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Academic literature on the topic 'Pollution Taboos'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pollution Taboos"

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Kekes, John. "Disgust and Moral Taboos." Philosophy 67, no. 262 (October 1992): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003181910004064x.

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Disgust is not a pleasant subject. It is perhaps partly for this reason that it has not been much discussed in philosophical literature, or, indeed anywhere else. Disgust has considerable moral significance however, and appreciating its significance will illuminate the present state of our morality. One may be led to this view by reflecting on several recent works on pollution. The pollution in question, of course, is not of the air, soil, or water, but that of people who have violated moral taboos of their society'.
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Madi, Elisa, and Alpina Begossi. "Pollution and Food Taboos: A Practical Reason ?" Journal of Human Ecology 8, no. 6 (November 1997): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.1997.11907309.

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Bhurekeni, John. "Enacting Environmental Ethics Education for Wildlife Conservation using an Afrophilic ‘Philosophy for Children’ approach." Southern African Journal of Environmental Education 38, no. 1 (October 31, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajee.v38i1.02.

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Environmental Ethics Education has in recent years emerged as a critical tool for wildlife conservation research. Despite this, Environmental Ethics Education is paradoxically predominated by traditional forms of western science such as the concept of the Anthropocene which appears to exclude aspects of African life-worlds where the natural environment is considered a heritage component and is linked to onto-ethical understandings of human existence. The purpose of this study is to explore how African heritage-based knowledges and practices are understood by children who identify and understand the relevance of their totems and taboos associated with them, in relation to wildlife conservation. The study from which this paper is derived utilised formative interventionist methodology complemented by a multi-voiced decolonial approach to explore whether children-participants aged 8 to 11 years understand the purposes of their totems and associated taboos. To achieve this I used an Afrophilic Philosophy for Children pedagogical approach, which foregrounds dialogical learning and development of critical reflexive thinking skills. Emerging findings indicated that children associated their totems and connected taboos as tools for protection against environmental pollution and for minimising resource over-extraction. Findings further demonstrated improved learner agency and development of ethical reasoning among children. As participants’ respect for environmental conservation and sustainability was informed by the significance placed on their totems, I recommend the need for schools to develop generativecurricula that take seriously context-based solutions to environmental problems. Future research should also consider understanding environmental conservation issues from a context-based perspective, which can inform existing heritage practices and pedagogies.Keywords: Environmental Ethics Education, Afrophilic Philosophy for Children, ethical reasoning, heritage-knowledges
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Gurrieri, Lauren, Jan Brace-Govan, and Helene Cherrier. "Controversial advertising: transgressing the taboo of gender-based violence." European Journal of Marketing 50, no. 7/8 (July 11, 2016): 1448–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-09-2014-0597.

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Purpose To date, the cultural and societal effects of controversial advertising have been insufficiently considered. This study aims to investigate how advertising that uses violent representations of women transgresses the taboo of gender-based violence. Design/methodology/approach This study encompasses a visual analysis of the subject positions of women in five violent advertising representations and a critical discourse analysis of the defensive statements provided by the client organisations subsequent to the public outrage generated by the campaigns. Findings The authors identify taboo transgression in the Tease, Piece of Meat and Conquered subject positions, wherein women are represented as suggestive, dehumanised and submissive. Client organisations seek to defend these taboo transgressions through the use of three discursive strategies – subverting interpretations, making authority claims and denying responsibility – which legitimise the control of the organisations but simultaneously work to obscure the power relations at play. Practical implications The representational authority that advertisers hold as cultural intermediaries in society highlights the need for greater consideration of the ethical responsibilities in producing controversial advertisements, especially those which undermine the status of women. Social implications Controversial advertising that transgresses the taboo of violence against women reinforces gender norms and promotes ambiguous and adverse understandings of women’s subjectivities by introducing pollution and disorder to gender politics. Originality/value This paper critically assesses the societal implications of controversial advertising practices, thus moving away from the extant focus on managerial implications. Through a conceptualisation of controversial advertising as transgressing taboo boundaries, the authors highlight how advertising plays an important role in shifting these boundaries whereby taboos come to be understood as generative and evolving. However, this carries moral implications which may have damaging societal effects.
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Makaudze, Godwin. "TEACHER, BOOK AND COMPANION: THE ENVIRONMENT IN SHONA CHILDREN’S LITERATURE." Commonwealth Youth and Development 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1150.

