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Journal articles on the topic 'Pollution events'

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Published: 10 September 2022

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1

Scholz, Joachim. "Bryozoan response to "pollution events"." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1991, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1991/1991/543.

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2

Joy, Subhashni D. Singh. "AIR POLLUTION AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 107, no. 7 (July 2007): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000279252.98293.14.

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3

Balades, J. D., M. Cathelain, P. Marchandise, J. Peybernard, and J. C. Pilloy. "Chronic Pollution of Intercity Motorway Runoff Waters." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1985): 1165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0211.

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From 1980 to 1982, two investigations of the chronic pollution of roadway runoff water were carried out in areas having different pluviometric characteristics. The runoff from two hundred pluviometric events was characterized using highly rigorous methodologies, with a view to estimating the annual pollution load. The annual loads were determined; they show that the official instructions hither-to followed were rather pessimistic. On the other hand, greater vigilance is required as regards the loads that may be contributed by an isolated event, but it is not possible to characterize the parameters that will give rise to such an event. A few rain events can introduce into the environment, in a short time, as much as 30% of the annual pollution load of motorway runoff waters.
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Schreiber, J. D., S. Smith, and C. M. Cooper. "The occurrence, distribution, and remediation of transient pollution events in agricultural and silvicultural environments." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0034.

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Transient pollution events occur in runoff from both agricultural and silvicultural environments. In agricultural runoff, transient pollution events may be associated with sediment, nutrients, and pesticides. Depending upon hydrological conditions, these events may be responsible for most of the yearly yield of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides, and may have a profound effect on the ecological health of streams and reservoirs, limiting seasonal primary productivity, changing the balance of functional groups, and altering reproductive cycles. Transient pollution events are most noticeable in surface runoff, but are also observable in shallow ground water. Such occurrences in both runoff and shallow ground water may be associated with natural seasonal events including the fall leaching of crop residues, or with cultural activities including the application of fertilizers and pesticides. In either case, rainfall distribution and intensity become important factors in the magnitude of the transient pollution event. Best management practices (BMPs) must be designed to remediate transient pollution in agricultural storm events. Not only must total storm agrichemical loading to aquatic ecosystems be reduced, but also the transient agrichemical concentration peaks occurring within the storm hydrograph.
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Zhou, Song-mei, Qi-hong Deng, and Wei-wei Liu. "Extreme air pollution events: Modeling and prediction." Journal of Central South University 19, no. 6 (June 2012): 1668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-012-1191-2.

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6

Kou, Xian Juan, and Ke Yin Shen. "Study on the Ecological Environmental Problems of the Big Sport Events in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 1044–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.1044.

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This paper invest environmental science and practice of the Beijing Olympics through literature research, expert interviews, case studies and fields surveys and other methods, while referring to other environmental protection of major sports events, study environment questions in major sports events, and explore patterns of major sports events environmental protection. We suggest that hosting major sports events will bring ecological and environmental problems of air pollution, water pollution, and other pollution. We need to establish the concept of sustainable development of protecting environment and maintaining ecological balance in the process of organizing large-scale sporting event, and after the game .At the same time, to develop environmental events planning, implementation, monitoring mechanisms, rational planning of venue construction, improve the utilization of the venue after the game. We should make full use of environmentally friendly energy-saving technology, strengthen the host city for environmental pollution control.
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Masseran, Nurulkamal, and Muhammad Aslam Mohd Safari. "Mixed POT-BM Approach for Modeling Unhealthy Air Pollution Events." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 6754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136754.

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This article proposes a novel data selection technique called the mixed peak-over-threshold–block-maxima (POT-BM) approach for modeling unhealthy air pollution events. The POT technique is employed to obtain a group of blocks containing data points satisfying extreme-event criteria that are greater than a particular threshold u. The selected groups are defined as POT blocks. In parallel with that, a declustering technique is used to overcome the problem of dependency behaviors that occurs among adjacent POT blocks. Finally, the BM concept is integrated to determine the maximum data points for each POT block. Results show that the extreme data points determined by the mixed POT-BM approach satisfy the independent properties of extreme events, with satisfactory fitted model precision results. Overall, this study concludes that the mixed POT-BM approach provides a balanced tradeoff between bias and variance in the statistical modeling of extreme-value events. A case study was conducted by modeling an extreme event based on unhealthy air pollution events with a threshold u > 100 in Klang, Malaysia.
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Äijälä, Mikko, Liine Heikkinen, Roman Fröhlich, Francesco Canonaco, André S. H. Prévôt, Heikki Junninen, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Douglas Worsnop, and Mikael Ehn. "Resolving anthropogenic aerosol pollution types – deconvolution and exploratory classification of pollution events." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 4 (March 1, 2017): 3165–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3165-2017.

