Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pollution atmosphérique – Risques pour la santé'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 28 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Pollution atmosphérique – Risques pour la santé.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Martin, Fabrine. "Ozone troposphérique : impact sur la santé." Lille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL2P013.
Full textSentissi, Maya. "Impact sanitaire de la pollution atmosphérique urbaine particulaire." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P032.
Full textAloui, Lisa. "Pollution atmosphérique et risque de cancer : bilan des études épidémiologiques récentes." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P193.
Full textAgis-Garcin, Aude. "Impact sanitaire de la pollution de l' air : état des connaissances, proposition d' objectifs et d' indicateurs de suivi." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P223.
Full textFilleul, Laurent. "Pollution atmosphérique et sante : le cas des personnes agées." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21024.
Full textIt is accepted that there is an health effect of actual levels of air pollution in industrialized countries on but some questions subsist on identification of susceptible subgroups. Based on a group of elderly people has been studied in this thesis. We have confirmed from Program PSAS-9, relationship between daily mortality and daily air pollution levels. Compared to all age population, elderly subjects showed a higher significant association between daily mortality and air pollution. We have investigated of individual factors of susceptibility among elderly in PAQUID cohort. We have observed that women and subjects living alone were more sensitive to air pollution. The association between chronic exposure to air pollution and long term mortality has been studied on a 25 year period in PAARC survey. Whatever age of subjects, we did not find a significant relationship. In conclusion, this work demonstrates a greater effect of air pollution among subjects ager 65 and over, especially in women and people who live alone. Identification of such factors appears useful to target preventing actions
Jahnich, Mathieu. "Le traitement multimédiatique d'un risque pour la santé : étude d'un cas : le problème des gaz d'échappement." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136863.
Full textRecherche sous la forme d'une allocation de recherche. Destiné à promouvoir une recherche
pluridisciplinaire, ce programme vise à renouveler l'approche scientifique des grandes
questions et à ouvrir des perspectives aux différents acteurs urbains, afin de mieux
comprendre les enjeux urbains contemporains, les transformations en cours et d'anticiper les
évolutions futures.
Concernant notre travail de recherche, les attentes de ce programme apparaissent
multiples :
- l'évolution de la médiatisation du problème, sa genèse et sa construction sociale,
- la manière dont le problème est traité actuellement,
- les connaissances et les comportements de la population, face ou avec cette médiatisation,
- les évolutions possibles des uns et des autres.
Nous nous trouvons donc dans le cas d'une recherche dite finalisée avec des objectifs en
tension :
- fournir des éléments concrets permettant d'orienter la politique de communication, avec la
question des liens entre l'information sur la pollution et le passage à l'action ;
- contribuer au domaine des sciences de l'information et de la communication et plus
particulièrement à la communication des sciences et à l'éducation à la santé.
Almarj, Elie. "Effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé : développement de protocoles innovants de simulation d'atmosphères urbaines et d'exposition de modèles précliniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=6223&f=54454.
Full textThe World Health Organization estimates that exposure to atmospheric pollution causes more than 4 million premature deaths annually worldwide. Atmospheric pollution is therefore a major health risk. However, the assessment of the health effects of atmospheric pollution has shortcomings. Indeed, epidemiological and experimental studies only take into account regulated atmospheric pollutants without considering the synergy that may exist between them, whereas atmospheric pollution is a multiphasic mixture of gaseous and particulate compounds interacting with each other and with environmental parameters. Moreover, the concentrations studied are rarely within realistic ranges. The objective of this work is to implement an innovative platform to study the effects of atmospheric pollution on health. To do this, mice were exposed to atmospheric situations representative of real atmospheres and episodes of urban air pollution, simulated in the laboratory. These simulated atmospheres were then qualified. We have thus succeeded in reproducing multiphasic urban atmospheres, by simulating their gaseous and particulate phases in the laboratory. The formation of secondary organic aerosols and functionalized volatile organic compounds confirm the quality of our simulations (proxy of real urban atmospheres), by highlighting the oxidation of organic matter. The results of the biological analyses on the exposed mice have highlighted the relevance of the platform for studying the effects of atmospheric pollution on health
Percot, Stéphane. "Contribution des retombées atmosphériques aux flux de polluants issus d'un petit bassin versant urbain : cas du Pin Sec à Nantes." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00851955.
Full textReungoat, Patrice. "L'évaluation de l'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique d'origine automobile dans le cadre d'études épidémiologiques : application à l'étude VESTA." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05P646.
