Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pollution azotée'
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Percheron, Gilles. "Dépollution carbonée et azotée d'un effluent industriel riche en sulfate." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20131.
Full textPaul, Emmanuel. "Pollution azotée et circulation automobile dans les vallées de la Maurienne et de Chamonix." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10219.
Full textAyadi, Hana. "Catalyseurs performants pour le traitement de la pollution organique azotée par Oxydation en Voie Humide Catalytique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1273/document.
Full textManganese oxide-based catalysts have been synthesized through different routes and evaluated in the Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of ammonia. Such catalysts are active, selective towards molecular nitrogen and stable under the applied reaction conditions. Molecular nitrogen and nitrite are primary products. A detailed study of the impact of the operating conditions (manganese content, oxygen partial pressure, ammonia concentration, initial pH, and charge at the catalyst surface) on the catalytic performances was carried out. The selectivity in molecular nitrogen is optimum when i) the amount of catalyst is low, ii) the ratio nO2:nNH4+ is close to stoichiometry (˜ 0.75) and ii) the pH at the point of zero charge of the catalyst is neutral. Although strongly basic conditions (pH 13) improve the catalytic activity, the conversion nitrite to nitrate is inhibited and the selectivity in molecular nitrogen is degraded. From a kinetic point of view, the reaction order with respect to oxygen and ammonia are 0 and 1, respectively. The influence of the oxidation state of manganese (+II, +III and +IV) in the presence of bulk manganese oxides or ceria-supported manganese oxides indicated that the active site would consist of a pair of Mn(+III) and Mn(+IV). The reaction makes the active site and the oxides where manganese is initially present at a low oxidation state are markedly modified upon reaction. A synergy between manganese and cerium is also confirmed, involving the two Mn(+III)/Mn(+IV) and Ce(+III)/Ce(+IV) redox couples in a concerted way
Gasmi, Aicha. "Intérêt d’un bioréacteur à membranes immergées pour le traitement de la pollution azotée dans une eau usée carencée en matière organique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20156/document.
Full textMembrane bioréactor, coupling bioreactions and porous membrane separation in a same unit, allows working with high biomass concentrations what improves bioreaction rates but penalizes the separation step. This work had as objective to study the nitrifiers micro-organisms on the membrane fouling dynamic and on the nitrogen removal efficiency. According to precedent works of the laboratory and the analyses of references, the objective was axed on the modeling tools available for heterotrophe and autotrophe biomass caracterisation. Then, specific methodologies were carried out, lab scale pilots and analytical methods, notably for active biomass observations and identification. Theses tools underline the role of these dominant populations (i) the use of ASM to simulate the biomass performances in relation with working conditions and (ii) the respirometric methods to experimentally quantify the specific biomass activity. Then results clearly pointed out the role of the COD/N ratio on the biomass and MBR performances. Passing from the urban wastewater to synthetic substrate with a final COD/N ratio of 1.5, the proportion of autotrophic bacteria in active biomass increased from 16 to 72%. Specific criteria were defined to characterise the biomass activity as rnitrif/ OURAutoend or rDCO / OURHetend allowing universal parameters definition
Philibert, Aurore. "Méthodes de méta-analyse pour l’estimation des émissions de N2O par les sols agricoles." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0072/document.
