Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pollution atmosphérique – Chine – Modèles mathématiques'
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Lachatre, Mathieu. "Étude de la pollution atmosphérique en Chine par modélisation et télédétection." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://theses.hal.science/tel-02914807.
Full textAs a result of its significant economic development, Chinese society has transformed itself and today faces a global environmental crisis. In everyday life, China’s big cities are covered with a thick smog of gas and particles, which is responsible for more than 1.6 million premature deaths, making China the most affected country by air pollution, along with its neighbor, India. In China, there are many sources of air pollution linked to human activities [traffic, industry, agriculture, energy production, construction], but also various natural sources of pollutants, in particular emissions of mineral dust from the deserts of Asia, in western China. The People’s Republic of China has begun to regulate activities that may affect air quality. The effectiveness of such actions is conditioned by the detailed knowledge of the anthropogenic contribution to this pollution and the complex relationship between primary and secondary pollutants. In this thesis, we have investigated, on the one hand, the impact of primary pollutant reduction policies on ammonia concentrations and more generally inorganic aerosols, and on the other hand, the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in Chinese urban agglomerations. To do so, we combined data sources and tools such as satellite observations and numerical modelling. We use the CHIMERE regional chemistry-transport model to study and characterize air pollution in China. First, we carried out a detailed evaluation of the simulations performed with a configuration of the CHIMERE model set up for China. For this, we relied on satellite observations, remote sensing, and in-situ measurements of particulate concentrations and gaseous [inorganic] precursors. The results obtained show that the model works satisfactorily according to criteria given in the literature. Regarding the impact of emission reduction policies - especially for sulfur and nitrogen oxides, long term measurements with the OMI instrument aboard the AURA satellite show a sharp decrease in the atmospheric sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide columns. From these observations, it was possible to derive corrected emissions [compared to the available 2010 inventory] for the years 2013 and 2015 for NOX and SO2. The derived emission trends were then used to study the impacts on atmospheric composition, particularly on the formation of inorganic particles and associated gases such as ammonia, whose concentrations appeared to strongly increase in recent years. Simulations showed that the sharp decrease in SO2 and NO2 emissions between 2011 and 2015 led to a overall 14% decrease in nitrate, sulphate and ammonium aerosol concentrations, as well as an increase of nearly 50% of ammonia column levels, a value corroborated by the IASI observations that indicate an increase in ammonia columns of +65 ˙% under the same conditions. In a second step, the objective was to evaluate the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in several Chinese cities. Dust emission modeling by Asian desert regions was first evaluated using remote sensing observations. Then, we verified the model’s ability to represent PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Chinese megacities by comparing measurements of ground based observation networks. The study focuses mainly on three of the most populated PRC cities with different geographic locations, Beijing, Chengdu and Shanghai [...]
Loup, Pierre. "Modélisation de l'exposition individuelle à la pollution atmosphérique." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON1T016.
Full textSoulhac, Lionel. "Modélisation de la dispersion atmosphérique à l'intérieur de la canopée urbaine." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ECDL0007.
Full textThere are many practical situations in which it is necessary to evaluate the impact of urban air pollution on health and the environment. Often, this demands rather fine scale modelling of air flow and dispersion, at the scale of the street or the quartier. In such cases it is usually necessary to include the influence of a large number of irregularly-shaped buildings. This requires the development and application of simplified, practical models, which are based on the main underlying physical phenomena. One approach which is commonly used to estimate pollutant concentrations in an isolated street is the street canyon model. Although flow and dispersion in an isolated street have been the subject of many investigations in the past, and several practical models have been proposed for idealised configurations, many questions remain unanswered. The aims of this investigation are therefore to improve our understanding of the fundamental processes which govern flow and dispersion in a single street or a group of streets, and to develop simple, operational models for these situations. The research has been carried out using numerical and experimental techniques. Numerical simulations have been carried out using the three-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer code MERCURE (a RANS model with a k-є closure) and the experiments were performed in the atmospheric wind tunnel at the Ecole Centrale de Lyon. Fluid velocities and gas concentrations were measured using LDA and FID. Initially, we studied the influence of street geometry (aspect ratio, asymmetry) on flow and dispersion within the street, when the wind blows perpendicular to the street. We have developed a model for pollutant concentrations, based on a solution of the advection-diffusion equation in a potential flow. Next we studied the influence of the direction of the wind relative to the axis of the street, and we show that the problem can be decomposed into flow parallel and perpendicular to the street. In the third part of the study we investigated the influence of street geometry and wind direction on flow and dispersion at street intersections; we show that the flow within the streets plays an important role in determining the exchange of material within the intersection. Based on these results, we then develop a model which extends the street canyon concept to a network of connected streets. This makes it possible to study the atmospheric dispersion of pollutants at the scale of the quartier. All the models developed during this work have been compared with the results from numerical simulations and experiments, and the agreement is generally good. As a final test of the models, we have used them to simulate dispersion in part of the 6th arrondissement of Lyon; the calculated concentrations show surprisingly good agreement with concentrations measured by an atmospheric pollution monitor located there
Isnard, Olivier. "Dispersion atmosphérique en présence de groupes d'obstacles." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ECDL0013.