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Abstract. Mass spectrometric measurements commonly yield data on hundreds of variables over thousands of points in time. Refining and synthesizing this raw data into chemical information necessitates the use of advanced, statistics-based data analytical techniques. In the field of analytical aerosol chemistry, statistical, dimensionality reductive methods have become widespread in the last decade, yet comparable advanced chemometric techniques for data classification and identification remain marginal. Here we present an example of combining data dimensionality reduction (factorization) with exploratory classification (clustering), and show that the results cannot only reproduce and corroborate earlier findings, but also complement and broaden our current perspectives on aerosol chemical classification. We find that applying positive matrix factorization to extract spectral characteristics of the organic component of air pollution plumes, together with an unsupervised clustering algorithm, k-means+ + , for classification, reproduces classical organic aerosol speciation schemes. Applying appropriately chosen metrics for spectral dissimilarity along with optimized data weighting, the source-specific pollution characteristics can be statistically resolved even for spectrally very similar aerosol types, such as different combustion-related anthropogenic aerosol species and atmospheric aerosols with similar degree of oxidation. In addition to the typical oxidation level and source-driven aerosol classification, we were also able to classify and characterize outlier groups that would likely be disregarded in a more conventional analysis. Evaluating solution quality for the classification also provides means to assess the performance of mass spectral similarity metrics and optimize weighting for mass spectral variables. This facilitates algorithm-based evaluation of aerosol spectra, which may prove invaluable for future development of automatic methods for spectra identification and classification. Robust, statistics-based results and data visualizations also provide important clues to a human analyst on the existence and chemical interpretation of data structures. Applying these methods to a test set of data, aerosol mass spectrometric data of organic aerosol from a boreal forest site, yielded five to seven different recurring pollution types from various sources, including traffic, cooking, biomass burning and nearby sawmills. Additionally, three distinct, minor pollution types were discovered and identified as amine-dominated aerosols.
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9

Zhang, Henian, Yuhang Wang, Tae-Won Park, and Yi Deng. "Quantifying the relationship between extreme air pollution events and extreme weather events." Atmospheric Research 188 (May 2017): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.11.010.

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10

Nichitiu, F., J. R. Drummond, J. Kar, and J. Zou. "An extreme CO pollution event over Indonesia measured by the MOPITT instrument." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2009): 1211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-1211-2009.

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Abstract. In the fall of 2006, the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument on the Terra satellite observed an extremely high Carbon monoxide (CO) concentration over Indonesia. This extreme event was caused by huge fire activity during the 2006 El Nino event. From our comparison with other high CO pollution events over Indonesia during similar and moderate El Nino events, we conclude that the 2006 fire activity, which caused large-scale pollution in this region, was probably amplified by an increase in frequency and/or intensity of lightning activity in a feedback mechanism. We also observed that after the fire episodes in El Nino years, the "lightning rate" was less than during the fire episode but displayed an increasing trend across the three events observed that might have been be caused by interactions with fire smoke plumes.
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11

Ren, Yan, Hongsheng Zhang, Xiaoye Zhang, Wei Wei, Qianhui Li, Bingui Wu, Xuhui Cai, Yu Song, Ling Kang, and Tong Zhu. "Turbulence barrier effect during heavy haze pollution events." Science of The Total Environment 753 (January 2021): 142286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142286.

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12

Lyu, Lin. "Simulation of sudden benzene leakage water pollution events." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 208 (December 20, 2018): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/208/1/012035.

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13

Kasahara, M., K. C. Choi, and K. Takahashi. "ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS COLLECTED DURING EPISODIC AIR POLLUTION EVENTS IN JAPAN." International Journal of PIXE 02, no. 04 (January 1992): 665–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083592000695.

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More than 3,000 aerosol samples have been collected since 1986 in Kyoto under various meteorological and environmental conditions, including episodic air pollution events such as heavy air pollution, Kosa dust, very clean air, etc. The elemental concentrations of these aerosol samples were determined by PIXE techniques, and elemental concetration data were used to estimate a source contribution of aerosols by applying a receptor model. The concentrations of Si, K, Ca, Ti and Fe in both coarse and fine fractions increased tremendously at Kosa event. The maximum source contribution of soil dust amounted to 140 μg/m3 for a six hour average during a Kosa event. On the other hand, the concentrations of S, Zn, Pb and Cu in the fine fraction increased remarkably during heavy air pollution and photochemical smog events.
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14

Stumwöhrer, K., N. Matsché, and S. Winkler. "Influence of changes of the wastewater composition on the applicability of UV-absorption measurements at combined sewer overflows." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0088.

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The applicability of UV-absorption measurements at combined sewer overflows was investigated under different storm water conditions. Three specific rainfall events of different intensity, different duration and different intervals between the events were investigated. An individual evaluation of each single event resulted in an acceptable correlation between the UV absorption and the pollution measured as COD. A combined evaluation of the different events exhibited a very poor correlation which could not be used as pollution control parameter. Since the calibration procedure of the spectrometer used was not flexible enough to distinguish between different wastewater matrices from the different storm events the applicability of this type of spectrometer for the control of storm water overflows is questionable.
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15

Li, Hui, Rui Shi, Shikuan Jin, Weiyan Wang, Ruonan Fan, Yiqun Zhang, Boming Liu, Peitao Zhao, Wei Gong, and Yuefeng Zhao. "Study of Persistent Haze Pollution in Winter over Jinan (China) Based on Ground-Based and Satellite Observations." Remote Sensing 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 4862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13234862.