Full textAutomobile exhaust is a major source of air pollution in urban areas. For studying short and long term health effects of this traffic air pollution (TAP) epidemiologists have to determine precisely exposure to such pollution to avoid misclassification. In France, the ExTra index produced by the French Scientific Center for Building Physics (CSTB) and the French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research (INRETS), estimates ambient concentrations of transport-related pollutants in front of the work and living places of urban dwellers. These estimates, combined with time-activity diaries, enable individual exposure to these pollutants in front of these living places to be assessed. Two pollutant dispersion models are used to calculate the ExTra index : the Danish model OSPM (Operational Street Pollution Model) and the CALINE3 model (California Line Source Dispersion Model). Before being applied to large scale epidemiological studies such as the VESTA study (a French multicentric case-control study on asthma), the ExTra index needs to be validated. This research had two goals : 1) to validate the ExTra index, 2) to apply this index to the VESTA study (V Epidemiological Study on Transport and Asthma). The validation study of the ExTra index was performed in four of the French towns participating in the VESTA study. This validation was based on the comparison of nitrogen oxide concentrations (NOx) obtained by measurement against those obtained from calculations, using the ExTra index and the OSPM model. The model was tested at 100 street canyon sites. Then, we used the ExTra index to assess lifelong nitrogen oxides concentrations the 403 study children were exposed to in front of their living places. This assessment highlighted significant disparities : mean ExTra index values and share attributable to proximity traffic were respectively 70 ± 42 and 14 ± 22 æg. M -3 NOx equivalent NO2 for the 403 children. Beyond the validation of the ExTra index for NOx concentrations and the description of the VESTA children's TAP exposures, the results obtained by a discriminant analysis (with classification trees) gave us guidelines for the use of this index (rather than background pollution levels provided by the networks) according to the different residence and school characteristics of a subject throughout his (her) life. .
Boudet, Céline. "Exposition du citadin aux particules fines en suspension : estimation de la part attribuable aux émissions automobiles : contribution à l'évaluation du risque sanitaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE18003.
Full textParat, Sylvie. "Étude des relations entre climatisation, micro-organismes aéroportés et santé : une approche médicale, métrologique et technique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE19010.
Full textBaubestre, Claude. "Surveillance biologique et environnementale du risque professionnel lié aux effluents automobiles : étude dans deux garages municipaux parisiens." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P620.
Full textPeiffer, Julie. "Étude de la neurotoxicité d’un Polluant Organique Persistant chez le rat : effets à court et à long terme de l’inhalation répétée de fluorène sur le développement sensori-moteur du jeune et le comportement à l’âge adulte." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL103N/document.
Full textActually air pollution is ubiquitous due to the emission of chemical compound from many sources. In this context, Polycyclic Aromaric Hydrocarbons (PAH)related compounds are widely distributed in the air and have shown deleterious health effects.Fluorene was chosen as a representative compound of PAHs pollution. This work consisted in the evaluation of its neurotoxic effects in adult animals, exposed i.p., orally or by exposure nose-only. The inhalation model of exposure was then applied to the study of its effects on sensorimotor development and on behavioral activity of animals exposed in utero or during lactation.The results showed that fluorene is able to induce behavioral changes in adult animals exposed directly or indirectly on the level of anxiety and the locomotor activity, whereas no effect on learning and memory abilities has been observed. However, no defect on the development of motor and sensory functions was demonstrated. Furthermore, the analysis of the presence of the compound and three of its metabolites showed that the pollutant was able to cross the blood brain barrier and can be metabolized in the brain. Moreover, variations have been observed concerning behavioral and physiological responses between studies, showing that effects induced by fluorene are dependent on the way of administration, the level of contamination and the time of exposure.In conclusion, these results demonstrate in animals the behavioral toxicity of fluorene at levels of contamination corresponding to human cases of exposure, confirming so the risk of PAH exposure throughout life
Calas, Aude. "Pollution atmosphérique particulaire : développement de méthodologies non-invasives et acellulaires pour l’évaluation de l’impact sanitaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU033.
