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1
Lawrence, Susan, James Grove, Peter Davies, Jodi Turnbull, Ian Rutherfurd, and Mark Macklin. "Historical dredge mining as a significant anthropomorphic agent in river systems: A case study from south-eastern Australia." Holocene 31, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 1158–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596836211003272.
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Bucket dredging to mine and extract gold and tin from rivers is a global industry that has had a range of negative effects on physical environments. These include the destruction of riparian soil profiles and structures, artificial channel straightening and loss of in-stream biodiversity. In this paper we evaluate the immediate effects and long-term consequences of bucket dredging on rivers in Victoria and New South Wales during the period 1900–1950. High quality historical sources on dredge mining are integrated with geospatial datasets, aerial imagery and geomorphological data to analyse the scale of the dredging industry, evidence for disturbance to river channels and floodplains and current land use in dredged areas. The study demonstrates that the environmental impact of dredging was altered but not reduced by anti-pollution regulations intended to control dredging. An assessment of river condition 70–100 years after dredge mining ceased indicates that floodplains and river channels continue to show the effects of dredging, including bank erosion, sediment slugs, compromised habitat and reduced agricultural productivity. These findings have significant implications for river and floodplain management.
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Turner, G. W., and R. M. C. Ruffio. "Environmental Auditing for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control in a Region of New South Wales (Australia)." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (August 1, 1993): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0431.
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The concept of environmental auditing of point source pollution has been adapted to nonpoint source pollution in rural lands. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other information technologies provide an effective environmental management tool for characterising nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in a regional context and thereby can assist the environmental auditing process. Nonpoint source pollution problems of rural watersheds in Australia, particularly those in the state of New South Wales, and the role of the state's environment protection agency are outlined. A case study that applies an auditing methodology using GIS in a study area within the Lachlan River catchment is presented. The suitability of the approach for land condition evaluation and the review of land use controls for nonpoint source pollution is discussed.
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Bullard, G. K., R. J. Roughley, and D. J. Pulsford. "The legume inoculant industry and inoculant quality control in Australia: 1953 - 2003." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 3 (2005): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03159.
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Fifty years have passed since the first commercial inoculants were manufactured in Australia. Before 1953, various Government Agencies supplied mostly agar cultures with New South Wales Department of Agriculture issuing the first peat-based inoculants. There are no data to indicate the quality of these inoculants, but in the early commercial cultures rhizobia were often outnumbered by contaminants and field failures were widespread. A comprehensive system of quality control was developed from discussions between CSIRO and the University of Sydney. Succeeding quality control bodies have continued on the basis of the original scheme. It set inoculant standards, approved and supplied mother cultures to manufacturers annually, tested all batches of peat inoculants before sale and sampled inoculants at the point of sale. In this paper we describe the history of Australian legume inoculants, list the commercial firms and key people involved and the period during which they were active. We tabulate the strains involved, indicate the period of their use and highlight some of the problems encountered with them and with inoculant production. We indicate the personnel who have been particularly active in the quality control of inoculants, the funding bodies who have supported the work and stress the reliance of the control laboratories on the help of many agricultural scientists in Australia. An important part of the control scheme has been the implementing of standards without resort to legislation. This has depended on the cooperation of the manufacturers involved and has allowed flexibility in applying the standards.
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Webb, Ashley A., Georgina L. Kelly, and Warwick J. Dougherty. "Soil governance in the agricultural landscapes of New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (March 29, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2015.4169.
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Soil is a valuable natural resource. In the state of New South Wales, Australia, the governance of soil has evolved since Federation in 1901. Following rapid agricultural development, and in the face of widespread soil degradation, the establishment of the Soil Conservation Service marked a turning point in the management of soil. Throughout the 20th century, advances in knowledge were translated into evolving governance frameworks that were largely reactionary but saw progressive reforms such as water pollution legislation and case studies of catchment-scale land and vegetation management. In the 21st century, significant reforms have embedded sustainable use of agricultural soils within catchment- and landscape-scale legislative and institutional frameworks. What is clear, however, is that a multitude of governance strategies and models are utilised in NSW. No single governance model is applicable to all situations because it is necessary to combine elements of several different mechanisms or instruments to achieve the most desired outcomes. Where an industry, such as the sugar industry, has taken ownership of an issue such as acid sulfate soil management, self-regulation has proven to be extremely effective. In the case of co-managing agricultural soils with other landuses, such as mining, petroleum exploration and urban development, regulation, compliance and enforcement mechanisms have been preferred. Institutional arrangements in the form of independent commissioners have also played a role. At the landscape or total catchment level, it is clear that a mix of mechanisms is required. Fundamental, however, to the successful evolution of soil governance is strategic investment in soil research and development that informs the ongoing productive use of agricultural landscapes while preventing land degradation or adverse environmental effects.
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Sann, Alan, and Edward C. Wayment. "PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM HYDROCARBON POLLUTION—AN INTEGRATED PLANNING APPROACH FOR OIL TERMINALS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-589.
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ABSTRACT In South Australia, the newest Australian liquid hydrocarbon marine export terminal has been completed in record time. The terminal services domestic and export trade in crude oil, condensate and liquified petroleum gases while operating within a gulf which supports a major shellfish and scalefish industry, and a small but growing recreation market. The Terminal Operator has undertaken an integrated, rational, and cost-effective environmental protection strategy based on planning studies designed to ensure government and community approval for the facility. The study subject areas include: oil slick trajectory forecasting, ballast water diffuser outfall performance, prawn taint testing, coastal habitat sensitivity rating and mapping, oil spill response equipment selection and deployment strategies, equipment field trials, and industry-government consultative groups.
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Spennemann, D. H. R., and L. R. Allen. "Feral olives ( Olea europaea) as future woody weeds in Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 6 (2000): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98141.
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Olives (Olea europaea ssp. europaea), dispersed from 19th century orchards in the Adelaide area, have become established in remnant bushland as a major environmental weed. Recent expansion of the Australian olive industry has resulted in the widespread planting of olive orchards in South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Western Australia, Queensland and parts of Tasmania. This paper reviews the literature on the activity of vertebrate (principally avian) olive predators and their potential as vectors for spreading this plant into Australian remnant bushland. The effects of feralisation on the olive plant, which enhances its capacity for dispersal as a weed, place wider areas of south-eastern Australia at risk. A number of approaches for the control of olives as woody weeds are addressed. Proponents of new agricultural crops have moral and environmental obligations to assess the weed potential of these crops.
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Hall, Robert A. "War's End: How did the war affect Aborigines and Islanders?" Queensland Review 3, no. 1 (April 1996): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600000660.
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In the 20 years before the Second World War the frontier war dragged to a close in remote parts of north Australia with the 1926 Daly River massacre and the 1928 Coniston massacre. There was a rapid decline in the Aboriginal population, giving rise to the idea of the ‘dying race’ which had found policy expression in the State ‘Protection’ Acts. Aboriginal and Islander labour was exploited under scandalous rates of pay and conditions in the struggling north Australian beef industry and the pearling industry. In south east Australia, Aborigines endured repressive white control on government reserves and mission stations described by some historians as being little better than prison farms. A largely ineffectual Aboriginal political movement with a myriad of organisations, none of which had a pan-Aboriginal identity, struggled to make headway against white prejudice. Finally, in 1939, John McEwen's ‘assimilation policy’ was introduced and, though doomed to failure, it at least recognised that Aborigines had a place in Australia in the long term.
8
Swamikannu, X., D. Radulescu, R. Young, and R. Allison. "A comparative analysis: storm water pollution policy in California, USA and Victoria, Australia." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0704.
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Urban drainage systems historically were developed on principles of hydraulic capacity for the transport of storm water to reduce the risk of flooding. However, with urbanization the percent of impervious surfaces increases dramatically resulting in increased flood volumes, peak discharge rates, velocities and duration, and a significant increase in pollutant loads. Storm water and urban runoff are the leading causes of the impairment of receiving waters and their beneficial uses in Australia and the United States today. Strict environmental and technology controls on wastewater treatment facilities and industry for more than three decades have ensured that these sources are less significant today as the cause of impairment of receiving waters. This paper compares the approach undertaken by the Environmental Protection Authority Victoria for the Melbourne metropolitan area with the approach implemented by the California Environmental Protection Agency for the Los Angeles area to control storm water pollution. Both these communities are largely similar in population size and the extent of urbanization. The authors present an analysis of the different approaches contrasting Australia with the USA, comment on their comparative success, and discuss the relevance of the two experiences for developed and developing nations in the context of environmental policy making to control storm water and urban runoff pollution.
