Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pollution secondaire'
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Lannuque, Victor. "Formation de l’aérosol organique secondaire dans les modèles de qualité de l’air : développement d’une paramétrisation sur la base de simulations explicites." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1129.
Full textThe gaseous oxidation of organic compounds emitted into the atmosphere leads to the formation of thousands of secondary organic compounds (SOC). A fraction of these SOC is low volatile, and can partition between the gaseous phase and the particulate phase, forming secondary organic aerosols (SOA). The SOA are a main component of the particles, representing between 20% and 80% of the total mass of fine aerosols. Therefore, SOA contribute to the impact of aerosols on the environment, in particular air quality and climate. The quantification of the SOA impacts is estimated using chemical-transport models (CTM). Comparisons with in situ measurements show that the spatial and temporal variations of SOA mass are not correctly simulated by CTM. In these models, the SOA formation is represented in a simplified way, using empirical parameterizations developed on the basis of observations performed in atmospheric simulation chambers. Improving the representation of organic aerosols in CTM is therefore required to diagnose the origin of air pollution by fine particles, improve the reliability of pollution episode prediction and assess the impact of aerosols on the environment. The objectives of this thesis are :• to explore the influence of environmental conditions on SOA formation and properties,• to develop a new parameterization of SOA formation based on a deterministic representation of atmospheric chemistry,• to evaluate this parameterization in CTM by comparison with in-situ measurements. Deterministic models represent the non-linearity of SOA formation processes. The model GECKO-A (Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere) is a numerical modelling tool that integrates the elementary data (kinetics and thermodynamics) from laboratory studies. In this thesis, oxidation scenarios representative of various environmental conditions were developed and GECKO-A was used to study the impact of environmental factors (temperature, NOx concentrations, solar radiations, etc.) on the formation and the properties of the SOA. On the basis of these simulations, a new parameterization for SOA formation was developed: VBS-GECKO. The evaluation of the VBS-GECKO in box model has shown a good reproduction of the organic aerosol (OA) concentrations with RMSE lesser than 20%.The VBS-GECKO was integrated into the CHIMERE CTM to simulate summer concentrations of OA over Europe. Simulated OA are significantly improved compared to the reference parameterization used in CHIMERE. The VBS-GECKO was also used to study (i) the sources and properties of SOA and (ii) different representations of emissions of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds by road traffic
Lamkaddam, Houssni. "Etude en atmosphère simulée de la formation d'Aérosol Organique Secondaire issue de la photooxydation du n-dodécane : impact des paramètres environnementaux." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1128/document.
Full textSecondary Organic Aerosol (SOA), the major fraction of the submicron aerosol, plays a key role on health, environment and climate. The evaluation of its impacts is a real challenge for the scientific community. Our current knowledge of SOA formation processes and chemical composition is still very deficient and limit the development of atmospheric models to quantify the impacts of SOA on air quality and climate system. Therefore, the aim of this work is to produce a set of experimental data to use to constrain and improve the models. To do that, the SOA formation has been studied from the photooxidation of a model precursor, n-dodecane, in the CESAM environmental chamber. The chemical composition has been investigated by spectrometric and chromatographic techniques which allowed us to identify the reaction products constituting the gaseous and particulate phases. In particular, new condensed phase mechanisms have been proposed to explain the formation of carboxylic acids and lactones, identified for the first time. These could be implemented in the models. A wide variety of environmental conditions, such as temperature, relative humidity and the presence/absence of preexisting particles, have been taken into account in this work. The study of the temperature influence has shown a low sensitivity of this parameter on the SOA production. While the study relative humidity effect has shown that adding water to the reaction system beyond 5% lowers SOA yields by almost a factor of 2 in comparison to dry conditions. The SOA formation potential, under these conditions, has been evaluated, and resulted in parameterizations which could be useful for modelers. Furthermore, a characterization of the wall effects in CESAM, i.e. gas and particulate phase wall losses, has been carried out
Simon, Leïla. "Détermination des sources de composés organiques (gazeux et particulaires) en Ile-de-France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ011.
Full textTo refine the knowledge on air quality and atmospheric chemistry in the Paris region, it is essential to document the nature and variability of atmospheric pollutants on the long term. The suburban SIRTA station (integrated to the European infrastructure ACTRIS) has been hosting instruments for the continuous measurement of physicochemical properties of suspended particles and of some inorganic reactive gases for a decade. Nonetheless, questions remain open on the origins of secondary organic aerosol and more specifically the link with its precursor gases, volatile organic compounds (VOC). Although their play an important role in atmospheric chemistry, VOC were hitherto not measured on the long term at SIRTA.In this context, this thesis aims at better characterizing organic pollution in the Paris region. This involves the measurement of VOC in real time to complete the panel of existing measurements, as well as the application and evaluation of methods for the source apportionment of organic pollutants adapted to long term studies.For this purpose, measurements using mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), still very little used within ACTRIS, were setup at SIRTA as part of this thesis. Automated data treatment was improved and adapted for the long term and a rigorous quality control was applied to 2020 and 2021. These first two years of measurements were then studied in terms of diel and seasonal variabilities. The role played by meteorological conditions and air masses was particularly illustrated by results obtained during the lockdowns in 2020. An influence of anthropogenic sources was observed for monoterpenes, compounds usually identified as biogenic in suburban sites.The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source-receptor model is classically used for the source apportionment of atmospheric pollutants (aerosol or VOC), but some limits exist for its long-term application. To overcome these limitations, new options exist and were tested during this thesis. Particularly, VOC were used as organic markers for the analysis of organic aerosol sources in summer, by creating a unified combined dataset. This complex methodology was implemented here for the first time with this type of instruments. It was adapted to the SIRTA dataset, allowing a better deconvolution of oxygenated organic aerosol compared to a classical method, and consequently to link it to its respective sources/processes, especially by distinguishing daytime and nighttime processes
Petit, Marie-Eléonore. "Pérennité, fonctionnalité, efficacité d'une zone humide artificielle (ZHA) en milieu méditerranéen : un nouvel écosystème au service du traitement secondaire des effluents industriels." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0439/document.
Full textNatural wetlands in Mediterranean areas are rare and vulnerable ecosystems, frequently impacted by various pollutants from nearby environments. In order to decrease industrial activities lethal effects on natural areas, constructed wetlands (CWs) are an interesting opportunity to remediate their pre-treated wastewaters. Such CWs would take advantage with using local plant species, well adapted to Mediterranean climate’s rigors. Nevertheless, CWs planted with Mediterranean plant species are still scarce and poorly studied. Aims of this thesis are thus:• to follow up on planted and adventive biocœnosis of a CW (flora, fauna and phytoplankton), in order to assess a novel ecosystem settlement,• to get better knowledge on its functions and remediation efficiency (physico-chemical and biological parameters),• to question durability of such techno-ecosystems in a context of global changes (with focus on climate).Main result let us know that it only takes a few local plant species, wisely chosen, to allow the settlement of a sustainable and fully functional ecosystem, supporting biodiversity stakes while increasing the remediation of pre-treated wastewaters collected from industrialized catchment. This work assess CWs planted with local helophytes as a powerful tool to treat industrialized catchment wastewaters in Mediterranean area, but researches are still needed to fit each design with each site characteristics, following a sustainable ecological engineering approach
El, Haddad Imad. "Fraction primaire et secondaire de l'aérosol organique : méthodologies et application à un environnement urbain méditerranéen, Marseille." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10029.
