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Gromaire·Mertz, M. C. "La pollution des eaux pluviales urbaines en réseau d'assainissement unitaire - Caractéristiques et origines." La Houille Blanche, no. 2 (April 2000): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2000018.
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Asslouj, Jaouad El, Sanae Kholtei, Namira El Amrani-Paaza, and Abderrauf Hilali. "Impact des activités anthropiques sur la qualité des eaux souterraines de la communauté Mzamza (Chaouia, Maroc)**." Revue des sciences de l'eau 20, no. 3 (October 1, 2007): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016505ar.
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Résumé L’étude des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des eaux souterraines de la communauté Mzamza, soumises aux rejets liquides de la ville de Settat à partir de l’oued Boummoussa, montre que la qualité des eaux des différents puits est variable et dépend d’un certain nombre de facteurs tels que l’emplacement des puits par rapport aux eaux usées et l’activité agricole. L’interprétation des données d’analyse, la corrélation existante entre eaux usées et eaux de puits, et la répartition des eaux souterraines en groupes sont réalisées en utilisant l’Analyse en Composante Principale Normée. L’étude a révélé des origines différentes de la contamination des eaux souterraines, à savoir, la contamination par la matière organique due essentiellement à l’utilisation des eaux usées à des fins d’irrigation et à leur infiltration continue, et finalement le retour des eaux d’irrigation (chargées en engrais azotés) qui est considéré comme étant la principale origine de la minéralisation et de la pollution des eaux. Plusieurs facteurs conditionnent la progression de cette pollution : les concentrations des polluants dans les eaux usées, la nature des sols, la lithologie, la perméabilité de l’aquifère exploité et la profondeur de la nappe. Les résultats acquis dans cette étude font ressortir également l’influence primordiale des variations saisonnières, ainsi que le rôle bénéfique des précipitations.
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Mehdaoui, Radouan, El Mostafa Mili, and Abderrahman Mahboub. "Caractérisations physico-chimiques et bactériologiques pour l'évaluation de la qualité des eaux souterraines de la vallée du moyen Ziz (Errachidia Sud-Est du Maroc)." La Houille Blanche, no. 5-6 (December 2019): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2019054.
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Le présent travail a pour objectif l'étude des origines de la minéralisation et de la détérioration de la qualité des eaux souterraines de la vallée du moyen Ziz, ainsi que la détermination des sources de leur pollution en vue d'établir une cartographie de la qualité de la nappe Quaternaire. Pour ce faire, vingt points d'eau ont été échantillonnés durant le mois de janvier 2017 et dont cinq paramètres physiques et organoleptiques ont été analysés : pH, température, turbidité, conductivité électrique et l'oxygène dissous. Alors que onze points d'eau ont été échantillonnés pour caractériser deux paramètres de pollution : il s'agit de DCO et DBO5 et trois paramètres biologiques qui sont les coliformes totaux, les coliformes fécaux et les streptocoques fécaux. Pour étudier et comparer la répartition spatiale des résultats, des cartes thématiques ont été élaborées en utilisant un système d'information géographique (SIG). Le sens d'écoulement général des eaux souterraines est du Nord vers le Sud. L'analyse de la qualité globale des eaux a révélé que 15 % des points contrôlés sont de bonne qualité, 55 % sont de qualité moyenne, 15 % sont de mauvaise qualité et 15 % des points sont de très mauvaise qualité. Ces eaux appartiennent à deux faciès chimiques d'une part, un faciès hyper chloruré calcique hyper sulfaté calcique, d'autre part un faciès chloruré et sulfaté calcique et magnésien. Ainsi, la dégradation de la qualité des eaux souterraines de la vallée du moyen Ziz pourrait avoir des origines géologiques et anthropiques.
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BENYAHIA, Mounira. "Evolution spatiale des caractéristiques et des origines de la pollution de temps de pluie en réseau d'assainissement unitaire." Revue Française de Génie Civil 7, no. 1 (January 2003): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12795119.2003.9692453.
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Paché, Gilles. "Aux Sources de la Pollution Urbaine : Le Contexte des Villes Européennes au Second Moyen Âge." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, no. 8 (March 30, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n8p1.
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La question environnementale occupe une place de plus en plus importante dans les débats sociétaux, tout particulièrement en Europe. La place d’une ville durable y est désormais significative, en soulignant combien la pollution des espaces urbains dégrade la qualité de vie des citadins depuis plusieurs décennies. Tout se passe comme si la ville souillée par la pollution était une invention récente du capitalisme financier triomphant, dont les excès antiécologiques sont notamment soulignés par des activistes et des ONG. Or, la pollution urbaine a des origines très anciennes, comme l’indique l’article en se référant au second Moyen Âge en Europe. Les villes connaissent alors des conditions environnementales dramatiques, en lien avec le développement d’activités commerciales et industrielles, ainsi qu’une gestion catastrophique des déchets humains et animaux et des excréments, jetés dans des cours d’eau ou des fossés. Toutefois, les autorités politiques de l’époque prennent conscience des conséquences néfastes de la pollution de l’espace urbain et commencent à agir pour apporter des réponses au problème, en constituant ainsi les lointaines traces de l’interventionnisme public contemporain. L’article est de nature réflexive, avec pour objectif d’identifier dans un premier temps les sources de la pollution urbaine au Second Moyen Âge, puis dans un second temps, les actions conduites par les autorités politiques afin de les réduire sous la pression d’attitudes « environnementales » de la part des citadins.
The environmental issue is becoming increasingly important in societal debates, especially in Europe. The place of a sustainable city is now significant, underlining the extent to which the pollution of urban spaces has been degrading the quality of life of inhabitants for several decades. It is as if the city soiled by pollution were a recent invention of triumphant financial capitalism, whose anti-environmental excesses are highlighted by activists and NGOs. However, urban pollution has very ancient origins, as the article indicates by referring to the late Middle Ages in Europe. The cities then experienced dramatic environmental conditions, linked to the development of commercial and industrial activities, as well as catastrophic management of human and animal waste and excrement, thrown into waterways or ditches. However, the political authorities of the time became aware of the harmful consequences of the pollution of urban space. They began to act to provide answers to the problem, thus forming the distant traces of contemporary public interventionism. The article is reflexive in nature, with the objective of identifying, first, the sources of urban pollution in the late Middle Ages and, second, the actions taken by political authorities to reduce them under the pressure of “environmental” attitudes on the part of city inhabitants.