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Contemporary society has had running battles with citizens, trying to force them to be aware and appreciative of the importance of relating well with, and also safeguarding the environment. Modern ways of child socialisation seem in mentoring youngsters about the being, nature and significance of the environment (both natural and social) in life. Today, society it has largely become the duty of non-governmental organisations and law enforcement agents to educate and safeguard against the abuse of the social environment and the degradation, pollution and extinction of crucial facets of the natural environment. Using the Afrocentricity theory, the article explicates the position of the environment in Shona children’s oral literature (folktales, songs, riddles and taboos), showing that it was presented, viewed and taken as a teacher, book and close companion whose welfare was to be guarded jealously. The article advocates the adoption and adaptation of African ways of child socialisation, which subtly but effectively build a positive and healthy relationship between people and their environment.
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Chapman, Margaret D. "Environmental Influences on the Development of Traditional Conservation in the South Pacific Region." Environmental Conservation 12, no. 3 (1985): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900015952.

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There is an urgent need for improved understanding of conservation attitudes in the Third World because of the increasing rate of resource depletion that is now occurring in the countries involved. Although conservation practices by traditional societies in the Third World have received much attention from research workers, the fact that some practices are intentional and others inadvertent has been largely ignored. However, it is the motivation for these intentional conservation measures and the environmental influences on the people who apply them, which is crucial to understanding variations in conservation behaviour among traditional societies.Traditional conservation in the South Pacific was based on a complex system of resource-use taboos which prevented overexploitation in the limited island environment. These taboos contributed to the achievement during pre- European times of what appears from historical accounts to have been a state of relative equilibrium between island populations and their resources.Predictability and extremeness are two environmental factors which are thought to affect the development of conservational behaviour. Both these factors were examined in the light of traditional conservation in the South Pacific. Droughts and hurricanes are the two main sources of environmental unpredictability in the South Pacific, although the islands vary considerably in the degree to which they are affected by them. It was concluded that a distinction between real and perceived environmental predictability was necessary before one could fully understand the influence of predictability upon the development of conservational behaviour in the South Pacific.
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Rossi, Stefano. "Female Onanism: Condemned Pleasures, Medical Probes, and Late-Victorian Pornography." Victoriographies 11, no. 2 (July 2021): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2021.0420.

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The more Victorian physicians deepened their research into female sexuality, the more a culture of lust infected the hypocritical façade of a nation strictly attached to social norms of order, formality, and bigotry. Lascivious sexual desire and carnal appetite – here embodied in female masturbation – were taboos that had to be forcibly silenced. Yet, late-Victorian pornography mocked medical discourses on female onanism, as well as fears related to female sexuality, and revealed ‘unspeakable’ secret domestic settings marred by ‘dangerous’ practices, scandalous carnality and deviant desires. Furthermore, contemptuous of literary censorship and strict morality, the plenteous erotic literature, represented here by William Lazenby's pornographic magazine The Pearl, not only dared to taunt physicians’ concerns about female ‘self-pollution’ circulating at that time, but also found a great inspiration in the huge domestic success of some innovative medical tools – specifically patented to assuage women's nerves – being produced in those years: electric vibrators. Those ‘engines’ rapidly invaded pornographic literature of the late nineteenth century and became central to a great number of erotic stories, titillating fables and poems, as clearly demonstrated by the contents of The Pearl.
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Roy, Anjali Gera. "Black beats with a Punjabi twist." Popular Music 32, no. 2 (May 2013): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143013000111.