Full textTougher particulate matter regulations around the world and especially in Europe point out the need of source apportionment studies in order to better understand the different primary and secondary sources of organic aerosol, a major fraction of particulate matter that remains not well constrained. The work carried out in this thesis takes part of the FORMES project whose main objective is the source apportionment of the organic aerosol using different approaches, including mainly CMB modelling, AMS/PMF and radiocarbon (14C) measurements. The aerosol characterisation was performed within two intensive field campaigns conducted in two contrasted urban environments: Grenoble during winter and Marseille during summer. The present work focuses on the Marseille case study that presents a particularly complex environment, combining an intense photochemistry to a mixture of primary emissions including shipping and industrial emissions. Primary organic carbon (POC) apportioned using CMB modelling contributed on average for only 22% and was dominated by vehicular emissions accounting on average for 17% of OC. Even though, industrial emissions contribute for only 2.3% of the total OC, they are associated with ultrafine particles and high concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and heavy metals such as Pb, Ni and V, which most likely relate them with acute health outcomes. Whereas in Grenoble the organic aerosol was dominated by wood burning smoke (70% of OC), this source was negligible in Marseille contributing for less than 1% of OC. The main result from this source apportionment exercise is that 78% of OC mass cannot be attributed to the major primary sources and remains un-apportioned; this fraction is mostly associated with secondary organic aerosol. Radiocarbon measurements suggest that more than 70% of this fraction is of modern origins, assigned predominantly to biogenic secondary organic carbon (BSOC). Therefore, contributions from three traditional BSOC precursors, isoprene, α-pinene and β-caryophellene, were considered using a marker based approach. The aggregate contribution from BSOC derived from these precursors was estimated at only 4.2% of total OC. As a result, these estimates underpredict the high loading of OC. This underestimation can be associated with (i) uncertainties underlying the marker-based approach, (ii) presence of other SOC precursors and (iii) further processing of fresh SOC, as indicated by organosulfates (RSO4) and HUmic LIke Substances (HULIS) measurements. This HULIS can contribute up to 40% of the unattributed OC
Hallemans, Elise. "Étude de la formation, du vieillissement et de la composition chimique de l'aérosol organique secondaire dans le bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1122/document.
Full textSecondary Organic Aerosol or « SOA » is formed in the atmosphere by oxidative process of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Gaps in knowledge of SOA formation and evolution pathways and of molecular characterization still exist. These aspects are an important source of uncertainties and can explain the underestimation of SOA budget calculated by models. In order to give new insights on these issues, the Mediterranean basin appears like an ideal area to study SOA. Actually, this region is characterized by high photochemistry, above all during summer season, and by intense VOC biogenic and anthropogenic emissions implying the formation of SOA in the atmosphere. In this context, two field campaigns have been performed in the frame of Canopée and ChArMEx projects.Thanks to a sampling and analyzing method by TD-GC/MS, the characterization of organic fraction enables one to determine more than one hundred compounds from C2 to C18 in gaseous and particulate phases. In combination with traditional datasets (PTR-MS, AMS), new insights were brought in reactivity of gaseous oxygenated compounds with OH radical, in chemical composition of organic material in particulate phase and about the contribution of various precursors to the capacity to form SOA. The determination of experimental and theoretical partitioning coefficients gives new information on SOA representation in models
Bertrand, Amélie. "Vieillissement atmosphérique de l'aérosol de combustion de biomasse : du potentiel de formation d'aérosol organique secondaire à la modification de l'empreinte chimique à l'échelle moléculaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0149/document.
Full textBiomass burning is in winter a main source of air pollution by particulate matter, especially in France. While primary emissions have been characterized extensively before, few studies have addressed the aging of these emissions in the atmosphere and large uncertainties remain. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis was to study in a smog chamber the aging of the aerosol emitted by 3 different woodstoves used for residential heating (fabricated from between 2000 and 2010, and representative of the policy engaged by the French environmental agency to renew the appliances across the country), with a specific focus on the Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) production potential and the modification of the chemical fingerprint of the emissions at the molecular level during their transport in the atmosphere. The experiments showed the SOA production potential can be significant. The OA concentration can be increased by up to a factor of 7 (1.5 – 7.1) after being aged in the smog chamber with a time equivalent to 5 hours in the atmosphere. The study also further demonstrated the influence of the combustion efficiency on the emissions and implicitly the role of the operator. The study of the composition of the aerosol at the molecular level showed the formation of compounds, likely to serve as markers for aged biomass burning, mainly nitrocatechols. Finally, the work also illustrates the influence of the volatilization of levoglucosan, main marker of biomass burning, during the dilution process occurring in the atmosphere, and challenge the pertinence of the degradation rate constant determined previously in smog chamber
Couvidat, Florian. "Modélisation des particules organiques dans l'atmosphère." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00778086.
Full textMeyer, Ben Anton. "An examination of pollution awareness and prevention in Montana secondary agricultural education programs." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/meyer/MeyerB0807.pdf.
Full textMartinez, Alvaro. "Contribution des composés organiques volatils (COVs) provenant des émissions des véhicules aux aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) et à la pollution urbaine." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1041.