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A comprehensive study of the formation process of haze events in the Jinan area of China during winter is conducted based on the ground-based and satellite observation data from 1 December 2020 to 12 January 2021. According to variation of pollutant concentrations, two typical types of haze pollution are found in the Jinan area. During the type 1 haze pollution, the PM2.5 concentrations are greater than 75 μgm−3 and less than 115 μgm−3 with a short duration. The haze is mainly caused by local pollutant emissions and the accumulation of pollutants transported from areas around Jinan. By contrast, type 2 haze pollution episodes have a long duration and peak PM2.5 concentrations between 150 μgm−3 and 250 μgm−3, which is considered heavy pollution. Type 2 haze pollution is mainly caused by a mixture of long-range transported dust with locally emitted pollutants. Moreover, the unfavorable meteorological factors such as stable inversion layer, continuous cold high-pressure system, high relative humidity, and low wind speed play an important role in the formation of both types of haze pollution. In addition, there are significant photochemical processes during the haze pollutions. According to satellite data, the AOD in Jinan and surrounding areas is maintained at a high-level during haze pollution. It indicates that the local pollution is often accompanied by regional pollution during haze pollution events. This study reveals the formation process of haze pollution and promotes the study of regional climate change, which can provide guidance to the government in the prevention and control of haze pollution in East China.
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16

Tian, M., H. B. Wang, Y. Chen, F. M. Yang, X. H. Zhang, Q. Zou, R. Q. Zhang, Y. L. Ma, and K. B. He. "Characteristics of aerosol pollution during heavy haze events in Suzhou, China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 22 (November 26, 2015): 33407–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-33407-2015.

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Abstract. A comprehensive measurement was carried out to analyze the heavy haze events in Suzhou in January 2013 when extremely severe haze pollution occurred in many cities in China especially in the East. Hourly concentrations of PM2.5, chemical composition (including water-soluble inorganic ions, OC, and EC), and gas-phase precursors were obtained via on-line monitoring system. Based on these data, detailed aerosol composition, light extinction and gas-phase precursors were analyzed to understand the characteristics of the haze events, moreover, the formation mechanism of nitrate and sulfate in PM2.5 and the regional sources deduced from trajectory and PSCF were discussed to explore the origin of the heavy aerosol pollution. The results showed that frequent haze events were occurred on January 2013 and the concentrations of PM2.5 often exceeded 150 μg m-3 during the haze occurrence, with a maximum concentration of 324 μg m-3 on 14 January 2013. Unfavorable weather conditions (high RH, and low rainfall, wind speed and atmospheric pressure), high concentration of secondary aerosol species (including SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, and SOC) and precursors were observed during the haze events. Additionally, OM, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 were demonstrated to be the major contributors to the visibility impairment but the share differed from haze events. This study also found that the high concentration of sulfate might be explained by the heterogeneous reactions in the aqueous surface layer of pre-existing particles or in cloud processes while nitrate might be mainly formed through homogeneous gas-phase reactions. The results of trajectory clustering and the PSCF method manifested that aerosol pollutions in the studied areas were mainly affected by local activities and surrounding sources transported from nearby cities.
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17

Hanigan, Ivan C., Geoffrey G. Morgan, Grant J. Williamson, Farhad Salimi, Sarah B. Henderson, Murray R. Turner, David M. J. S. Bowman, and Fay H. Johnston. "Extensible Database of Validated Biomass Smoke Events for Health Research." Fire 1, no. 3 (December 6, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire1030050.

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The extensible Biomass Smoke Validated Events Database is an ongoing, community driven, collection of air pollution events which are known to be caused by vegetation fires such as bushfires (also known as wildfire and wildland fires), or prescribed fuel reduction burns, and wood heaters. This is useful for researchers of health impacts who need to distinguish smoke from vegetation versus other sources. The overarching aim is to study statistical associations between biomass smoke pollution and health. Extreme pollution events may also be caused by dust storms or fossil fuel smog events and so validation is necessary to ensure the events being studied are from biomass. This database can be extended by contribution from other researchers outside the original team. There are several available protocols for adding validated smoke events to the database, to ensure standardization across datasets. Air pollution data can be included, and free software was created for identification of extreme values. Protocols are described for reference material needed as supporting evidence for event days. The utility of this database has previously been demonstrated in analyses of hospitalization and mortality. The database was created using open source software that works across operating systems. The prospect for future extensions to the database is enhanced by the description in this paper, and the availability of these data on the open access Github repository enables easy addition to the database with new data by the research community.
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18

Pachauri, Tripti, Vyoma Singla, Aparna Satsangi, Anita Lakhani, and K. Maharaj Kumari. "Characterization of major pollution events (dust, haze, and two festival events) at Agra, India." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20, no. 8 (March 6, 2013): 5737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1584-2.

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19

de Kluizenaar, Yvonne, FrankJ van Lenthe, AntoonJ H. Visschedijk, PeterY J. Zandveld, HenkM E. Miedema, and JohanP Mackenbach. "Road traffic noise, air pollution components and cardiovascular events." Noise and Health 15, no. 67 (2013): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.121230.

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20

Beck, M. B. "Transient pollution events: acute risks to the aquatic environment." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0033.