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Watson, Kalynda M. A., Katarina M. Mikac, and Sibylle G. Schwab. "Population Genetics of the Invasive Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes, in South-Eastern Australia." Genes 12, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050786.
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The use of genetic information in conservation biology has become more widespread with genetic information more readily available for non-model organisms. It has also been recognized that genetic information from invasive species can inform their management and control. The red fox poses a significant threat to Australian native fauna and the agricultural industry. Despite this, there are few recently published studies investigating the population genetics of foxes in Australia. This study investigated the population genetics of 94 foxes across the Illawarra and Shoalhaven regions of New South Wales, Australia. Diversity Array sequencing technology was used to genotype a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (N = 33,375). Moderate genetic diversity and relatedness were observed across the foxes sampled. Low to moderate levels of inbreeding, high-levels of identity-by-state values, as well as high identity-by-descent values were also found. There was limited evidence for population genetic structure among the foxes across the landscape sampled, supporting the presence of a single population across the study area. This indicates that there may be no barriers hindering fox dispersal across the landscape.
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Liang, Longwu, and Zhenbo Wang. "Control Models and Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Air Pollution in the Rapidly Developing Urban Agglomerations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 6177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116177.
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This paper systematically summarizes the hierarchical cross-regional multi-directional linkage in terms of air pollution control models implemented in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, including the hierarchical linkage structure of national-urban agglomeration-city, the cross-regional linkage governance of multiple provinces and municipalities, the multi-directional linkage mechanism mainly involving industry access, energy structure, green transportation, cross-regional assistance, monitoring and warning, consultation, and accountability. The concentration data of six air pollutants were used to analyze spatiotemporal characteristics. The concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, CO decreased, and the concentration of O3 increased from 2014 to 2017; the air pollution control has achieved good effect. The concentration of O3 was the highest in summer and lowest in winter, while those of other pollutants were the highest in winter and lowest in summer. The high pollution ranges of O3 diffused from south to north, and those of other pollutants decreased significantly from north to south. Finally, we suggest strengthening the traceability and process research of heavy pollution, increasing the traceability and process research of O3 pollution, promoting the joint legislation of different regions in urban agglomeration, create innovative pollution discharge supervision mechanisms, in order to provide significant reference for the joint prevention and control of air pollution in urban agglomerations.
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Oates, T. E., and W. Spiteri. "Stemming and best practice in the mining industry: A literature review." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 121, no. 8 (October 13, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1606/2021.
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In 2015, after amendments to the explosives regulations, stemming became a mandatory activity for all South African mining operations. There are, however, circumstances in which it is thought stemming has an adverse impact on the blasting outcome. Some of these circumstances include blasting in hot holes, in reactive ground, or when blasting a pre-split. In order to determine when stemming is necessary, its role in the control of adverse blasting phenomena and impact on explosive performance were reviewed. Stemming was found to play a significant role in the fragmentation process and burden movement. Additionally, stemming significantly influences the control of flyrock, air-blast, and toxic fume generation. The review of the literature indicates some motivation for not using stemming for pre-split, trim, hot hole, and reactive ground blasting, provided the benefits associated with not stemming the holes outweigh the risks of stemming them. Best practice for stemming from the literature indicates a stemming length of 0.7 x burden is best for larger hole diameters, and 20 to 30 x 0 for smaller hole diameters. Crushed aggregate appears to be the most effective stemming material. The South African explosives regulations pertaining to stemming were found to be consistent with those of Australia and the USA.
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Besier, R. B., and S. C. J. Love. "Anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes in Australia: the need for new approaches." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 12 (2003): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02229.
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Sheep worm infections increasingly threaten the profitability of the Australian sheep industry as the prevalence and severity of anthelmintic resistance continues to rise. Field experiments have demonstrated that the use of drenches that are of reduced efficacy due to resistance can reduce wool production by 10% and significantly reduce sheep sale value. The major factor in benzimidazole (BZ) and levamisole (LV) resistance, and in part macrocyclic lactone (ML) resistance in Haemonchus contortus, is considered to be the excessive frequency of treatment. In Ostertagia circumcincta, ML resistance appears to be related chiefly to interactions between the environment and the time of treatment, where resistant worms surviving drenches are not significantly diluted by worms acquired after treatment. Resistance to the BZs and LV affects almost all Australian sheep farms, and on most drench efficacy is now below a useful level. ML resistance is common in O. circumcincta in Western Australia, and increasingly prevalent in H. contortus in summer rainfall regions. Closantel resistance is a major threat to H.�contortus control in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. The organophosphate naphthalophos, especially when used in combination with other compounds, has proved useful although variable in efficacy. It is essential that the sheep industry adopts approaches that minimise reliance on chemical control, such as the breeding of worm resistant sheep, use of specific grazing strategies for worm control and apply flock treatment tactics to minimise further resistance development. New non-chemical technologies under development are also expected to contribute to more sustainable worm control. Nutritional regimens that minimise the impact of worm infections and enhance the immune response require investigation and integration into sustainable control practices.
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Friend, Adrian J., Godwin A. Ayoko, Eduard Stelcer, and David Cohen. "Source apportionment of PM2.5 at two receptor sites in Brisbane, Australia." Environmental Chemistry 8, no. 6 (2011): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en11056.
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Environmental contextFine particles affect air quality locally, regionally and globally. Determining the sources of fine particle is therefore critical for developing strategies to reduce their adverse effects. Advanced data analysis techniques were used to determine the sources of fine particles at two sites, providing information for future pollution reduction strategies not only at the study sites but in other areas of the world as well. AbstractIn this study, samples of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) collected at two sites in the south-east Queensland region, a suburban (Rocklea) and a roadside site (South Brisbane), were analysed for H, Na, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb and black carbon (BC). Samples were collected during 2007–10 at the Rocklea site and 2009–10 at the South Brisbane site. The receptor model Positive Matrix Factorisation was used to analyse the samples. The sources identified included secondary sulfate, motor vehicles, soil, sea salt and biomass burning. Conditional probability function analysis was used to determine the most likely directions of the sources. Future air quality control strategies may focus on the particular sources identified in the analysis.
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Radevsky, R. A., and D. A. Burt. "The Treatment of Oil in Refinery Wastewater in South East Asia." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0033.
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In response to more severe pollution control regulations and from a desire to reduce pollution levels, oil industry installations are having to re-examine their effluent treatment facilities. Options for upgrading the quality of effluent discharged include: improvements in water management to decrease volumes of effluent produced in processes; modifications to existing effluent treatment plant both in performance and operating procedures by the installation of new components or the replacement of individual units; and the installation of completely new effluent treatment facilities using the latest technology. In most existing plants considerable increases in efficiency can be brought about at relatively low cost by the correct application of a range of options. Where new installations are being constructed valuable lessons may be learned by examining the problems that are occurring in plants already in operation. Improvements may thus be made on existing designs.
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Hoffmann, Ary A., Andrew R. Weeks, Michael A. Nash, G. Peter Mangano, and Paul A. Umina. "The changing status of invertebrate pests and the future of pest management in the Australian grains industry." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08185.
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The Australian grains industry is dealing with a shifting complex of invertebrate pests due to evolving management practices and climate change as indicated by an assessment of pest reports over the last 20–30 years. A comparison of pest outbreak reports from the early 1980s to 2006–07 from south-eastern Australia highlights a decrease in the importance of pea weevils and armyworms, while the lucerne flea, Balaustium mites, blue oat mites and Bryobia mites have increased in prominence. In Western Australia, where detailed outbreak records are available from the mid 1990s, the relative incidence of armyworms, aphids and vegetable weevils has recently decreased, while the incidence of pasture cockchafers, Balaustium mites, blue oat mites, redlegged earth mites, the lucerne flea and snails has increased. These changes are the result of several possible drivers. Patterns of pesticide use, farm management responses and changing cropping patterns are likely to have contributed to these shifts. Drier conditions, exacerbated by climate change, have potentially reduced the build-up of migratory species from inland Australia and increased the adoption rate of minimum and no-tillage systems in order to retain soil moisture. The latter has been accompanied by increased pesticide use, accelerating selection pressures for resistance. Other control options will become available once there is an understanding of interactions between pests and beneficial species within a landscape context and a wider choice of ‘softer’ chemicals. Future climate change will directly and indirectly influence pest distributions and outbreaks as well as the potential effectiveness of endemic natural enemies. Genetically modified crops provide new options for control but also present challenges as new pest species are likely to emerge.