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PAEHLKE, Robert. "Environnementalisme et syndicalisme au Canada anglais et aux États-Unis." Sociologie et sociétés 13, no. 1 (September 30, 2002): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/001540ar.
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Résumé Cet article décrit et analyse les rapports entre deux mouvements : le syndicalisme et le mouvement environnemental en Amérique du Nord anglophone. L'auteur discute d'abord des origines du mouvement environnemental dans les mouvements de conservation, qui sont distincts et plus imciens, en examinant les conflits possibles entre le mouvement environnemental et la gauche traditionnelle. Il présente ensuite un bref historique des contacts récents au niveau orga-nisationnel entre les syndicats et les groupes environnementaux et rend compte de la documentation sur deux sujets importants et connexes : l'hygiène industrielle (pollution sur les lieux de travail) et l'impact des demandes des groupes environnementaux sur les niveaux d'emploi. En conclusion l'auteur analyse les perspectives à long terme pour la coopération entre les groupes environnementaux et le mouvement syndicaliste.
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Montiel, A., and B. Welté. "Les progrès dans la mise en évidence d'éléments traces dans les eaux - avenir des techniques." Revue des sciences de l'eau 11 (April 12, 2005): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705334ar.
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L'évolution des techniques analytiques est, la plupart du temps, liée à l'apparition de nouvelles normes concernant l'environnement ou l'eau potable. En ce qui concerne les micropolluants minéraux, si dans le passé une attention toute particulière avait été apportée à la connaissance des formes sous lesquelles ils étaient dans les eaux, toutes les normes proposées depuis n'ont pas repris cette approche, et toutes concernent l'élément total non différencié. Les méthodes de spéciation ne seraient donc plus à l'ordre du jour. Il n'en est rien, car les limites fixées étant de plus en plus basses, la connaissance des formes, des valences sous lesquelles se trouvent ces éléments est de plus en plus importante pour l'optimisation des traitements curatifs. C'est le cas par exemple, du fer, de l'arsenic, du sélénium et du chrome. L'arsenic, par exemple, ne peut être éliminé de façon convenable, que s'il se trouve à la valence V. Une oxydation préalable peut donc être nécessaire. Pour le chrome, c'est le contraire, à la valence VI, cet élément n'est pas éliminable, il faut donc le réduire pour le faire passer à la valence III. Une autre évolution de l'analyse concerne les possibilités offertes par les couplages ICP-MS. En effet, la connaissance pour un élément des rapports isotopiques peut être primordial pour retrouver l'origine d'une pollution. Deux cas sont présentés : 1. Un élément lourd, qui ne connaît pas ou très peu de ségrégations isotopiques, c'est le cas du plomb. - Lors d'enquête sur la plombémie des enfants, il peut être mis en évidence des plombémies importantes (> 150 µg/l de sang). L'origine de ce plomb pouvant être multiple : pollution atmosphérique (naturelle, pollution automobile), les peintures anciennes (poussières), l'eau de boisson ayant transité dans des canalisations en plomb, seule l'analyse isotopique permettra de prendre position et de mettre en évidence une origine prépondérante. Des exemples sont présentés dans le texte. 2. Un élément léger, qui normalement devrait conduire à des ségrégations isotopiques, mais qui ne précipite pas et ne s'adsorbe pas ou très peu, c'est le cas du bore. - Le bore peut aussi avoir plusieurs origines. Les produits lessiviels dont le bore ne provient que de Californie pour la plus grande partie et de Turquie pour le reste. Ce bore a une signature isotopique différente de celle du bore trouvé en France. Cette méthode nous permet donc de distinguer le bore utilisé pour l'agriculture ou le bore naturel, du bore utilisé dans les formulations de produits de nettoyage.
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Claire, Y., B. Dumousseau, P. Jaudon, J. C. Landry, C. Massiani, J. Rey, and E. Vacelet. "Manganese Dans L'Eau D'Alimentation de la Ville de Beaucaire: Origines et Solutions." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 24, no. 1 (January 1986): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067318608076458.
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FEUILLET, M., and C. M. LENOIR. "Recherche des établissements rejetant des métaux dans le réseau d’assainissement de Romans-sur-Isère." Techniques Sciences Méthodes 4, no. 4 (April 23, 2021): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36904/tsm/202104015.
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La station d’épuration de Romans-sur-Isère est sujette à des arrivées régulières de substances toxiques. Valence Romans Agglomération, maître d’ouvrage du système d’assainissement, s’inscrit depuis 2015 dans une démarche de recherche des sources de pollution. Ces dernières sont complexes à identifier du fait d’un vaste tissu industriel réparti sur 12 communes. La campagne de RSDE (recherche des substances dangereuses dans l’eau) menée en 2018 a conclu à 12 substances significatives retrouvées en entrée de l’usine de traitement, dont six métaux. Ces métaux pouvant être à l’origine de la toxicité, une démarche de recherche de leurs origines a été entreprise. Veolia, exploitant du système d’assainissement, a proposé une démarche et des outils pour accélérer le travail d’enquête d’identification des rejets en métaux. D’une part, Actipol, outil interne de Veolia, a permis de restreindre la liste des contributeurs potentiels de 10 000 établissements à 2 700 établissements susceptibles de rejeter des métaux. D’autre part, l’utilisation des pieuvres métaux, qui sont des échantillonneurs passifs installés au sein du réseau d’assainissement pendant plusieurs semaines, s’est présentée comme une réponse adaptée et peu coûteuse pour identifier les secteurs qui contribuent à la pollution en métaux. 50 établissements, dont 13 prioritaires, ont pu être identifiés et permettent ainsi de restreindre le nombre d’établissements à enquêter. Actipol et les pieuvres métaux sont ainsi des outils faciles d’utilisation et efficaces pour mener à bien un diagnostic vers l’amont des substances significatives en métaux sur un système d’assainissement.
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Smith, H. Jesse. "Origins of wintertime pollution." Science 363, no. 6434 (March 28, 2019): 1412.7–1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.363.6434.1412-g.
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Srivastava, Shweta, and Gayatri Rai. "An Evaluation of Noise Pollution Level in Lucknow city, Uttar Pradesh." National Geographical Journal of India 66, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.48008/ngji.1732.