Full textThe transport sector is fundamental to the economic development of a country and to ensure communication and a good quality of life. However, road transport contributes significantly to global warming and leads to serious degradation of the air quality. Among all pollutants, fine and ultrafine particles, emitted by vehicles but also formed in the atmosphere are considered as potentially toxic. Many studies show that chronic exposure to fine particles promotes the development of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The main gaseous precursors, the atmospheric chemical pathways as well as the chemical composition and the physical transformations that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) undergo in the atmosphere, remain poorly understood. The main aim of this work was on one side to improve the knowledge about primary pollutants emitted from Euro 5 and Euro 6 diesel and gasoline passenger cars and on the other side to investigate the photochemical transformations of the VOCs/IVOCs emitted from these cars. Passenger car emissions have been evaluated on a chassis dynamometer test bench at the IFSTTAR laboratory. Particle number measurements were carried out directly at the tailpipe. For GDI vehicles PN0.23 (< 23 nm) represented on average 20 -30 % of total particle number emitted, while for diesel cars, this fraction was considerably lower (≈10-15%). During high speed regimes (Artemis motorway) of diesel passenger cars Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) passive regeneration was observed. These periods were characterized by a high particle number concentration; their composition was mainly soot, bisulfate and some organic material. PM emitted from gasoline DI passenger cars was mainly composed by BC and some organic droplets containing traces of other elements. During cold start GDI cars do emit important concentrations of BC and organic material. Emission of hydrocarbons has also been investigated. Gasoline DI emitted important concentration of THCs during cold start. Among the aliphatic compounds, families until C15 have been identified, confirming emission of heavier HCs from diesel cars. The second aim of this work was the study of atmospheric degradation of selected VOCs (toluene, naphthalene, cyclohexane, nonane) emitted from Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicles and to determine the SOA formation potential of these compounds under different environmental conditions. The chosen compounds have been photoxidized (alone and in mixture) in an Aerosol Flow Tube (AFT) reactor in order to simulate VOCs atmospheric aging. The results suggest: (1) aromatic and PAHs compounds, own highest potential to form SOA; (2) the temperature has an important impact on SOA formation and yield; (3) the presence of pre-existing seed particles has, in general, a positive effect on SOA formation and (4) NOx has been found to negatively affect SOA formation; (5) SOA potential formation of VOC mixtures is highly influenced by the fraction of aromatics. Some of the products identified in the particle phase have never been previously reported. Degradation of aromatic compounds under medium NOx regime produced nitro-aromatic compounds identified both in the gas and particle phase. This PhD contributes to enrich vehicle emissions database, still limited for Euro 5 and Euro 6 cars. Speciation of non-regulated compound will help to better understand atmospheric SOA budget and car emissions air quality impacts. By last, the photoxidation study of primary VOCs (alone, mixture and full emissions) will lead to a better comprehension of SOA formation from vehicles
Baek, Jaemeen. "Improving aerosol simulations: assessing and improving emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation in air quality modeling." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37249.
Full textMorgan, William Thomas. "Pollution aerosol across Northern Europe : assessing properties, processes and effects on regional climate." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/pollution-aerosol-across-northern-europe-assessing-properties-processes-and-effects-on-regional-climate(8c347b7e-baa9-4430-af93-911ad77eef7d).html.
Full textWang, Hong. "Field and laboratory investigation of ozone-indoor surface reactions: secondary emissions inventory and implications for indoor air quality." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri-Rolla, 2007. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Wang_09007dcc8044137b.pdf.
Full textVita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed February 6, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 140-144).
Hennigan, Christopher James. "Properties of secondary organic aerosol in the ambient atmosphere sources, formation, and partitioning /." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26598.
Full textCommittee Chair: Weber, Rodney; Committee Co-Chair: Bergin, Michael; Committee Member: Mulholland, James; Committee Member: Nenes, Athanasios; Committee Member: Russell, Armistead. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
Michel, Christelle. "L'aérosol de combustion dans une région en grande mutation, l'Asie." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00069797.
Full textMon travail de thèse a eu pour but, tout d'abord, de développer un inventaire d'émissions de gaz et particules issues des feux de biomasse pour les campagnes ACE-Asia (Aerosol Characterization Experiment) et TRACE-P (Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific), de mars à mai 2001. Pour ce faire, j'ai mis en œuvre une méthodologie la plus adaptée à mon étude, qui repose sur la cartographie des surfaces brûlées (projet GBA2000 (Global Burnt Area 2000) [Tansey et al., 2003]).
Les résultats de cette étude, ABBI (Asian Biomass Burning Inventory) [Michel et al., 2005] ont été comparés avec un autre inventaire d'émissions de feux de végétation (ACESS : ACE-Asia and TRACE-P Modelling and Emission Support System) [Streets et al., 2003], construit, non pas à partir des surfaces brûlées, mais à partir des pixels de feux actifs. Cette comparaison illustre les limitations de l'utilisation des pixels de feux dans l'établissement des cartes d'inventaires d'émissions par les feux de biomasse, tout en soulignant l'importance et la pertinence de la méthode retenue dans mon étude. Une comparaison avec les données de l'année 2000, obtenues selon la même procédure, souligne toute l'importance des variations interannuelles.
L'inventaire ABBI a été introduit dans le modèle méso-échelle MésoNH-C couplé au module aérosol ORISAM (ORganic and Inorganic Spectral Aerosol Module) [Bessagnet, 2000]. Une attention particulière a porté sur l'étude du transport des émissions de feux de végétation à travers le continent asiatique. Des comparaisons entre les données simulées et les mesures in-situ et aéroportées ont montré des résultats satisfaisants dans certains cas, mais ont également fait encore apparaître certaines limitations. Des tests de sensibilités ont été effectués pour comprendre l'origine de ces différences, avec tout d'abord une deuxième simulation avec MésoNH-C-ORISAM effectuée avec l'inventaire ACESS pour étudier l'impact des émissions de feux. Le module ORISAM dans sa version 0D a été ensuite utilisé pour mettre en évidence de manière détaillée les paramètres contrôlant la formation de l'aérosol secondaire au sein du modèle.
Au total, tout en faisant ressortir l'importance majeure des inventaires d'émissions gazeuses et particulaires à l'échelle continentale, ce travail va au delà de ce thème, en montrant notamment l'apport du modèle d'aérosol ORISAM à l'analyse et la compréhension des processus de chimie hétérogène dans les épisodes de pollution affectant l'Asie.
Kammer, Julien. "LANDEX : étude des aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) générés par la forêt des Landes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0402/document.
