry Prevents Extinction." Current Biology 20, no. 5 (March 2010): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.01.050.
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Parker, Geoff A., and Tim R. Birkhead. "Polyandry: the history of a revolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1613 (March 5, 2013): 20120335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0335.
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We give a historic overview and critical perspective of polyandry in the context of sexual selection. Early approaches tended to obfuscate the fact that the total matings (copulations) by the two sexes is equal, neglecting female interests and that females often mate with (or receive ejaculates from) more than one male (polyandry). In recent years, we have gained much more insight into adaptive reasons for polyandry, particularly from the female perspective. However, costs and benefits of multiple mating are unlikely to be equal for males and females. These must be assessed for each partner at each potential mating between male i and female j , and will often be highly asymmetric. Interests of i and j may be in conflict, with (typically, ultimately because of primordial sex differences) i benefitting and j losing from mating, although theoretically the reverse can also obtain. Polyandry reduces the sex difference in Bateman gradients, and the probability of sexual conflict over mating by: (i) reducing the potential expected value of each mating to males in inverse proportion to the number of mates per female per clutch, and also often by (ii) increasing ejaculate costs through increased sperm allocation. It can nevertheless create conflict over fertilization and increase conflict over parental investment. The observed mean mating frequency for the population (and hence the degree of polyandry) is likely, at least in part, to reflect a resolution of sexual conflict. Immense diversity exists across and within taxa in the extent of polyandry, and views on its significance have changed radically, as we illustrate using avian polyandry as a case study. Despite recent criticisms, the contribution of the early pioneers of sexual selection, Darwin and Bateman, remains generally valid, and should not, therefore, be negated; as with much in science, pioneering advances are more often amplified and refined, rather than replaced with entirely new paradigms.
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Sutter, Andreas, Laura M. Travers, Keiko Oku, Kynan L. Delaney, Stefan J. Store, Tom A. R. Price, and Nina Wedell. "Flexible polyandry in female flies is an adaptive response to infertile males." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 6 (August 21, 2019): 1715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz140.
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Abstract Infertility is common in nature despite its obvious cost to individual fitness. Rising global temperatures are predicted to decrease fertility, and male sterility is frequently used in attempts to regulate pest or disease vector populations. When males are infertile, females may mate with multiple males to ensure fertilization, and changes in female mating behavior in turn could intensify selection on male fertility. Fertility assurance is a potentially wide-spread explanation for polyandry, but whether and how it actually contributes to the evolution of polyandry is not clear. Moreover, whether a drop in male fertility would lead to a genetic increase in polyandry depends on whether females respond genetically or through behavioral plasticity to male infertility. Here, we experimentally manipulate male fertility through heat-exposure in Drosophila pseudoobscura, and test female discrimination against infertile males before and after mating. Using isogenic lines, we compare the roles of behaviorally plastic versus genetically fixed polyandry. We find that heat-exposed males are less active and attractive, and that females are more likely to remate after mating with these males. Remating rate increases with reduced reproductive output, indicating that females use current sperm storage threshold to make dynamic remating decisions. After remating with fertile males, females restore normal fecundity levels. Our results suggest that male infertility could explain the evolution of adaptively flexible polyandry, but is less likely to cause an increase in genetic polyandry.
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Marshall, Dustin J., and Jonathan P. Evans. "Context-dependent genetic benefits of polyandry in a marine hermaphrodite." Biology Letters 3, no. 6 (October 2, 2007): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0438.