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Smith, S. J. "ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2000." APPEA Journal 41, no. 2 (2001): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00055.
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Last year the petroleum industry witnessed the enactment of new legislation both at Commonwealth and State levels. The principal legislative change to environmental management was the introduction of the Commonwealth Government’s Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act, 2000 (EPBC Act). South Australia and Victoria also implemented new Petroleum Acts and/ or Regulations.Construction of the Eastern Gas Pipeline was also completed last year, whilst preliminary approvals and environmental assessment continues for the Papua New Guinea, Timor Sea and Tasmania Natural Gas pipelines. Offshore exploration continued, particularly in the North West Shelf, Otway Basin, Timor Sea and Bass Strait.Other critical areas of environmental management included greenhouse gases, national pollution inventory reporting and the increasing requirements for environmental approval and management under various state environmental legislation.This paper provides an overview of environmental developments in the petroleum industry during the year 2000, in particular, the implication of new legislation, new technology, e-commerce and a greater focus on environmental reporting.
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Raisin, G. W., and D. S. Mitchell. "The use of wetlands for the control of non-point source pollution." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0139.
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There is increasing interest in the use of wetlands to intercept nutrients in diffuse run-off from rural catchments. However, the scientific basis for this strategy is far from secure. While research in several countries provides support for this approach, there is a general lack of rigorous data sets of nutrient balances showing the real effect of such wetlands on the quality of run-off emanating from rural catchments. Research being conducted on two natural and one constructed wetlands in south-eastern Australia will contribute to filling this gap. In each of these three wetlands, volume of inflow and outflow is being measured at 15 minute intervals. Automatic water samplers connected to the flow measurement device are measured and are triggered to take samples at appropriate intervals during run-off events. All these water samples are analysed chemically and the total loads of selected chemicals entering and leaving a wetland are calculated for several storm events over the winter and spring period during 1993. Results for Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus show that during winter there is a net release of these nutrients from the linear wetlands with greater flows resulting in greater flushing. However, in spring and early summer there was a net retention of nutrients in the wetlands despite similar hydrological loadings. These results were affected by the size of the wetland relative to the catchment (and therefore retention time), land use of the catchment, any intrusion of ground water and the nature of the wetland in terms of its shape and vegetation.
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BOCK, R., L. JACKSON, A. DE VOS, and W. JORGENSEN. "Babesiosis of cattle." Parasitology 129, S1 (October 2004): S247—S269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182004005190.
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Tick fever or cattle fever (babesiosis) is economically the most important arthropod-borne disease of cattle worldwide with vast areas of Australia, Africa, South and Central America and the United States continuously under threat. Tick fever was the first disease for which transmission by an arthropod to a mammal was implicated at the turn of the twentieth century and is the first disease to be eradicated from a continent (North America). This review describes the biology ofBabesiaspp. in the host and the tick, the scale of the problem to the cattle industry, the various components of control programmes, epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity, vaccination and future research. The emphasis is onBabesia bovisandBabesia bigemina.
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Lindawati, Lindawati. "Urban pollution control strategy: SBR technology to treat agricultural waste from pig farm in Indonesia." Sains & Teknologi 2, no. 2 (October 17, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jst.v2i2.2250.
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Reduction of food rations and shortages is one of the impacts of the increasing human population. Food sector industries then try to cope with the fast growing number of customers. Agribusiness sector gains its popularity in these recent years, including pig farm. The increase trend of animal farming industry is likely to bring increasing pollution problem unless effective treatment methods are used. The main problems related to the pig farm include odor nuisance and pig manure disposal. The existing land application of piggery wastewater is the traditional way to discharge the wastewater. This may yield in land and water contamination, due to the accumulation of unused nutrients by crop plant. A case study of a large commercial pig farm from Australia is proposed to apply in smaller scale in Indonesia. Operational strategies for the small-scale SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) treating piggery effluent were developed based on lab-scale experiments. Due to SBR characteristics, which are money-saving and space-saving, it is very suitable to be applied in urban area. An economic evaluation was made of various process options. The cost estimation showed that SBR is a cost effective process, allowing operational batches to be adjusted to reduce unnecessary aeration cost. A reduction in the aeration cost was achieved by shortening the batch time from 24-h to 8-h. A comparison of three different SBR options showed that smaller size reactors could be more flexible and cost effective when compared with the larger ones.
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Nguyen, V. Ngoc. "Evaluation of SCATSIM–RTA Adaptive Traffic Network Simulation Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1566, no. 1 (January 1996): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196156600102.
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The traffic network simulation model, SCATSIM, was developed by the Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales, Australia, as an aid to the development and improvement of the Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS). It is capable of simulating traffic under different control techniques (such as fixed-time and SCATS adaptive control). Other traffic control systems, with known control algorithms, can also be simulated by SCATSIM. This paper is aimed at evaluating SCATSIM performance against a well-accepted analytical model, TRANSYT. Test runs demonstrate that SCATSIM is capable of simulating comprehensive traffic conditions derived from real world situations. It indicates that SCATSIM can simulate (a) traffic delay, vehicle stops, and fuel consumption within 11 percent of those predicted by TRANSYT; and (b) vehicle pollution emission (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen) within 5 percent of what is derived from TRANSYT results.
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Blackmore, D. J. "OIL SPILL PREPAREDNESS: THE OIL INDUSTRY AND THE NATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS." APPEA Journal 35, no. 1 (1995): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94060.
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It is vital that there is a credible and well organised arrangement to deal with oil spills in Australia.The National Plan to Combat Pollution of the Sea by Oil, the umbrella oil spill response plan for Australia, is a combined effort by the Commonwealth and State Governments, the oil industry and the shipping industry.The Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre (AMOSC), formed in 1991, is an industry centre set up for rapid response with equipment and resources, together with a training and industry coordination role.A review of the National Plan in 1992, identified, amongst a number of issues, that the National Plan needed to be re-focussed, to ensure full integration of all government and industry activities for the first time. This has led to greatly improved understanding between government and industry and significant improvements to Australia's oil spill response preparedness. The National Plan review has also resulted in a clearer definition of the responsibilities for operational control, together with the organisational structure to deliver a successful response.The current state of Australia's National Plan is such that it does provide confidence that there is the capacity to deliver an effective response to oil spills in the marine environment. Nevertheless, there is more to be done, particularly in the areas of planning and exercises.
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Lester, Philip J., and Jacqueline R. Beggs. "Invasion Success and Management Strategies for SocialVespulaWasps." Annual Review of Entomology 64, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-111812.
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Three species of Vespula have become invasive in Australia, Hawai‘i, New Zealand, and North and South America and continue to spread. These social wasp species can achieve high nest densities, and their behavioral plasticity has led to substantial impacts on recipient communities. Ecologically, they affect all trophic levels, restructuring communities and altering resource flows. Economically, their main negative effect is associated with pollination and the apicultural industry. Climate change is likely to exacerbate their impacts in many regions. Introduced Vespula spp. likely experience some degree of enemy release from predators or parasites, although they are exposed to a wide range of microbial pathogens in both their native and introduced range. Toxic baits have been significantly improved over the last decade, enabling effective landscape-level control. Although investigated extensively, no effective biological control agents have yet been found. Emerging technologies such as gene drives are under consideration.
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Imami, Ahmad, and Nadia Syakhira. "Air Quality Management On Coal Loading-Unloading Activities: a Study in Coal Port at South Sumatera." Sustainable Environmental and Optimizing Industry Journal 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36441/seoi.v4i1.753.