Full textForest ecosystems affect air quality and climate, especially through the emissions and the reactions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) with the atmospheric oxidants, known to generate Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs). This work aims to improve our knowledge on the processes involved in biogenic SOA formation and fate. Two field campaigns have been conducted in the Landes forest. In a first step, the measurement site was characterized by a statistical study of local meteorological conditions. During these campaigns, complementary physical and chemical measurements have been carried out, implying measurements of fluxes and concentrations of particles, BVOCs and oxidants. The results evidenced nocturnal new particle formation, which is an original result as this process was usually only reported during daytime. The strong contribution of BVOCs (dominated by α- and β-pinene) ozonolysis to nocturnal new particle formation has been demonstated. Particle flux measurements suggested that particles are transfered from the canopy to the higher atmospheric surface layer. The comparison between ozone fluxes and a physical ozone deposition model also highlighted an ozone production source. This ozone production might be related to BVOC photooxidation
Moolman, Tiani. "Environmental reasoning of secondary-level schoolchildren : case study of Okahandja, Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98100.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Okahandja has been identified as one of the ‘dirtiest towns’ in Namibia. The town’s location makes it an important node serving as a gateway to the leisure and tourism periphery in Namibia. However, environmental problems such as littering and the burning of household waste are threatening the local cultural and nature-based tourism industry and the aesthetic beauty of the town. These forms of pollution pose various health risks to people living in the area, to those who interact with the spaces as well as for grazing animals and the natural environment. The aim of the study was to explore the environmental reasoning of secondary-level schoolchildren of Okahandja and to establish the main determinants of their environmental knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. The research objectives of the study were (1) to study the literature on and understand the concepts and models related to pro-environmental behaviour (PEB), environmental worldview, environmental concern and place attachment; (2) conduct transect walks through the communities to gain a contextual understanding; (3) question secondary-level schoolchildren at JG van der Wath Secondary School about their environmental knowledge and concern that influence their environmental reasoning; (4) investigate the influences (im)mobility (low access to transport) and place attachment to Okahandja have on the schoolchildren’s views and perceptions of the environment; (5) explore how the children view their local environment and how they want their living environment to change; and (6) examine whether children from different ethnic groups reason differently about the environment and whether these distinctions influence their interactions with their surroundings. The study followed a mixed-methods approach. A questionnaire survey among schoolchildren elicited information supplemented by observations made during transect walks, focus group discussions and participatory drawing exercises. Data was captured and analysed using STATISTICA, Excel and ArcGIS. The findings indicate that the children are aware of and relatively well-informed about the significance of a clean and protected environment. They were also well able to identify the importance of Okahandja within the Namibian landscape. Participants, especially female participants are concerned about protecting the natural environment. Greater emphasis was placed on environmental problems that are apparent and aesthetically unpleasing such as littering, than on other environmental issues such as the chopping down of trees and the burning of household waste. Participants only have a moderate sense of attachment to Okahandja so causing them to have a weak sense of responsibility and desire to behave pro-environmentally. Although community cohesion and social ties are strong within the communities, mistrust and miscommunication between residents and local authorities were identified as major stumbling blocks to PEB. Dissatisfaction with structural opportunities was displayed through a lack of concern and cooperation, leading to high levels of environmental degradation in and around Okahandja. The children seem to possess a ‘balanced’ environmental worldview as they believe that the natural environment should be protected yet used to sustain human life. The importance of positive role models such as parents and teachers was highlighted. It is recommended that environmental education (EE) and awareness should be implemented on three levels, namely parental, school and community.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Okahandja staan bekend as een van die ‘vuilste dorpe’ in Namibië. Die ligging van die dorp maak dit ’n belangrike nodus wat dien as ’n poort na die ontspannings- en toerisme-periferie in Namibië. Maar omgewingskwessies soos rommelstrooiing en die verbranding van huishoudelike afval bedreig die plaaslike toerismebedryf en estetiese skoonheid van die dorp wat gegrondves is op sy kultuur en die natuur. Hierdie vorme van besoedeling hou gesondheidsrisiko’s in vir bewoners in die gebied, vir diegene wat beweeg in die ruimte, vir diere wat wei en die natuurlike omgewing. Die doel van die studie was om sekondêre skoolleerlinge van Okahandja se redenering oor die omgewing te ondersoek en die bepalende faktore van hul kennis van die omgewing en hul houding en gedrag teenoor die omgewing vas te stel. Die navorsingsdoelwitte van die studie was (1) om die literatuur oor pro-omgewingsgedrag (POG), die wêreldbeskouing oor die omgewing, besorgdheid oor die omgewing en verbondenheid aan ’n plek te bestudeer en die konsepte en modelle verwant daaraan te verstaan; (2) om deur die gemeenskappe te stap (of te deurkruis) om ’n kontekstuele begrip te verkry; (3) om sekondêre skoolleerlinge van JG van der Wath Sekondêre Skool te ondervra oor hul kennis en besorgtheid vir die omgewing en vas te stel hoe dit hul redenering oor die omgewing beïnvloed; (4) om die invloed wat (im)mobiliteit (beperkte toegang tot vervoer) en plekgehegtheid aan Okahandja het op die skoolleerlinge se omgewingsienings en –persepsies te ondersoek; (5) te ontdek hoe die kinders hul plaaslike omgewing sien en hoe hulle wil hê die omgewing waarin hul leef, moet verander; en (6) om vas te stel of kinders van verskillende etniese groepe verskillend redeneer oor die omgewing en of hierdie onderskeid hul interaksie met hul omgewing beïnvloed. Die studie maak van verskillende metodes gebruik. ’n Vraelys-opname het sekere inligting aan die lig gebring, dit is aangevul deur waarnemings tydens staptogte wat die studiegebied deurkruis het, fokusgroepbesprekings en deelnemende tekenoefeninge. Inligting is opgeteken en geanaliseer deur middel van STATISTICA, Excel en ArcGIS. Die bevindings toon dat die kinders bewus en relatief goed ingelig is oor die belangrikheid van ’n skoon en beskermde omgewing. Hulle was goed in staat om die belangrikheid van Okahandja binne die Namibiese landskap te identifiseer. Deelnemers, veral vroulike deelnemers, is besorg oor die beskerming van die natuurlike omgewing. Respondente het groter klem geplaas op omgewingsprobleme wat duidelik en esteties onaangenaam is soos rommelstrooiing, eerder as ander omgewingskwessies soos die afkap van bome en die verbranding van huishoudelike afval. Deelnemers het slegs ’n redelike sin van gehegtheid aan Okahandja wat veroorsaak dat hulle ’n swak sin van verantwoordelikheid en begeerte om pro-omgewing op te tree, het. Alhoewel gemeenskapsamehorigheid en sosiale bande sterk is binne die gemeenskappe, is wantroue en gebrekkige kommunikasie tussen inwoners en plaaslike owerhede geïdentifiseer as die hoofstruikelblokke van POG. Ontevredenheid met strukturele geleenthede is geopenbaar deur ’n gebrek aan besorgdheid en samewerking wat lei tot hoë vlakke van omgewingsdegradasie in en rondom Okahandja. Dit lyk of die kinders ’n ‘gebalanseerde’ wêreldbeskouing van die omgewing het, want hulle glo dat die natuurlike omgewing beskerm moet word, maar tog gebruik moet word om menselewens te onderhou. Die belangrikheid van positiewe rolmodelle soos ouers en onderwysers het uitgestaan. Daar word aanbeveel dat omgewingsopvoeding en –bewustheid op drie vlakke, naamlik ouer-, skool- en gemeenskapsvlak geïmplementeer moet word.
Guillaume, Bruno. "Les aérosols:émissions, formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires, transport longue distance- Zoom sur les aérosols carbonés en Europe -." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145318.
Full text- une meilleure caractérisation des inventaires d'émissions de BC et OCp, en développant un nouvel inventaire des sources principales que sont les combustions de fuels fossiles et de biofuels (secteur industriel, secteur domestique, trafic). Cet inventaire, de résolution 25kmx25km, fournit les émissions de BC et OCp pour 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 et comporte deux zooms régionaux : sur la France à la résolution 10kmx10km et sur la région de la campagne Escompte à la résolution 1kmx1km,
- le développement d'un nouvel outil de modélisation globale de BC et OC (primaire et secondaire) par couplage du module d'aérosol ORISAM (module sectionnel) (LA/INERIS/ADEME) avec le modèle global de chimie-transport TM4 (collaboration LA/KNMI), qui permet à la fois la prise en compte d'une distribution des aérosols suivant 8 classes de taille (0.04µm-10 µm) et la prise en compte d'une composition chimique détaillée des aérosols (BC et OCp constituant le noyau de la particule sur lequel condensent plus de 6 réactifs chimiques organiques/inorganiques),
- des simulations avec ce nouveau modèle global baptisé ORISAM-TM4, des confrontations de résultats avec les mesures de BC et OC et l'étude du transport longue distance des aérosols,
- des tests de sensibilité sur la formation des aérosols organiques secondaires (SOA) portant sur différentes familles de composés organiques volatils (COV) précurseurs de SOA et portant également sur l'hygroscopicité des SOA (caractère hydrophile/hydrophobe),
- enfin, j'ai couplé ce nouvel outil ORISAM-TM4 à un module radiatif pour déterminer les propriétés optiques des aérosols (épaisseur optique, albédo de simple diffusion) en mélange interne à l'échelle globale.