Full textThe term meta-analysis refers to the statistical analysis of a large set of results coming from individual studies about the same topic. This approach is increasingly used in various areas, including agronomy. In this domain however, a bibliographic review conducted by this thesis, showed that meta-analyses were not always of good quality. Meta-analyses in agronomy very seldom study the robustness of their findings relative to data quality and statistical methods.The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate and illustrate the importance of sensitivity analysis in the context of meta-analysis and as an example this is based on the estimation of N2O emissions from agricultural soils. The estimation of emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) is made at the worldwide level by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). N2O is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming power 298 times greater than the one of CO2 over a 100 year period. The key characteristics of N2O emissions are a significant spatial and time variability. Two databases are used for this work: the database of Rochette and Janzen (2005) and the one of Stehfest and Bouwman (2006). They collect numerous worldwide N2O emissions measurements from published studies and have played a significant role in the estimation of N2O emissions produced by the IPCC. The results show the value of random effects models in order to estimate N2O emissions from agricultural soils. They are well suited to the structure of the data (repeated observations on the same site for different doses of fertilizers, with several sites considered). They allow to differentiate the inter-site and intra-site variability and to estimate the effect of the rate of nitrogen fertilize on the N2O emissions. In this paper, the analysis of the sensitivity of the estimations to the shape of the relationship "Emission of N2O / N fertilizer dose" has shown that an exponential relationship would be the most appropriate. Therefore it would be appropriate to replace the constant emission factor of the IPCC (1% emission whatever the dose of nitrogen fertilizer) by a variable factor which would increase with the dose. On the other hand we did not identify significant differences between frequentist and Bayesian inference methods. Two approaches have been proposed to include environmental variables and cropping practices in the estimates of N2O. The first one using the Random Forest method allows managing missing data and provides the best N2O emissions predictions. The other one, based on random effects models allow to take into account these explanatory variables via one or several measurements of N2O. They allow predicting N2O emissions for non-tested doses in unfertilized farmer's field. However their results are sensitive to the experimental design used locally to measure N2O emissions
Poisvert, Cécile. "Analyse et modélisation des surplus azotés en France au cours du siècle dernier : application aux échelles départementales et communales." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4030.
Full textThis work aimed to study trends in nitrogen pressure and its drivers on the French territory. A nitrogen soil surface balance was developed and used to obtain nitrogen surplus times series at the departmental scale from 1917 to 2015 and at the municipality scale from 1995 to 2015. Characterisation of departmental trends showed that nowadays, more than 69% of the country presents a decrease in nitrogen pressure, mainly resulting from decrease in mineral fertilizer. Municipality surpluses are heterogeneous for all departments since 1955. Results can be used in the framework of the status of the nitrate directive of 2019, but also to characterise nitrogen pressure on water bodies or as input data for other models
Clément, Jean-Christophe. "Les zones humidesde fonds de vallée et la régulation des pollutions azotées diffusées." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10018.
Full textBen, Fradj Nosra. "Analyse micro-économique spatialisée des enjeux environnementaux de l’introduction de productions agricoles à finalité énergétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0007.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to perform an economic analysis of the impacts of second generation (2G) biofuel crops production on land use, agricultural practices and the environment. As for the environmental impacts, we focus on the relationship between the nitrogen fertilizers' consumption and the pollutants emissions (N2O, NH3 et NO3). The second objective is to estimate the potential development of 2G ethanol production in France. The available data and modeling tools that we use in this thesis allow for an economic analysis on a fine spatial dimension. The agricultural supply, given by the AROPAj model, is then combined with the different French bioenergy demands and public policies, which are modeled by the TIMES-GeoMIRET model. This modeling framework allows us to highlight the coherence of bioenergy objectives with the biomass resource potential through the analysis of the technological choices and the regionalisation of the bioenergy plants. Results indicate that "fuel" is not competing only with food, but also with "feed" because producing biomass is achieved at the expense of food and feed production. Cultivating dedicated biomass crops decreases land allocated to crops with high nutrient requirements, and consequently reduces the nitrogen losses. The coupling between AROPAj and TIMES-GeoMIRET has shown that 0.5 Mt of ethanol/year should be produced in 2030, which corresponds approximately to an output capacity of 3 processing plants. These plants should be built in the French northwest region, more precisely at Lillebonne where a 1G ethanol plant already exists
Lousteau, Cédric. "Conversion de la pollution ammoniacale en azote moléculaire par Oxydation en Voie Humide Catalytique (OVHC)." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10182/document.
Full textTiO2, ZrO2, CeO2 and CeZrO2 supported noble metal catalysts (Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru and Rh) have been in a first time prepared to be used in the Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of ammonia. The first results show that platinum is the most active metal. Palladium and iridium are the most selective toward nitrogen. Pt/TiO2 is the most interesting catalyst because it combines a very strong activity and a selectivity toward nitrogen close to iridium and palladium. An in-depth study on this catalyst (preparation method, nature of the metallic precursor…) shows that the single parameter which has a negative impact on the selectivity toward nitrogen is the basicity of the catalyst surface. The work realized on the operating conditions (PO2, catalyst weight, pH and ammonia concentration) in the presence of Pt/TiO2 shows the necessity to control the oxidizing function and particularly the nO2/nNH3 ratio. Indeed, if the value of this ratio is too high (nO2/nNH3 >> 0,75) then the selectivity toward nitrogen degrades strongly. To end, PtIr/TiO2 and PtPd/TiO2 bimetallic catalysts have been prepared to combine the activity of the platinum and the selectivity of palladium/iridium to nitrogen. These catalysts are not interesting because their behaviour is similar to the mechanical mixtures. Furthermore, the selectivity toward nitrogen is also degraded for nO2/nNH3 >> 0,75 with these catalysts
Dissou, Latifatou. "Toxicologie de la pollution par les oxydes d'azote." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P133.