Full textMuch research has been devoted to modelling mesoscale atmospheric boundary layer flows and flows at the scale of individual streets, but much less attention has been focussed on flow and dispersion at intermediate scales, such as small town or a large suburban area. An important problem in the computational modelling of such flows is the representation of the urban surface layer. At typical scales used in such calculations, it is not feasible to model individual buildings, but neither is it possible to represent the effects of the buildings by a simple change in roughness length. Geographical information Systems now provide us with a highly detailed description of the urban topography, but, paradoxically, these descriptions are too detailed to be used directly. The challenge is therefore to find ways to simplify the data, so that they can be used in pratical calculations of flow and dispersion in urban areas. This is the objective of the research presented here. In order to develop simple parametrisations for the influence of a group of buildings on flow and dispersion in the urban canopy, we need first to identify and underrstand the major processus. In particular, we need to understand how parameters such as the geometrical organisation, the obstacles, the spacing between them, their size and the overall extent of the group interact to influence the flow and the dispersion. We have use three different approaches to investigate this. Firstly, experiments were performed in an atmospheric wind tunnel, for several different configurations of obstacles. Fluid velocities were measured using LDV, and gas concentrations were measured using FID. Secondly, three dimensional calculations have been performed using the atmospheric dispersion code MERCURE initially developed by EDF. Finally a simplified model for flow and dispersion within a group of obstacles was developed based on a potential flow approach. These three methods have been used to investigate and explain some of the fundamental processus involved in flow and dispersion through groups of obstacles
Peton, Nicolas. "Méthode du groupement par soustraction pour l'identification de modèle flou : amélioration et application à la prévision de la polution atmosphérique." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20158.
Full textTeyssedre, Hubert. "Observations satellitaires et modélisation de l'évolution à long terme de l'ozone stratosphérique et influence d'activités humaines." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30200.
Full textLeriche, Pierre. "Les situations météorologiques associées aux épisodes de pollution atmosphérique dans la région lilloise." Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/ae7b1b5d-3c24-42b7-842e-8f5e260da440.
Full textThouron, Laëtitia. "Modélisation dynamique multi-échelle de la pollution atmosphérique en milieu urbain." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1206/document.