Full textIn vitro studies have shown that the health effects of airborne particles (aerosols) are mainly attributed to their inflammatory potential due to the oxidative species they carry on: mostly metals and organic molecules. Diseases triggered then, regionally differ depending on the specific mixtures of different sources of pollution, duration of exposure and susceptibility of individuals. Key parameters to investigate are the bioaccessibility (reactive fraction of the aerosol) and the PM (Particulate matter) oxidative potential to predict aerosol toxicity. To this end, non-invasive tests, that is to say made on the mixture of pollutants itself and not on human or cells, have recently been developed (Cho et al 2005, Sauvain et al 2009, Denys et al 2009, Li et al 2003, Uzu et al 2011). Can we use them evenly, since the chemical composition of aerosols differs drastically between regional areas? We know that such bacteria present in the air are able to lower the oxidative capacity of clouds. Is it the same for particles (Vaïtilingom et al. 2012)? Can we connect these tests to some species or specific sources of identified PM? These preliminary questions need to be addressed before developing a systematic assessment of health effects of air pollutants, which are the subject of very active research programs in many international groups, but poorly discussed in France. They must be taken into account before being developed for large-scale campaigns (health risk, epidemiology...) that can be implemented in partnership with the networks of air quality measurment in the coming years (Kelly and Fussell 2012).This PhD project aims to develop new tools characterizing the air quality and its biological impact, with the following objectives:- Optimize and validate a test evaluation of oxidative potential of aerosols following different types of mixtures;- Connect the "proxy" of the health impact of chemicals and particles attributable PM according to their origin
Duranton, Guillaume. "Le moteur Diesel a-t-il un avenir en termes sanitaires ?" Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P240.
Full textDessimond, Boris. "Exposition individuelle à la pollution de l’air : mesure par capteurs miniatures, modélisation et évaluation des risques sanitaires associés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS297.
Full textAir pollution contributes to the degradation of the quality of life and the reduction of life expectancy of the populations. The World Health Organization estimates that air pollution is responsible for 7 million deaths per year worldwide. It contributes to the aggravation of respiratory diseases, causes lung cancer and heart attacks. Air pollution has therefore significant health consequences on human life and biodiversity. Over the last few years, considerable progress has been made in the field of microcontrollers and telecommunications modules. These are more energy efficient, powerful, affordable, accessible, and are responsible for the growth of connected objects. In the meantime, the recent development of microelectromechanical systems and electrochemical sensors has allowed the miniaturization of technologies measuring many environmental parameters including air quality. These technological breakthroughs have enabled the design and production in an academic environment, of portable, connected, autonomous air quality sensors capable of performing acquisitions at a high temporal frequency. Until recently, one of the major obstacles to understanding the impact of air pollution on human health was the inability to track the real exposure of individuals during their daily lives; air pollution is complex, and varies according to the habits, activities and environments in which individuals spend their lives. Portable air quality sensors completely remove this obstacle as well as a number of other important constraints. These are designed to be used in mobility, over long periods of time, and produce immediately available granular data, which describes the exposure to air pollution of the person wearing it. Although the measurement modules embedded in these sensors are not currently as reliable as reference tools or remote sensing, when it comes to assessing individual exposure to air pollution, because they are as close as possible to the wearer, they provide the most accurate information, and are therefore an indispensable tool for the future of epidemiological research. In this context, we have been involved in the development and improvement of two air quality sensors; the CANARIN II and the CANARIN nano. The CANARIN II is a connected sensor communicating via Wi-Fi, which reports the concentration of 10, 2.5 and 1 micrometer diameter particles, as well as the environmental parameters of temperature, humidity, and pressure, every minute, making them available in real time. The CANARIN nano is a smaller sensor with the same capabilities of the CANARIN II, while additionally sensing volatile organic compounds levels. The CANARIN nano is able to operate autonomously, as it communicates through the cellular network. Two types of results have been obtained with the CANARIN sensors; on one hand, results produced from their use in real life conditions, and on the other hand, results related to the interpretation and understanding of the measurements produced by the particle sensors. These two sensors were both used in two research projects, in which we have helped deploy several heterogeneous sensor fleets and analyzed the acquired data. Firstly, in the POLLUSCOPE project funded by the French National Research Agency, where 86 volunteers from the general population wore a set of air pollution sensors for a total of 101 weeks, 35 of which the volunteers were also equipped with health sensors. Secondly, in the POLLAR project, where 43 subjects underwent polysomnography and then wore one CANARIN sensor for 10 days, thus allowing for the first time to explore the link between sleep apnea and particulate matter exposure. [...]
Mercier, Fabien. "Contribution à l’évaluation de la contamination organique des poussières sédimentées et des particules en suspension dans l’habitat dans une perspective d’évaluation de l’exposition." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B158.