Full textMoreau, Pierre. "Modélisation intégrée des systèmes agricoles et de la dynamique de l'azote dans le bassin versant : : de la conception du modèle au test de scénarios." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARD063.
Full textTo face the increasing food requirements and the increasing pressure on natural resources, the need to develop and evaluate farming systems that improve the balance between the objectives of sustaining production and reducing pollutant emissions, is more acute than ever. Among the environmental impacts, the nitrogen fluxes to aquifers and surface waters due to agricultural activities have led to the deterioration of drinking water quality and to the eutrophication of the aquatic environment. In this context, research is questioned to put forward innovations integrating both the farming system, where the decision of agricultural practices takes place, and the territory, where the negative impacts are visible, collective solution are possible and local policies are set up. The thesis aims at integrating these two levels. The objectives are (i) to identify economically viable farming systems that could reduce nitrogen emissions to waters, (ii) to integrate the farming-system in a model assessing nitrogen fluxes at catchment level and (iii) to simulate the effect of catchment-scale changes in farming systems on the nitrogen fluxes. In a catchment dominated by cattle production and where a drastic reduction of nitrogen fluxes is required to control coastal eutrophication, a multi-criteria analysis was conducted by combining an agrarian and an environmental diagnosis. In this application, the study of the economic, technical and environmental strengths and weaknesses of farming systems highlighted the interest of moving towards generalized grassland-based production systems. To integrate farming system and watershed, a model called CASIMOD’N (Catchment and Agricultural System Integrated MODel for Nitrogen) was developed. It is based on the coupling of pre-existing sub-models: TOURNESOL and FUMIGENE which simulate strategic decisions in livestock system translated into crop rotation and technical operations, and TNT2, which simulates nitrogen transfer and transformation in catchments. In CASIMOD'N, the feasibility of modeling the strategies in herd alimentation and in waste spreading to ensure the consistency of the simulated agricultural practices and their spatial distribution was demonstrated. Scenarios of farming-system changes, built in collaboration with the stakeholders and based on the results of the multi-criteria analysis, were tested. In this application, the effects of the generalization of two indicators, restricting the stocking rate per hectare of perennial crop and the nitrogen input in the farming systems, has been evaluated for the systems, the management practices and the nitrogen fluxes
Bellier, Sandra. "Modélisation de la contamination nitrique de la nappe des calcaires de Champigny : Application à la protection des captages prioritaires de la fosse de Melun et de la basse vallée de l'Yerres." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00973876.
Full textRahmani, Hassan. "Etude des processus de conversion des pollutions azotées dans des réacteurs à biomasses fixées de type filtre immergé." Toulouse, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAT0009.
Full textDEROUBAIX, CHRISTOPHE. "Etude in vitro des effets de no2 a faible concentration sur les macrophages alveolaires." Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M275.
Full textRizzetto, Simon. "Prédiction de la sensibilité biogéochimique et écologique des écosystèmes forestiers français aux dépôts atmosphériques azotés dans un contexte de changement global." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19558/1/Rizzetto.pdf.
Full textSolignac, Géraldine. "Cinétiques et Mécanismes d'oxydation atmosphériques de composés organiques volatifs azotés et perfluorés (amides, imides, fluoroalcool et fluoroaldéhydes)." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077216.