Guillaume, Bruno. "Les aérosols : émissions, formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires, transport longue distance, zoom sur les aérosols carbonés en Europe." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30260.
Full textBoulon, Julien. "Approche multi-échelle de la formation des particules secondaires." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697022.
Full textMcDonald, Ewan W. "Spatial-temporal analysis of endocrine disruptor pollution, neighbourhood stress, maternal age and related factors as potential determinants of birth sex ratio in Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/16044.
Full textVarol, Murat. "Combustion And Co-combustion Of Olive Cake And Coal In A Fluidized Bed." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607182/index.pdf.
Full textZhang, Zhenhua. "Plant growth and nutrient removal in simulated secondary-treated municipal wastewater in wetland microcosmos." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0141.
Full textRoskamp, Melissa Jordan. "Characterization of Secondary Organic Aerosol Precursors Using Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC×GC/TOFMS)." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1411.
Full textGuilbaud, Sarah. "Etude du vieillissement des aérosols inorganiques industriels en milieu urbain." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0524/document.
Full textDuring their transport in the atmosphere, aerosols are subject, for example, to aggregation and condensation processes on their surfaces. These processes, so-called aging, depend on particle residence time in the atmosphere, meteorological conditions and chemical environment. This study aims to characterize inorganic aerosols and to highlight their physico-chemical evolution on a few tens of thousands meters, from an industrial area to the urban environment of Dunkirk (Northern France), in which PM₁₀ concentrations are quite important. It notably includes reporting on the evolution of primary particles during the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols. First, a new analytical methodology of inorganic aerosols, at low temperature, with cryo-electronic microscopy (cryo-TSEM-EDX) has been developed. Our goal was to characterize the mixing state of secondary atmospheric components (semi-volatile components) with primary aerosols. These analytical developments have been realized with model particles, before validation on real atmospheric particles. In a second time, the study of physico-chemical processes involved in the aging of industrial inorganic aerosols has been undertaken through an intensive field campaign. The objective is to describe the particles evolution between the industrial zone and receptor sites located in the suburb of Dunkirk. Our main results show that Fe-rich particles (Fe oxides), released in the atmosphere by steelworks, incorporate particulate organic matter in a few kilometers, between the source and receptor sites. In addition, the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), not present at the source, has been evidenced. Clearly, these SIA have been formed during the transport of air masses over the urban area
Cropper, Paul Michael. "Determination of Fine Particulate Matter Composition and Development of the Organic Aerosol Monitor." Thesis, Brigham Young University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10107987.
Full textTropospheric fine particulate matter (PM) poses serious health risks and has a significant impact on global climate change. The measurement of various aspects of PM is challenging due to its complex chemical nature. This dissertation addresses various aspects of PM, including composition, measurement, and visibility. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a new secondary standard based on visibility in urban areas using 24-h averaged measurements of either light scatter or PM concentration. However shorter averaging times may better represent human perception of visibility. Data from two studies conducted in Lindon, UT, 2012, and Rubidoux, CA, 2003, were used to compare different techniques to estimate visibility, particularly the effect of relative humidity on visibility estimations. Particle composition was measured in Salt Lake City during January-February of 2009. One-hour averaged concentrations of several gas phase and particle phase inorganic species were measured. The results indicate ammonium nitrate averages 40% of the total PM2.5 mass in the absence of inversions and up to 69% during strong inversions. Also, the formation of ammonium nitrate is nitric acid limited, while the formation of ozone appears to be oxidant and volatile organic carbon (VOC) limited. Reduction of NOx will reduce ammonium nitrate secondary particle formation, however, a decrease in NOx may increase ozone concentration.
Due to the complexity of PM it is poorly characterized. A large fraction of PM is composed of organic compounds, but these compounds are not regularly monitored due to limitations in current sampling techniques. The GC-MS Organic Aerosol Monitor (OAM) combines a collection device with thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to quantitatively measure the carbonaceous components of PM on an hourly averaged basis. A compact GC and simple pre-concentrator were developed for the system to decouple separation from manual injection and enhance separation of environmentally-relevant polar organic compounds, such as levoglucosan. The GC-MS OAM is fully automated and has been successfully deployed in the field. It uses a chemically deactivated filter for collection followed by thermal desorption and GC-MS analysis. Laboratory tests show that detection limits range from 0.2 to 3 ng for many atmospherically relevant compounds. The GC-MS OAM was deployed in the field for semi-continuous measurement of the organic markers, levoglucosan, dehydroabietic acid, and several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during winter (January to March), 2015 and 2016. Results illustrate the significance of this monitoring technique to more fully characterize the organic components of PM and identify sources of pollution.
Keywords: air pollution, fine particulate matter, PM2.5, secondary organic aerosol, organic markers, levoglucosan, PMF.
Varughese, Jincy. "Environmental Inequities in U.S. Public Schooling." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1416.
Full textPrill, Nadine. "Effects of environmental change on plant performance and plant-herbivore interactions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c58761e9-666c-4b7d-a78a-d70de7f253d4.
Full textPushpawela, Buddhi G. "The formation and characteristics of new particles in the atmosphere." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/122854/2/__qut.edu.au_Documents_StaffHome_StaffGroupH%24_halla_Desktop_Buddhi_Pushpawela_Thesis.pdf.
Full textMocellin, Julien. "Ressources secondaires de métaux, valorisation par voie hydrométallurgique de résidus de sidérurgie pour la valeur en zinc, en manganèse et plomb." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0211/document.
Full textDuring the XIXth and XXth centuries, steel industry has been one of the main sources of wealth in France. However, ferromanganese manufacturing has produced huge quantities of wastes, for instance after blast-furnace gas washing. The residual sludge, containing high concentrations of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) (5 to 40 wt %), has been deposited in ponds, in the vicinity of steel-making plants. Since plant closure, these fields have been left untouched; some of them, like in Pompey (Lorraine) have been colonized by vegetation. These sites may be considered as a threat to health and environment and should be cleaned up. Nevertheless, with awareness of metal shortage, these ponds may be considered as deposits of secondary resources. This works aims at designing a hydrometallurgical process to extract Zn, Mn and Pb from these residues and recover them in a valuable form, while decontaminating the sites. At first, experiments have enabled us to determine the optimal conditions (acid concentration, duration, temperature, reactant addition, pulp density) to extract selectively Zn and Mn from the sludge and leave a Pb-rich residue. Then, Zn was recovered as ZnO or ZnS after precipitation or as Zn after electrowinning. Mn was recovered as MnCO3 at an acceptable purity. A technico-economic study has been done to assess the industrial interest of the process
Pachon, Quinche Jorge Eduardo. "Development and assessment of environmental indicators for mobile source impacts on emissions, air quality, exposure and health outcomes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42719.