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Numerous studies emphasize the potential indirect (genetic) benefits of polyandry in animals with resource-free mating systems. In this paper, we examine the potential for these benefits to fuel sexual selection and polyandry in the hermaphroditic ascidian Pyura stolonifera . Individuals were designated either sire (sperm producers) or dam (egg producers) at random and crossed in a North Carolina II breeding design to produce both paternal and maternal half siblings for our quantitative genetic analysis. We then partitioned the phenotypic variance in fertilization and hatching rates into additive and non-additive variance components. We found significant additive variance attributable to sire and dam effects at fertilization and hatching, suggesting the potential for selection to favour individuals carrying intrinsically ‘good genes’ for these traits. In separate analyses involving monandrous and polyandrous clutches, we found that both traits were elevated under polyandry, but the difference in hatching rates was due entirely to the difference in fertilization rates between treatments. When the hatching rates were standardized to account for variance at fertilization, there was no overall net benefit of polyandry for this trait. Despite this, we found that hatching success declined with increasing embryo densities, and that the slope of this decline was significantly greater in monandrous than polyandrous clutches. Hence, selection on embryo viability may still favour polyandry under restricted environmental conditions. Nevertheless, our results caution against interpreting elevated hatching success as an indirect genetic benefit of polyandry when variance in fertilization is not controlled.
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Kvarnemo, Charlotta, and Leigh W. Simmons. "Polyandry as a mediator of sexual selection before and after mating." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1613 (March 5, 2013): 20120042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0042.
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The Darwin–Bateman paradigm recognizes competition among males for access to multiple mates as the main driver of sexual selection. Increasingly, however, females are also being found to benefit from multiple mating so that polyandry can generate competition among females for access to multiple males, and impose sexual selection on female traits that influence their mating success. Polyandry can reduce a male's ability to monopolize females, and thus weaken male focused sexual selection. Perhaps the most important effect of polyandry on males arises because of sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Polyandry favours increased male ejaculate expenditure that can affect sexual selection on males by reducing their potential reproductive rate. Moreover, sexual selection after mating can ameliorate or exaggerate sexual selection before mating. Currently, estimates of sexual selection intensity rely heavily on measures of male mating success, but polyandry now raises serious questions over the validity of such approaches. Future work must take into account both pre- and post-copulatory episodes of selection. A change in focus from the products of sexual selection expected in males, to less obvious traits in females, such as sensory perception, is likely to reveal a greater role of sexual selection in female evolution.
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Mank, Judith E., Nina Wedell, and David J. Hosken. "Polyandry and sex-specific gene expression." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1613 (March 5, 2013): 20120047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0047.
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Polyandry is widespread in nature, and has important evolutionary consequences for the evolution of sexual dimorphism and sexual conflict. Although many of the phenotypic consequences of polyandry have been elucidated, our understanding of the impacts of polyandry and mating systems on the genome is in its infancy. Polyandry can intensify selection on sexual characters and generate more intense sexual conflict. This has consequences for sequence evolution, but also for sex-biased gene expression, which acts as a link between mating systems, sex-specific selection and the evolution of sexual dimorphism. We discuss this and the remarkable confluence of sexual-conflict theory and patterns of gene expression, while also making predictions about transcription patterns, mating systems and sexual conflict. Gene expression is a key link in the genotype–phenotype chain, and although in its early stages, understanding the sexual selection–transcription relationship will provide significant insights into this critical association.
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Batishcheva, N. M., V. D. Yagodina, and V. A. Brykov. "Evidence of the Genetic Mating System in Viviparity White-Edged Rockfish, <i>Sebastes taczanowskii</i> Steindachner, 1880." Генетика 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016675823010022.
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Internal fertilization and viviparity are characteristic of some species of the genus Sebastes. Polyandry has also been reported for some species of this genus. We used five microsatellite markers and three main statistical approaches to estimate the level of polyandry in a wild population of white-edged rockfish (Sebastes taczanowskii). In some clutches, we detected multiple paternity. This study is the first record of multiple paternity in white-edged rockfish from the Far East. Polyandry is probably quite a widespread strategy in this species inhabiting the Far Eastern seas, and also an important factor in the regulation of genetic diversity and productivity.
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Vira Chairuni, Ade, and Arif Sugitanata. "EKSPLORASI SECARA MULTIDIMENSI SEBAGAI SUATU PERBANDINGAN TERHADAP DINAMIKA LARANGAN POLIANDRI." JURNAL DARUSSALAM: Pemikiran Hukum Tata Negara dan Perbandingan Mazhab 4, no. 1 (June 26, 2024): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.59259/jd.v4i1.123.