Full textThe results reported in this thesis contribute to a better understanding of the tropospheric fate of VOCs belonging to two families, nitrogen containing and fluorinated compounds. The work has been conducted in different laboratories (LCSR, University of Wuppertal, JRC and EUPHORE). The experimental techniques used are UV-Visible absorption, pulsed laser photolysis-laser induced fluorescence (PLP-LIF) and smog chambers. Height nitrogen containing compounds have been investigated: one amine (JV-methyl pyrrolidine, NMPL), five amides (N-methyl formamide, MF ; JV. JV-dimethyl formamide, DMF ; jV. TV-dimemyl acetamide, DMA ; A/-methyl pyrrolidone, NMP and jV-formyl pyrrolidine, FPL) and two imides (N-methylsuccinimide, NMS and Af-formylpyrrolidone, FP). The second part of this work aimed at better defining the atmospheric degradation processes of perfluorinated compounds, fluorotelomer alcohols and perfluorinated aldehydes. The results obtained show a reduction of the strength of this potential source in the atmosphère of the toxic and persistant perfluorinated carboxylic acids
Cazier, Fabrice. "Mise au point de méthodes d'analyse des polluants organiques et azotés de l'atmosphère : étude par simulation numérique des mécanismes cinétiques représentant le comportement physicochimique de ces espèce." Lille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL10053.
Full textJambert, Corinne. "Emissions de composés azotés dans l'atmosphère par les agrosystèmes fertilisés : mai͏̈siculture dans les Landes de Gascogne." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30043.
Full textPhilippe, Élodie. "Contribution à la modélisation du transfert des nitrates au travers de la zone non saturée à l'échelle régionale : application au bassin de la Seine." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00622536.
Full textGabrielle, Benoît. "Modélisation des cycles des éléments eau-carbone-azote dans un système sol-plante et application à l'estimation des bilans environnementaux des grandes cultures." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0491.
Full textThe field-assessment of the environmental impacts of crop production has emerged as a critical issue, since modern agriculture should be expected not to pose major threats. We have here assessed the nitrogen (N) pollutions, caused by such a crop (oilseed rape), through both experimental and modeling approaches. Two types of pollution were investigated : the leaching of nitrate below the root zone, and the gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. The prediction of N fluxes at the boundaries of the soil-crop system requires the use of a model simulating the dynamics of water, carbon and N within this system. Among the approaches of various complexities undertaken in the literature, we chose two models representing either a simple (CERES) or a more theoretical (DAISY) viewpoint. Five data sets corresponding to a range of climate and soil conditions were used to test various options for both models. None of the models clearly outranked the other. DAISY performed better as regards heat and mass transfer in soil, but CERES proved a superiority for the simulation of crop growth. Actually, the precisions of the models were also dependent on the type of medium investigated : we then suggested that a functional classification of soils could serve as a basis for determining the form of model to use, that would offer the best precision for a given set of available inputs. Overall, the modifications we proposed to the soil components of CERES allowed this simple approach to yield a satisfactory accuracy in the prediction of the water, carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the soil-crop system
Ruffinoni, Charles. "Rôle des ripisylves dans la réduction des pollutions azotées diffuses en milieu fluvial : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30251.
Full textSarrat, Claire. "Modélisation à l'échelle régionale de la pollution atmosphérique : application à la campagne ESQUIF." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30152.
Full textGarcia, Jorge Guerreiro dos Santos. "Estudo do comportamento ambiental do azoto em zonas de intensa actividade pecuária." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/12469.
Full textGeng, Qing Zhi. "Modélisation conjointe du cycle de l'eau et du transfert des nitrates dans un système hydrologique." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0125.
Full textBeaudoin, Nicolas. "Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation des effets des pratiques culturales sur la pollution nitrique d'un aquifère en zone de grande culture." Phd thesis, Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2006. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002665.
Full textAgnan, Yannick. "Bioaccumulation et bioindication par les lichens de la pollution atmosphérique actuelle et passée en métaux et en azote en France : sources, mécanismes et facteurs d'influence." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0123/document.