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For the most part investments in restricting the propagation of pollutants have focused on managing a steady, invariant, average condition of the aquatic environment. In this there has been success. But the activities of society, in all its forms of land use (urban, agricultural, and silvicultural), have presumably still the capacity to generate as much potential contamination of the environment as previously. It is simply that we have now placed effective barriers – our wastewater control infrastructures – between these activities of society and the surrounding environment. And just as there would be a concern for the long-term reliability of a dam structure for a water reservoir, so there must now be an increasing concern for the reliability of our wastewater control infrastructures. Such concern is generic: transient perturbations about an equilibrium are as relevant to agricultural and silvicultural control infrastructures as they are to our systems of urban sewerage and wastewater treatment. The paper assembles the diverse features of transient pollution events, their monitoring, modelling and criteria for management, in order to make a start on providing a more coherent framework for their analysis. The notion of the frequency spectrum of system perturbations is used for this purpose. In this, succinctness is achieved, so that a better appreciation of the relationships between long-term trends and high-frequency disturbances can be obtained. In particular, the problems of managing transient pollution events can be seen loosely against the backdrop of a project's life cycle, in a manner that illuminates a tension in our attitudes towards the passive and active paradigms of operating the control structures that protect the environment from pollution.
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Wood, P. J., J. Gunn, and S. D. Rundle. "Response of benthic cave invertebrates to organic pollution events." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18, no. 6 (September 2008): 909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.933.

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22

Melgarejo, Miguel, Carlos Parra, and Nelson Obregon. "Applying Computational Intelligence To The Classification Of Pollution Events." IEEE Latin America Transactions 13, no. 7 (July 2015): 2071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2015.7273760.

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23

Leighton, R. M., and E. Spark. "Relationship between synoptic climatology and pollution events in Sydney." International Journal of Biometeorology 41, no. 2 (November 26, 1997): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840050057.

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24

You, Ting, Renguang Wu, Gang Huang, and Guangzhou Fan. "Regional meteorological patterns for heavy pollution events in Beijing." Journal of Meteorological Research 31, no. 3 (June 2017): 597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13351-017-6143-1.

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Fang, Li, Pan He, Chuanhao Tian, Yao Yao, and Hongjie Chen. "Beyond the ceremony: Mega-event, air quality and political career." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): e0262470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262470.

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This paper examines whether mega-events-initiated planning regulations improved air quality in Chinese cities and explores the driving forces of the enforcement of such regulations. Using the 2008 Beijing Olympics as an example, we find that mega-events serve as an opportunity for cities to combat air pollution. The 2008 Olympics prompted a handful of Chinese cities to cut pollution and sustain a blue sky: Cities with air quality regulated for the Olympics cut their Air Pollution Index by about 16 points during the Games, compared to non-regulated cities, and 60% of that effect remained four years after the event. These achievements are obtained through effective mobilization of city leaders by associating air quality with their political careers. This study reveals that 1) a mega-event may improve urban environmental quality beyond the host cities and the event period, and 2) successful implementation of environmental regulations hinges on incentivizing local leaders.
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Zsombor, Kisfaludi-Bak. "Analyses of River Oil-Spills and Actual Solving Methods." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 15, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2021.15.21.

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Abstract Nowadays, there is an increasing emphasis on the problem of water quality. Of the many polluting effects, oil pollution is perhaps the most harmful, but its effects are being studied mostly on large seas and oceans worldwide. In the case of Transylvania and probably the entire country, pollution of rivers by oil – based on yearly occurrence – has a larger effect than that of sea pollution. Every year we observe 40-55 such water pollution events, therefore, analysis and investigation of solution methods is of great importance. This paper attempts to shed light on this issue, presenting also the method currently used by the Romanian Water Authority.
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Masseran, Nurulkamal. "Modeling the Characteristics of Unhealthy Air Pollution Events: A Copula Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 8751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168751.

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This study proposes the concept of duration (D) and severity (S) measures, which were derived from unhealthy air pollution events. In parallel with that, the application of a copula model is proposed to evaluate unhealthy air pollution events with respect to their duration and severity characteristics. The bivariate criteria represented by duration and severity indicate their structural dependency, long-tail, and non-identically marginal distributions. A copula approach can provide a good statistical tool to deal with these issues and enable the extraction of valuable information from air pollution data. Based on the copula model, several statistical measurements are proposed for describing the characteristics of unhealthy air pollution events, including the Kendall’s τ correlation of the copula, the conditional probability of air pollution severity based on a given duration, the joint OR/AND return period, and the conditional D|S and conditional S|D return periods. A case study based on air pollution data indices was conducted in Klang, Malaysia. The results indicate that a copula approach is beneficial for deriving valuable information for planning and mitigating the risks of unhealthy air pollution events.
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JIA, JIA, Haibing Qiao, Guirong Li, Qiting Zuo, and Weihong Yin. "EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS AND INFLUENCING FACTORS OF OZONE POLLUTION DURING LARGE-SCALE EVENTS." DYNA 97, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10520.