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The increasing demand for coal energy globally has led to the rapid growth of the coal industry in Indonesia. It is projected that coal energy will still dominate in the world until 2050. This development will undoubtedly impact the quality of the environment, one of which is related to air pollution. As one of the distribution chain links, coal port facilities require attention regarding air quality management. This research shows that the source of fugitive pollutants from coal loading and unloading activities at the research location comes from supporting equipment for loading and unloading activities and coal stockpiles. These tools continuously emit non-chimney contaminants, namely coal dust. Non-fugitive pollution is generated by heavy equipment and generators used in activities in the workshop area. Measurement of ambient air quality at the study site indicated that the particulate parameters (TSP, PM10, and Dustfall) needed to be comparable with the standards. In contrast, the gas parameter that was the most significant was the SO2 pollutant. Efforts to control air pollution are using sprinklers and installing windproof nets, which are indicated to be quite effective in reducing dust in the crusher area. Recommendations in controlling air pollution are to automate the sprinkler system for watering and monitoring airflow and plant trees with the ability to absorb SO2 effectively.
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Duc, Hiep Nguyen, Md Mahmudur Rahman, Toan Trieu, Merched Azzi, Matthew Riley, Thomas Koh, Shaohua Liu, et al. "Study of Planetary Boundary Layer, Air Pollution, Air Quality Models and Aerosol Transport Using Ceilometers in New South Wales (NSW), Australia." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020176.
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The planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) is one of the key factors in influencing the dispersion of the air pollutants in the troposphere and, hence, the air pollutant concentration on ground level. For this reason, accurate air pollutant concentration depends on the performance of PBLH prediction. Recently, ceilometers, a lidar instrument to measure cloud base height, have been used by atmospheric scientists and air pollution control authorities to determine the mixing level height (MLH) in improving forecasting and understanding the evolution of aerosol layers above ground at a site. In this study, ceilometer data at an urban (Lidcombe) and a rural (Merriwa) location in New South Wales, Australia, were used to investigate the relationship of air pollutant surface concentrations and surface meteorological variables with MLH, to validate the PBLH prediction from two air quality models (CCAM-CTM and WRF-CMAQ), as well as to understand the aerosol transport from sources to the receptor point at Merriwa for the three case studies where high PM10 concentration was detected in each of the three days. The results showed that surface ozone and temperature had a positive correlation with MLH, while relative humidity had negative correlation. For other pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2), no clear results were obtained, and the correlation depended on the site and regional emission characteristics. The results also showed that the PBLH prediction by the two air quality models corresponded reasonably well with the observed ceilometer data and the cause and source of high PM10 concentration at Merriwa can be found by using ceilometer MLH data to corroborate back trajectory analysis of the transport of aerosols to the receptor point at Merriwa. Of the three case studies, one had aerosol sources from the north and north west of Merriwa in remote NSW, where windblown dust is the main source, and the other two had sources from the south and south east of Merriwa, where anthropogenic sources dominate.
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Nelson, E., R. Hillis, M. Sandiford, S. Reynolds, and S. Mildren. "PRESENT-DAY STATE-OF-STRESS OF SOUTHEAST AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 46, no. 1 (2006): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj05016.
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There have been several studies, both published and unpublished, of the present-day state-of-stress of southeast Australia that address a variety of geomechanical issues related to the petroleum industry. This paper combines present-day stress data from those studies with new data to provide an overview of the present-day state-of-stress from the Otway Basin to the Gippsland Basin. This overview provides valuable baseline data for further geomechanical studies in southeast Australia and helps explain the regional controls on the state-of-stress in the area.Analysis of existing and new data from petroleum wells reveals broadly northwest–southeast oriented, maximum horizontal stress with an anticlockwise rotation of about 15° from the Otway Basin to the Gippsland Basin. A general increase in minimum horizontal stress magnitude from the Otway Basin towards the Gippsland Basin is also observed. The present-day state-of-stress has been interpreted as strike-slip in the South Australian (SA) Otway Basin, strike-slip trending towards reverse in the Victorian Otway Basin and borderline strike-slip/reverse in the Gippsland Basin. The present-day stress states and the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress are consistent with previously published earthquake focal mechanism solutions and the neotectonic record for the region. The consistency between measured present-day stress in the basement (from focal mechanism solutions) and the sedimentary basin cover (from petroleum well data) suggests a dominantly tectonic far-field control on the present-day stress distribution of southeast Australia. The rotation of the maximum horizontal stress and the increase in magnitude of the minimum horizontal stress from west to east across southeast Australia may be due to the relative proximity of the New Zealand segment of the plate boundary.
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Papier, Joy. "Table of Contents." Journal of Vocational, Adult and Continuing Education and Training 3, no. 1 (October 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14426/jovacet.v3i1.114.
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page iv. Editorial team
page v. Acknowledgements
page vi. Editorial - Joy Papier
page 1. Incorporating principles of expansive learning and activity theory in curriculum design to bridge work and education contexts for vocational teachers - James Garraway and Christine Winberg
page 22. Developing a WIL curriculum for post-school lecturer qualifications - André van der Bijl and Vanessa Taylor
page 43. Teacher industry placement in Australia: Voices from vocational education and training managers - Annamarie Schüller and Roberto Bergami
page 67. Motivating styles in dual, initial vocational education and training: Apprentices’ perceptions of autonomy support and control - Valentin Gross, Jean-Louis Berger, Matilde Wenger and Florinda Sauli
page 89. Factors that influence the employability of National Certificate (Vocational) graduates: The case of a rural TVET college in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa - Nduvazi Obert Mabunda and Liezel Frick
page 109. Experiences of women students in Engineering studies at a TVET college in South Africa - Sophia Matenda
page 126. Growing the TVET knowledge base in the south: South African postgraduate output, 2008–2018 - Joy Papier and Simon McGrath
page 143. Interview with Adrienne Bird - Johann Maree
page 153. Contributor biographies
page 156. Editorial policy
page 158. Call for papers: JOVACET 4(1), 2021
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Shim, Changsub, Jihyun Han, Daven K. Henze, Mark W. Shephard, Liye Zhu, Nankyoung Moon, Shailesh K. Kharol, Enrico Dammers, and Karen Cady-Pereira. "Impact of NH3 Emissions on Particulate Matter Pollution in South Korea: A Case Study of the Seoul Metropolitan Area." Atmosphere 13, no. 8 (August 2, 2022): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081227.
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We analyzed the multi-year relationship between particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations and possible precursors including NO2, SO2, and NH3 based on local observations over the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) from 2015 to 2017. Surface NH3 concentrations were obtained from Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) retrievals, while other pollutants were observed at 142 ground sites. We found that NH3 had the highest correlation with PM2.5 (R = 0.51) compared to other precursors such as NO2 and SO2 (R of 0.16 and 0.14, respectively). The correlations indicate that NH3 emissions are likely a limiting factor in controlling PM2.5 over the SMA in a high-NOx environment. This implies that the current Korean policy urgently requires tools for controlling local NH3 emissions from the livestock industry (for example, from hog manure). These findings provide the first satellite-based trace gas evidence that implementing an NH3 control strategy could play a key role in improving air quality in the SMA.
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Qureshi, S. A., D. J. Midmore, S. S. Syeda, and D. J. Reid. "A comparison of alternative plant mixes for conservation bio-control by native beneficial arthropods in vegetable cropping systems in Queensland Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 1 (March 27, 2009): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309006774.
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AbstractCucurbit crops host a range of serious sap-sucking insect pests, including silverleaf whitefly (SLW) and aphids, which potentially represent considerable risk to the Australian horticulture industry. These pests are extremely polyphagous with a wide host range. Chemical control is made difficult due to resistance and pollution, and other side-effects are associated with insecticide use. Consequently, there is much interest in maximising the role of biological control in the management of these sap-sucking insect pests. This study aimed to evaluate companion cropping alongside cucurbit crops in a tropical setting as a means to increase the populations of beneficial insects and spiders so as to control the major sap-sucking insect pests. The population of beneficial and harmful insects, with a focus on SLW and aphids, and other invertebrates were sampled weekly on four different crops which could be used for habitat manipulation: Goodbug Mix (GBM; a proprietary seed mixture including self-sowing annual and perennial herbaceous flower species); lablab (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet); lucerne (Medicago sativa L.); and niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.). Lablab hosted the highest numbers of beneficial insects (larvae and adults of lacewing (Mallada signata (Schneider)), ladybird beetles (Coccinella transversalis Fabricius) and spiders) while GBM hosted the highest numbers of European bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) and spiders. Lucerne and niger showed little promise in hosting beneficial insects, but lucerne hosted significantly more spiders (double the numbers) than niger. Lucerne hosted sig-nificantly more of the harmful insect species of aphids (Aphis gossypii (Glover)) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) and heliothis (Heliothis armigera Hübner). Niger hosted significantly more vegetable weevils (Listroderes difficillis (Germar)) than the other three species. Therefore, lablab and GBM appear to be viable options to grow within cucurbits or as field boundary crops to attract and increase beneficial insects and spiders for the control of sap-sucking insect pests. Use of these bio-control strategies affords the opportunity to minimise pesticide usage and the risks associated with pollution.