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This study explores the multidimensional dynamics of the prohibition of polyandry, a marital practice where a woman has more than one husband. Methodologically, the research is grounded in a qualitative approach, drawing on a diverse range of literature, including books, journals, and websites, which are analyzed descriptively and analytically based on the theory of Maslahah. The study aims to provide a deeper understanding and analysis of the dynamics surrounding the prohibition of polyandry and its relevance to the concept of Maslahah. The exploration reveals that the prohibition of polyandry is influenced by social, legal, cultural, economic, and health dimensions. From a social perspective, polyandry disrupts patriarchal structures and complicates issues of lineage and inheritance. Legally, the practice challenges administrative regulations and civil status, reflecting dominant religious and moral norms that support monogamy or controlled polygamy. Economically, while polyandry may address financial constraints in specific settings, it generally reduces economic efficiency and household financial management in the broader societal context. In terms of health, the practice poses risks related to sexual and reproductive health, potentially increasing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and complicating reproductive management. Additionally, through the lens of Maslahah in Islamic law, the prohibition of polyandry is considered an effort to protect the public welfare, minimize harm (mudharat), and enhance social and familial stability. It indicates that the prohibition policy is not only a manifestation of traditional or religious values but also the result of pragmatic and comprehensive consideration of its long-term impacts on the structure and function of society. Overall, the study provides a critical explanation of how the concept of Maslahah justifies the prohibition, ultimately aiming to preserve societal order and overall well-being.
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Rizaldy, Wahyu Fahmi. "DINAMIKA IZIN LINGKUNGAN INDUSTRI DAN PENANGANAN PENCEMARAN DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) CITARUM." JURNAL DARUSSALAM: Pemikiran Hukum Tata Negara dan Perbandingan Mazhab 4, no. 1 (June 26, 2024): 32–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.59259/jd.v4i1.118.
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This study explores the multidimensional dynamics of the prohibition of polyandry, a marital practice where a woman has more than one husband. Methodologically, the research is grounded in a qualitative approach, drawing on a diverse range of literature, including books, journals, and websites, which are analyzed descriptively and analytically based on the theory of Maslahah. The study aims to provide a deeper understanding and analysis of the dynamics surrounding the prohibition of polyandry and its relevance to the concept of Maslahah. The exploration reveals that the prohibition of polyandry is influenced by social, legal, cultural, economic, and health dimensions. From a social perspective, polyandry disrupts patriarchal structures and complicates issues of lineage and inheritance. Legally, the practice challenges administrative regulations and civil status, reflecting dominant religious and moral norms that support monogamy or controlled polygamy. Economically, while polyandry may address financial constraints in specific settings, it generally reduces economic efficiency and household financial management in the broader societal context. In terms of health, the practice poses risks related to sexual and reproductive health, potentially increasing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and complicating reproductive management. Additionally, through the lens of Maslahah in Islamic law, the prohibition of polyandry is considered an effort to protect the public welfare, minimize harm (mudharat), and enhance social and familial stability. It indicates that the prohibition policy is not only a manifestation of traditional or religious values but also the result of pragmatic and comprehensive consideration of its long-term impacts on the structure and function of society. Overall, the study provides a critical explanation of how the concept of Maslahah justifies the prohibition, ultimately aiming to preserve societal order and overall well-being.
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Vahed, Karim, Darren J. Parker, and James D. J. Gilbert. "Larger testes are associated with a higher level of polyandry, but a smaller ejaculate volume, across bushcricket species (Tettigoniidae)." Biology Letters 7, no. 2 (November 10, 2010): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0840.