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Noise is generally defined as the unwanted sound produced by various natural or man-made sources such as construction, industrial, transportation activities etc. Noise can have many adverse effects such as hearing impairment, sleep disturbance, interference with speech and communication, reduced performance, annoyance and harming physiological functions. In India, the permissible noise level for different areas is laid down by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Lucknow city, one of the major urban centres of Uttar Pradesh, has a population around 28 lakh according to Census, 2011. This huge number of people contributes significantly in the increasing levels of noise and, therefore, creates an alarming state of noise pollution. This paper aims to study the growing noise level trends in the city, analyse the average sound levels to ascertain the status of ambient noise levels and recommend suitable preventive measures. The data used for substantiation has been drawn from the reports of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB). Microsoft Excel software has been used for tabulation and graphical representation of data while ArcGIS 10.3 software has been used for the cartographical representation.
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Zhao, Liuwei, and Shuai Jin. "Research on the Impact of Ecological Civilization Construction on Environmental Pollution Control in China—Based on Differential Game Theory." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (March 4, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5552069.
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With environmental pollution problems becoming more and more serious, administrators need to change their original system of performance achievement evaluation and build a new performance achievement view of ecological civilization. Based on the view of achievement evaluation of ecological civilization, this research develops a continuous-time differential game of environmental pollution control between local government and enterprises by taking into consideration dynamic change in pollutants in the environment into account. By analyzing the equilibrium solution of the game, the role of the assessment mechanism of ecological civilization is explored, and countermeasures are proposed to provide a scientific basis for improving the assessment mechanism of ecological civilization in China’s environmental pollution control. The results have shown that enterprises’ equilibrium pollutants output is negatively correlated to Ecological Civilization Index. Instead, the government’s efforts to curb pollutions are positively correlated to the environmental review. With th`at, lowering enterprises’ cost of production and pollution reduction alongside imposing more severe punishment would help improve pollution management. Setting up reasonable reward-punishment system would improve local governments’ pollution management. Elsewhere, the research employs the method of numerical simulation to testify the relationship among the importance of environmental review, enterprises’ pollutant output, and government’s efforts to manage pollutions. Finally, the research also suggests necessary measures to solve environmental pollutions and introduces a numerical simulation analysis.
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Law, K. S., and A. Stohl. "Arctic Air Pollution: Origins and Impacts." Science 315, no. 5818 (March 16, 2007): 1537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1137695.
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Paruch, Lisa, and Adam M. Paruch. "An Overview of Microbial Source Tracking Using Host-Specific Genetic Markers to Identify Origins of Fecal Contamination in Different Water Environments." Water 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14111809.
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Fecal contamination of water constitutes a serious health risk to humans and environmental ecosystems. This is mainly due to the fact that fecal material carries a variety of enteropathogens, which can enter and circulate in water bodies through fecal pollution. In this respect, the prompt identification of the polluting source(s) is pivotal to guiding appropriate target-specific remediation actions. Notably, microbial source tracking (MST) is widely applied to determine the host origin(s) contributing to fecal water pollution through the identification of zoogenic and/or anthropogenic sources of fecal environmental DNA (eDNA). A wide array of host-associated molecular markers have been developed and exploited for polluting source attribution in various aquatic ecosystems. This review is intended to provide the most up-to-date overview of genetic marker-based MST studies carried out in different water types, such as freshwaters (including surface and groundwaters) and seawaters (from coasts, beaches, lagoons, and estuaries), as well as drinking water systems. Focusing on the latest scientific progress/achievements, this work aims to gain updated knowledge on the applicability and robustness of using MST for water quality surveillance. Moreover, it also provides a future perspective on advancing MST applications for environmental research.
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Valeeva, T. A., and O. N. Mandryka. "Characteristics of marine litter on Russian High Arctic islands under modern conditions." Arctic and Innovations 1, no. 1 (December 23, 2023): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/3034-1434-2023-1-1-78-87.
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The study used data on the pollution of the coastline of the Russian Arctic National Park with marine litter to examine its composition and determine its origins. Marine litter is shown to accumulate on the islands of the Russian Arctic despite the absence of garbage patches in the Arctic Ocean. The analysis identified plastic as the main type of marine litter polluting the coasts. Monitoring also helped to identify the main source of pollution—fishing. The obtained results can be used to develop a plan designed to prevent industrial and consumer waste from reaching the coasts of islands.
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Mammadova, Shakar, and Sadegh Rostamnia. "The Ecogeographical Impact of Air Pollution in the Azerbaijan Cities: Possible Plant/Synthetic-Based Nanomaterial Solutions." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (May 23, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1934554.
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The current paper deals with the major causes of air pollution in the big cities of Azerbaijan. In this context, industrial gas wastes and transport systems are the most important sources of air pollution. Also, relevant factors following the intensity of air pollution have recently been recognized. The motor transport system and its detrimental effects on human health are tightly connected with air pollution. Therefore, the use of ecological and geographical data could be an efficient approach to preventing air pollution in urban regions. Also, the advantage of nanotechnology in removing air contaminants has been introduced as a promising solution. Nanomaterials can serve as nano adsorbents, nanocatalysts, nano filters/membranes, and nanosensors in air pollution remediation. Moreover, the green synthesis of nanomaterials from plant-based origins is promising in this context. Also, nanotechnology is a robust candidate for the production of green and sustainable energy resources. In a nutshell, recommendations on the prevention and alleviation of air pollution, as well as the methods of refining the urban environment and controlling polluting agents are represented.
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Cortés-Hernández, José Héctor. "Origen histórico de la contaminación hídrica y análisis jurídico del río Atoyac." Tecnología y ciencias del agua 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 133–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2021-01-05.