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Miller, Jessica, and Nick Quinn. "EXERCISE WESTWIND – A COLLABORATIVE OIL SPILL RESPONSE BY OIL & GAS OPERATORS AND AGENCIES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2851.
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Abstract On June 9th, 2015, ACME Oil Company’s rig suffered a dynamic positioned ‘run-off’. The mobile drilling unit lost its station above the wellhead and a loss of well control was experienced. “A massive environmental emergency unfolded…affecting pristine coastline and masses of wildlife”. Incident Management and Field Response Teams were activated in a multi-agency operation, bringing together 200 personnel from 16 oil and gas companies and 18 government agencies and third party providers. Source control, aerial, offshore, nearshore, shoreline and oiled wildlife response capabilities were deployed and national/international support was utilised. Jointly managed by the Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre (AMOSC), the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA), the Federal Department of Industry and Science, and the Western Australian Department of Transport -Exercise Westwind was a successful multi-faceted marine spill response, demonstrating Australia’s collective Industry/Government capacity to respond to a large, offshore loss of well control incident in a remote and isolated location. ACME Oil Company was a fictitious company formed to enable the amalgamation of Australian petroleum companies to exercise industry arrangements under one ‘banner’ during the exercise period. ACME Oil Company had its own set of credentials, company website and Oil Pollution Emergency Plan. The company also held real time memberships with a number of service providers including AMOSC, Oil Spill Response Ltd, Trendsetter Engineering International, Oceaneering Australia and addenergy. Representing an innovative approach to spill response exercising, ACME Oil Company was a valuable and critical aspect to industry and governments participation under a non-attributable banner. Additionally, it enabled safe, widespread lessons to be observed, allowed for real-time testing of arrangements and provided a safe environment for regulators, stakeholder and industry interplay. The exercise was an efficient and practical solution for Industry titleholders and their third party supporting organisations, to test shared response resources and to ensure Industry arrangements for responding to oil pollution are in accordance with the Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage (Environment) Regulations 2009. This paper will discuss the development program behind the exercise and the experience of managing an exercise of this nature. It will highlight the successes including the creation and implementation of a fictitious company and the extensive collaboration between the industry and government personnel involved. It will also look forward – where are we 11-months later? Can the history of exercising and/or response help us improve for the future-implementation of change and continued testing is critical in furthering our oil spill response capability and capacity.Exercise Westwind – Operational Phase TwoExercise Westwind – Operational Phase Two
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Hindell, Jeremy S., and G. P. Quinn. "Effects of sewage effluent on the population structure of Brachidontes rostratus (Mytilidae) on a temperate intertidal rocky shore." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 6 (2000): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99130.
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A single polluted site at Boags Rocks, south-eastern Australia, and four control sites were used to evaluate the effect of secondary-treated sewage effluent on the population structure, recruitment, growth and mortality of the mussel Brachidontes rostratus. B. rostratus recruited in greater numbers to mussel clumps at the outfall site than at control sites, regardless of the origin of the mussel clumps. The effects of pollution on the soft tissue mass and shell growth of juveniles depended on the origin of the mussels; shell growth of mussels local to Boags Rocks was smaller than the average shell growth recorded in mussels at the control sites, and individuals transplanted into Boags Rocks had higher soft tissue mass than those at the control sites. Mortality was greater at the polluted site than the control sites, regardless of mussel origin. Changes in the population structure of B. rostratus as a result of the discharge of sewage effluent have implications for intertidal fauna that use the habitat created within mussel clumps.
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Forssman, Bradley, Leena Gupta, and Graham Burgess. "A case study of the evaluation of a public health intervention." Australian Health Review 30, no. 4 (2006): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah060458.
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Large public health interventions to control infectious disease outbreaks are common, but rigorous evaluation to improve the quality and effectiveness of these is rarely undertaken. Following a large community-based clinic to prevent a hepatitis A outbreak, a multifaceted and multidisciplinary evaluation was conducted involving consumers, health professionals and industry partners. The results of this evaluation were used to produce practical operational guidelines for the planning and conduct of future interventions. These guidelines have been distributed to all public health units in New South Wales and may be included in the next edition of the NSW Health notifiable diseases manual. The evaluation approach can be applied to all public health interventions across NSW and Australia to assist in the development of operational guidelines, in order to increase the quality of public health action in outbreak prevention.
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Baker, G. H., and C. R. Tann. "Broad-scale suppression of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), associated with Bt cotton crops in Northern New South Wales, Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, no. 2 (November 23, 2016): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000912.
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AbstractThe cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a major pest of many agricultural crops in several countries, including Australia. Transgenic cotton, expressing a single Bt toxin, was first used in the 1990s to control H. armigera and other lepidopteran pests. Landscape scale or greater pest suppression has been reported in some countries using this technology. However, a long-term, broad-scale pheromone trapping program for H. armigera in a mixed cropping region in eastern Australia caught more moths during the deployment of single Bt toxin cotton (Ingard®) (1996–2004) than in previous years. This response can be attributed, at least in part, to (1) a precautionary cap (30% of total cotton grown, by area) being applied to Ingard® to restrict the development of Bt resistance in the pest, and (2) during the Ingard® era, cotton production greatly increased (as did that of another host plant, sorghum) and H. armigera (in particular the 3rd and older generations) responded in concert with this increase in host plant availability. However, with the replacement of Ingard® with Bollgard II® cotton (containing two different Bt toxins) in 2005, and recovery of the cotton industry from prevailing drought, H. armigera failed to track increased host-plant supply and moth numbers decreased. Greater toxicity of the two gene product, introduction of no cap on Bt cotton proportion, and an increase in natural enemy abundance are suggested as the most likely mechanisms responsible for the suppression observed.
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Henry, Nick, and Adam Cunningham. "Accounting and financial reporting considerations for oil and gas companies operating under Australia's proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme." APPEA Journal 49, no. 2 (2009): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08058.
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The introduction of the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) is one of Australia’s most significant economic reforms since the deregulation of the Australian financial markets in the 1980s and will have a significant impact on companies across a number of sectors—in particular those in the oil and gas industry. Given the significant greenhouse gas emission footprint of the oil and gas industry in Australia, for many oil and gas companies the cost of buying carbon pollution permits and/or reducing emissions through targetted abatement programs is likely to be significant. From a strategic perspective, understanding how the proposed CPRS could affect future cash flows will be critically important. Financial markets have already begun to factor the potential cash flow impacts into valuations of companies likely to be directly impacted by the legislation. Public disclosure of the potential impacts of the CPRS is considered both an opportunity and threat for those companies exposed to it. The proposed CPRS will also pose significant governance, compliance and reporting challenges for those companies directly impacted by it. Measurement and reporting of emissions information will need to be subjected to the same level of control and rigour as other financial information. This paper will examine both the immediate and longer term accounting and financial reporting considerations for oil and gas companies as a result of the CPRS, focussing on what companies need to be doing now to be prepared for the introduction of this legislation.
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Yang, Yan, Liu Yang, Haojia Chen, Hongli Tan, Jing Yang, Fengjiang Sun, Jiachen Sun, Xue Gong, Lin Tao, and Yichao Huang. "Low-level alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs) in indoor dust from Adelaide, South Australia decades since national legislative control on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)." Science of The Total Environment 826 (June 2022): 154123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154123.