Full textThe atmospheric contamination by metals/metalloids (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn…) and by nitrogen compounds impact the ecosystems. The atmospheric deposition is responsible of these harmful effects and its evaluation is complex and missing, particularly in remote environments like forest areas. The monitoring of trace element and nitrogen deposition at the national scale is carried out through two different approaches of biomonitoring by lichens and mosses: bioaccumulation and bioindication. The metal bioaccumulation points out a strong lithogenic pressure in these remote areas that is included in the geochemical background (e. g. Al, As, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni and Ti). Additional sources from more local anthropogenic activities are responsible for the regional context by the accumulation of other chemical elements (Cd, Cu, Sb or Zn). The comparison of current samples with herbarium specimens allows us getting back to historical regional influence one and half century ago, including consolidating the lithological influence over the time by rare earth elements. The use of fossil coal appears as a dominant source of metallic contamination in the late 19th century and the beginning 20th century. In parallel, the factors influencing the bioaccumulation of metals were evaluated: the entrapment of atmospheric particles is influenced by the morphology of the thallus but not by the bark. Considering the atmospheric deposition signature, vegetation via throughfall was found to be more influent for terricolous mosses than for corticolous lichens. Additional experiments of sorption/desorption showed a quick accumulation process (one week) for Pb and Cd, but neither metal competition, nor leaching influence on bioaccumulation were highlighted. New data on lichen species sensitivity to metal pollutants have been compiled through multivariate statistical analysis
Lhuissier, Franck. "Les pollens biomarqueurs de la pollution atmosphérique ? Approche microscopique et biochimique." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES095.
Full textKallel, Sami. "Degradation par voies chimique et biologique de la pollution azotee et carbonee refractaire d'eau residuaire a forte concentration. Application au cas des lixiviats de centre d'enfouissement technique." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066130.
Full textHuot, Delphine. "Impact sanitaire du dioxyde d'azote : bilan des expositions humaines contrôlées." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P209.
Full textBernotienė, Jūratė. "Mažeikių miesto oro tarša azoto dioksidu ir ryšys su meteorologinėmis sąlygomis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080628_102824-62814.
Full textThe most important problem of biggest towns is air pollution of nitric dioxide. By pollution of nitric dioxide we can decide about general towns polltution. In the Mažeikiai town was explore distribution of nitric dioxide concentration. Nitric dioxide concentrations were gauge in the different seasons. We used a passive sampling method and triethanolamine as an absorbent. After analysis we get such rezults: the maximum concentration was fixed in the summer (14,2 μg/m3). It could impact low rainfall, high temperature and dominant wind which pollution drived from AB „Mažeikių nafta“. A similar results were assessed in the winter (2006 year) (14,0 μg/m3). Minimum value was fixed in the autumn (2007 year) (7,2 μg/m3). Similar concentration was fixed in the summer too (7,9 μg/m3). It impacted atmospheric conditions: high humidity. Reliable results were get between wind rate and nitric dioxide concentrations in the autumn season (r = -0,8729; p = 0,0533), precipitation and nitric dioxide concentrations in the spring (r = -0,9983; p = 0,0374) also precipitation and nitric dioxide concentrations in all seasons r = -0,7897; p = 0,0066). But in the neither season was not exceed the quotas of concentration (40 μg/m3).
Boutin, Marion. "Impacts des dépôts atmosphériques azotés sur la biodiversité et le fonctionnement des pelouses subalpines pyrénéennes." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30185/document.
Full textAtmospheric nitrogen deposition in the subalpine Pyrenees is in order of 8 to 15 kg N ha-1 yr-1, equivalent or higher than the actual critical load for these habitats and higher than chemistry-transport models' estimates. During the past six decades, Pyrenean subalpine grasslands became more thermophilous and mesotrophic, richer in species and more homogeneous at the regional scale. Climate change and cumulative nitrogen deposition reduced the abiotic constraints in these habitats, favouring the installation of less stress-tolerant species. These habitats trap and store efficiently nitrogen from deposition, even in a climate change context. Effects are visible in the vegetation (% of nitrogen, biomass and cover of some groups) before being visible in the soil. These effects are more pronounced following ammonium than nitrate dominated additions, and are additive or compensatory with the effects of climate change, but rarely interactive
Chevron, Florence. "Dénitrification biologique d'une nappe phréatique polluée par des composés azotés d'origine industrielle : expérimentations en laboratoire sur les cinétiques, le métabolisme et les apports de nutriments." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-234.pdf.
Full textSamir, Brahim. "Dégradation électrochimique du thiabendazole et l’imazalil. Étude de réactivité atmosphérique des composés aromatiques hétérocycliques azotés." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS037/document.