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Se describe la cuenca hidrológica del área sujeta al presente estudio, a la que pertenecen el río Atoyac y el río San Francisco, del que se realiza una descripción cultural que permita entender la trascendencia social de su cauce y el impacto de su degradación en el ecosistema, detrimento relacionado directamente con las Obras de Derivación de las aguas broncas de la Malinche realizadas entre 1939 y 1947, labores previas al embovedamiento del río (1963-1975), dentro de la Microcuenca del río San Francisco, actual municipio de Puebla perteneciente a la Cuenca Alto-Atoyac; consecuentemente, se determinan las causas que originaron esta decisión, consistente en uno de los primeros ejercicios de colaboración interinstitucional sobre la gestión moderna de aguas en México y se describe la influencia de esta decisión sobre la contaminación actual del río Atoyac y los efectos negativos que contrajo. En la investigación se analiza información técnica oficial, se interpreta y vincula con el ordenamiento jurídico positivo y vigente del Derecho hídrico mexicano bajo la metodología de la hermenéutica jurídica y se desglosa de forma cronológica y en tablas bajo la jerarquía descrita por la Norma Fundante de Hans Kelsen. En un proceso gradual, se descifra la regulación jurídica del río Atoyac, su contaminación y los derechos humanos en riesgo, a través del principio de concurrencia, de utilidad pública y de la propiedad federal de las aguas, su relación con el orden estatal y municipal y el factor de la supremacía constitucional. Finalmente se vinculan los tópicos tratados con la Recomendación No.10/2017 emitida por la Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos el día 21 de marzo de 2017, instrumento promovido para determinar si las autoridades o servidores públicos violaron o no los derechos humanos de los afectados en poblaciones específicas del estado de Puebla y de Tlaxcala, sobre la cual se verifican los alcances jurídicos de las autoridades relacionadas con la contaminación y saneamiento de la Cuenca y se cuestiona el modelo de gestión vigente sobre las aguas nacionales.
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Ma, Jian Feng, Jian Ming Yu, Bing Ying Cui, Ding Long Li, and Juan Dai. "Treatment of Dye Wastewater by Zero Valent Iron Composited Organobentonite." Advanced Materials Research 340 (September 2011): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.340.229.
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A novel material, zero valent iron composited organobentonite (NZVI-OB), was synthesized to adsorb dye from wastewater and to degrade the dye for avoiding secondary pollution. The crystal structure was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of initial Orange II concentration and reaction time on the removal of Orange II by the NZVI-OB was studied. And the removal mechanism of Orange II was discussed. The results show that the Orange II can be removed by NZVI-OB efficiently. The maximal adsorption amount is 112.66 mg/g. The iron can effectively degrade the organic compounds after adsorption pollution, the carbon contents of organic pollutions after catalyzed and oxidized by the iron are lowered to the 19% of the original.
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Nasher, N. M. Refat, and Md Yachin Islam. "COVID-19 lockdown effects on water turbidity of a highly polluted lake in Dhaka city, Bangladesh." National Geographical Journal of India 67, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48008/ngji.1765.
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Highly polluted lake water turbidity was analyzed to detect the changes during COVID-19 lockdown. Total eight Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) satellite imageries are used to observe the qualitative change of lake water turbidity for pre, during and post lockdown period. The imageries from January to June, and September and October were analyzed for change detections. Cloud free imageries have been chosen for analysis. The water pixels and turbidity are assessed by the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI), respectively. The blue, red and NIR band reflectance indicates that most of the lake water becomes clearer than before the lockdown period except May. The turbidity index shows low pollution after the lockdown period. High turbidity was observed evenly distributed from January to June. In September and October, high turbidity only found the upper part of the lake. This probably indicates the floating pollutants in the lake. The qualitative study of lake water turbidity using a remote sensing approach indicates that the COVID-19 lockdown improves the water quality in city lake water.
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Pandey, Bindhy Wasini, Yuvraj Singh, Usha Rani, Roosen Kumar, Archana Singh, and Rikta Pal. "A geographical analysis of the first wave of Covid-19 with reference to highland and lowland regions of India." National Geographical Journal of India 67, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.48008/ngji.1776.
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The issue of health has become a major concern in recent years as a result of extensive coverage of media reporting outbreaks of diseases and the spread of deadly infectious diseases around the world. There has been a growing concern over the accessibility and affordability of healthcare facilities. The spread of the ongoing pandemic COVID-19 has been felt all over the world. However, the rate of infection varies across certain regions of the world. There exists intra-regional disparity as well. Recent research shows that there are latitudinal and altitudinal variations in the spread of the COVID-19. This paper studies variation of infection COVID-19 across the highlands of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) and the lowland areas in India. The paper also examines the role of geographical spaces in the spread of coronavirus in these regions. The study indicates that place-based effects (altitude, temperature, pollution levels, etc.) on health can be seen in a variety of ways; therefore, locational issues are very important for addressing health questions. The paper also analyses the Spatio-temporal pattern of the COVID-19 pandemic in the study area to understand the nature of the disease in different locations.
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Mityagina, Marina I., Olga Yu Lavrova, and Andrey G. Kostianoy. "Main Pattern of the Caspian Sea Surface Oil Pollution Revealed by Satellite Data." Ecologica Montenegrina 25 (November 8, 2019): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.25.9.
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Over the years, oil pollution has been the primary environmental problem of the Caspian Sea. In this paper, we present the results of our satellite survey in 2019 of the whole aquatic area of the Caspian Sea. These results reveal the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrocarbon films of various origins on the sea surface. Our primary attention was focused on the main types of petroleum hydrocarbon films polluting the sea surface. They get into the aquatic area via several different ways: (i) from natural marine hydrocarbon emissions from the seabed; (ii) from the mouths of numerous mud volcanoes; (iii) from offshore oil production and transportation; (iv) from oily wastewaters discharged by ships. We mapped the petroleum hydrocarbon pollution of the Caspian Sea surface on the base of satellite data. For each type of pollution, specific manifestation features were revealed, regions of regular pollution occurrence were outlined, and polluted areas were estimated. The relative contribution of every kind of pollution to the total oil pollution of the Caspian Sea is assessed on the base of satellite data. Comparison with the previous results of our long-term survey of the Caspian Sea is made. The problem of reliability of quantitative estimates of surfaced oil volumes on the base of slick areas seen in the satellite images is discussed.
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Baierl, Tessa-Marie, and Franz X. Bogner. "Plastic Pollution." American Biology Teacher 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2021.83.5.320.
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Plastic pollution is ubiquitous and there is growing concern about its consequences. Given that current research findings often reach the public insufficiently, the issue should be addressed at school. To create a fruitful learning experience, we propose three associated hands-on, inquiry-based learning activities that require little equipment. Students learn about the origins and properties of plastics, investigate everyday sources, learn about recycling, address and reflect upon the material’s (dis)advantages, and are encouraged to consider solutions. All activities align with the Next Generation Science Standards and are primarily designed for the middle school classroom; we further provide modifications for elementary and high school settings.