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Choi, Se-Jin, Sung-Ho Bae, Jae-In Lee, and Ji-Hwan Kim. "Strength and Durability Characteristics of Cement Composites with Recycled Water and Blast Furnace Slag Aggregate." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 2156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092156.
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Recently, interest in sustainable development has been increased. In this regard, efforts have been made to prevent environmental pollution, and research on the recycling of construction industry byproducts has been actively conducted in the construction industry. In South Korea, about 20 million tons of waste wash water from the ready-mixed concrete production process are generated, and some of them are recycled using recycling facilities in a ready-mixed concrete plant, but a significant portion of them is discharged or landfilled without permission, causing environmental problems. To increase the recycling rate of steel slag and reduce environmental pollution in the construction industry, we simultaneously applied blast furnace slag fine aggregate (BSFA) and recycled water (RW) to cement mortar. In this study, to examine the feasibility of RW and BSFA, we evaluated the fluidity, compressive strength, tensile strength, drying shrinkage, carbonation depth, and chloride penetration resistance of cement mortar using RW and BSFA. From the test results, the 28-day compressive strengths of all samples using RW and BSFA were higher than that of the control sample. In the case of samples using RW, as the BSFA replacement ratio was increased, the carbonation depth of the samples decreased. Therefore, when RW and BSFA are used properly, the mechanical properties of cement mortar, carbonation resistance, and chloride ion penetration resistance are expected to be effectively improved.
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Argue, John R. "Towards a universal stormwater management practice for arid zone residential developments." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0006.
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The principal centres of research and development in stormwater management are in the World's temperate regions for which a wide range of best practices are already known. The article suggests a strategy for improving performance in urban flood control, pollution minimisation and stormwater harvesting in arid/semi-arid regions. The basis of the approach is, firstly, systematic documentation of performances in strategic project cases – by regions – followed by integration of these into a universal best practice. A documentation matrix for stormwater management cases in Adelaide, South Australia, is described. Factors considered in the matrix include devices and treatments, development types and forms, aquifer recharge capability and soil types. The matrix will provide, progressively, vital information for planners and designers and guide researchers in the most productive use of limited monitoring resources.
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Gong, Jiyoung, Changsub Shim, Ki-Chul Choi, and Sungyong Gong. "The Characteristics of PM2.5 Pollution and Policy Implications in Chungcheong Region." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.6.407.
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Objectives : This study aims to discuss air quality policy improvement that reflect regional characteristics through analyzing recent PM2.5 concentration, air pollutant emission sources and those contributions to annual PM2.5 concentration in Chungcheong region (Daejeon Metropolitan City, Sejong Metropolitan Autonomous City, the Province of Chungcheongnam-do, and Chungcheongbuk-do) in South Korea. In addition, we identified the characteristics of the PM2.5 pollution at the level of fundamental local government, and demonstrated the number of vulnerable population exposed to high level of PM2.5 concentration in order to propose policy implications in Chungcheong region.Methods : Based on the national emissions estimates (CAPSS: Clean Air Policy Support System) and air quality modelling system, major sectors/sources of air pollutants emission and national contributions of PM2.5 concentrations in Chungcheong region were analyzed. Furthermore, the study identified the number of people exposed to the higher PM2.5 concentrations (>25 µg/m3) by the measurement data and demographics available in 2019.Results and Discussion : The national air pollutants emissions in Chungcheong region were emitted from Chungnam (about 59% of NOx emission volume, 89% of SOx, 70% of NH3, 54% of VOCs, 79% of PM2.5, and 68% of TSP respectively), mainly from industry, domestic, energy, and road sector. According to the results of the air quality modelling, Chungcheong region also had the largest contribution on the average annual PM2.5 concentration in South Korea (27%). Chungnam emitted the largest emission volume of air pollutants, mainly from industry and power generation sectors (especially in Dangjin, Seosan, and Boryeong), while Asan, Yesan, Hongseong, and Cheongyang were classified as the areas with higher PM2.5 concentrations (>25 µg/m3), showing a gap between the areas with large emission volume and high concentration. Chungbuk and Sejong had higher annual PM2.5 concentration due to the influence of external sources and their geographical characteristics. The largest vulnerable population (over 65 years old and under 18 years old) exposed to high PM2.5 concentrations annually lived in Cheongju. Chungbuk had about 40% more air pollutant emission volume than Chungnam, but about 17% more vulnerable population.Conclusions : At the current stage of “master plan” in Chungcheong region, it is important to mitigate air pollutants emissions on the basis of the local emissions characteristic at the level of fundamental local government (such as industry sector in Dangjin, Seosan, and Danyang/ Domestic buring in Cheongju, Cheonan, and Daejeon/power generation in Boryeong, Taean and Dangjin/ road in Daejeon, Cheongju, and Cheoan). In addition, Chungbuk requires management of the areas with higher PM2.5 concentration such as Goesan, Boeun, Okcheon, and Yeongdong located outside “air control zone”. To reduce high level of PM2.5 concentration in Chungcheong region, cooperation with neighboring local governments such as Gyeonggi Province is crucial, and policy solutions are needed between the stakeholders to resolve the disparity issues between areas with larger emission volume and higher PM2.5 concentration.
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Naidu, B. P. "Production of betaine from Australian Melaleuca spp. for use in agriculture to reduce plant stress." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 9 (2003): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02223.
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Some of the Melaleuca spp., native to Australia, are unique in their ability to withstand environmental stresses. The stress tolerance of these species is attributable to their ability to accumulate large quantities of organic compounds known as osmoprotectants or proline (betaine) analogues. Osmoprotectants can be extracted easily from these plants and used in seed treatment and foliar application to increase the stress tolerance of economic crops. This paper examines the potential of 8 Melaleuca spp. for the production of osmoprotectants. Melaleuca bracteata, which accumulates the proline analogue trans 4-hydroxy-N-methyl proline (MHP), was the most vigorous of all 8 species field tested in New South Wales and Queensland. A simple extraction protocol for commercial use is suggested. By growing M. bracteata, it is possible to achieve an average yield of 493 kg/ha of MHP along with 218 kg/ha of essential oil, with a gross economic return of AU$14505/ha. This return is better than that estimated for M. alternifolia, $3200/ha, which is currently grown for the production of tea tree oil. The cultivation of M. bracteata has the potential of creating a new industry for Australia, in addition to its positive role in the control of dryland salinity.
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Kahn, M. T. E., and W. Fritz. "Technologies that contribute to reducing environmental impacts of electrical production." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i4a3204.
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The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was attended by approximately 21 000 international delegates in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002. The aim was to institute ecologically sound environmental management. Research has shown that fossil fuel or coal fired power plants are the major cause of air pollution in electricity generation. This paper seeks to show technologies that can contribute to reducing the environmental impacts of electricity production, via emission control systems, industry energy policy, renewable energy technologies etc. and the promotion of active research and development in alternative energy applications in Africa. Innovative energy technology research and development and applications such as smaller scale distributed generation and solid state lighting (SSL) are seen as capable of adding a positive contribution in this area.
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Selleck, Roberta. "A step change in safety performance through critical control management." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16192.
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The oil and gas construction industry experiences a high rate of unnecessary work-related fatalities. The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) reported 54 fatalities in 40 fatal incidents in 2015. When assessing this against the use of IOGP Life-Saving Rules (LSRs), which contractors are required to adopt, the IOGP found that of the 40 fatal incident descriptions in 2015, at least 73% related to the IOGP LSRs. A program to apply a critical control management (CCM), or safety cased, approach to fatal hazards was trialled on construction sites in Australia and South Africa ranging from large power station constructions to offshore hook-up and commissioning to brownfields maintenance. The results demonstrated a step change in the safety performance occurred on projects where the CCM program was implemented. These projects have each demonstrated a significant improvement in recordable injuries, increases in hazard reporting and awareness, and almost complete elimination of high-potential incidents. Further investigation of the reasons for these results is the subject of a PhD project and includes: (1) understanding how the CCM program improves hazard awareness and decision making of frontline supervisors; (2) determining the effects CCM has on the safety climate of the organisation as detailed focus is applied on the effectiveness of controls that drive leadership decisions; and (3) investigating how CCM improves leadership at all levels of the organisation due to better information that allows tangible action to be taken to improve control effectiveness. This paper describes the progress of CCM program development, details present results and lessons learned, and provides a context for how CCM programs can be implemented in other organisations.