Full textUrban air pollution has been identified as an important cause of health impacts, including premature deaths. In particular, ambient concentrations of gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) are regulated, which means that emission reduction strategies must be put in place to reduce these concentrations in places where the corresponding regulations are not respected. Besides, air pollution can contribute to the contamination of other media, for example through the contribution of atmospheric deposition to runoff contamination.The multifactorial and multiscale aspects of urban make the pollution sources difficult to identify. Indeed, the urban environment is a heterogeneous space characterized by complex architectural structures (old buildings alongside a more modern building, residential, commercial, industrial zones, roads, etc.), non-uniform atmospheric pollutant emissions and therefore the population exposure to pollution is variable in space and time.The modeling of urban air pollution aims to understand the origin of pollutants, their spatial extent and their concentration/deposition levels. Some pollutants have long residence times and can stay several weeks in the atmosphere (PM2.5) and therefore be transported over long distances, while others are more local (NOx in the vicinity of traffic). The spatial distribution of a pollutant will therefore depend on several factors, and in particular on the surfaces encountered. Air quality depends strongly on weather, buildings (canyon-street) and emissions.The aim of this thesis is to address some of these aspects by modeling: (1) urban background pollution with a transport-chemical model (Polyphemus / POLAIR3D), which makes it possible to estimate atmospheric pollutants by type of urban surfaces (roofs, walls and roadways), (2) street-level pollution by explicitly integrating the effects of the building in a three-dimensional way with a multi-scale model of transport chemistry (SinG) and (3) a microscale process which is the traffic-related resuspension of the particles present on the road surface with three different formulations (deterministic, semi-empirical and empirical).The interest of this thesis is to compare and evaluate the operability and performance of several air quality models at different scales (region, neighborhood and street) in order to better understand the characterization of air quality in an urban environment
Sarrat, Claire. "Modélisation à l'échelle régionale de la pollution atmosphérique : application à la campagne ESQUIF." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30152.
Full textPison, Isabelle. "Modélisation inverse pour l'optimisation des sources primaires de pollution atmosphérique à l'échelle régionale." Phd thesis, Université Paris XII Val de Marne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011681.
Full textUne méthode d'inversion des émissions anthropiques à l'échelle régionale, utilisant les mesures de routine et basée sur le modèle CHIMERE et son adjoint, a été élaborée et validée. Une technique de krigeage permet d'utiliser de façon optimale les informations disponibles dans l'espace des concentrations. L'enchaînement de cycles krigeage-optimisation améliore la qualité des résultats. Une technique d'agrégation spatiale dynamique est utilisée pour réduire la dimension du problème.
Les émissions de NOx du cadastre élaboré par AIRPARIF pour l'Ile-de-France ont été inversées pendant les étés 1998 et 1999, les épisodes de la campagne ESQUIF étant étudiés en détail. L'optimisation corrige des écarts importants entre concentrations mesurées et simulées. Cependant, d'une façon générale, le niveau de fiabilité des résultats diminue avec la densité du réseau de mesure. Les résultats présentant le plus haut niveau de confiance concernent donc les flux d'émission les plus intenses d'Ile-de-France. Les corrections apportées à la masse moyenne émise dans l'ensemble du domaine et aux profils temporels correspondant sont en accord avec l'estimation de l'incertitude sur le cadastre pour les NOx (15%) obtenue lors de la campagne ESQUIF.
Meunié, André Jean. "La soutenabilité de la croissance économique : le cas de la Chine : analyse théorique et vérifications empiriques." Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40042.
Full textCaro, Dimitri. "Conception et évaluation d'un schéma microphysique chaud et d'un schéma de capture et de lessivage des aérosols." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21372.
Full textMeleux, Fréderik. "Modélisation de la pollution atmosphérique à différentes échelles : confrontations simulations/mesures pour la préparation d'Escompte 2001." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30196.
Full textLabatut, Alain. "Contribution à l'étude des flux d'ozone dans la couche de surface." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30282.
Full textHendou, Mouloud. "Contribution à la modélisation des tranferts simultanés lors de l'absorption de gaz tracés par une pulvérisation : application à la dépollution atmosphérique." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT038G.
Full textCousin, Frédéric. "Modélisation de l'intéraction dynamique- chimie - aérosol : campagne ESCOMPTE 2001." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30106.
Full textLeplay, Antoine. "Le concept de la modélisation évolutive : application à l'étude des corrélations croisées entre séries journalières de pollution atmosphérique et de morbidité respiratoire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE19002.
Full textCortinovis, Jérôme. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des émissions biogéniques d'oxydes d'azote et d'isoprène depuis les écosystèmes naturels et aménagés:impact sur l'ozone." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30162.