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Rüttenauer, Tobias. "Bringing urban space back in: A multilevel analysis of environmental inequality in Germany." Urban Studies 56, no. 12 (November 13, 2018): 2549–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018795786.
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Various studies have shown that minorities bear a disproportionate exposure to environmental pollution. To understand the causes of this environmental inequality, it is important to analyse which structural conditions foster environmental inequality. This study uses an original dataset by combining the German 2011 census with georeferenced pollution data to analyse the variation in environmental inequality between German cities. While structural characteristics derived from standard theories of environmental inequality do a rather poor job of explaining regional differences, an overlooked indicator correlates strongly with environmental inequality: the geographic centrality of polluting facilities within the urban space. Including this structural measure into the city-fixed effects multilevel analysis accounts for more than 25% of the variation between cities. This highlights the importance of taking geographic conditions into account when analysing environmental inequality.
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Dubey, Rabindra Nath. "Impact of fear of crimes on public transport usage: A case study of Delhi." National Geographical Journal of India 66, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48008/ngji.1745.
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Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC and Delhi Metro-Rail System (DMRS) are two important public transport systems in Delhi. The DMRS has been attractive in respect to ridership but in 2015 it has shown a decrease in its ridership. It has also been found that ridership of the bus service, the most important public transport system for the poor in Delhi, has decreased over time whereas the numbers of private vehicles have recorded phenomenal increase resulting in traffic congestions and pollution problems in the city. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of the fear of crimes along with other reasons for decreasing trends in the usage of public transport in Delhi. The study is based on people opinion and perception for which 350 persons were interviewed with the structured questionnaire from ten transit places having varied socio-economic conditions. Fear of crimes within buses/coaches is considered an important reason for not using public transport in western countries but as per this study, the same is not true in the case of Delhi. Role of fear of crimes along with other factors was verified with the spearman’s correlation coefficient. The weak negative correlation has been found between the preference to public bus services and the fear of crimes; the crowing; the unavailability. It indicates that along with these other factors are equally responsible for the choice of public transports in Delhi.
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van der Voet, Ester, René Kleijn, and Helias A. Udo de Haes. "Nitrogen pollution in the European Union – origins and proposed solutions." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 2 (June 1996): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038509.
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SummaryThe European Union is faced with major environmental problems related to nitrogen (N) compounds. The origins of three such problems, the atmospheric deposition of N compounds, the leaching of nitrates to ground-water and the anthropogenic N-input to the North Sea, are investigated by means of a Substance Flow Analysis (SFA); the reference year is 1988. Although the problems occur at various scales and have varying direct causes, food production and consumption together are the main responsible sectors, and the production and import of fertilizer appear to be the major ultimate sources in all three cases. Measures to combat these problems have been agreed to in various international frameworks: the European Community, the International North Sea Conference and the Rhine States Conference. These measures include technical emission reduction for acidifying compounds resulting in a 30% emission reduction; extension of the sewage treatment network and application of denitrification with 50% effectiveness; and introduction of measures directed at efficiency increase and emission reduction in agricultural practice in 10% of the agricultural area. The recent changes in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) are not expected to lead to significant changes in N flows. Assuming full implementation, an almost sufficient 45% reduction is expected for the anthropogenic nitrogen input into the North Sea. The atmospheric deposition of nitrogen compounds will be reduced by approximately 20%. The leaching of nitrates to the ground-water is expected to remain at the current level or even to increase a little. In all, these measures are conducive to solving, but do not satisfactorily solve, the three problems, mainly because the ultimate origins of the problems are not sufficiently influenced and measures therefore inevitably result in a shifting of problems.
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Cave, Matthew C. "Environmental Pollution and the Developmental Origins of Childhood Liver Disease." Hepatology 72, no. 5 (November 2020): 1518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.31549.
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Ciszewski, P., L. Kruk-Dowgiałło, and E. Andrulewicz. "A study on pollution of the Puck Lagoon and possibility of restoring the lagoon′s original ecological state." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 21, S (December 31, 1991): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1991.21.s.03.
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Hemmat, Walihabib, Atiq Mohammad Hesam, and Hamza Atifnigar. "Exploring Noise Pollution, Causes, Effects, and Mitigation Strategies: A Review Paper." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 1, no. 5 (September 1, 2023): 995–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(5).86.
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Noise pollution, often regarded as a silent menace amidst the clamor of more conspicuous environmental concerns, is a pervasive and escalating issue with profound implications for humanity and the natural world. This comprehensive review paper delves into the multifaceted realm of noise pollution, encompassing its diverse causes, far-reaching effects, and the array of strategies deployed to mitigate its adverse consequences. Within this paper, we embark on an exploration that begins by scrutinizing the intricate tapestry of noise pollution's origins. We dissect the urban sprawl and infrastructure development that spawns construction-related tumult, the transportation networks that propagate incessant road, air, and rail noise, and the industrial activities that generate relentless auditory dissonance. These sources collectively converge to create a symphony of cacophony that increasingly defines modern existence. The effects of noise pollution extend beyond mere annoyance. We scrutinize its deleterious impact on human health, from sleep disturbances and cardiovascular diseases to cognitive impairments and stress-related disorders. We unravel the psychological ramifications, including reduced cognitive performance, annoyance, and social isolation. Furthermore, we delve into its insidious intrusion into the natural world, disrupting wildlife behavior, habitats, and reproductive success. Noise pollution also exerts socio-economic repercussions, diminishing property values and impairing learning environments. Mitigation strategies emerge as our beacon of hope. Regulatory measures, noise barriers, urban planning, technological innovations, public awareness campaigns, and international cooperation collectively form our arsenal in the battle against noise pollution. By recognizing noise pollution as an environmental challenge with profound ramifications and by collectively deploying these strategies, we aspire to cultivate a quieter, healthier, and more harmonious world for present and future generations, echoing a harmonious symphony of coexistence amidst the urban bustle.
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Holnicki, Piotr, Zbigniew Nahorski, and Andrzej Kałuszko. "Impact of Vehicle Fleet Modernization on the Traffic-Originated Air Pollution in an Urban Area—A Case Study." Atmosphere 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2021): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121581.