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Jin, Xiaodan, Hao Xu, Meixiu Guo, Jinmin Luo, Qiyin Deng, Yamei Yu, Jiemin Wu, et al. "Effect of COVID-19 Response Policy on Air Quality: A Study in South China Context." Atmosphere 13, no. 5 (May 20, 2022): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050842.
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Mass suspension of anthropogenic activities is extremely rare, the quarantine due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a natural experiment to investigate the impact of anthropogenic activities on air quality. The mitigation of air pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown has been reported from a global perspective; however, the air pollution levels vary in different regions. This study initiated a novel synthesis of multiple-year satellite observations, national ground measurements towards SO2, NO2 and O3 and meteorological conditions to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown in Beihai, a specific city in a less developed area in southwest China, to reveal the potential implications of control strategies for air pollution. The levels of the major air pollutants during the COVID-19 lockdown (LP) and during the same period of previous years (SP) were compared and a series of statistical tools were applied to analyze the sources of air pollution in Beihai. The results show that air pollutant levels decreased with substantial diversity during the LP. Satellite-retrieved NO2 and SO2 levels during the LP decreased by 5.26% and 22.06%, while NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 from ground measurements during the LP were 25.6%, 2.7%, 22.2% and 22.2% lower than during SP, respectively. Ground measured SO2 concentrations during the LP were only 2.7% lower than during the SP, which may be attributed to uninterrupted essential industrial activities, such as power plants. Polar plots analysis shows that NO2 concentrations were strongly associated with local emission sources, such as automobiles and local industry. Additionally, the much lower levels of NO2 concentrations during the LP and the absence of an evening peak may highlight the significant impact of the traffic sector on NO2. The decrease in daily mean O3 concentrations during the LP may be associated with the reduction in NO2 concentrations. Indications in this study could be beneficial for the formulation of atmospheric protection policies.
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Windapo, Abimbola Olukemi, and Jack Steven Goulding. "Understanding the gap between green building practice and legislation requirements in South Africa." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 4, no. 1 (May 18, 2015): 67–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-01-2014-0002.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine green building legislation requirements and practices in the construction project execution stage within the context of the South African construction industry. The rationale for this examination rests with the perception that the implementation of green practices (per se) has been recognised as being “behind” the legislation enacted to control the design and construction of green buildings. Design/methodology/approach – The research process consisted of a literature review to identify existing green building legislation and practices applicable to the project execution phase. This was supported by a sequential mixed-method research approach, which involved a survey of contracting companies based in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to undertake focused interviews with management staff and site operatives. Findings – Research findings established a number of issues, not least: a gap between green building practices and legislation requirements; a high degree of unawareness of green building legislation/practices by construction company stakeholders; selective implementation of health and safety legislative requirements; that management staff had a more “positive” attitude to green building practices than site-based staff who tended to be less motivated and open to such practices. Research limitations/implications – Results from this study are considered generalisable with the sample frame only. Research inference and projections should therefore only be made within this set, and not to the wider population of South African contractors (as this study was limited to the Western Cape Province). Practical implications – Implications from this research are applicable to construction company stakeholders within the population set. Practical considerations include the need to acknowledge a formal commitment to developing a sustainable built environment – especially cognisant of the gap between practices on site and green building legislation requirements. Moreover, this lack of awareness in respect of green building practices and legislation requirements impinges upon several wider areas, not least: construction company stakeholders’ positioning, health and safety practices; managerial and operational staff perceptions, and stakeholders’ willingness and motivation to proactively address these gaps. Social implications – Government bodies and allied professionals in charge of construction industry development are encouraged to consider the implementation of green building legislation requirements on construction sites. This reflection should encourage engagement through formative legislative provision and transparent awareness campaigns. Originality/value – This work is original insofar as it directly addresses the alignment of legislation to current practices within the context of the South African construction industry. However, similar exercises have been undertaken on green building legislation in other countries such as USA, UK and Australia.
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Kahn, Lewis P., Judi M. Earl, and Millie Nicholls. "Herbage mass thresholds rather than plant phenology are a more useful cue for grazing management decisions in the mid-north region of South Australia." Rangeland Journal 32, no. 4 (2010): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj10003.
Full textAbstract:
Research was conducted in the mid-north of South Australia over the period 2000–05 to evaluate the effects of different grazing management cues on composition and production of a grassland. The management cues were based on calendar, plant phenology or herbage mass thresholds using grazing exclusion as a control. There were five grazing treatments: (i) regional practice (RP), where sheep grazed continuously for the period April–December; (ii) autumn rest, where sheep grazing was restricted to June–December; (iii) spring rest, where sheep grazing was restricted to April–August; (iv) high density and short duration (HDSD), where herbage mass thresholds determined when grazing occurred and for what duration; and (v) nil (NIL) grazing by domestic herbivores. Mean annual estimates of herbage mass were highest for NIL and HDSD and inclusion of the estimate of herbage consumption by sheep resulted in greatest primary plant production in HDSD. The contribution of perennial grasses to herbage mass declined with RP and seasonal grazing treatments. Frequency of perennial grasses was unaffected by grazing treatment but the number of perennial grass plants increased over time in RP and seasonal treatments. HDSD allowed maintenance of basal cover whereas bare ground increased with RP and seasonal treatments. Litter accumulated in NIL but this was associated with a decline in perennial basal cover. Seasonal grazing treatments did not provide an advantage over RP and there appeared to be no benefit from including phenology in management decisions. In contrast, HDSD resulted in a stable and productive grassland ecosystem, with stocking rate estimated at 78% greater than other treatments. These features offer a desirable mix for future industry adoption in the mid-north of South Australia.
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Campus, Paolo, Nigel D. Swarts, Craig Mundy, John P. Keane, and Caleb Gardner. "Assessing Processing Waste from the Sea Urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii) Fishery as an Organic Fertilizer." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 2919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122919.
Full textAbstract:
The longspined sea urchin, Centrostephanus rodgersii, is a climate-driven pest species in south-eastern Australia. The harvest of this species is highly encouraged and in Tasmania, the existing fishery is expanding resulting in a large amount of waste that needs disposal. Research into use of waste products as inputs for organic or biodynamic farming systems can help reduce costs of disposal and keep the industry profitable; by sustaining or incrementing sea urchin harvest the industry can assist in their control. In the current study, urchin waste was dried and finely ground to a powder and applied to tomato plants in a greenhouse to examine the effect on growth and productivity. Urchin waste powder (UWP) had a mineral composition of Ca (40 g 100 g−1), Mg (1.7 g 100 g−1), P (0.03 g 100 g−1), Fe (19.34 mg kg−1) and B (38 mg kg−1), a pH 8.06 in water and an Electrical Conductivity (EC) value of 7.64 dSm−1. Seven different treatment rates of UWP (0.3%; 0.5%; 0.8%; 1%; 2%; 3%; 5%), were added to 10 replicate pots containing 4 kg nutrient-poor potting mix planted with tomato (Variety K1) seedlings. Plant growth, yield, quality attributes and mineral content of tomato were measured under UWP treatments with comparison against a Hoagland solution control. UWP influenced tomato growth and productivity proportional to the quantity applied, however, the Hoagland solution control had a significantly greater yield. Potting mix pH increased from 6.8 to 7 and higher available P was detected in potting mix receiving higher rates of UWP. No phytotoxic effects were detected. The highest UWP treatment matched the Hoagland control in fruit quality and nutritional composition. Processing waste from the sea urchin fishery has potential as organic fertiliser or amendment providing plant-available Ca and some microelements such as Boron.
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Schoknecht, Noel. "Report card on sustainable natural-resource use in the agricultural regions of Western Australia." Soil Research 53, no. 6 (2015): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14267.