Full textThe development of building materials and consumer products over the past fifty years has led to the introduction in indoor environments of new chemicals, including semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), such as plasticizers, flame retardants or pesticides. In order to determine the extent of the threat to public health posed by these contaminants in indoor environments and assess exposures, it is necessary to document the indoor concentrations. This thesis has consisted in the development of analytical tools for the determination of SVOCs concentrations in settled house dust and airborne particulate matter for exposure assessment purposes. First, a measurement strategy was defined, based on a critical analysis of the scientific literature and a health ranking of SVOCs. Secondly, analytical multi-residue methods by GC/MS/MS for settled dust, and TD/GC/MS for airborne particulate matter, were developed, evaluated and applied to real samples. Finally, the influence of storage conditions on SVOCs concentrations in dust samples was investigated
Ndonkou, Peguy. "Les usages de l'eau au Cameroun : contribution à une étude anthropologique des maladies endémiques d'origine hydrique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10024.
Full textAdon, Aka Jacques. "Evaluation de l'impact sur la santé de l'aérosol de combustion pour différentes sources urbaines en Afrique de l'Ouest en saison sèche et humide : caractérisation physico-chimique et toxicologique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30049.
Full textThis thesis is in line with the scientific objectives of the DACCIWA-WP2 program. It is our responsibility to establish a link between emissions, air pollution and health impacts in terms of inflammation of the respiratory system for urban combustion sources, typical of West Africa: traffic, domestic fires and waste burning in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) and Cotonou (Benin) during the dry and wet seasons 2015-2017. Our results show that the particulate concentrations observed at all sites far exceed the recommendations of WHO. The site influenced by domestic fires is the most polluted site, dominated by a significant fraction of ultrafine (UF) and fine (F) particles. The comparison of traffic sites shows that the average concentrations for each size class are twice higher in Cotonou than in Abidjan. The physicochemical characterization of these particles (organic carbon, elemental carbon, soluble organic carbon, ions, dust, trace elements) underlines that organic carbon and dust are the two most important contributors for Fand UF particles with more organic carbon in Abidjan and dust in Cotonou respectively. Parallel biological studies were conducted to characterize the pro-inflammatory response induced by particles collected for each site quantifying the release of the IL-6cytokines by human bronchial epithelial cells. As a result, particles from the domestic fire site are the most pro-inflammatory particles whatever the season, while the fine and ultra-fine fractions of particles from the two traffic sites cause significant comparable effects for each season, with the Cotonou site distinguishing itself by the reactivity of its coarse fraction, linked to the presence of dust. The F and UF particles of the combustion sources therefore seem to have a significant impact. This is confirmed by the crossed analysis between physicochemical and toxicological data, which shows that the carbonaceous aerosol component of the aerosol (EC, OC, and WSOC) is best correlated with the IL-6 biomarker. This result allows us to draw up regional maps of the inflammatory impact linked to carbonaceous particles and their emission sources. These studies will eventually lead to the implementation of emission reduction solutions to improve air quality and health
Pelletier, Maud. "Expositions agrégées aux composés organiques semi-volatils dans l'habitat et risques sanitaires associés." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B028/document.
Full textIn housing, people are exposed to an increasing number of chemicals, including semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). SVOCs are present on surfaces, in the gas phase, airborne particles and settled dust. Humans are exposed through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Many of these compounds have suspected toxic effects on human health. The objective of this thesis is to assess, by a risk assessment approach, the public health risk posed by the exposure to SVOCs frequently detected in French dwellings. At first, indoor exposures were estimated for 32 compounds from contamination data and human parameters such as body weight, inhalation rate, time spent in dwellings etc. Ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact exposure pathways were aggregated for the indoor SVOCs of greatest concern and for several age groups from birth to age 30. In a second step, human health risks were modeled from these exposures and from available toxicity data. Each SVOC was considered separately and also in mixtures, based on the assumption of dose additivity. This work provided exposures distributions representative of the French population and identified the dominant media and exposure routes for each compound as well as the most at risk SVOCs for a certain portion of the French population
Guitton, Stéphanie. "La santé urbaine au risque de l'eau à Addis-Abeba (Éthiopie) : entre dangers sanitaires, menaces perçues, pratiques et vulnérabilités socio-environnementales." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010676.