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The main subject of this paper is an analysis of the influence of changes in the air pollution caused by road traffic, due to its modernization, on the air quality in Warsaw conurbation, Poland. Using the Calpuff model, simulations of the yearly averaged concentrations of NOx, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 were performed, together with an assessment of the population exposure to individual pollutions. Source apportionment analysis indicates that traffic is the main source of NOx and CO concentrations in the city atmosphere. Utilizing the Euro norms emission standards, a scenario of vehicle emission abatement is formulated based on the assumed general vehicle fleet modernization and transition to Euro 6 emission standards. Computer simulations show a reduction in NOx concentrations attributed to emission mitigation of passenger cars, trucks and vans, and public transport buses, respectively. On the other hand, improving air quality in terms of CO concentrations depends almost exclusively on gasoline vehicle modernization. The implementation of the considered scenario causes an adequate reduction in the population exposure and related health effects. In particular, implementation of the scenario discussed results in a 47% reduction (compared with the baseline value) in the attributable yearly deaths related to NOx pollution. In spite of a substantial contribution of vehicle traffic to the overall PM pollution, modernization of the fuel combustion causes only minor final effects because the dominant share of PM pollution in Warsaw originates from the municipal sector and the transboundary inflow.
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Kafi-Benyahia, M., M. G. Gromaire, and G. Chebbo. "Spatial variability of characteristics and origins of urban wet weather pollution in combined sewers." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0061.
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An experimental on-site observatory of urban pollutant loads in combined sewers was created in the centre of Paris to quantify and characterise the dry and wet weather flow in relation to spatial scale. Eight rainfall events were studied from April 2003 to May 2004. Samples were analysed for suspended solids, organic matter, nitrogen and heavy metals. Results confirm the extent of wet weather pollution. They have shown the relative homogeneity of SS and organic matter characteristics from one urban catchment area to another. Two groups of heavy metals were identified. The first one concerns Cu, which has a higher concentration in wet weather flow (WWF) than in dry weather flow (DWF), and runoff. The second includes Cd, Pb and Zn, where higher concentrations were measured in urban runoff than in WWF and DWF. A first evaluation of contribution of wastewater, urban runoff and sewer deposit erosion sources to wet weather pollution was established and has highlighted the contribution of wastewater and sewer deposits to this pollution. However, it has shown that sewer deposit erosion remains an important source of wet weather pollution at different spatial scales.
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KADOKAMI, Kiwao, Daisuke JINYA, Tomomi IWAMURA, and Teiji TANIZAKI. "Chemical Pollution in Coastal Waters around Kitakyushu City and Their Origins." Journal of Environmental Chemistry 8, no. 3 (1998): 435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5985/jec.8.435.
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Reizer, Magdalena, and José A. G. Orza. "Identification of PM10 air pollution origins at a rural background site." E3S Web of Conferences 28 (2018): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182801031.
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Trajectory cluster analysis and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) approach have been applied to investigate the origins of PM10 air pollution recorded at a rural background site in North-eastern Poland (Diabla Góra). Air mass back-trajectories used in this study have been computed with the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for a 10-year period of 2006–2015. A cluster analysis grouped back-trajectories into 7 clusters. Most of the trajectories correspond to fast and moderately moving westerly and northerly flows (45% and 25% of the cases, respectively). However, significantly higher PM10 concentrations were observed for slow moving easterly (11%) and southerly (20%) air masses. The CWT analysis shows that high PM10 levels are observed at Diabla Góra site when air masses are originated and passed over the heavily industrialized areas in Central-Eastern Europe located to the south and south-east of the site.
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Schiavon, M., C. Perrin-Ganier, and JM Portal. "La pollution de l'eau par les produits phytosanitaires : état et origine." Agronomie 15, no. 3-4 (1995): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:19950301.
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Bransford, Kent J., and Janet A. Lai. "Global Climate Change and Air Pollution: Common Origins With Common Solutions." JAMA 287, no. 17 (May 1, 2002): 2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.17.2285-jms0501-4-1.
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Sager, Manfred, and Oliver Wiche. "Rare Earth Elements (REE): Origins, Dispersion, and Environmental Implications—A Comprehensive Review." Environments 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2024): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments11020024.
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The rare earth elements (REE) comprise a group of 16 chemically very similar elements that occur widespread in rocks, soils, and water bodies, share similar ionic radii to the essential element Ca2+, and consequently also occur in biota. Given that REE form mainly trivalent cations, they also share similarities to Al3+. Compared to their chemical cognate Ca, they have a higher reactivity. Thus, their accumulation in soils may constitute a severe environmental threat. Over the last decades, the increasing use of REE in modern technology and fertilizers raised concerns about the pollution of soils and water bodies, which led to a rapidly increasing number of publications dealing with REE toxicity to plants, animals and humans, the fate of REE in soil–plant systems, REE cycling in ecosystems and impacts of REE pollution on food security. This review aims to give an overview of the current knowledge on the occurrence of REE in the total environment, including relevant environmental processes governing their mobility, chemical speciation and transfer from abiotic compartments into biota. Beginning with an overview of analytical approaches, we summarize the current knowledge on the ecology of REE in the lithosphere, pedosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, including impacts of soil pollution on food security and public health.
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HALADYNA, THOMAS M., SUSAN BOBBIT NOLEN, and NANCY S. HAAS. "Raising Standardized Achievement Test Scores and the Origins of Test Score Pollution." Educational Researcher 20, no. 5 (June 1991): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x020005002.
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Rabadán-Diehl, Cristina, Dewan Alam, and Jill Baumgartner. "Household Air Pollution in the Early Origins of CVD in Developing Countries." Global Heart 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2012.06.014.
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Yu, Su-jeong. "Disease Disgust Through ‘the Ursprung of Pollution’." Sookmyung Research Institute of Humanities 11 (June 30, 2022): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37123/th.2022.11.27.
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Disgust is a sensation developed to avoid pathogens. It is developed as an instinct to avoid disease. However, this is limited to ‘disease’. Martha Nussbaum divides aversion into two parts: ‘original disgust’ and ‘projective disgust’. The hatred of the original objects was called ‘original disgust’ and the expansion of people or groups from the original to other objects and considering them as harmful and dangerous ‘pollution sources’ was called ‘projective disgust.’ This study aimed to examine the problem of disease aversion through Ishimure Michiko's novel “Paradise in the Sea of Sorrow” which deals with Japan's representative pollution diseases such as Minamata disease. This text is a monumental work in many ways, including pollution literature, record literature, women's literature, and ecological literature. Through this review, I confirmed in the text how the emotion of “disgust” works within the individual, how it is transferred, and how it expands to group and group to group.