Full textIn order to build a national inventory of nitrogen oxides from agricultural activities, an algorithm deduced from laboratory experiments was coupled with the CERES crop model to simulate NOx flux at the soil level. Simulations on a year basis allow the estimation of emission factors. NOx fluxes were integrated at the regional scale for three administrative regions. A new version of the SURFATM SVAT model integrating NOx emissions and NOx-O3 basic chemistry simulates ozone and NOx surface-atmosphere exchanges. Two contrasted sites from the ESCOMPTE experiment were used to validate this new approach. The canopy reduction factor, that is the actual proportion of NOx emitted above the canopy, was calculated, this net emission being included in a meso-scale model. The contribution of isoprene emissions, the major contributor in the COV global inventory, to ozone production has been evaluated for the ESCOMPTE experiment. This contribution is a function of the anthropogenic plume degree of maturation. The contribution appears to be mostly important in the suburban and rural areas. Coupling an algorithm combining high and low frequency terms with the SVAT ISBA-Ags allows for simulations of isoprene emissions at the canopy scale including a seasonal variation. Summer emissions appear to be preponderant when compared to spring and autumn ones. Coupling with the MesoNH-Chemistry model shows the maximum seasonal contribution of isoprene emissions to ozone production during summer, followed by spring and autumn periods
Fischer, Laurent. "Etude de paramètres climatiques pertinents en vue de l'amélioration de la prévision des pointes de pollution par l'ozone dans l'agglomération de Strasbourg." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR1GEO7.
Full textReungoat, Patrice. "L'évaluation de l'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique d'origine automobile dans le cadre d'études épidémiologiques : application à l'étude VESTA." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05P646.
Full textAutomobile exhaust is a major source of air pollution in urban areas. For studying short and long term health effects of this traffic air pollution (TAP) epidemiologists have to determine precisely exposure to such pollution to avoid misclassification. In France, the ExTra index produced by the French Scientific Center for Building Physics (CSTB) and the French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research (INRETS), estimates ambient concentrations of transport-related pollutants in front of the work and living places of urban dwellers. These estimates, combined with time-activity diaries, enable individual exposure to these pollutants in front of these living places to be assessed. Two pollutant dispersion models are used to calculate the ExTra index : the Danish model OSPM (Operational Street Pollution Model) and the CALINE3 model (California Line Source Dispersion Model). Before being applied to large scale epidemiological studies such as the VESTA study (a French multicentric case-control study on asthma), the ExTra index needs to be validated. This research had two goals : 1) to validate the ExTra index, 2) to apply this index to the VESTA study (V Epidemiological Study on Transport and Asthma). The validation study of the ExTra index was performed in four of the French towns participating in the VESTA study. This validation was based on the comparison of nitrogen oxide concentrations (NOx) obtained by measurement against those obtained from calculations, using the ExTra index and the OSPM model. The model was tested at 100 street canyon sites. Then, we used the ExTra index to assess lifelong nitrogen oxides concentrations the 403 study children were exposed to in front of their living places. This assessment highlighted significant disparities : mean ExTra index values and share attributable to proximity traffic were respectively 70 ± 42 and 14 ± 22 æg. M -3 NOx equivalent NO2 for the 403 children. Beyond the validation of the ExTra index for NOx concentrations and the description of the VESTA children's TAP exposures, the results obtained by a discriminant analysis (with classification trees) gave us guidelines for the use of this index (rather than background pollution levels provided by the networks) according to the different residence and school characteristics of a subject throughout his (her) life. .
Terrenoire, Étienne. "Application des systèmes MM5-CHIMERE et MM5-FLEXPART à la modélisation de l'ozone et des PM10 sur la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10043/document.
Full textAir pollution is a topical subject affecting both human health and the environment. Nowadays, two kind of pollution have been intensely studied, namely, the ozone and the particulate (PMIO, PM2.5 and PM1) pollution. During the thesis, the MM5-CHIMERE and the MM5-FLEXPART systems have been set up and optimised at the PC2A laboratory in order to study ozone and PM 10 pollution events. The performance of the MM5-CHIIMERE system has been evaluated for different topography and meteorological situations. Firstly, the modelled data are compared against observed data from the Atmo-NPDC air pollution monitoring network over the June-Ju!y 2006 heat wave period. Then, the dynamical and chemical performance of the models is assessed over the Dunkerque area for two periods in April and May 2006. For those two periods, measured data were collected during a field campaign achieved by the Laboratoire de Physicochimie Atmosphérique (LPCA) of the University du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO). Finally, the MM5-FLEXPART system was used to determine the origin of an intense PM10 event over the NPDC region. The influence of anthropogenic primary emission, grid and meteorological data resolution has also becn tested
Dargent, Christine. "Contribution à la modélisation de la dispersion de polluants : étude de sillages autour d'obstacles de forme parallélépipédique." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT053H.