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AbstractThe bonding between black and brown immigrants in Britain has resulted in the emergence of a new musical genre called Bhangra, which hybridises Punjabi dhol rhythms with those of reggae, rap and hip hop. Bhangra's appropriation of Black sounds that are considered ‘Kool’ in the West has not only given Asian youth a new, distinctive voice in the form of ‘Asian dance music’ but has also led to the reinvention of Punjabi folk tradition in consonance with the lived realities of multicultural Britain. This essay examines various aspects of sonic hybridisation in ‘the diaspora space’ by British Asian music producers through tracing the history of Bhangra's ‘douglarisation’, beginning in the 1990s with Apache Indian's experiments with reggae. It covers all forms of mixings that came in between, including active collaborations, rappings, remixings, samplings and so on that made Punjabi and Jamaican patois dialogue in the global popular cultural space. The essay explores the possibilities of a ‘douglas poetics’ for Bhangra by juxtaposing the celebration of sonic douglarisation in postmodern narratives of migrancy and hybridity against the stigmatisation of biological douglarisation in miscegenation theories and ancient Indian pollution taboos.
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Khotimah, Khusnul, Kisyani Laksono, and Suhartono Suhartono. "Patterns of Dysphemism of COVID-19 News in Indonesian Mass Media: Critical Eco-Discourse Analysis." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 5, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v5i4.1015.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the use of specialized terminology that is either new or beyond the lexical limits of its general usage. The mass media use various language tools to package constructive and destructive ideologies related to the environment, such as euphemisms and dysphemisms. This study discusses the patterns of dysphemism and the effect of using dysphemism in reporting on COVID-19 by the Indonesian mass media. This qualitative descriptive study utilized data collected from several Indonesian online media. Distributional and equivalent techniques were used for data analysis. The results showed that the Indonesian mass media applied four types of dysphemism expression units to report COVID-19, i.e., words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. These dysphemisms generally refer to humans, plants, animals, soil, toxic materials, trash and waste, pollution, destruction of nature, and taboos. In addition, the feelings contained in dysphemism are creepy, awful, disgusting, reinforcing, and disrespectful. There are several reasons for using dysphemism, namely: (a) attracting the reader's attention, (b) confirming speech or strengthening meaning, (c) word variations, (d) provocation, and (e) saving space. Some of the impacts of using dysphemism in society are rude language patterns, irritability, disturbed psychology, and blurred understanding.
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Morrison, Joanna, Machhindra Basnet, Anju Bhatt, Sangeeta Khimbanjar, Sandhya Chaulagain, Nepali Sah, Sushil Baral, Therese Mahon, and Marian Hodgkin. "Girls’ Menstrual Management in Five Districts of Nepal: Implications for Policy and Practice." Studies in Social Justice 12, no. 2 (December 29, 2018): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v12i2.1623.

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Discriminatory practices related to menstruation affect the social, mental and physical wellbeing of girls in many low-and middle-income countries. We conducted mixed methods research in five districts of Nepal to explore how menstruation affected girls’ ability to fully participate in school and community life. We conducted 860 structured interviews, 26 group interviews and 10 focus group discussions with schoolgirls in rural areas,14 semi-structured interviews with girls’ mothers, and 10 interviews with health teachers. Girls in all districts experienced social, material and information barriers to confident menstrual management. Menstrual blood was believed to carry diseases, and girls’ movement was restricted to contain ritual pollution and protect them from illness, spirit possession, and sexual experiences. Taboos prevented girls from worshipping in temples or in their home, and some girls were not allowed to enter the kitchen, or sleep in their home while menstruating. Teachers and parents felt unprepared to answer questions about menstruation and focused on the maintenance of restrictions. Teachers and students were embarrassed discussing menstruation in school and classes were not question-driven or skills-based. Gender disaggregated teaching of menstruation and engagement of health facility staff may have positive effects. Community participatory approaches that engage girls, their families and the wider community are necessary to address harmful cultural practices. Cross-sectoral approaches to provide clean, private, safe spaces for girls and increased availability of preferred materials could enable confident menstrual management.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pollution Taboos"

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Larkin, Janet. "The embodiment of marime: Living Romany Gypsy pollution taboo." 1998. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9909179.