Full textBarraza, Castelo Fiorella. "Evaluation de l'exposition humaine liée aux activités pétrolières en Equateur : de la surveillance de la qualité de l'air à l'étude du transfert des contaminants métalliques dans le continuum sol-plante." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30168/document.
Full textEcuador is the 5th crude oil producer country in South America. Oil extraction and refining generate toxic waste containing metals co-emitted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naturally present in crude oil or added during production, and known for their carcinogenic and toxic effects in humans. In this context and as a part of the ANR MONOIL program, the first aim of this PhD research was to determine the distribution of metal(loid)s in the environment in the provinces of Orellana and Sucumbíos (oil extraction, North Amazon " NAR ") and the city of Esmeraldas (oil refining, North Pacific Coast, " NPC "). The second aim was to determine if there was a transfer of toxic metals, such as Cd, from soil or air to cacao crops, widely cultivated in Ecuador, and if the consumption of cacao-based products could imply risks for human health. Finally, the third aim was to monitor air quality over 2 years in both areas to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities and the oxidative burden of particulate matter (PM10). Soils and local crops were collected in 31 small-scale farms, between 2014 and 2016. Monthly PM10 samples were collected in 3 sites, in the vicinity of oil platforms close to the refinery. PM10 chemical composition (contents in metals, organic and elementary carbon (OC, EC), ions, sugars, polyols, PAHs) was determined. Human health risk assessment was performed taking into account ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Non carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects were quantified using the Hazard Index (HI) and the Total Cancer Risk (TCR). Bioaccessibility of Cd after ingestion was determined by the BARGE in vitro test in cacao beans and liquors. In aerosols, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was quantified using 3 acellular assays: DTT (dithiothreitol), AA (ascorbic acid) and DCFH (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein). Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, V and Zn concentrations in 72% of the study soils exceeded the limits of the Ecuadorian legislation. For most of the crops, elements were below the limits of detection but, Cd in cacao and Pb in manioc were above the international standards for food quality. Cacao trees accumulate Cd in leaves, pod husks and beans. Because Cd contents in crude oil were below the detection limits, agrochemical products and natural inputs may also be important sources. Almost 100% of the total Cd content in cacao beans and liquor was bioaccessible by ingestion. The health risk after chocolate consumption was low to high, depending on the ingestion rate and the cacao liquor percentage. In PM10, As, Cd, Ni and Pb were below the EU thresholds. However, Ba and Mo, specific tracers of oil activities, used as weighting agents or catalyzers during drilling and refining, showed values much higher than those recorded in other urban-industrialized sites. PM10 composition depended on oil activity. OC/EC ratios were higher in the NAR (oil extraction) than in the NPC (oil refining), suggesting that biogenic emissions were more important in the Amazon area. PAHs contents were higher in the NPC, but levels of benzo-a-pyrene were below the EU limits. Oxidative potential results showed that compounds emitted by oil industry (PAHs, Ba, Ni, Zn) and by biomass burning (sugars) in the NAR as well as industrial tracers in the NPC (As, Ba, Ni, NH4+) were correlated with ROS generation. Regarding residential exposure, the main routes of exposure to metal(loid)s were first ingestion, inhalation and in a small extent soil dermal contact, being both children and adults vulnerable. Finally, the oil Ecuadorian environment is not only contaminated by oil activities. Other factors like deforestation, agriculture and natural emissions (volcanos) in the NAR and industries in the NPC also contribute to environmental damages and may lead to adverse health effects
Mahdjoub-Assaad, Sarah. "Les nuisances liées au trafic routier (bruit, pollution de l’air et insécurité) : de la gêne à la perception du risque sanitaire sous l’angle des inégalités sociales." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1252/document.
Full textAn important factor supporting urban growth, and the viability of the urban centers, is transportation but road transport is still a common important source of traffic accidents, noise, and air which have heavy consequences on public health such as annoyance. The main objective of our thesis was to identify the determinants of each kind of trafficrelated annoyance (sociodemographic, socioeconomic, daily mobilty). The secondary objective was to identify the determinants of health risk perception and the feelings of health effects on his own health. Then, tow cross-sectional studies have been conducted in the general population, in the Rhône Department, in France. The main finding of our study is that the socioeconomic level doesn’t play a rule neither in the expression of annoyance nor in the health risk perception. However, active travel modes and public transport users are highly annoyed by traffic air pollution and road-traffic noise more than motorized users. Moreover, annoyance related to air pollution seemed to influence the feeling of health effects of noise and air pollution. Our results should be useful for urban policies. Create a friendly environment by reducing the use of cars, promoting non-motorized or “active” travel mode use (walking, cycling), to improve public transport and to promote the use of public transport, avoiding to add noisy road infrastructure near population centers, to develop facilities for pedestrians and for cyclists - all of these measures are needed to reduce road-traffic nuisances and the feeling of annoyance
Schvoerer, Evelyne. "Recherche de virus entériques dans des eaux de l'environnement et des prélèvements cliniques par des techniques moléculaires : place des calicivirus." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28793.