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While early models of ejaculate allocation predicted that both relative testes and ejaculate size should increase with sperm competition intensity across species, recent models predict that ejaculate size may actually decrease as testes size and sperm competition intensity increase, owing to the confounding effect of potential male mating rate. A recent study demonstrated that ejaculate volume decreased in relation to increased polyandry across bushcricket species, but testes mass was not measured. Here, we recorded testis mass for 21 bushcricket species, while ejaculate (ampulla) mass, nuptial gift mass, sperm number and polyandry data were largely obtained from the literature. Using phylogenetic-comparative analyses, we found that testis mass increased with the degree of polyandry, but decreased with increasing ejaculate mass. We found no significant relationship between testis mass and either sperm number or nuptial gift mass. While these results are consistent with recent models of ejaculate allocation, they could alternatively be driven by substances in the ejaculate that affect the degree of polyandry and/or by a trade-off between resources spent on testes mass versus non-sperm components of the ejaculate.
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Klemme, Ines, and Hannu Ylönen. "Polyandry enhances offspring survival in an infanticidal species." Biology Letters 6, no. 1 (August 12, 2009): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0500.
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The adaptive significance of polyandry is an intensely debated subject in sexual selection. For species with male infanticidal behaviour, it has been hypothesized that polyandry evolved as female counterstrategy to offspring loss: by mating with multiple males, females may conceal paternity and so prevent males from killing putative offspring. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first empirical test of this hypothesis in a combined laboratory and field study, and show that multiple mating seems to reduce the risk of infanticide in female bank voles Myodes glareolus . Our findings thus indicate that females of species with non-resource based mating systems, in which males provide nothing but sperm, but commit infanticide, can gain non-genetic fitness benefits from polyandry.
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Smith, Eric Alden. "Is tibetan polyandry adaptive?" Human Nature 9, no. 3 (September 1998): 225–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-998-1004-3.
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Van Wagoner, Richard S. "Mormon Polyandry in Nauvoo." Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 18, no. 3 (October 1, 1985): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45227986.
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Kawazu, K., W. Sugeno, A. Mochizuki, and S. Nakamura. "Polyandry increases reproductive performance but does not decrease survival in female Brontispa longissima." Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000730.
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AbstractThe costs and benefits of polyandry are still not well understood. We studied the effects of multiple mating on the reproductive performance of female Brontispa longissima (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), one of the most serious pests of the coconut palm, by using three experimental treatments: (1) singly-mated females (single treatment); (2) females that mated 10 times with the same male (repetition treatment); and (3) females that mated once with each of 10 different males (polyandry treatment). Both multiple mating treatments resulted in significantly greater total egg production and the proportion of eggs that successfully hatched (hatching success) than with the single mating treatment. Furthermore, the polyandry treatment resulted in greater total egg production and hatching success than with the repetition treatment. Thus, mate diversity may affect the direct and indirect benefits of multiple mating. Female longevity, the length of the preoviposition period, the length of the period from emergence to termination of oviposition, and the length of the ovipositing period did not differ among treatments. The pronounced fecundity and fertility benefits that females gain from multiple mating, coupled with a lack of longevity costs, apparently explain the extreme polyandry in B. longissima.
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Owen, Robin E., and Troy L. Whidden. "Monandry and polyandry in three species of North American bumble bees (Bombus) determined using microsatellite DNA markers." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 7 (July 2013): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0288.
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Polyandry, or multiple mating by females, is widespread in insects, and generally females need to mate more than once to achieve maximum fertility and fecundity. However, although monandry by queens (mating with a single male) is the general rule in the eusocial Hymenoptera, polyandry does occur in many species. Since there are associated costs, numerous hypotheses have been proposed to account for its evolution. Two hypotheses are particularly applicable to bumble bees: the genetic load (cost of diploid male production) hypothesis, which predicts monandry in bumble bees, and the resistance to disease hypothesis, which predicts polyandry. We used four DNA microsatellite markers to determine mating frequencies of queens of three species of North American bumble bees: Bombus (Pyrobombus) perplexus Cresson, 1863, Bombus (Bombus s. str.) occidentalis Greene, 1858, and Bombus (Bombus s. str.) terricola Kirby, 1837. No multiply-mated queens were found in either B. terricola (n = 21 colonies) or B. occidentalis (n = 23 colonies). However, 2 out of the 24 B. perplexus colonies were found to have twice-mated queens. This is consistent with other studies which indicate that bumble bees are mostly monoandrous, but that species of the subgenus Pyrobombus Dalla Torre, 1880 are likely to show some degree of polyandry.