Full textThis work concerns a new insight of treatment of organic pollutants pesticides before their rejection in the natural environment. This phenomenon is increasing dramatically causing many adverse effects on the environment and the health. The first step of this work focused on the treatment of aqueous solution charged with fungicides by direct electrochemical processes. The efficiency of this latter in the treatment of waters polluted by pesticides has been confirmed with a mineralization rate exceeding 80%. In the other hand, the obtained results have ensured that the nature of the anode material is one of the keys and factors having an influence on the oxidation pathway. The second step conducted by absorption spectroscopy and focused on the atmospheric reactivity in the gas phase of nitrogenous heterocyclic aromatic compounds. These species are expected during the degradation of pesticides. The use of an atmospheric simulation chamber at different temperatures allowed us to follow the kinetics of these compounds with ozone and OH radicals. The kinetics of ozonolysis of these compounds is very slow. The molecular structure is the factor, according to the results obtained, controlling the atmospheric reactivity of these compounds in the case of their reaction with OH radicals. Indeed, the 5-atom aromatic heterocyclic compounds have a greater reactivity with respect to the OH radicals, compared with six-membered aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Moreover, according to these studies, the presence of nitrogen atoms in the aromatic ring has a deactivating effect on the reactivity of these compounds with the OH radicals. Spectroscopically, the UV-visible absorption spectra of the compounds 1,2,3-triazole, pyrazole, pyrazine, pyrimidine, and pyridazine were determined in the gas phase and their atmospheric photodissociation constants were estimated. Finally, the kinetic and spectroscopic data obtained made it possible to discuss the atmospheric implications of these compounds in terms of their lifetime with respect to the different processes of atmospheric degradation
Michelot, Christophe. "Développement d'un modèle stochastique lagrangien : application à la dispersion et à la chimie de l'atmosphère." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1996. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1685_cmichelot.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work is to build a stochastic Lagrangian model of particles tracking which takes into account chemical reactions between the different species encountered in the flow. The first chapter briefly deals with different kinematic existing models. The complexity of atmos¬pheric chemical reactions is then highlighted through the example of nitrogen oxides ones. Lagrangian approach is chosen to consider reacting flows, as it seems more appropriate than Eulerian approach to local phenomena such as diffusion and chemical reactions. The modeling of the convection in isotropic turbulence by stochastic Lagrangian models based on a Langevin equation is presented in the second chapter. In order to establish the link between Lagrangian and Eulerian formulations, the Fokker-Planck equation deduced from the one particle one time scale stochastic model is determined. This model is applied to the case of a temperature source line seeding a grid generated turbulence. The validation is performed by comparisons of the numerical results to experimental data. The third chapter begins with a summary of the different extensions of the one particle one time scale stochastic model to inhomogeneous turbulent flows. The model of Thomson (1987) will be retained as it appears to be the more rigorous relatively to the hypothesis. Many types of rejections in inhomogeneous turbulence are simulated, which will allow to check the influence of different parameters on numerical results. To end with this chapter, a model including buoyancy effects is presented and tested in the case of a ground level source in a neutral boundary layer. The last chapter is devoted to reacting flows. The one particle Lagrangian approach has needed the use of a mixing model within the tracked particles. Starting from a more general formulation than the diffusion model of Hsu h Chen (1991), the condition it has to satisfy for the concentration probability density function to relax towards a Gaussian shape in isotropic turbulence is established. The new one particle one time scale stochastic model including mixing process is successfully applied to different cases of reacting species mixing experiments in grid generated turbulence which are: a turbulent mixing layer between ozone and nitrogen monoxide; a line source of nitrogen monoxide in a main flow of ozone; a point source of nitrogen monoxide in a main flow of ozone
Lasserre, Frédérique. "Conception et intégration dans un SIG d'un modèle de transport des nitrates dans les aquifères libres : application sur deux bassins hydrogéologiques de la région Poitou-Charentes." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2267.
Full textDebieche, Taha Hocine. "Evolution de la qualité des eaux (salinité, azote et métaux lourds) sous l'effet de la pollution saline, agricole et industrielle : application à la basse plaine de la Seybouse Nord-Est algérien." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA2011.
Full textCharpentier, Joseph. "Adaptation des stations d'epuration du type boues activees faible charge a l'elimination des pollutions carbonees, azotees et phosphorees : besoins en oxygene et regulation redox." Rennes 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988REN10036.
Full textRiofrio, Dillon Gabriela. "Évolution de l'acidité et de la disponiblité en azote des sols forestiers français au cours du 20ème siècle : une approche spatio-temporelle et multi-échelle basée sur le caractère bio-indicateur de la flore." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0042/document.