What I wanted to reveal through this was the Minamata people as ‘being who is okay to hate’. I think Ishimure would have liked to rewrite the story in Minamata, in “the ursprung” and start again. “Paradise in the Sea of Sorrow” can be established as an “anti-hate novel” that resists stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination by revealing social stigma and disgust.
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Gorman, Hugh S., and Barry D. Solomon. "The Origins and Practice of Emissions Trading." Journal of Policy History 14, no. 3 (July 2002): 293–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2002.0015.
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An important development in the field of environmental policy has been the growing acceptance and use of emissions trading as a cost-effective means to meet and maintain environmental quality standards. In the first half of the twentieth century, emissions trading programs not only would have been seen as unnecessary; they would have been inconceivable. The legal, bureaucratic, and technological infrastructure necessary to support such systems simply did not exist. Furthermore, most people did not see the release of pollutioncausing contaminants into the shared environment as transactions to be measured and monitored. Today, the use of emissions trading programs as a policy tool both reflects and represents the dramatic changes in pollution control policy that have since occurred.
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Gromaire-Mertz, Marie-Christine, Ghassan Chebbo, and Mohamed Saad. "Origins and characteristics of urban wet weather pollution in combined sewer systems: the experimental urban catchment “Le Marais” in Paris." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0010.
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An experimental urban catchment has been created in the centre of Paris, in order to obtain a description of the pollution of urban wet weather flows at different levels of the combined sewer system, and to estimate the contribution of runoff, waste water and sewer sediments to this pollution. Twenty-two rainfall events were studied from May to October 1996. Dry weather flow was monitored for one week. Roof, street and yard runoff, total flow at the catchment outlet and waste water were analysed for SS, VSS, COD and BOD5, on both total and dissolved fraction. Results show an evolution in the characteristics of wet weather flow from up to downstream: concentrations increase from the catchment entry to the outlet, as well as the proportion of particle-bound pollutants and the part of organic matter. A first evaluation of the different sources of pollution establishes that a major part of wet weather flow pollution originates from inside the combined sewer, probably through erosion of sewer sediments.
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BERDZENISHVILI, Nana. "Water Resources of Georgia and Their Ecological Condition." Journal in Humanities 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/hum.v6i1.345.
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Water resources are one of the most important natural resources of Georgia. Thereare 26060 rivers with total length 58987 km. A base of hydrographic network are smallrivers with length less than 25km and total length 50480 km.Georgia’s territory is dividedin two main regions: Black Sea basin and Caspian Sea basin. Total natural river runofffrom the territory of Georgia is 56.4km3 and to the territory (from Armenia and Turkey)- 8.74 km3. Thus, total water supplies amount for 65.4 km3. Rioni River is Imereti’smain artery of water. It is a left tributary of the largest river Imereti hills - Kvirila, which isconnected with Dzirula Chherimeloy, and the right side connects with the waters of theRioni Tskhenistskali. Rioni water is used in production, and communal services of thepopulation. On both sides of the Rioni are large industrial facilities that degrade waterquality. The problem of water resources protection in Imereti and rational use of it, onthe one hand, has created increasing demand for water by industry, and, on the otherside, of reservoirs pollution. Water pollution in the Rioni begins with the origins. Fromtraditional polluting facilities should be noted Kvaisskoe, Tutiyskoe businesses, a lot ofOni and Ambrolauri businesses that poured on the raw water in the Rioni. And the mostpolluted river in the territory of Kutaisi.
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Vallidevi, Krishnamurthy, Kannappan P. Gopinath, Krishnan K. Nagarajan, D. Gnana Prakash, Gurijala Sudhamsu, S. Sudhish, and Salma A. Al-Zahrani. "Corrigendum to: Water Pollution Monitoring through Remote Sensing." Current Analytical Chemistry 17, no. 9 (November 2021): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341101709211015111355.
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We apologize for the error that occurred in the online version of the article. Incorrect name of 5th author was published in the article entitled “Water Pollution Monitoring through Remote Sensing” in “Curr. Anal. Chem., 2021, 17(6), 802-814 [1]. The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.2174/1573411016666200206095055 Original: Gadug Sudhamsu Corrected: Gurijala Sudhamsu
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Kaswa, Mahipal. "Industrialization and urbanization impact on natural resources and their changing nature: An overview." RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53573/rhimrj.2023.v10n02.013.
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Many factors contribute to polluting the environment, which collectively give rise to different types of pollution, in which mainly the smoke and gases coming out of industry and means of transport pollute the air. Contaminated water coming out of the industries pollutes the water sources and the soil. Noise pollution is generated due to the sound generated by the means of transport, machines of industries. Cities also have all these means to pollute the environment, but due to their uneven distribution, different types of pollution can be divided into sources of environmental pollution according to their original sources. Classification is done according to which it has been shown in which place or in which ward of which city and from which sources the environment is getting polluted.
Abstract in Hindi Language:
पर्यावरण को प्रदूषित करने में अनेक कारकों का योगदान है जो सम्मिलित रूप से विभिन्न प्रकार के प्रदूषण को जन्म देते है जिनमें मुख्य रूप से उद्योग व परिवहन के साधनों से निकलने वाले धुएं व गैस वायु को प्रदूषित करते है। उद्योगों से निकलने वाला दूषित जल, जल-स्त्रोतों को व मृदा को प्रदूषित करता है। परिवहन के साधनों, उद्योगों की मशीनों से उत्पन्न ध्वनि के कारण ध्वनि प्रदूषण उत्पन्न होता है शहरों में भी पर्यावरण को प्रदूषित करने वाले ये सभी साधन है परन्तु इनका वितरण असमान होने के कारण विभिन्न प्रकार के प्रदूषण का अपने मूल स्त्रोतों के अनुसार पर्यावरण प्रदूषण के स्त्रोतों के अनुसार वर्गीकरण किया जाता है जिसमें यह प्रदर्शित किया गया है कि किस स्थान अथवा किस वार्ड में किस शहर का व किन स्त्रोतों से पर्यावरण प्रदूषित हो रहा है।
Keywords: औद्योगीकरण, नगरीयकरण, पर्यावरण, प्रदूषण।
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Yadav, Shyma Chandra. "Water Pollution: The Problems and Solutions." Science Insights 44, no. 2 (February 29, 2024): 1245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/si.24.re905.