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This dissertation examines the ways that pollution taboo affects the life experience of Romany Gypsy women. A cultural analysis is made upon ethnographic data gathered from the Romany Gypsy community in Boston, Massachusetts, combining theories of embodiment with the Scheper-Hughes and Lock (1987) "three bodies" critical-interpretive model. Marime, as this taboo is known locally, is experienced as fear, shame and disgust and conceptualized in terms of top/bottom or inside/outside body symbolism which categorizes by analogy the sacred from profane, e.g., Gypsy and Gajo or non-Gypsy. This understanding leads to social praxis which is shown to affect the quality of Gypsy women's lives in personal, social and political domains. Since marime is a bodily experence which is predicated upon pre-existing cultural discourses and results in social action this analysis supports the theoretical view that the body is the ground of culture.
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Books on the topic "Pollution Taboos"

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Douglas, Mary. Purity and danger: An analysis of concept of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge, 2002.

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Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. New York: Routledge, 2002.

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Urban pollution: Cultural meanings, social practices. New York: Berghahn Books, 2010.

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Douglas, Mary. Purity and danger: An analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge, 1991.

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Purity and danger: An analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge, 1994.

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Douglas, Mary. Reinheit und Gefährdung: Eine Studie zu Vorstellungen von Verunreinigung und Tabu. Berlin: D. Reimer, 1985.

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Energy, Ontario Ministry of Environment and. Noise red flag tables. [Toronto, Ont.]: The Ministry, 1997.

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Environment, Ontario Ministry of the. Air quality in Ontario. [Toronto, Ont.]: Environment Ontario, 1986.

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Tsang, Andy M. Descriptive statistics tables from a detailed analysis of the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) data. Las Vegas, Nev: National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.

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Shukla, Bhagwan S. Addendum to Transport of pesticides from watershed by volatilization, infiltration and runoff (models and applications). Hamilton, Ont: Environmental Research & Publications, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pollution Taboos"

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Laws, Sophie. "Pollution, Taboo and Etiquette." In Issues of Blood, 32–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21176-0_3.

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Chakraborty, Kaustav. "‘Pollution Complex’, Tagore and the Tabooed Nation: Revisiting the Select Short Stories." In Tagore and Nationalism, 171–84. New Delhi: Springer India, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3696-2_12.

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Schmitt, Rüdiger. "Mary Douglas: Purity and Danger. An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (1966)." In Schlüsselwerke der Religionssoziologie, 231–36. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-15250-5_27.

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Aguilera, H., L. Moreno, A. de la Losa, M. E. Jiménez, and S. Castaño. "Assessment of Pollution Risk in the Western La Mancha Carbonated Aquifer Due to Anthropogenic Degradation of the Tablas de Daimiel National Park (Spain)." In Advances in Research in Karst Media, 293–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12486-0_45.

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Maud, Jovan. "Mary Douglas: Purity and Danger. An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo, Routledge & K. Paul: London 1966, 188 S. (dt. Reinheit und Gefährdung. Eine Studie zu Vorstellungen von Verunreinigung und Tabu, Riemer: Berlin 1985, 242 S.)." In Klassiker der Sozialwissenschaften, 237–40. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13213-2_54.

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"33. Incest pollution." In Incest Avoidance and the Incest Taboos, 91–93. Stanford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780804791694-033.

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Mühlhäuser, Regina. "Epilogue: What Can We Learn from the Nazi Case?" In Sex and the Nazi Soldier, translated by Jessica Spengler, 316–36. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474459075.003.0007.

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This chapter takes current debates-such as 1) whether soldiers commit less rape when there are race pollution taboos; 2) how we can capture the different, often conflicting, interests of military groups with regard to sexual violence perpetrated by their soldiers; 3) what is sexual about sexual violence; or 4) when sexual violence becomes a weapon and strategy of war-and discusses them in terms of historical source material on World War II. Looking to the past offers the opportunity to consider, more independently of the particular interests of the parties to the conflict in current wars, what structural commonalities and historical specifics we can observe when this form of violence is perpetrated.
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"List of Tables and Figures." In Pollution Limits and Polluters’ Efforts to Comply, vii—viii. Stanford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780804777605-001.

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Keefer, Robert F. "Satellite Imaging, Laser Technology, and Computer Programs." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0021.