Full textCrambes, Christophe. "Modèles de régression linéaire pour variables explicatives fonctionnelles." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134003.
Full textWagner, Sébastien. "Modélisation numérique de la dispersion à méso-échelle de polluants atmosphériques par emboîtement interactif de maillages : application à la zone ESCOMPTE." Toulon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUL0004.
Full textThis work aims to be a contribution to the numerical techniques used in air quality modelling. Our new multiscale model "MAPOM" (Multiscale Air Pollution Model) simulates mesoscale atmospheric pollutant dispersion. To increase the model accuracy, a new mesh embedding method, allowing grid interactions at the interface, has been implemented and tested. Mass conservation, positivity, and monotonicity are ensured. MAPOM was validated on theoretical test cases. It was then applied over the area of Marseille - Etang de Berre (ESCOMPTE domain). The model and its interactive mesh embedding algorithm were proved to be efficient in handling difficult problems of air quality at mesoscale over complex terrain. The optimization of the memory, and the modular structure of this new model enable a flexible, fast and automatic management of the nested grids, and of the physical and chemical processes
Werner, Stéphane. "Optimisation des cadastres d'émissions: estimation des incertitudes, détermination des facteurs d'émissions du "black carbon" issus du trafic routier et estimation de l'influence de l'incertitude des cadastres d'émissions sur la modélisation : application aux cadastres Escompte et Nord-Pas-de-Calais." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/WERNER_Stephane_2009.pdf.
Full textEmissions inventories have a fundamental role in controlling air pollution, both directly by identifying emissions, and as input data for air pollution models. The main objective of this PhD study is to optimize existing emissions inventories, including one from the program ESCOMPTE « Experiments on Site to Constrain Models of Atmospheric Pollution and Transport of Emissions ». For that emissions inventory, two separate issues were developed: one designed to better assess the emissions uncertainties and the second to insert a new compound of interest in this inventory: Black Carbon (BC). Within the first issue, an additional study was conducted on the Nord-Pas-de-Calais emissions inventory to test the methodology of uncertainties calculation. The emissions uncertainties calculated were used to assess their influence on air quality modeling (model CHIMERE). The second part of the research study was dedicated to complement the existing inventory of carbon particulate emissions from road traffic sector by introducing an additional class of compounds: the BC. The BC is the raw carbonaceous atmospheric particles absorbing light. Its main source is the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels and compounds. It can be regarded as a key atmospheric compound given its impact on climate and on health because of its chemical reactivity
Emery, Justin. "La ville sous électrodes : de la mesure à l'évaluation de la pollution atmosphérique automobile. : vers une simulation multi-agents du trafic routier en milieu urbain." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL018/document.
Full textBased on surveys, traffic is constructed from assumptions about the relationship between origins and destinations. In order to rebuild a road traffic wich would be closer to observation and on a wider set of road sections, it appears interesting to use counting data from urban sensors : this is our starting point of view. The insertion of these in-situ dataset in the road traffic measurement provides the opportunity to experience the potential of sensors to estimate Traffic Air Pollution (TAP) levels at the intraurban scale. However, this requires to change the nature of these estimation, here through the construction of a model of multi-agents simulation, in order to extract more information on the road traffic. More generally, this work can be seen as a a knowledge building approach on TAP emisssions which is discussed throughout this work. The implementation of the SCAUP (multi-agent simulation from Urban sensors for traffic air pollution) approach was developped in three stages: 1. Focusing on the quantification of road traffic devices through urban sensors; 2. Proposing a modeling approach for road traffic data simulation ; 3. Using as a reference the national framework used by AASQA to calculate RTA emissions. All is integrated within a technical matrix that forms the spine of the manuscript through three interrelated systems: quantification, modeling and evaluation. This work is part of an experimental approach dedicated to the calculation of TAP emissions based on traffic simulations. Sponsored by the ATMOSF’AIR BOURGOGNE local AASQA, this work could also be used in an operational mode for these organizations in charge of the air quality monitoring. At a time when the big data enters into new questions about the ability of researchers to extract knowledge, we propose a geographical approach that enables to replace the data in the center of an original road traffic simulation approach (data- driven)
Barros, de Oliveira Diogo Miguel. "Identification of the main sources and geographical origins of PM10 in the northern part of France." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10007/document.