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Wedell, Nina. "The dynamic relationship between polyandry and selfish genetic elements." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1613 (March 5, 2013): 20120049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0049.
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Selfish genetic elements (SGEs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes and bacteria, and make up a large part of the genome. They frequently target sperm to increase their transmission success, but these manipulations are often associated with reduced male fertility. Low fertility of SGE-carrying males is suggested to promote polyandry as a female strategy to bias paternity against male carriers. Support for this hypothesis is found in several taxa, where SGE-carrying males have reduced sperm competitive ability. In contrast, when SGEs give rise to reproductive incompatibilities between SGE-carrying males and females, polyandry is not necessarily favoured, irrespective of the detrimental impact on male fertility. This is due to the frequency-dependent nature of these incompatibilities, because they will decrease in the population as the frequency of SGEs increases. However, reduced fertility of SGE-carrying males can prevent the successful population invasion of SGEs. In addition, SGEs can directly influence male and female mating behaviour, mating rates and reproductive traits (e.g. female reproductive tract length and male sperm). This reveals a potent and dynamic interaction between SGEs and polyandry highlighting the potential to generate sexual selection and conflict, but also indicates that polyandry can promote harmony within the genome by undermining the spread of SGEs.
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Naseem, Afshan, Umme Laila Naqvi, and Saman Safdar. "Female Self-objectification and Identity in Fiction “Before She Sleeps” by Bina Shah." Spring 2023 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 842–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.324.
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This novel is about women's objectification and identity through the concept of polyandry. This research highlights these types of problems related to women that are increasing in society day by day. This article aims to illustrate Polyandry and pain in women. They do not have the choice to live their life freely. They are like scapegoats in a patriarchal society. Polyandry is an ancient Greek word that means many men. It is first practiced in India. This article is wrapped with the viewpoints of some writers such as Tiwari, Goldstein, and Peter. This article presents a clear picture of Green City. Though it looks like a prosperous city yet it is proved a hell for women. In this regard, women chose an underground place to live named Panah. They deal with forty clients in order to win bread and butter. Men use different types of techniques to tempt women, such as whisky and champagne, to fulfill their purposes. Women in Panah provide them intimacy in the shame of lullaby, not sex. So, the study explains traumatic realities and also the relationship between agonies and physical distortion concerning the women characters, along with the concept of polyandry, which affects the life of women.
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Hamsah, Yudi, and Irma Nur Rahmi. "THE PRACTICE OF POLYANDRY MARRIAGE IN WOLWAL VILLAGE IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY OF ISLAMIC LAW." Al-Usroh 3, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24260/al-usroh.v3i2.2019.
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This study aims to find out how polyandry marriages are practiced in Wolwal Village, Alor Barat Daya District, Alor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This type of research is a type of qualitative research using field research methods, so that researchers go directly to the community and obtain valid data. The procedure of this research is data collection, data reduction, data presentation and the stage of verification or drawing conclusions. Based on the data collected then analyzed using a sociological normative approach, namely by assessing the facts or realities that exist in society or the values that are held in society, whether marriage is in accordance with the rules of Islamic teachings or actually deviates. The instruments used were observation, interviews, and documentation related to polyandry marriages in Wolwal Village. Based on the research results obtained, the researchers concluded that there were polyandry marriages in Wolwal Village. This marriage was caused on the basis of ignorance about the marriage procedure recommended by Islamic law and also other factors that increased within the perpetrator of the marriage so that the marriage took place. Meanwhile, in a sociological review of Islamic law, there is a prohibition in polyandry marriages due to the fact that in this marriage there will be defects in family relations or in society in general and not knowing the biological children of the couple.