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The impact of temporary control measures on regional air quality during large-scale events is the focus of current research. Most of them focus on the discussion of environmental particulate matter concentration, while the changes in O3 concentration during such periods have not been explored. To reveal the variation characteristics of environmental O3 concentration during large-scale events, the ozone pollution control during the 2019 National Games in Zhengzhou, China was considered as an example and the six pollution parameters of state-controlled stations, meteorological parameters, and online volatile organic compound (VOC) component data was used. The evolution law of O3 pollution in Zhengzhou before and after the implementation of control measures was discussed, and the changes in NOx and the components of VOCs in different control stages were compared. The positive matrix factorization model was used to analyze the contribution of different types of pollution sources to the O3 mass concentration in Zhengzhou during the observation period. Results show that during the National Games, the concentration of O3 decreased by 45.2% and 29.3% compared with that before control and during Stage-I of control, respectively. The concentration of alkanes, olefins, and alkynes decreased significantly during the National Games, whereas the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons increased by 6.5%. The pollution sources with the highest contribution of VOCs in Zhengzhou were as follows: motor vehicle tail gas source (the average contribution was 32.8%), natural gas/oil source (26.3%), solvent use source (20.4%), industrial process source (13.9%), and natural plant source (6.7%). The research conclusion revealed the evolution characteristics of O3 concentration and the causes of pollution during large-scale activities. Key Words: O3 pollution, VOCs, Control measures, the National Games, PMF source apportionment
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Lukavičiūtė, Goda, and Vilhelmina Lukavičienė. "SPECIFICITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS ORGANIZED BY PRESCHOOL INSTITUTIONS: THE ASPECT OF THE CONTENT." Natural Science Education in a Comprehensive School (NSECS) 20, no. 1 (April 20, 2014): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu/14.20.96.

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The ecological environmental education is one of educational area directly related with safe and clean environment ant to keep it safe. This is so important to humanity. This insists changes of humans thinking and lifestyle. Scientists and educator practices unanimously highlights that for the ecological environmental education has to be paid big attention in the family, espacially in the preschool institution, because the environmental education in the childhood creates the strong foundation for the moral values, practical skilss and forms environmental motives. Also it is very important that in the preshool institutionthis education area would be scheduled and to use for that various tools of education. One of those tools are environmental events, which content considering to the specifity of the environmental education hould be orientate to prior of environmental areas: the pollution and protection of the air: the pollution and protection of the water; the pollution and protection of the soil; Biot (plants and animals) protection; the problem of rubbishes and also the protection from the phisical pollution (e.g. noise). The empirical research analysed teachers of the preschool institutions the organising of the environmental events experience showed that at the preshool education period teachers organises various environmental events. Today the most often event for the children are various environmental projects, which the most ar about the water, as the component of the environment, its pollution and the protection.Also quite many events ar for animals and plants, their protection and guardenship. Less then half respondents organised projects for the very important and so much emphasizing rubbish problem. Very popular for the preschool children and often are used in the environmental education are exhibitions. They ar very various: drawings, crafts, pictures, creatures. The most of respondents organised exhibitions of rubbishes and its clearing, sorting area, dedicated to the variaty of plants and animals, their guardenship and protection. The other events according to their organising ratio frequancy the priority thay distinguished: environmental competitions, action, excursions/trips, events and remnant. Key words: environmental education, environmental events, environmental content (areas).
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Masseran, Nurulkamal, and Muhammad Aslam Mohd Safari. "Statistical Modeling on the Severity of Unhealthy Air Pollution Events in Malaysia." Mathematics 10, no. 16 (August 20, 2022): 3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10163004.

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This study proposes the concept of severity as an alternative measure of extreme air pollution events. Information about severity can be derived from the cumulative effect of air pollution events, which can be determined from unhealthy Air Pollution Index (API) values that occur for a consecutive period. On the basis of the severity, an analysis of extreme air pollution events can be obtained through the application of the generalized extreme-value (GEV) model. A case study was conducted using hourly API data in Klang, Malaysia, from 1 January 1997 to 31 August 2020. The block-maxima approach was integrated with information about monsoon seasons to determine suitable data points for GEV modeling. Based on the GEV model, the estimated severity levels corresponding to their return periods are determined. The results reveal that pollution severity in Klang tends to rise with increases in the length of return periods that are measured based on seasonal monsoons as a temporal scale. In conclusion, the return period for severity provides a good basis for measuring the risk of recurrence of extreme pollution events.
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Cole, J. A., R. L. Norton, and H. A. C. Montgomery. "Countering Acute Pollution Events: Procedures Currently being Adopted in the United Kingdom." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 3 (February 1, 1994): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0101.

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Twenty English and Welsh water companies and the water services in Northern Ireland have collectively funded the production of a Manual on Pollution Risk Management. The Manual, which is still in draft, is intended to create a practical and systematic procedure for identifying potential and actual risks of pollution, for cutting down on those risks and for dealing with such incidents as do occur. The risks are considered of how pollution could affect surface or groundwater sources, or both of these, with a view to achieving catchment-wide awareness, supported by monitoring as necessary. The poster sets out the structure of the Pollution Risk Management Manual, covering:pollution incident categories and the frequency of consequent problems affecting public water suppliesa survey of European waterworks practice in monitoring and responding to acute pollutant eventscatchment audits to identify and curtail existing hazardspriority pollutants, their toxicities and persistence in the environment (WRc Toxicology Advisory Service)pollutant transport, in surface and groundwatersaction plans when faced with pollution incidentsclean-up procedures following pollution incidents.
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Chachuła, Krystian, Robert Nowak, and Fernando Solano. "Pollution Source Localization in Wastewater Networks." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030826.