Full textRios, Mora Juan Sebastian. "Optimisation de la gestion de l’impact des polluants gazeux du sol sur la qualité de l’air intérieur." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS035.
Full textPolluted sites and most precisely vapor intrusion represents a potential risk for human health and its environment. Various screening-level and analytical models have been proposed in order to evaluate vapor intrusion and provide assessment tools for exposure risk. However, some in situ investigations show significant differences between predicted and measured indoor concentrations leading eventually to misleading conclusions and inappropriate solution implementations. These uncertainties are mainly associated with a poor characterization of the site, an incomplete modeling of transfer pathways and mechanisms, or by neglecting certain influencing parameters on this transfer. For example, ignoring the lateral source/building separation may serve as possible explanation of the uncertainties presented by the conventional models based on a homogeneous source distribution assumption. The authors agree that lateral migration plays an important role in the attenuation of the indoor concentration. In homogeneous or continuous source scenarios vapors may migrate mainly vertically towards the building. However, lateral source may promote lateral migration to the atmosphere and less into the building generating a greater attenuation of the indoor concentration. In this context, the main objective of this thesis work is to contribute to the improvement of the assessment and management risk tools in order to improve the accuracy of their estimations and increase their range of application. To do this, new vapor intrusion models are developed considering the lateral source/building separation. These models are built on a numerical experimentation and dimensionless analysis based on existing models (semi-empirical models considering a homogeneous source distribution). The combination of these two approaches allows, on the one hand, to maintain the aptitude of the existing models to consider the physical properties of the soil (permeability, diffusion coefficient, …) and the characteristics of the building (type of construction, building depression, volume,…), and on the other hand, to better precise the position of the source in the soil taking into account the influence of the lateral source/building separation in the estimations. From a comparative analysis, the accuracy of these new expressions is verified comparing to the proposed numerical model (CFD), experimental data and existing models in the literature. Finally, the proposed expressions were coupled with a ventilation code (MATHIS-QAI) allowing to better specify indoor characteristics (ventilation system, air permeability of the envelope, volume of the building, …) and estimate indoor air concentration levels as a function of environmental variations (wind speed, outside temperature, …) over time. From a parametric study it was shown that despite the significant impact of the characteristics of the building, the influence of the lateral source/building separation remains predominant on the attenuation of the indoor concentration (attenuation of several orders of magnitude when the source is laterally offset of the building compared to a homogeneous source). However, specifying the characteristics of the building (construction type, ventilation system, air permeability, …) and weather conditions may increase the accuracy of the estimation avoiding the implementation of extreme solutions or insufficient actions
Zhang, Shaoliang. "Etudes cinétiques de l'oxydation radicalaire en phase gazeuse d'iodures organiques et de la formation de particules d'oxydes d'iode sous conditions simulées de l'enceinte d'un réacteur nucléaire en situation d'accident grave." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4820/document.
Full textWithin the framework of the research in the nuclear reactor safety field, the iodine oxides formation by organic iodides destruction in the containment has been studied with the means of the atmospheric chemistry field. The destruction kinetics and their activation energy of organic iodides by OH and O radical has been quantified by a Flash Photolysis system able to monitor the oxidant radicals by resonance fluorescence. Those results have been published and some of them for the first time in the literature. The mechanisms leading to the organic iodides destruction are either by a hydrogen atom abstraction, either by the formation of a complex, depending on the organic iodide involved. Then, certain kinetics reactions have been updated in the IODAIR code. Other reactions have been added based on the recent literature available. A comparison of the kinetics destruction of CH3I by OH and O with IODAIR and the global kinetics of destruction in ASTEC/IODE showed a difference of about 2 which shows the importance of these two radicals (and mainly O) in those destruction processes. The other main path of destruction would be by electron radiation. Other radicals like H and N would not contribute significantly to organic iodides destruction. A sensitivity analysis highlighted that organic iodides would mostly be destroyed into iodine oxides with a almost complete conversion within a few hours. Finally, an atmospheric chamber has been used to quantify iodine oxides growth, density and composition. Under the conditions studied, their formation is fast. Particles sizes of about 200- 400 nm are formed within a few hours
Delannoy, Matthieu. "Évaluation du risque sanitaire lié à l’ingestion involontaire de sol : étude des propriétés du sol sur la biodisponibilité relative des PCB." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0294/document.