Full textHuman activities have, over the last century, strongly influenced the cycles controlling the levels of acidity and nitrogen availability in nature. Acidifying and eutrophying deposition lead to a change in environmental conditions and particularly to sensitive changes in plant communities' composition.The objective of this Ph.D work is to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of the acidity and nitrogen availability in French forest soils over the 20th century using the bioindicator character of plants, into local and global scales. The use of plants as bioindicator seeks to mitigate the lack of direct measurements of soil conditions and atmospheric deposition, over a wide spatiotemporal extent. First, changes in bioindicated soil pH (indicator of acidity conditions) and C:N (indicator of nitrogen availability status) were computed from approximately 100 000 temporary floristic plots carried out throughout France from 1910 to 2010. They were analyzed using an innovative method of spatiotemporal comparison, where acidic and nonacidic forest areas and coniferous and broadleaved forests were differentiated. Secondly, and always from the bioindicator character of plants, changes in soil conditions between 1972 and 2011 across Villey forest as well as floristic changes they induce related with other environmental changes were analyzed.At the global level, we observed acidification in acidic forest areas (-0.34 pH units on average) and in nonacidic areas (-0.19 pH units on average), respectively, until 1984 and 1997. We demonstrated for the first time (to our knowledge) a cessation of acidification of forest soils and even a decrease in acidity in nonacidic forest areas, as wella as a time lag for acidification between acidic and nonacidic areas. This trend is consistent with the trend of acidifying deposition in France since the early 20th century. Spatially, our results confirm the temporal trends, show a regional geographic pattern of acidification (mainly observed in nonacidic areas), and highlight the high spatial variability of soil pH changes. Concerning the evolution of nitrogen availability conditions, we observed an unexpected decrease in available nitrogen until 1984 and 1997, respectively, in coniferous (+0.79 C:N units on average) and broadleaved forests (+0.74 C:N units on average). A trend to eutrophisation of forest soils was then observed in coniferous and broadleaved forests since 1997 (-0.10 and -0.16 C:N units on average, respectively). This trend is not consistent with the trend of nitrogen atmospheric deposition in France. ”Last and final summary in the thesis.”
Poly, Franck. "Réponses des communautés bactériennes telluriques à des perturbations chimiques complexes : activités potentielles et empreintes génétiques." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO19001.
Full textJeanjean, Maxime. "Pollution atmosphérique et déclenchement de poussées de sclérose en plaques, investigation au niveau individuel." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B003.
Full textMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Causes are multifactorial enrolling both genetic predisposition and influence of environmental factors. In 85% of cases, patients experience relapse corresponding to the occurrence of neurologic signs, followed by a phase of partial or total remission. Several studies put forth the hypothesis that relapses rate varies across season, mainly occurring during spring and summer. This temporal fluctuation raised the question of season-dependent parameters influence such as sunlight exposure and vitamin D, melatonin level or ambient air pollution. Considering this variation of air pollution, we explored the short-term impact of fine particles (PM10), benzene (C6H6), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone (O3), on the risk of relapse triggering, separately for "cold" (i.e., October-March) and "hot" (April-September) season. This work has drawn from data of patients provided by the alSacEP network. We included 424 patients affected with remitting MS onset who experienced 1,783 relapses over the 2000-2009 period. Daily level of air pollution was modeled through ADMS-Urban software at the census block scale of the Strasbourg metropolitan area (AASQA ATMO Grand Est). Furthermore, an individual survey was conducted among all the patients (PT) in order to collect individual socioeconomic (SES) and lifestyle features. Finally, the census block SES position was estimated using a composite deprivation index - created from the INSEE census data. A short-term (3 days preceding the relapse) seasonal adverse effect was observed in PT, in particular during exposure to O3 in "hot" season and PM10 and NO2 in "cold" season. Results also suggest that the SES context might exacerbate these associations, in particular among patients who were living in deprived neighborhood with exposure to PM10, NO2, C6H6 and CO ("cold) and those who were living in most well-of and deprived places with exposure to O3 ("hot"). Finally, we observed among Ps that low education level, average family income, smoking and lack of physical activity are more associated with the risk of relapse triggering when patients were exposed to air pollution. This work shows the need to investigate environmental exposure such as air pollution along the SEP course using a holistic approach integrating individual and contextual factors
Nédélec, Philippe. "Mise au point d'un analyseur d'oxydes d'azote à haute sensibilité : application à l'étude de l'ozone et de ses précurseurs dans la troposphère." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30259.