Full textBrown, Reece. "Development and deployment of novel instrumentation for the real-time monitoring of atmospheric PM-bound ROS." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/200736/1/Reece_Brown_Thesis.pdf.
Full textBouziane, Mohamed. "Étude physico-chimique de l'accumulation de métaux lourds par les lichens : impacts sur les voies de biosynthèse et interprétation du mécanisme de tolérance chez Diploschistes muscorum." Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/8f490368-7e8f-4c51-8224-49a650416fbe.
Full textHill, Martin. "Essays on environmental policy analysis : computable general equilibrium approaches applied to Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.) (EFI), 2001. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/551.htm.
Full textYoung, Dominique Emma. "Characterisation of the chemical properties and behaviour of aerosols in the urban environment." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/characterisation-of-the-chemical-properties-and-behaviour-of-aerosols-in-the-urban-environment(27de7e50-5069-40a0-b5cd-1370747f646a).html.
Full textCholakian, Arineh. "Evolution de la composition chimique de l’atmosphère au-dessus du bassin Méditerranéen : forçages, mécanismes et scénarios." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=5441&f=39753.
Full textSubject to numerous anthropogenic (gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollution burden) and natural (desert dust events ...) forcings, but also heavily populated on its shores, the Mediterranean is recognized as a region particularly sensitive to the evolution of atmospheric pollutants and climate change. Today, the assessment of the future composition of the atmosphere in the Mediterranean is a major environmental and health issue. In particular, the simulation of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the western basin remains little discussed in the literature, particularly because of the complexity of the subject. The ChArMEx (Chemistry-Aerosol MEditerranean Experiment) intensive campaign, which aims to scientifically evaluate the current and future state of the Mediterranean atmospheric environment, has given us the opportunity to improve our understanding of the organic fraction as well as total aerosols over the Mediterranean, using a 3D modeling approach. As a first step, different simulation schemes of organic aerosols (OA) taking into account the evolution of the semi-volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere (functionalization versus fragmentation), as well as the formation of the non-volatile SOA, have been implemented in the CHIMERE model. The comparison of these schemes with the measurements make it possible to highlight the main sources of OA formation in the western basin of the Mediterranean and to define the configuration of the most appropriate scheme for the simulation of this aerosol. We found that the scheme that takes into account the non-volatile SOA fragmentation and formation processes fits best to the mass cocnentration, oxidation state, and origin of the OA measured in the ChArMEx project, especially in Cap Corse and Mallorca. Subsequently, we utilized the CHIMERE model in order to present a detailed look at the future conditions of the Mediterranean basin. Future scenarios proposing different intensities for climate change have been investigated. In particular, the isolated effects of different drivers (regional climate, anthropogenic emissions and long-distance transport) have been identified, and the share of each in the evolution of the composition of the atmosphere for the main components of particulate matter has been estimated. In order to quantify the effect of the change of the scheme used for the simulation of the OA on future scenarios, 15 years of historic simulations and 15 years of future simulations were performed with three different OA simulation schemes. The results show that the percentage change in biogenic SOA can be underestimated by a factor of 2 in a simple scheme for the simulation of the SOA, compared to a scheme taking into account the functionalization, fragmentation and formation of non-volatile SOA. In order to bring a more regional perspective on the Mediterranean coasts, 5 years of simulations have been carried out on the PACA region on the south-eastern coasts of France, in order to study the exposure of the population to atmospheric pollutants, as well as the combined impact of demographic evolution (population change) and future atmospheric scenarios on this exposure in two case studies at the 2030 and 2050 horizons. The results show that the individual exposure as well as the cumulative exposure of the population decreases for most atmospheric compounds. On the other hand, the risk associated with the exposure of the entire population to ozone, biogenic SOA and desert dust could increase over large parts of the region, particularly in urban areas with high levels of population growth
Ashwell, Alice Nicola. "Project water (Grahamstown) : a case study of the development of an environmental education project." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003599.
Full textJohansson, Otilia. "Epiphytic lichen responses to nitrogen deposition." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-43751.
Full textYan, Bo. "Characterization and source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 in Atlanta, Georgia: on-road emission, biomass burning and SOA impact." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37151.
Full textDubois, Diane. "Réalisation et caractérisation d'un réacteur plasma de laboratoire pour des études sur la dépollution des gaz d"échappement." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30139.
Full textThe present thesis is devoted to the experimental study of atmospheric positive corona discharges generated in a point to plane corona reactor under DC or pulsed high voltage conditions. The corona discharge characteristics, in particular during “breakdown streamer” mode, are studied according to the high voltage supply conditions (DC or pulsed), the point radius curvature, the gap distance or the gas mixture following the variation of the N2, O2 and CO2 concentration. The dynamics and the morphology of the streamers are also studied using fast imaging (ICCD and Streak cameras) and electrical (oscilloscope) diagnostics on time scale lower than hundred of nanosecond. As the corona discharge reactor dimensions are well adapted, some preliminary results show the comparison between experimental and simulated results which allow us in the future to estimate the localization, the density and the nature of the radical species created during the discharge phase of a corona reactor devoted to air pollution control
Chen, Chi-Yan, and 陳奇言. "A Study of Vehicle Exhaust Pollution by Adding Secondary Air." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/az6t2k.
Full text國立虎尾科技大學
機械與機電工程研究所
102
The objective of this paper is to explore the best way of reducing pollution from the automobile exhaust. In order to find out the best way, the writer of this paper tries to do two types of experiments. The first one is to add catalytic converter and four different quantities of secondary air into gasoline engine exhaust manifold, and to cover it with thermal insulation material, and the second one is to add four different quantities of secondary air into diesel engine exhaust manifold, and spray it with water. According to the numerical values of doing analysis and comparison from the experiments of automobile exhaust, adding 100 L/min of secondary air into gasoline engine exhaust manifold is the most effective way to reduce pollution from the automobile exhaust. Besides, the numerical values of CO, HC and CO2 are the best, and effectively promote the temperature ascension of the catalytic converter, and to purify the exhaust. As for diesel engine exhaust manifold, adding 50 L/min of secondary air is the best condition.
Chun-Hsien, Shih, and 施純賢. "Secondary Pollution by Volatile Organic Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plant of Petrochemical Industry." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14956952668176205636.