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In December 2016, the wastewater treatment plant of Baarle-Nassau, Netherlands, failed. The failure was caused by the illegal disposal of high volumes of acidic waste into the sewer network. Repairs cost between 80,000 and 100,000 EUR. A continuous monitoring system of a utility network such as this one would help to determine the causes of such pollution and could mitigate or reduce the impact of these kinds of events in the future. We have designed and tested a data fusion system that transforms the time-series of sensor measurements into an array of source-localized discharge events. The data fusion system performs this transformation as follows. First, the time-series of sensor measurements are resampled and converted to sensor observations in a unified discrete time domain. Second, sensor observations are mapped to pollutant detections that indicate the amount of specific pollutants according to a priori knowledge. Third, pollutant detections are used for inferring the propagation of the discharged pollutant downstream of the sewage network to account for missing sensor observations. Fourth, pollutant detections and inferred sensor observations are clustered to form tracks. Finally, tracks are processed and propagated upstream to form the final list of probable events. A set of experiments was performed using a modified variant of the EPANET Example Network 2. Results of our experiments show that the proposed system can narrow down the source of pollution to seven or fewer nodes, depending on the number of sensors, while processing approximately 100 sensor observations per second. Having considered the results, such a system could provide meaningful information about pollution events in utility networks.
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Bujon, G., L. Herremans, and L. Phan. "Flupol: A Forecasting Model for Flow and Pollutant Discharge from Sewerage Systems during Rainfall Events." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 8 (April 1, 1992): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0195.

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For several years now, urban stormwaters have been identified as a major cause of pollution, along with wastewater. Before listing the technical solutions, it is important to assess the quantity of the effluent and spills with sufficient precision. These are the goals set for the FLUPOL model, developed jointly by Agence de l'Eau Seine-Normandie, Syndicat des Eaux d'lle-de-France and Compagnie Générale des Eaux. This model calculates the flow rates and discharges of Suspended Solids, BOD5, COD, and Kjeldahl Nitrogen downstream from an urban catchment and its drainage system after a given rainfall, without needing too complex and expensive data. The phenomena simulated range from accumulation of polluting matter on urban surfaces during dry weather to the transit of flow and pollution in the sewer, including possible deposition or resuspension processes. The FLUPOL model was adjusted and subsequently validated using several series of measurements carried out in France, and has been used in several sewerage studies taking into account the polluting discharges during wet weather. Considering flow rates and pollutant discharges, the difference between the calculated results and the measurements has always been less than 20 %. The model can then be applied in other drainage systems than those used for calibration and validation.
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Alves, Higor dos Santos, and Ana Carolina Vasques Freitas. "Critical air pollution events analysis in Itabira – Minas Gerais, Brazil." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): e51610110587. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.10587.

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The rates of atmospheric pollution are increasing in world over the years, which makes this topic more and more concerning. Weather conditions, associated with anthropogenic factors, play a fundamental role in modifying the air quality. In this context, this article aims to analyze the influence of meteorological factors during critical episodes of air pollution in the city of Itabira – Minas Gerais. Hourly air quality and meteorological data, provided by the Municipal Environment Secretariat (SMMA) of the Itabira City Hall, were used in this analysis. A selection of the critical events was made and, after that, the composites and daily anomalies for each event were calculated. The results obtained showed that in the critical days of pollution negative anomalies of precipitation, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity and wind speed were observed. For temperature, solar radiation and wind direction the anomalies are positive during critical days. In terms of emitting sources, there has been an increase in the vehicle fleet since 2014, presenting a positive trend of 1.151 vehicles per year. In addition, a number of 111 fire outbreaks were observed on the most critical day of all events. It is important to highlight the role of air quality control and monitoring, together with the analysis of meteorological conditions, as, currently, the maximum values established by legislation do not include changes in weather conditions, that can worsen air quality and harm the health of the population.
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35

González-Rojas, Claudio H., Manuel Leiva-Guzmán, Carlos A. Manzano, Raúl G. E. Morales S., and Richard Toro Araya. "Short-term air pollution events in the Atacama desert, Chile." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 105 (January 2021): 103010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103010.

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36

Wheeler, Timothy A. "Risk-Based Ranking of Dominant Contributors to Maritime Pollution Events." Risk Analysis 13, no. 2 (April 1993): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01070.x.

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37

Higgs, Rowan. "Ozone pollution—a link with cardiac and cerebral ischemic events?" Nature Reviews Cardiology 8, no. 2 (February 2011): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2010.220.

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38

"Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Events." New England Journal of Medicine 356, no. 20 (May 17, 2007): 2104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmc070556.

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"Analysis of regional heavy PM2.5 pollution events in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding area in China during 2015–2018." Global NEST: the international Journal, November 4, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30955/gnj.003589.