Full textAl, Maksoud Walid. "Des matériaux hybrides pour le captage de bio-toxiques : Par greffage des poly-aromatiques obtenus via une méthodologie palladocatalysées in et ex-aqua. Par greffage des molécules poly-azotées." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845468.
Full textKauark, Leite Luiz Augusto. "Réflexions sur l'utilité des modèles mathématiques dans la gestion de la pollution diffuse d'origine agricole." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529963.
Full textNORMAND, BEATRICE. "Etude experimentale et modelisation du devenir de l'azote dans le systeme sol-plante-atmosphere." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10196.
Full textKennel, Claire. "Mesures expérimentales et modélisation de la formation des oxydes d'azote dans les flammes d'hydrocarbures dopées à l'amoniac." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES001.
Full textPallud, Céline. "Étude multi-échelles du fonctionnement hydrodynamique et microbiologique d'un sol soumis à un apport de solutés : application à l'ammonium et au 2,4-D." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10178.
Full textŠiuipys, Nerijus. "Priežemio ozono koncentracijos sklaida Kauno mieste ir jos ryšys su meteorologinėmis sąlygomis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090810_112539-45872.
Full textOne of the major problems resulting from air pollution of the urban area, is the pollution caused by photochemical oxidants, among their, ground level ozone. The aim of this work was to assess distribution of ground level ozone concentration in Kaunas and its relationship to meteorological situation. Measurements was carried out in 2006 - 2009. Object of work has been selected Kaunas city. Throughout the city area ground level ozone concentration was measured by a sampling scheme for the 10 different measurement points. For determinate of ground level ozone concentration, we used ozone quality monitor „Aeroqual 300 Series“. Ground level ozone concentration was measured at midday from 12 to 14 and in the evening from 17 to 19 hours. Each site was carried out from 4 - 6 measurements. Study rezults revealed, that ground level ozone concentration distribution of each season is different. The maximum average ozone concentration was found in spring - summer season (72 g/m3), and the lowest in winter season (7 g/m3). The higher ground level ozone concentration episode (128 g/m3) was stated in spring season in 2009 year. Relationship between ground level ozone concentration and meteorological situations and nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentration was evaluated. The results showed statistically significant positive relationship between ozone concentration and temperature (r = 0,73; p = 0,00) and NO2 concentration (r = 0,48; p = 0,03). Between ground level ozone concentration and wind... [to full text]
Moreau, Muriel. "Elimination simultanée du carbone et de l'azote dans un réacteur à biomasses fixées de type à circulation de matériaux (RCM)." Toulouse, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAT0035.
Full textSkėrytė, Neringa. "Dirvinio ir karčiojo kiečių biologinės charakteristikos nevienodos amoniakinės taršos vietose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090615_114507-84848.
Full textTopic of the master degree diploma: Various biological parameters of Artemisia absinthum L. and Artemisia campestris L. growing in the areas effected by different level pollution by ammonia. Artemisia absinthum L. and Artemisia campestris L. are common wild growing species in Lithuania. Despite these species are rich in flavonoids and essential oils till now in our country biology and biochemistry of these species have not received bigger attention. Present work aimed at evaluation of Artemisia absinthum L. and Artemisia campestris L. physiological-biochemical parameters depending on sampling site distance from the nitrogen fertilizer factory. Methods. Following physiological-biochemical parameters of these species were analysed: soil nitrogen and heavy metal concentrations, dry mass and nitrogen concentration of various organs of selected plant species, abundance of epiphytic microflora. Results. During vegetation period sampling was performed three times: in July, 2; July, 24, and September, 24. Obtained parameters were evaluated in respect of aerial ammonia pollution and heavy metal pollution of the soil. Present study showed that nitrogen concentration of the soil and various organs of both Artemisia species fell into following ascending order: soil < stems < leaves < inflorescences and fruits < rosettes. Between selected sites no differences were observed according to the soil and plant nitrogen concentration. The highest concentrations of heavy metals were observed... [to full text]
Sauboua, Emmanuelle. "Modélisation stochastique fonctionnelle du transfert d'eau et d'azote sous culture de maïs : application à l'évaluation de l'impact des pratiques agricoles en plaine de Bièvre." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10095.
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