Full textPolychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and, overall, non-dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs) the most abundant congeners in contaminated environmental matrices, constitute a potential health hazard. This risk is even more acute for young children (6 month to 3-year-old) because of their mouthing activities and because this exposure occurs during a critical part of their growth. The main objective of this thesis was to characterise the impact of soil's characteristics on the relative bioavailability of PCBs. The impact of the soil organic matter characteristics on the relative bioavailability of PCBs was assessed using artificial soils. Several standardised organic matters were tested ranging from soluble organic matters (fulvic acids, humic acids) to one organic matters highly condensed, activated carbon, a model of black carbon. These elements lead to show important variations in terms of relative bioavailability from 0% (activated carbon) to 100%, maximal relative bioavailability (fulvic acids). These findings highlight the importance of OM condensation in terms of PCB retention during the digestive processes. Then, the Impact of organic carbon, black carbon and clay content, pH, NDL-PCBs concentrations in historically contaminated soils on bioavailability and bioaccessibility was assessed. These approaches tended to show the importance of OC and BC content on retention of PCBs. Relative bioavailability was found to be higher than 45%, whatever the soil. Thus, PCBs retention in contaminated soils appears rather limited. Finally, exposure to PCBs via soil ingestion appears proportional to the quantity ingested
Yan, Bo-Fang. "Ecophysiologie de l'allocation du cadmium au grain chez le blé dur." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0114/document.
Full textCadmium (Cd) is a toxic element. Human activities have contaminated a wide range of agricultural soils. Most of Cd entering human bodies is through the dietary intake, and especially through staple food like cereals. Durum wheat naturally accumulates more Cd in its grains than other cereals. A significant fraction of the French durum wheat production has been found to exceed the European regulatory limit set for Cd. There is thus a need to reduce the accumulation of Cd in durum wheat grains. This thesis is dedicated to a better understanding of the ecophysiology of Cd allocation to the grains in durum wheat, with the ambition of helping to find agronomic strategies to reduce the Cd contamination level of durum wheat products.In first, we investigated the relationship between the aboveground partitioning of Cd and the shoot allometry. We hypothesized that the partitioning of shoot biomass between grains and straws is a driver of the allocation of Cd to the grains. Eight French durum wheat cultivars differing in their stem height were grown in presence of Cd. As expected, the main factor explaining the difference in their grain Cd was the shoot biomass partitioning. Cultivars allocating a higher proportion of their aerial biomass to the straws, i.e. long-stem cultivars, tended to accumulate less Cd in their grains because stems and leaves are sinks for Cd in competition with developing grains.Minerals imported into cereal grains originate from either direct post-anthesis root uptake or from the remobilization of pre-anthesis stores. The second part of this work was dedicated to determine the quantitative importance of these two pathways for Cd in durum wheat, and how their relative contribution vary between cultivars and with the level of nitrogen (N) supply. Stable isotopic labelling was used to trace the flux of Cd taken up post-anthesis. The impact of N supply was tested by depriving half of the plants of N after anthesis, in two cultivars showing a contrasted ability to accumulate Cd in their grains. The contribution of Cd remobilization was around 50%, which means that half of Cd in grains originated from Cd taken up pre-anthesis. Cd was remobilized from stems, possibly from roots, but not from leaves. The contribution of remobilization did not vary between the two cultivars so that no relationship between the pathway and the level of accumulation of Cd in grain was evidenced. Post-anthesis N deprivation triggered the remobilization of N without affecting that of Cd, which suggests that Cd remobilization is a senescent-independent process.In third, we investigated how the characteristics of Cd allocation to the grains was affected by the level of Cd exposure. [...]In last, we focused on how Cd was distributed within durum wheat grains. [...] This work provided the first map of Cd localization in durum wheat grains. Cd distribution was characterized by a strong accumulation of Cd in the crease and by a non-negligible dissemination in the starchy endosperm, as compared to Fe and Zn