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management, and development planning. Two examples of this are: GIS could allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency response times during natural disasters; or GIS could be used to find wetlands that need protection from pollution. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data and personnel designed to capture, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information (Allender, 1998). A more simplified definition would he: a computer system capable of holding and using data, describing places on the earth’s surface, for the purpose of spatial analysis. It is also “intelligent graphics” to aid in the analysis and depiction of complex data sets. Components of GIS include ARC/INFO:GIS software by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute), ARC—graphical features of points, lines/arcs, and polygons, INFO—the relational database component of tables of data of any attribute that ties to a graphical component.
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Gineprini, Lorenzo. "Mary Douglas: Purity and Danger. An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo." In MUSEALE RESTE, 45–46. De Gruyter, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110733372-006.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pollution Taboos"

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Jiries, Anwar, Anf Hanna Ziadat, and Rehab Al-Atwi. "Atmospheric pollution with heavy metals at Tabouk City-KSA." In 2018 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaset.2018.8376757.

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Taşdoğan, Celal, and Bilgen Taşdoğan. "Emissions Responsibility and Relative Importance of the Productive Sectors in Turkey: 2002-2011." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01095.

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Turkey has realized high growth rates during the period of 2002-2011, except in 2008 and 2009 years. It is thought that the rapidly growing in the country may cause a lot of environmental damage, especially air pollution problems. In other words, the productive sectors have produced two outputs which are economic value added and air pollutants. This study used input output matrixes are to find out the strategically important sectors as it is known key sectors and weak sectors caused the environmental effects in the country. For this purpose, it has been tried to investigate air pollutant quantities which caused by the production process of the sectors in the period of 2002-2011 and performed the input-output tables for Turkey constructed in the World Input Output Database (WIOD) Project. These input-output tables include the emission satellite accounts, which are CO2 emissions and other air pollutants, respectively N2O, CH4, N2O, NOx, SOx, CO, NMVOC and NH3, disaggregated for the 34 sectors. It is expected that the outcomes of the study may contribute to sustainable growth debates and environmental policy implementations in Turkey.
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Martínez Marín, Jesús Ezequiel, Ruben Gutiérrez López, and Ivette Fuentes Molina. "Analysis of imo 2020 and the adaptation of shipowners operating in Spain." In Maritime Transport Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Iniciativa Digital Politècnica, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/mt.11030.

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Shipping sector has always been pointed as one of the most contaminant ways of transport and this can be debated extensively. Ships emit emissions that contribute to air pollution worldwide and IMO is concerned about the problems of shipping emissions and its hard working to make this sector cleaner and more environmentally friendly. To achieve this goal, the specialized UN agency is engaged in new regulations. One of the most important ones, which is the backbone of this study, is the new global sulphur limit for maritime shipping that entered into force last 1st of January 2020. Its main objective is the reduction of vessel’s emissions, especially SOX ones. Nowadays, all ships need to use bunkers with a sulphur content that does not exceed 0.5% m/m The entry into force of the new global sulphur limit for maritime shipping imposed by the International Maritime Organization, last 1st of January 2020, has supposed a huge change for all shipowners and for the whole sector. Several solutions to cope with this appeared on shipowners tables, who faced an important challenge choosing the one that suits them the most. This paper focuses on making a general overview about the existing academic research done on this topic. Its main objective consists in making a research to see how shipowners operating in Spanish ports have adapted their fleets and to obtain their feedback after these months since the implementation of the new sulphur limit.
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Szopinska, Kinga. "Creation of Theoretical Road Traffic Noise Model with the Help of GIS." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.122.