Full textAbstract:
A ‘Report Card’, which summarises the current knowledge of the status and trend in land condition in the agricultural areas of the south-west of Western Australia, was published in 2013 by the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. The Report Card draws on best available evidence from government and industry on the current condition and trend of 10 soil- and water-related natural resource themes relevant to agriculture, and discusses the implications of these results for the agricultural industries. The report also discusses the three main factors driving the performance of the land, namely climate, land characteristics and land management. The first two factors are largely out of the control of land managers, but in a drying and warming climate of the agricultural areas of Western Australia, land-management practices need to be able to respond to these changing conditions. The paper briefly explains the methodologies used to assess the seven soil-related themes in the Report Card and summarises the major findings. The results indicate that, for soils, the situation and outlook for our natural resources is mixed. Although there has been progress in some areas, such as managing wind and water erosion, the status and trend in many indicators of resource condition, such as soil acidity, soil compaction and water repellence, are adverse. The predicted growth in global demand for food and fibre brings many opportunities to the Western Australian agri-food sector but also challenges, especially in light of the Report Card findings. One of these challenges is our need to achieve agricultural productivity growth while ensuring our natural resources are healthy and resilient.
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Schulz, T. J., and D. Barnes. "The Stratified Facultative Lagoon for the Treatment and Storage of High Strength Agricultural Wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0065.
Full textAbstract:
A research and development programme at The University of New South Wales and a large intensive piggery located on the outskirts of Sydney, Australia, has culminated in the successful commissioning of an odour control process for the storage and treatment of wastewaters from the piggery. The stratified facultative lagoon utilises surface aeration of an otherwise anaerobic lagoon to provide a non-odorous cover for the anaerobic contents. The process has filled a need in the pig industry for a non-odorous cost effective alternative to conventional treatment systems, prior to wastewater re-use or disposal by land application. Critical design parameters include lagoon depth, specific energy input and aeration system design. Mean removal efficiencies of biochemical oxygen demand of 75 per cent have been achieved consistently. The development of the process was facilitated by the use of wastewater redox potential testing to indicate the likely presence of odorous compounds in the liquid on the surface of the lagoon and in the surrounding atmosphere. Surface redox potential readings (Eh) greater than −76 mV resulted in non-odorous operation of the process.
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Moore, R. K., and R. M. Willcocks. "SOME COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND MINING." APPEA Journal 25, no. 1 (1985): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj84014.
Full textAbstract:
The petroleum industry in Australia is at the centre of a web of complex laws. In addition to the legislation under which petroleum exploration and production tenements are granted there is a multiplicity of statutes and regulations, Commonwealth and State, which have a direct bearing on the conduct of those involved in exploring for or exploiting Australia's petroleum reserves. For example, the level of participation by foreigners is governed by the Commonwealth Foreign Investment Guidelines and the Foreign Takeovers Act 1975; the Commonwealth has control over the export of petroleum under the Customs (Prohibited Exports) Regulations and domestic markets are subject to the operation of the Crude Oil Allocation Scheme. The Commonwealth continues to have the right to regulate the transfer of funds to and from Australia under the Banking (Foreign Exchange) Regulations. Certain States such as South Australia and New South Wales have their own foreign investment guidelines.Not only this, there are revenue laws which govern very much the way in which petroleum projects are organised, interests transferred and otherwise dealt with and finance made available, such as State stamp duty legislation, Commonwealth income tax laws, and Commonwealth legislation imposing registration fees on dealings in exploration permits and production licences. A new tax, Resource Rent Tax, is to be introduced.Then there are laws which have an indirect bearing on petroleum activities such as the Companies Code which, in addition to governing the administration and organisation of companies, controls the way funds can be raised.The statutory and regulatory framework is only part of the picture. The rights and obligations of participants in petroleum projects as between themselves are almost always set out in a joint venture or joint operating agreement, the combination between the participants being known as an unincorporated joint venture. This form of business organisation is not a partnership; it is not the creature of legislation. Indeed it has been rarely referred to in Acts of Parliament. Problems arising under the joint venture agreement will be considered against the backdrop of the general law which unfortunately has seldom been called upon to resolve disputes between participants in joint ventures. An illustration of one of these rare instances is Brian Pty Ltd v United Dominions Corporation Ltd (1983), where the New South Wales Court of Appeal considered the fiduciary relationship of joint venturers.Despite this legislative and regulatory' backdrop and the uncertainties as to the true effect of joint venture agreements, the industry up until quite recently has survived with little litigation. This is no longer the case. Recent and pending litigation shows that there is no reluctance on the part of participants to take their disputes to court, often at great expense and with unfortunate results for previously close relationships. It must now be said that money spent to achieve proper and clear agreement on organisational and legal matters at the earliest stage of a project is money just as well spent as that on drilling and other operational activities.
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Niu, Jun Ling, Li Zhen Liang, and Bin Guo Zheng. "Treatment Status of Kitchen Waste and its Enzymolysis Properties." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3573.
Full textAbstract:
Three dining rooms located in east and south campus of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management were selected as the sampling points for the research. The kitchen waste disposal in Zhengzhou city was in a disorder state, and there was great space for the policy and social demand of the concentrating recycling of kitchen waste. The kitchen waste contained 19.52% of crude protein, 4.08% of crude fiber, 21.19% of fat, and 29.67% of total starch. After enzymolysis of the organic matter in the kitchen waste, the crude protein was degraded 61.17%, the crude fiber was degraded 50.90%, the crude fat was degraded 27.42%, the total starch was degraded 71.22%. The next stage of important research problems for the kitchen waste treatment were desalination and degrease technology, secondary pollution control technology, and the technology of reducing the inputs of auxiliary material.
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Mazaheri, Mandana, Yvonne Scorgie, Richard A. Broome, Geoffrey G. Morgan, Bin Jalaludin, and Matthew L. Riley. "Monetising Air Pollution Benefits of Clean Energy Requires Locally Specific Information." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 7622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227622.
Full textAbstract:
Meeting the Paris Agreement on climate change requires substantial investments in low-emissions energy and significant improvements in end-use energy efficiency. These measures can also deliver improved air quality and there is broad recognition of the health benefits of decarbonising energy. Monetising these health benefits is an important part of a robust assessment of the costs and benefits of renewable energy and energy efficiency programs (clean energy programs (CEP)) and a variety of methods have been used to estimate health benefits at national, regional, continental and global scales. Approaches, such as unit damage cost estimates and impact pathways, differ in complexity and spatial coverage and can deliver different estimates for air pollution costs/benefits. To date, the monetised health benefits of CEP in Australia have applied international and global estimates that can range from 2–229USD/tCO2 (USD 2016). Here, we calculate the current health damage costs of coal-fired power in New South Wales (NSW), Australia’s most populous state, and the health benefits of CEP. Focusing on PM2.5 pollution, we estimate the current health impacts of coal-fired power at 3.20USD/MWh, approximately 10% of the generation costs, and much lower than previous estimates. We demonstrate the need for locally specific assessment of the air pollution benefits of CEP and illustrate that without locally specific information, the relative costs/benefits of CEP may be significantly over- or understated. We estimate that, for NSW, the health benefits from CEP are 1.80USD/MWh and that the current air pollution health costs of coal-fired power in NSW represent a significant unpriced externality.
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Laws, R. A., and T. Aust. "THE CHANGING FACE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION." APPEA Journal 34, no. 1 (1994): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93064.
Full textAbstract:
Significant changes are forecast in the approach of government to regulation of the upstream petroleum industry.Prescriptive 'command and control' style regulation is still widely used but does not provide confidence that outcomes will be acceptable and has been criticised as a major contributing factor in the Piper Alpha disaster. Regulator capture, conflict of interest, over-regulation and high compliance costs are also cited as common problems with the existing system.The trend toward greater community involvement in the regulatory process, smaller government and open and transparent decision making are adding pressure for change.A new approach termed objective regulation is being developed in South Australia and involves:establishment by government in dialogue with industry and the community of meaningful and measurable objectives in regard to environmental protection, safety etc.;preparation of codes of practice, guidelines and manuals designed to ensure objectives will be met; andintegration of management systems designed to assure achievement of objectives, including operator and regulator audits of outcomes and the effectiveness of the environmental and safety management system.Objective regulation is aimed at reducing compliance costs, eliminating many approvals currently required, providing greater flexibility, achieving better outcomes and giving greater assurance that management policies are being implemented.Involvement of community interest groups insetting and reviewing objectives should increase community confidence in the industry's ability to operate in an environmentally responsible and consistent manner. This should assist in reducing and hopefully reversing the trend towards increasing restrictions on access to land to which the industry has become increasingly subject.