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Garner, Trenton W. J., and Karl W. Larsen. "Multiple paternity in the western terrestrial garter snake, Thamnophis elegans." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-057.
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Multiple paternity may be a widespread phenomenon in snakes, but studies to date are inadequate for assessing the effect that phylogeny may have on paternity. Hypothetical mechanisms responsible for polyandry in snakes include intersexual conflicts and avoidance of genetic incompatibilities due to inbreeding. We analysed the offspring of six litters of western terrestrial garter snakes (Thamnophis elegans (Baird and Girard, 1853)) using microsatellite DNA polymorphisms. We directly detected multiple paternity in half of the litters, one of which exhibited triple paternity, and substantial skew of paternal contributions in all multiply sired litters. Females producing multiply sired offspring were heavier postpartum and produced larger litters, suggesting that larger females that invest more in reproduction are more likely to be multiply mated, a result supporting the hypothesis that polyandry is due to intersexual conflict. Continued investigations of paternity patterns within this genus are under way, but if the factors driving polyandry in snakes are to be identified, controlled laboratory crosses are required.
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Seeley, Thomas D., and David R. Tarpy. "Queen promiscuity lowers disease within honeybee colonies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1606 (September 26, 2006): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3702.
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Most species of social insects have singly mated queens, but in some species each queen mates with numerous males to create a colony with a genetically diverse worker force. The adaptive significance of polyandry by social insect queens remains an evolutionary puzzle. Using the honeybee ( Apis mellifera ), we tested the hypothesis that polyandry improves a colony's resistance to disease. We established colonies headed by queens that had been artificially inseminated by either one or 10 drones. Later, we inoculated these colonies with spores of Paenibacillus larvae , the bacterium that causes a highly virulent disease of honeybee larvae (American foulbrood). We found that, on average, colonies headed by multiple-drone inseminated queens had markedly lower disease intensity and higher colony strength at the end of the summer relative to colonies headed by single-drone inseminated queens. These findings support the hypothesis that polyandry by social insect queens is an adaptation to counter disease within their colonies.
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McDonald, Grant C., and Tommaso Pizzari. "Structure of sexual networks determines the operation of sexual selection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): E53—E61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710450115.
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Sexual selection is a fundamental evolutionary process but remains debated, particularly in the complexity of polyandrous populations where females mate with multiple males. This lack of resolution is partly because studies have largely ignored the structure of the sexual network, that is, the pattern of mate sharing. Here, we quantify what we call mating assortment with network analysis to specify explicitly the indirect as well as direct relationships between partners. We first review empirical studies, showing that mating assortment varies considerably in nature, due largely to basic properties of the sexual network (size and density) and partly to nonrandom patterns of mate sharing. We then use simulations to show how variation in mating assortment interacts with population-level polyandry to determine the strength of sexual selection on males. Controlling for average polyandry, positive mating assortment, arising when more polygynous males tend to mate with more polyandrous females, drastically decreases the intensity of precopulatory sexual selection on male mating success (Bateman gradient) and the covariance between male mating success and postcopulatory paternity share. Average polyandry independently weakened some measures of sexual selection and crucially also impacted sexual selection indirectly by constraining mating assortment through the saturation of the mating network. Mating assortment therefore represents a key—albeit overlooked—modulator of the strength of sexual selection. Our results show that jointly considering sexual network structure and average polyandry more precisely describes the strength of sexual selection.
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Ball, Angela. "Polyandry, and: Lo Que Hay." Colorado Review 38, no. 3 (2011): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/col.2011.0079.
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Neff, Bryan D., and Erik I. Svensson. "Polyandry and alternative mating tactics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1613 (March 5, 2013): 20120045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0045.