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Water pollution is an urgent and formidable global concern that presents substantial risks to both ecosystems and human well-being. A wide variety of substances, including industrial discharges, agricultural effluent, and urban wastewater, contribute to water contamination. It is critical to comprehend the origins and consequences of water pollution to devise efficacious measures to alleviate its effects. This article presents a comprehensive examination of the issues linked to water pollution, investigates contemporary strategies employed to tackle this ecological predicament, and deliberates on inventive resolutions and cooperative initiatives designed to safeguard the integrity of our water reserves for posterity.
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Chebbo, G., R. Ashley, and M. C. Gromaire. "The nature and pollutant role of solids at the water-sediment interface in combined sewer networks." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (February 1, 2003): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0206.
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Solids at the water-sediment interface in combined sewers are known to be important for pollution potential during storm washout via CSOs. They have been investigated in several studies, but nonetheless, little is known about the origins, build-up, transport and nature of these solids. From a review of current knowledge, it is apparent that whilst there is general agreement that these solids are largely organic and have high polluting potential, their modes of transport and definition are not generally agreed upon. It is possible that there may be several “types” of these solids, defined as either: “near bed solids” or “fluid sediments/dense undercurrents”, possibly representing transport modes in flows with different ranges of ambient (dry weather) velocities and with differing sewerage layouts. Current knowledge is presented and new ideas for resolving the uncertainties regarding the nature, movement and effects of this material are outlined.
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Desbordes, M. Michel, A. Bachoc, J. P. Tabuchi, G. Chebbo, and J. P. Philippe. "La pollution des rejets urbains par temps de pluie : quantité, origine et nature." La Houille Blanche, no. 1-2 (February 1994): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/1994001.
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Hartard, C., R. Rivet, S. Banas, and C. Gantzer. "Occurrence of and Sequence Variation among F-Specific RNA Bacteriophage Subgroups in Feces and Wastewater of Urban and Animal Origins." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 18 (July 10, 2015): 6505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01905-15.
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ABSTRACTF-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) have been widely studied as tools for evaluating fecal or viral pollution in water. It has also been proposed that they can be used to differentiate human from animal fecal contamination. While FRNAPH subgroup I (FRNAPH-I) and FRNAPH-IV are often associated with animal pollution, FRNAPH-II and -III prevail in human wastewater. However, this distribution is not absolute, and variable survival rates in these subgroups lead to misinterpretation of the original distribution. In this context, we studied FRNAPH distribution in urban wastewater and animal feces/wastewater. To increase the specificity, we partially sequenced the genomes of phages of urban and animal origins. The persistence of the genomes and infectivity were also studied, over time in wastewater and during treatment, for each subgroup. FRNAPH-I genome sequences did not show any specific urban or animal clusters to allow development of molecular tools for differentiation. They were the most resistant and as such may be used as fecal or viral indicators. FRNAPH-II's low prevalence and low sequence variability in animal stools, combined with specific clusters formed by urban strains, allowed differentiation between urban and animal pollution by using a specific reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) method. The subgroup's resistance over time was comparable to that of FRNAPH-I, but its surface properties allowed higher elimination rates during activated-sludge treatment. FRNAPH-III's low sequence variability in animal wastewater and specific cluster formation by urban strains also allowed differentiation by using a specific RT-PCR method. Nevertheless, its low resistance restricted it to being used only for recent urban pollution detection. FRNAPH-IV was too rare to be used.
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Liever, Peter A., Clifford E. Smith, and Geoffrey D. Meyers. "Fluid Modeling vs. Pollution." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 01 (January 1, 1999): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-jan-5.
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This article reviews how computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis provides an enhanced understanding of a low-emission combustion system. When AlliedSignal Engines in Phoenix wanted its ASE40 industrial gas turbine to meet tough new standards for nitrogen oxide emissions, the company decided to try a design that injected water into the combustion zone so the system would burn cooler. AlliedSignal combined full-scale engine tests and computer models to study the effect of water injection on the ASE40. CFD provided detailed flow field information not available from engine tests. This information allowed engineers to verify the effectiveness of the numerous design changes made in axial air swirlers, mixing jets, and cooling flows. Work is also in progress on a dual-fuel system with water injection, using the same gas/water manifold and combustor. Oil fuel will be introduced through the original water circuit, with water being introduced into the gas side. This system will be distributed for the European market by AlliedSignal’s partner, Motoren-und Turbinen-Union (MTU) of Friedrichshafen, Germany.
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Baladès, J.-D., M. Legret, and H. Madiec. "Permeable pavements: pollution management tools." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0012.
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The latest tests on permeable road surfacing demonstrate the rate at which clogging occurs, according to the type of surface, and the best methods for recovering micro-pollutants. In the first year there is little change in underseepage rate but thereafter decline is rapid, reaching 50% of the original rate after 2 or 3 years. For highly permeable surfacing containing many spaces, absorption capacity remains high even after this period, but methods of preventive maintenance, such as suction, need to be used in order to avoid the use of even more costly methods, such as high pressure water jet with simultaneous suction. However, permeable surfacing does enable the storage and recovery of most micro-pollutants, thus preventing such particles being washed off into the ground.
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Rahman, Alexandre. "How to Remediate Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil?" Science Insights 41, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/si.22.re082.
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The issue of heavy metal soil pollution has risen to the forefront. In addition to harming the pedosphere as a whole, soil pollution also has an impact on other significant sectors, such as air and water pollution. The two primary categories of pollution sources are natural sources and man-made sources. Mainly Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Zn, Cu, Ni, and other heavy metals are involved. The safety of agricultural products and the proper growth of people are of utmost importance. Thus, the origins of soil heavy metal pollution, the state of soil remediation research, and the development of soil heavy metal pollution remediation technology are all covered in this review. The technologies currently employed in soil heavy metal pollution remediation primarily include physical remediation, chemical restoration, bioremediation, agroecological restoration, and joint restoration. These methods are described, along with the conditions under which they can be used, application examples, and an analysis of their benefits and drawbacks. The most popular restoration technique is bioremediation.