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Road traffic noise, as a form of environmental pollution, is an important element causing discomfort among inhabitants and leading to the emergence of noise nuisance influencing the shaping of urban space. The basic tool in combating noise is a Strategic Noise Map (SNM), which, understood as a system, constitutes an element of a city’s information layer. The system, illustrating the noise situation within a city, is prepared by means of a calculationmeasurement method using specialized computer programs. The assessment of road traffic noise begins by defining the amount of noise emissions coming from acoustically-homogenous sections (emission map), and ends with determining the extent of noise propagation in urban space (immission map). The above process is based on the analysis of actual input data describing, in a detailed manner, the analyzed road infrastructure in terms of the characteristics of the road section, information on the volume and type of traffic, and data on the organization of traffic. Under such extensive analysis of the condition of the environment, it is appropriate to apply GIS data as a methodological basis for creating SNMs. GIS data make it possible to unify the rules for collecting and archiving values characterizing the condition of the environment, as well as parameters influencing the level of noise. The aim of work is create a theoretical road traffic noise model with the help of GIS. The scope of information in attribute tables of acoustically-homogenous road sections comprising a GIS thematic layer was described in detail. The above information are the basis for generating digital road traffic noise emission maps as well as being the starting point for assessing road traffic noise in the area of a city in the form of immission maps. The article additionally analyzes the results of data derived from the first phase of noise mapping in Europe, as well as familiarizing the reader with the procedure of modelling road traffic noise emission in accordance with the CNOSSOS-EU which will become binding as of 31 December 2018 throughout the European Union, and which was introduced by the provisions of the new noise directive – Directive 2015/996 of 19 May 2015.
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Reports on the topic "Pollution Taboos"

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Gregow, Hilppa, Antti Mäkelä, Heikki Tuomenvirta, Sirkku Juhola, Janina Käyhkö, Adriaan Perrels, Eeva Kuntsi-Reunanen, et al. Ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumisen ohjauskeinot, kustannukset ja alueelliset ulottuvuudet. Suomen ilmastopaneeli, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31885/9789527457047.

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The new EU strategy on adaptation to climate change highlights the urgency of adaptation measures while bringing forth adaptation as vitally important as a response to climate change as mitigation. In order to provide information on how adaptation to climate change has been promoted in Finland and what calls for attention next, we have compiled a comprehensive information package focusing on the following themes: adaptation policy, impacts of climate change including economic impacts, regional adaptation strategies, climate and flood risks in regions and sea areas, and the availability of scientific data. This report consists of two parts. Part 1 of the report examines the work carried out on adaptation in Finland and internationally since 2005, emphasising the directions and priorities of recent research results. The possibilities of adaptation governance are examined through examples, such as how adaptations steering is organised in of the United Kingdom. We also examine other examples and describe the Canadian Climate Change Adaptation Platform (CCAP) model. We apply current information to describe the economic impacts of climate change and highlight the related needs for further information. With regard to regional climate strategy work, we examine the status of adaptation plans by region and the status of the Sámi in national adaptation work. In part 2 of the report, we have collected information on the temporal and local impacts of climate change and compiled extensive tables on changes in weather, climate and marine factors for each of Finland's current regions, the autonomous Åland Islands and five sea areas, the eastern Gulf of Finland, the western Gulf of Finland, the Archipelago Sea, the Bothnian Sea and the Bay of Bothnia. As regards changes in weather and climate factors, the changes already observed in 1991-2020 are examined compared to 1981-2010 and future changes until 2050 are described. For weather and climate factors, we examine average temperature, precipitation, thermal season duration, highest and lowest temperatures per day, the number of frost days, the depth and prevalence of snow, the intensity of heavy rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed, and the amount of frost per season (winter, spring, summer, autumn). Flood risks, i.e. water system floods, run-off water floods and sea water floods, are discussed from the perspective of catchment areas by region. The impacts of floods on the sea in terms of pollution are also assessed by sea area, especially for coastal areas. With regard to marine change factors, we examine surface temperature, salinity, medium water level, sea flood risk, waves, and sea ice. We also describe combined risks towards sea areas. With this report, we demonstrate what is known about climate change adaptation, what is not, and what calls for particular attention. The results can be utilised to strengthen Finland's climate policy so that the implementation of climate change adaptation is strengthened alongside climate change mitigation efforts. In practice, the report serves the reform of the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan and the development of steering measures for adaptation to climate change both nationally and regionally. Due to its scale, the report also serves e.g. the United Nations’ aim of protecting marine life in the Baltic Sea and the national implementation of the EU strategy for adaptation to climate change. As a whole, the implementation of adaptation policy in Finland must be speeded up swiftly in order to achieve the objectives set and ensure sufficient progress in adaptation in different sectors. The development of binding regulation and the systematic evaluation, monitoring and support of voluntary measures play a key role.
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