Full text國立高雄海洋科技大學
海洋環境工程研究所
101
The wastewater of wastewater treatment plants in petrochemical industry contains large quantity of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), and the domestic regulatory standards of VOCs for the industry in early years was less developed; therefore, wastewater without proper treatment was wantonly discharged, causing pollution problems came out one after the other, coupled with volatile characteristics of such pollution substances, so a superior emission condition was formed under the high perturbation of treatment process. Therefore, wastewater treatment plants in petrochemical industry have both of: (1) liquid phase secondary pollution caused by improperly treated wastewater; and (2) gas phase secondary pollution through emission pathway resulted from factors such as water body perturbation caused by wastewater treatment process. Therefore, this study took a wastewater treatment plant in northern Kaohsiung petrochemical factory as an example and conducted a ten day-times collection and analysis of water and gas samples to monitor the pollution species and concentration trends in liquid phase and gas phase in the factory site, and explore the current situation of secondary pollution caused by water flow and gas emission pathways. This study then coordinated with relevant regulatory standards to develop secondary pollution preventive and control measures for reducing pollutants entering into environment, and actually achieved the objective of pollution reduction. The study results reveal that: (1) this factory site receives three kinds of manufacturing process wastewater with PVC manufacturing process as main contributing source, and the concentration of the wastewater is between 685-123,000 μg/L, overall speaking, the concentration is very unstable and thus increases the workload of subsequent treatment units; (2) the main compounds in wastewater in sequence are dichloromethane (1,786 μg/L), 1,2-dichloroethane, vinyl chloride, chloroform, and methylene chloride, showing that the most major pollutant in the studied factory site is Cl-VOCs and it accounts for 96% of overall pollutants; (3) the gas sample analysis shows a consistent result with the water body analysis, with methylene chloride (787 μg/m3) as the most major pollutant, and the monitoring results in various treatment units show that an emission problem really exists and the most major emission source comes from the pre-treatment unit with bio-reacting tank having an additional aeration system (4,377 μg/m3); (4) through the result of comparison between dynamic sampling equipment and CANISTER sampling, revealed that using a dynamic sampling equipment is indeed better than directly using CANISTER sampling and can better approach the theoretical value, the ratio is between 1~4.12, this not only corroborates that the emission problem is actually serious than expected, but also can even provide as sampling correction for future studies; and (5) coordinated with relevant regulatory standards to conduct comparison and exploration, in terms of liquid phase it can not fully comply with emission control standards, which exceeds the standard by up to 44%, and in terms of gas phase it is also unable to comply with the regulatory standards, so the treatment units are required to carry out secondary preventive and control measures including tank body closing and emission gas recycling processing against top emission gases. Through this study, it is understood that the major pollution problem of wastewater treatment plants in petrochemical industry lies in the secondary pollution caused by emission side. Although it can be improved by establishing relevant secondary pollution preventive and control measures against gas emission, however, these measures can only be partially applied, and yet more accurate simulations and researches are required for various compounds. So if want to fundamentally get rid of all pollution problems through tracing to their origins, it is also required to proceed from water body, such that not only can sustainably resolve pollution problems, and also can help to reduce the requirement of building additional secondary pollution preventive control measures.
Yao, Yi-Ling, and 姚御凌. "A Study on the effect of secondary air in motorcycle to the exhaust pollution and catalytic converter." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/keny26.
Full text崑山科技大學
機械工程研究所
97
This paper is mainly to discuss the effect of secondary air in motorcycles to the exhaust pollution and catalytic converter during the engine warm-up period. We measured the exhaust emissions and catalytic converter’s temperature during engine warm-up and the idle/high engine speed. Under the warm-up transient condition, the engine and catalytic converter are both not reach the working temperature. The pollution during this period is heavy. So in this experiment, we controlled different flows of high-pressure’s secondary air into the exhaust pipe to make exhaust emission to burn continuously. This operation will lower the amount of CO and HC in exhaust, it also can make exhaust temperature higher to heat the catalytic converter and oxygen sensor rapidly.The converting efficiency of the catalytic converter was improved and the exhaust pollution was reduced. In this experiment we used active secondary air and the test engine is G5 Fi engine of KYMCO company. The secondary air flow was controlled electronically. The high-pressure secondary air into exhaust manifold near the cylinder head was controlled with the amount of 10、20、30、40、50 L/min respectively. By this method, the exhaust continue to burn the HC and CO in exhaust pipe. Then the emission to the environment was reduced. Through a series of experiments, we found that the operation of the active secondary air is better than the passive one to lower the CO and HC amount in exhaust. But it needs large amount of active secondary air to reduce the CO and HC in exhaust. In the experiment under the stable operation of engine, we found that if the secondary air amount is over 20 L/min, it can reduce the CO and HC amount in exhaust at the same time. If under the warm-up operation of engine, we found that the larger amount the secondary air is, the lower amount the HC in exhaust. But the amount of CO only reduce obviously when the secondary air is over 30 L/min
Yun-Jui and 吳昀叡. "Secondary aerosols with hourly measurements of air pollution events in Taichung the association with the atmospheric transmission." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43378954914854813751.
Full textWichmann, Janine. "Probing secondary exposure and health data as a tool to improve public health in South Africa." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29941.
Full textThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2006.
School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)
PhD
Unrestricted
Olufemi, A. C. "Investigates the levels of awareness, knowledge and attitude of South African secondary school learners and educators about environmental pollution in a coal mining area." 2013. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001338.
Full textLiu, Yang. "Comparative analysis of Unmix/PMF modeling for PM₂.₅ source apportionment in rural and urban Kansas and a review of life cycle assessment on carbon footprint of beef production." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/39285.
Full textDepartment of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Zifei Liu
The Unmix and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) models for source apportionment were applied to evaluate prescribed burning impacts on air quality, identify model advantages, and establish a relationship between visibility and PM₂.₅ sources. Speciated PM₂.₅ data were from the Flint Hills (FH) rural and the Kansas City (KC) urban sites. At the FH site, the Unmix model identified five sources: nitrate/agricultural, sulfate/industrial, crustal/soil, smoke, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA); while the PMF model identified the copper source in addition. The smoke source from PMF result includes both primary and secondary aerosols from prescribed burning when the smoke source in Unmix result only includes primary burning aerosols. The secondary smoke aerosols at the FH site were combined with secondary aerosols from other origins and formed the SOA source in Unmix result. Comparative analysis of the modeling results estimated the SOA to be 2.3 to 2.7 times of the primary aerosols in burning season. At the KC site, both receptor models derived seven-source solutions: nitrate/agricultural, sulfate/industrial, crustal/soil, smoke, traffic/SOA, heavy-duty diesel vehicle (HDDV), and calcium. The smoke source at the KC site carries an exceedingly organic carbon to elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio, which is more than five times higher than in FH smoke source. The PMF results at KC site tend to classify more SOA from nitrate/agricultural and sulfate/industrial sources into traffic/SOA source. In the burning season, the smoke source from both sites showed a relatively high correlation when KC is under west and southwest wind, suggesting that part of the smoke originated PM₂.₅ at the urban site could be from the upwind burning activities. The Tobit modeling recognized the nitrate/agricultural as the leading visibility degradation impact factor at both sites. The latter chapter conducted a review of life cycle assessment (LCA) on carbon footprint (CF) of beef production. The objectives were to evaluate CF range in raising systems from different countries, identify the leading CF contributor and dominant source of uncertainty, and summarize LCA inventory defined in cattle production systems. Most existing beef LCA studies followed a “cradle to farm gate” approach. The CF in 3-phase systems ranged from 16 to 29.5 kg CO2e kg⁻¹ carcass weight. The 2-phase raising system reported a slightly lower CF than the 3-phase system (18.9 to 26.9 kg CO2e kg⁻¹ carcass weight), but no significant differences were observed. The grass-fed system in the US has the highest CF, but the CF of grass-fed systems in the European Union (EU) is 40% less than them in the US. This is because more than half of cattle farms in EU produce both beef and milk, and the CF burden was partaken by the dairy production. Cow-calf phase contributed the most CF in 3-phase raising system, while enteric fermentation was the major contributor. Feed production contributed the most in the feedlot phase if forages were applied rather than concentrates. The leading uncertainty sources reported was land use change and disparate dressing percentage. To improve the LCA accuracy, more research is needed in collecting reliable LCA inventory data such as raising period and feed intake efficiency.