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Many species in the animal kingdom are characterized by alternative mating tactics (AMTs) within a sex. In males, such tactics include mate guarding versus sneaking behaviours, or territorial versus female mimicry. Although AMTs can occur in either sex, they have been most commonly described in males. This sex bias may, in part, reflect the increased opportunity for sexual selection that typically exists in males, which can result in a higher probability that AMTs evolve in that sex. Consequently, females and polyandry can play a pivotal role in governing the reproductive success associated with male AMTs and in the evolutionary dynamics of the tactics. In this review, we discuss polyandry and the evolution of AMTs. First, we define AMTs and review game theoretical and quantitative genetic approaches used to model their evolution. Second, we review several examples of AMTs, highlighting the roles that genes and environment play in phenotype expression and development of the tactics, as well as empirical approaches to differentiating among the mechanisms. Third, ecological and genetic constraints to the evolution of AMTs are discussed. Fourth, we speculate on why female AMTs are less reported on in the literature than male tactics. Fifth, we examine the effects of AMTs on breeding outcomes and female fitness, and as a source, and possibly also a consequence, of sexual conflict. We conclude by suggesting a new model for the evolution of AMTs that incorporates both environmental and genetic effects, and discuss some future avenues of research.
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Zonneveld, C. "Polyandry and protandry in butterflies." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 54, no. 6 (November 1992): 957–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02460661.
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ZONNEVELD, C. "Polyandry and protandry in butterflies." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 54, no. 6 (November 1992): 957–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8240(05)80090-4.
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Wade, Michael J. "Evolution: Postponing Extinction by Polyandry." Current Biology 20, no. 5 (March 2010): R239—R240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.01.041.
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Wade, Michael J. "Evolution: Postponing Extinction by Polyandry." Current Biology 20, no. 7 (April 2010): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.031.
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Fahmi, Mutiara, Muhammad Iqbal, Rizki Akbar, and Abidin Nurdin. "Raj'i Talaq Law According to the Shafi'i School in Polyandry Cases (Case Study of Banda Aceh Shar'iyah Court Decision Number 383/Pdt.G/2020/MS. Bna)." El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga 6, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ujhk.v6i1.14144.
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Islamic law and Indonesian legislation basically emphasize that marriage can only have one partner. In the Shafi'i school, Ash-Sharbini al-Khatib says, "A man, circumcision does not marry more than one wife without clear hajat. An-nash has pointed out that the principle of marriage is monogamy, not polygamy. The wife or a woman cannot marry more than one husband at the same time (polyandry) because of the impact caused. Polyandry is clearly forbidden as has been said by Allah Almighty. in QS. An-Nisa verse 24. In decision No. 383/Pdt.G/2020/MS. The bna polyandry is one of the reasons for divorce with the dropping of talaq one raj'i. The question in this thesis is how the right of talaq possessed by a husband how to analyze the Decision of the Judge of the Shar'iyah Court of Banda Aceh, and why the case of polyandry as a background for the breakup of marriage is broken with talaq raj'i. In this study, the author uses library research methods to analyze the judge's consideration and the Shafi'i school in terms of holding talaq rights on the grounds that they are caused by polyandry. There are several factors that make the existing legal provisions and procedures different, in the Shafi'i school in terms of privacy such as talaq is very guarded because it is considered bad if there are parties outside who know the domestic affairs, in contrast to the judge's consideration, the procedures of the Shar'iyah Court, the benefit of divorce is regulated to reduce illegal divorces that are not in accordance with the existing Shari'a. Therefore, it can be concluded that the difference that we can see between the judge's consideration and the Shafi'i school is the freedom of the husband to impose talaq anywhere and anytime, and the determination of the amount of talaq based on the husband's own intentions.
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Fantin, Cleiton, Izeni Pires Farias, Luiz Alberto dos Santos Monjeló, and Luciana Santos Viana. "Polyandry in Podocnemis unifilis (Pleurodira; Podocnemididae), the vulnerable yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle." Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no. 4 (2008): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808786230361.