Full textAirborne particles have significant economical, health and environmental impacts at a global scale. Mitigating their emissions to improve ambient air quality demands a deep knowledge on their sources, which can be determined by investigating their chemical composition. The present thesis aims at identifying major PM10 sources and geographical origins at 5 sampling sites (3 urban background, 1 traffic and 1 remote) representative of Northern France, which is frequently submitted to exceedances of limit values as defined by European Directives. The first step of this study included a comprehensive chemical characterization of PM10 filter samples collected every third day at the 5 sites. Organic matter and ammonium nitrate were confirmed as the main PM10 species in the investigated area with some differences according to the site type. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to identify and quantify the contributions of primary sources as well as secondary processes impacting each sampling site. Large contributions of secondary aerosols (mainly grouped as nitrate-, sulfate- and oxalate-rich aerosols) were obtained at all sites, as well as significant traffic and biomass burning. The use of specific tracers like MSA and polyols also proved to be useful to identify marine and continental biogenic aerosols, respectively. Statistical trajectory-based model was applied to PMF outputs to calculate Concentration Field maps and locate emission sources of marine particles, namely fresh and aged sea salts (primarily from the Atlantic Ocean) and marine biogenic aerosols (mainly from the North Sea), as well as continental contributions of nitrate-and sulfate-rich secondary particles
Benamrane, Yasmine. "La gestion des situations d’urgence à l’interface entre expertise et décision : quelle place pour les outils de modélisation des dispersions NRBC-E et de leurs conséquences ?" Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0013/document.
Full textEnvironmental and health impact assessment of accidental or intentional releases of potentially hazardous materials in the atmosphere is increasingly supported by the development of modeling tools. Their potential to assess the spatial and temporal extent and severity of toxic plumes contributes to their growing development as CBRN-E emergency support tools. However, the Fukushima nuclear accident underlined that their support is not yet optimal regarding civil security organizations in charge of population protection. This research therefore tends to clarify the role of these modelling tools in emergency management. For this purpose, interviews and observations of crisis exercises have been conducted. This study suggests that nowadays, CBRN-E emergency management takes place in a sensemaking co-constructing process between CBRN-E experts and emergency managers contributing to the achievement of consensus in the decision making process. This study also highlights the key role played by the crisis center, regarding its proper organizational structure as a sharing place between actors with complementary expertise and experience, in the perception and response to changing circumstances. Thus, this study suggests that by providing situation assessment results, modeling tools meet the current practices both in terms of emergency support tools used for civilian protection organization and in respect of each actors' contributions. In this perspective, these modelling tools are likely to end up being part of the development of crisis management support tools for building a collective representation of the CBRN-E situation between expertise and decision
Guirat, Noomen. "Evaluation des impacts du trafic automobile sur l'atmosphère : application au centre-ville de Tunis." Littoral, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DUNK0181.
Full textPollution generated by urban traffic is a serious problem of our cities. Started from the general link between economy and environment, we are more particularly interested by externalities and by the various methods to evaluate these externalities. Then, we particularize the comment in the concrete case of the nuisances of the urban road transport by focusing on emissions of pollution gases. We present then the methods of economic evaluations of these externalities of the transport. We show then, by an experience in the city of Tunis, how the models for the static traffic assignement can be used to calculate these gases emissions. These models also allow to calculate the congestion of the network. The idea is widened to establish the complex link between congestion on the one hand, and environment and living environment on the other hand. Finally, we end the comment by giving some perspectives on the alternatives in fossil fuels for the propulsion of the engines of the cars by indicating, for every solution, its consequences on the environment, mainly in emission of atmospheric pollutants