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<p>Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding area (BTHS) experiences the most serious PM2.5 pollution in China. To investigate PM2.5 pollution characteristics in regional heavy air pollution, forty-three events in BTHS during 2015–2018 were selected in this study. These regional events generally lasted five days and covered nineteen cities, with an average PM2.5 concentration of 204 μg·m-3 and a maximum daily average concentration of 358 μg·m-3. The pollution events occurred mainly during October to March of the following year, which is the heating season in this region. The occurrence of pollution events and the PM2.5 concentration displayed a decreasing trend during 2015–2018. Of the forty-three events, thirteen started in Baoding city, and the peak PM2.5 concentration was recorded in Baoding city eleven times, indicating that it was the most polluted city in BTHS. A comprehensive classification method determined that southwest channel pollution was the main type of pollution event in BTHS. It occurred nine, seven, four, and eight times in 2015–2018, accounting for 56.3%, 53.8% 80.0%, and 88.9% of all pollution events, respectively. A typical regional heavy PM2.5 pollution event occurred in March 2016. The analysis revealed that it was initiated by pollutant transport from regions south of BTHS. Local pollutant emissions and regional pollutants accumulated, and secondary pollutant formation occurred in association with weak winds and a high relative humidity, which maintained the heavy pollution levels. Relative humidity had the most significant influence on the two most important stages of a heavy PM2.5 pollution event, which were the initial and high concentration stages, respectively.</p>
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40

"Events." Green Chemistry 1, no. 2 (1999): G49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/gc990g49.

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"Events." Green Chemistry 1, no. 3 (1999): G75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/gc990g75.

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42

Testa, Alberto, Sabrina Anticoli, Francesca Romana Pezzella, Marilena Mangiardi, Alessandro Di Giosa, Giada Marchegiani, Achille Gaspardone, Benedetta Versaci, Francesco Versaci, and Giuseppe Biondi Zoccai. "625 Cluster analysis of weather and pollution features and its role in predicting acute cardiac or cerebrovascular events." European Heart Journal Supplements 23, Supplement_G (December 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suab145.

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Abstract Aims The impact of the interplay between weather and pollution features on the risk of acute cardiac and cerebrovascular events has not been entirely appraised. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive cluster analysis of weather and pollution features in a large metropolitan area, and their association with acute cardiac and cerebrovascular events. Methods and results Anonymized data on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute cerebrovascular events were obtained from three tertiary care centre from a single large metropolitan area. Weather and pollution data were obtained averaging measurements from several city measurement stations managed by the competent regional agency for environmental protection, and from the Meteorologic Center of Italian Military Aviation. Unsupervised machine learning was performed with hierarchical clustering to identify specific days with distinct weather and pollution features. Clusters were then compared for rate of acute cardiac and cerebrovascular events with Poisson models. As expected, significant pairwise correlations were found between weather and pollution features. Building upon these correlations, hierarchical clustering, from a total of 1169 days, generated four separate clusters: Cluster 1, including 60 (5.1%) days, Cluster 2 with 419 (35.8%) days, Cluster 3 with 673 (57.6%) days, and Cluster 4 with 17 (1.5%) days, with significant between-cluster differences in weather and pollution features. Notably, Cluster 1 was characterized by low temperatures and high ozone concentrations (P &lt; 0.001). Overall cluster-wise comparisons showed significant overall differences in adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (P &lt; 0.001), as well as in cerebrovascular events (P &lt; 0.001) and strokes (P = 0.001). Between-cluster comparisons showed that Cluster 1 was associated with an increased risk of any event, cerebrovascular events, and strokes in comparison to Cluster 2, Cluster 3, and Cluster 4 (all P &lt; 0.05), as well as AMI in comparison to Cluster 3 (P = 0.047). In addition, Cluster 2 was associated with a higher risk of strokes in comparison to Cluster 4 (P = 0.030). Analysis adjusting for season confirmed the increased risk of any event, cerebrovascular events, and strokes for Cluster 1 and Cluster 2. Conclusions Unsupervised machine learning can be leveraged to identify specific days with a unique clustering of adverse weather and pollution features which are associated with an increases risk of acute cardiovascular events, especially cerebrovascular events.
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43

Nath, Purnendu. "Pollution and Weather Trade-offs for Endurance Events." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3256598.

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44

Green, James M. "Forensic Environmental Engineering Evaluation of Water Pollution Events." Journal of the National Academy of Forensic Engineers 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.51501/jotnafe.v10i1.513.

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Water pollution events are defined as the discharge of point or nonpoint sources of contamination on surface water bodies such as streams, lakes, estuaries, oceans and rivers. Water pollution forensic evaluations use the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) as the primary source of standards and engineering guidelines. This Federal and State system was implemented under Public Law 92-500 and requires that any entity that discharges a flow into a waterway do so under an NPDES permit. The permit is issued by the State and allows for the receiving waterways ability to absorb some level of contamination. This absorption rate is determined by extensive Engineering modeling of the receiving waterway and is a function of the dissolved oxygen in the water and other parameters. The capacity of the receiving water is defined and allocated to all the industries and municipalities discharging into the water body. The modeling results give the Forensic Engineer a powerful
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45

Testa, A., S. Anticoli, FR Pezzella, M. Mangiardi, A. Di Giosa, G. Marchegiani, G. Frati, et al. "Leveraging cluster analysis of weather and pollution features to predict acute cardiac or cerebrovascular events." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 29, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwac056.193.