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AbstractWe used eight microsatellite loci to investigate the mating system in P. unifilis. DNA samples were collected from 66 hatchlings sampled from six nests on a central Amazon River beach near Barreirinha, Amazonas, Brazil. We found that P. unifilis females exhibited a promiscuous mating system (polyandry) with all nests being fathered by at least two males. The presence of multiple males contributing to each clutch was ascertained by the presence of at least two extra alleles in multilocus genotypes in each nest. Our data demonstrate that polyandry seems to be the prevalent system of mating in this endangered species.
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Evans, Jonathan P., and Jennifer L. Kelley. "Implications of multiple mating for offspring relatedness and shoaling behaviour in juvenile guppies." Biology Letters 4, no. 6 (September 2, 2008): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0423.
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Polyandry (female multiple mating) can confer important benefits to females, but few studies have considered its potential costs. One such cost may arise through differences in the relatedness of offspring born to females with different mating histories; offspring born to monandrous females are always full siblings, while those produced by polyandrous females may be full or half siblings. These differences may have important consequences for social interactions among offspring. We used artificial insemination in the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ), a promiscuous live-bearing fish, to evaluate shoaling behaviour in polyandrous and monandrous broods. We combined this information with known parentage data for the polyandrous broods to determine whether sibling relatedness influenced offspring shoaling behaviour. While we detected no effect of mating treatment (polyandry/monandry) on shoaling behaviour, we found that pairs of full siblings spent significantly more time shoaling (and in close proximity) than pairs of half siblings. This latter finding confirms the ability of newborn guppies to distinguish brood mates on the basis of kinship, but also suggests an important and hitherto unrealized potential cost of polyandry: a reduction in within-brood relatedness with potentially important implications for offspring social behaviour.
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Firman, Renée C. "Polyandrous females benefit by producing sons that achieve high reproductive success in a competitive environment." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1719 (February 2, 2011): 2823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2791.
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Females of many taxa often copulate with multiple males and incite sperm competition. On the premise that males of high genetic quality are more successful in sperm competition, it has been suggested that females may benefit from polyandry by accruing ‘good genes’ for their offspring. Laboratory studies have shown that multiple mating can increase female fitness through enhanced embryo viability, and have exposed how polyandry influences the evolution of the ejaculate. However, such studies often do not allow for both female mate choice and male–male competition to operate simultaneously. Here, I took house mice (Mus domesticus ) from selection lines that had been evolving with (polygamous) and without (monogamous) sperm competition for 16 generations and, by placing them in free-ranging enclosures for 11 weeks, forced them to compete for access to resources and mates. Parentage analyses revealed that female reproductive success was not influenced by selection history, but there was a significant paternity bias towards males from the polygamous selection lines. Therefore, I show that female house mice benefit from polyandry by producing sons that achieve increased fitness in a semi-natural environment.
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Schmid-Hempel, Paul, and Ross H. Crozier. "Ployandry versus polygyny versus parasites." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1382 (February 28, 1999): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0401.
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Although social insect colonies are most easily conceptualized as consisting of a single, once–mated queen and her worker progeny, the number of queens per colony and the number of times queens mate varies broadly in ants and other social insects. Various hypotheses have been suggested for the resulting range of breeding systems and social organizations, respectively; one set of hypotheses relating to both queen number and mate number at the same time is a need for genetic variation, especially in relation to disease resistance. We here carry out a comparative analysis using phylogenetic information and, contrary to one non–phylogenetic previous study, we find that polyandry and polygyny are not significantly associated. However, the level of relatedness within colonies, a quantity affected by both polyandry and polygyny, is significantly associated with parasite loads: species with colonies with low relatedness levels have lower parasite loads. Given that, under the variance–reduction principle, selection on queens for mating frequency ought to continue even in polygynous colonies, we suggest that while parasite loads indeed seem to correlate with intra–colony genetic variability, the relationship to polyandry and polygyny may be complex and requires considerably more experimental investigation.
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Valle, Carlos A. "Parental Role-Reversed Polyandry and Paternity." Auk 111, no. 2 (April 1994): 476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4088613.
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Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique. "Serial Monogamy as Polygyny or Polyandry?" Human Nature 20, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 130–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-009-9060-x.
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