Τσιμπίδη, Αλεξάνδρα. "Simulating the atmospheric primary and secondary organic aerosols." Thesis, 2009. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/2402.
Full textΤα ατμοσφαιρικά οργανικά σωματίδια συνηθίζεται να χωρίζονται σε δυο κατηγορίες: πρωτογενή και δευτερογενή. Τα πρώτα εκπέμπονται κατευθείαν στην ατμόσφαιρα ενώ τα δευτερογενή δημιουργούνται με την μεταφορά μάζας αερίων χαμηλής πτητικότητας, που προκύπτουν από την οξείδωση πρωτογενών οργανικών αερίων, στα ατμοσφαιρικά σωματίδια. Ένα τρισδιάστατο χημικό μοντέλο (PMCAMx), βασιζόμενο σε αυτό το διαχωρισμό, χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την προσομοίωση της σύνθεσης και της μάζας των οργανικών σωματιδίων της ατμόσφαιρας, στις ανατολικές Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής κατά τη διάρκεια των τεσσάρων εποχών του χρόνου. Οι προβλέψεις του μοντέλου αξιολογήθηκαν έναντι μετρήσεων που πραγματοποιήθηκαν από τα δίκτυα παρακολούθησης IMPROVE και STN στις ανατολικές ΗΠΑ. Η απόδοση του μοντέλου, όσον αφορά τον προσδιορισμό της συγκέντρωσης των οργανικών ενώσεων κατά τη διάρκεια όλων των εποχών είναι ιδιαίτερα ικανοποιητική. Ωστόσο, αν και οι προβλέψεις του μοντέλου για τη συγκέντρωση της οργανικής μάζας είναι ενθαρρυντικές, δεν είναι ξεκάθαρο εάν το μοντέλο προβλέπει τις σωστές τιμές για τους σωστούς λόγους. Συγκεκριμένα το μοντέλο δεν μπορεί να εξηγήσει την πολύ οξυγονωμένη χημική μορφή των ατμοσφαιρικών οργανικών σωματιδίων όπως αυτή αποτυπώθηκε σε μετρήσεις πεδίου. Για να αντιμετωπιστούν τα ανωτέρω ζητήματα αναπτύσσουμε μια νέα μέθοδο προσομοίωσης των διεργασιών σχηματισμού και χημικής γήρανσης των πρωτογενών και δευτερογενών οργανικών σωματιδίων της ατμόσφαιρας, στο τρισδιάστατο χημικό μοντέλο PMCAMx βασιζόμενοι σε πρόσφατα πειραματικά δεδομένα. Στο νέο αυτό πλαίσιο μοντελοποίησης τόσο τα πρωτογενή, όσο και τα δευτερογενή οργανικά συστατικά θεωρούνται ότι είναι ημιπτητικά και φωτοχημικά ενεργά και κατανέμονται λογαριθμικά σε ομάδες ενώσεων διαφορετικής πτητικότητας. Το βελτιωμένο PMCAMx (PMCAMx-2008) έχει εφαρμοστεί στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της πόλης του Μεξικού για περίπου μια βδομάδα τον Απρίλιο του 2003. Οι προβλέψεις του μοντέλου συγκρίνονται με μετρήσεις φασματογράφου μάζας αεροζόλ και άλλες μετρήσεις που πραγματοποιήθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια της καμπάνιας MCMA-2003. Τέλος το PMCAMx έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί για να μελετηθούν διεξοδικά οι αλλαγές στη συγκέντρωση των οργανικών σωματιδίων διαμέτρου έως 2.5 μm που προκύπτουν από αλλαγές των εκπομπών NOx και VOCs κατά τη διάρκεια των μηνών του Ιουλίου 2001 και του Ιανουαρίου 2002 στις ανατολικές Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής.
Ashford, Nicholas. "The Encouragement of Technological Change for Preventing Chemical Accidents: Moving Firms from Secondary Prevention and Mitigation to Primary Prevention." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/1561.
Full textΠαπασάββας, Άγγελος. "Βελτιστοποίηση των φυσικών αντιοξειδωτικών παραγόντων των φυτών μέσω του ελέγχου των θρεπτικών συστατικών." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/8564.
Full textThe pollution from chemical fertilizers is pronounced in Greek soils (particularly nitrates) and is therefore critical to reduce inputs of agrochemicals in the environment. The decrease of fertilization increases the concentration of antioxidants in plant tissues. Many scientific studies to date relate the diet with plant products of high nutritional value containing phenolic-antioxidants with the prevention of cardiovascular disease, number of cancers and aging. So the aims of the present research are: to reduce environmental pollution by reducing fertilizer applied to crops, and the production of crops with high biological and nutritional value, providing greater amounts of antioxidants in the human body. It should also be noted that the decrease in the quantities of fertilizer that will be required for the cultivation of plants will also lead to economic benefits to farmers and consumers, as it will reduce the cost of production of plant products. For this purpose the effect of varying concentration of nitrate granted via hydroponic nutrient solution, in the production rate of polyphenolic compounds in vegetables (lettuce and beetroot) was studied. It was found that maximizing the production of natural antioxidants is possible through the control of nitrogen nutrition. Also, it was ascertained that a critical point in the concentration of the administered nitrogen exists below which the secondary metabolism of the studied crops i.e. beetroot and lettuce is activated, significantly increasing the rate of production of the highly beneficial for the health compounds such as phenolic phytochemicals and betacyanins. The augmentation of the activity of antioxidants was confirmed by using advanced methods such as EPR. Finally seven different polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified by the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), in different plant parts of beetroot and lettuce leaves.