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Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background/Introduction Despite mounting evidence, the impact of the interplay between weather and pollution features on the risk of acute cardiac and cerebrovascular events has not been entirely appraised. Purpose We aimed to perform a comprehensive cluster analysis of weather and pollution features in a large metropolitan area, and their association with acute cardiac and cerebrovascular events. Methods Anonymized data on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute cerebrovascular events were obtained from 3 tertiary care center from a single large metropolitan area. Weather and pollution data were obtained averaging measurements from several city measurement stations managed by the competent regional agency for enviromental protection, and from the Metereologic Center of Italian Military Aviation. Unsupervised machine learning was performed with hierarchical clustering to identify specific days with distinct weather and pollution features. Clusters were then compared for rate of acute cardiac and cerebrovascular events with Poisson models. Results As expected, significant pairwise correlations were found between weather and pollution features. Building upon these correlations, hierarchical clustering, from a total of 1169 days, generated 4 separate clusters: mostly winter days with low temperatures and high ozone concentrations (cluster 1, n=60, 5.1%), days with moderately high temperatures and low pollutants concentrations (cluster 2, n=419, 35.8%), mostly summer and spring days with high temperatures and high ozone concentrations (cluster 3, n=673, 57.6%), and mostly winter days with low temperatures and low ozone concentrations (cluster 4, n=17, 1.5%). Overall cluster-wise comparisons showed significant overall differences in adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (p&lt;0.001), as well as in cerebrovascular events (p&lt;0.001) and strokes (p=0.001). Between-cluster comparisons showed that Cluster 1 was associated with an increased risk of any event, cerebrovascular events, and strokes in comparison to Cluster 2, Cluster 3 and Cluster 4 (all p&lt;0.05), as well as AMI in comparison to Cluster 3 (p=0.047). In addition, Cluster 2 was associated with a higher risk of strokes in comparison to Cluster 4 (p=0.030). Analysis adjusting for season confirmed the increased risk of any event, cerebrovascular events and strokes for Cluster 1 and Cluster 2. Conclusions Unsupervised machine learning can be leveraged to identify specific days with a unique clustering of adverse weather and pollution features which are associated with an increases risk of acute cardiovascular events, especially cerebrovascular events. These findings may improve collective and individual risk prediction and prevention.
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46

Shen, Chen, Xiang-Chang Yin, Bo-Yang Jiao, Jing Li, Peng Jia, Xiao-Wen Zhang, Xue-Hao Cheng, et al. "Evaluation of adverse effects/events of genetically modified food consumption: a systematic review of animal and human studies." Environmental Sciences Europe 34, no. 1 (January 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00578-9.

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Abstract Objective A systematic review of animal and human studies was conducted on genetically modified (GM) food consumption to assess its safety in terms of adverse effects/events to inform public concerns and future research. Methods Seven electronic databases were searched from January 1st 1983 till July 11th 2020 for in vivo, animal and human studies on the incidence of adverse effects/events of GM products consumption. Two authors independently identified eligible studies, assessed the study quality, and extracted data on the name of the periodical, author and affiliation, literature type, the theme of the study, publication year, funding, sample size, target population characteristics, type of the intervention/exposure, outcomes and outcome measures, and details of adverse effects/events. We used the Chi-square test to compare the adverse event reporting rates in articles funded by industry funding, government funding or unfunded articles. Results One crossover trial in humans and 203 animal studies from 179 articles met the inclusion criteria. The study quality was all assessed as being unclear or having a high risk of bias. Minor illnesses were reported in the human trial. Among the 204 studies, 59.46% of adverse events (22 of 37) were serious adverse events from 16 animal studies (7.84%). No significant differences were found in the adverse event reporting rates either between industry and government funding (χ2 = 2.286, P = 0.131), industry and non-industry funding (χ2 = 1.761, P = 0.185) or funded and non-funded articles (χ2 = 0.491, P = 0.483). We finally identified 21 GM food-related adverse events involving 7 GM events (NK603 × MON810 maize, GTS 40-3-2 soybean, NK603 maize, MON863 maize, MON810 maize, MON863 × MON810 × NK603 maize and GM Shanyou 63 rice), which had all been on regulatory approval in some countries/regions. Conclusion Serious adverse events of GM consumption include mortality, tumour or cancer, significant low fertility, decreased learning and reaction abilities, and some organ abnormalities. Further clinical trials and long-term cohort studies in human populations, especially on GM food-related adverse events and the corresponding GM events, are still warranted. It suggests the necessity of labelling GM food so that consumers can make their own choice.
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"Forthcoming events." Biological Mass Spectrometry 15, no. 12 (June 15, 1988): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200151208.

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"Forthcoming events." Biological Mass Spectrometry 18, no. 2 (February 1989): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180211.

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"Forthcoming events." Biological Mass Spectrometry 18, no. 4 (April 1989): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180411.

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"Forthcoming events." Biological Mass Spectrometry 18, no. 5 (May 1989): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200180512.

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