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Academic literature on the topic 'Pollution atmosphérique – Chine – Modèles mathématiques'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pollution atmosphérique – Chine – Modèles mathématiques"
Lachatre, Mathieu. "Étude de la pollution atmosphérique en Chine par modélisation et télédétection." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://theses.hal.science/tel-02914807.
Full textAs a result of its significant economic development, Chinese society has transformed itself and today faces a global environmental crisis. In everyday life, China’s big cities are covered with a thick smog of gas and particles, which is responsible for more than 1.6 million premature deaths, making China the most affected country by air pollution, along with its neighbor, India. In China, there are many sources of air pollution linked to human activities [traffic, industry, agriculture, energy production, construction], but also various natural sources of pollutants, in particular emissions of mineral dust from the deserts of Asia, in western China. The People’s Republic of China has begun to regulate activities that may affect air quality. The effectiveness of such actions is conditioned by the detailed knowledge of the anthropogenic contribution to this pollution and the complex relationship between primary and secondary pollutants. In this thesis, we have investigated, on the one hand, the impact of primary pollutant reduction policies on ammonia concentrations and more generally inorganic aerosols, and on the other hand, the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in Chinese urban agglomerations. To do so, we combined data sources and tools such as satellite observations and numerical modelling. We use the CHIMERE regional chemistry-transport model to study and characterize air pollution in China. First, we carried out a detailed evaluation of the simulations performed with a configuration of the CHIMERE model set up for China. For this, we relied on satellite observations, remote sensing, and in-situ measurements of particulate concentrations and gaseous [inorganic] precursors. The results obtained show that the model works satisfactorily according to criteria given in the literature. Regarding the impact of emission reduction policies - especially for sulfur and nitrogen oxides, long term measurements with the OMI instrument aboard the AURA satellite show a sharp decrease in the atmospheric sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide columns. From these observations, it was possible to derive corrected emissions [compared to the available 2010 inventory] for the years 2013 and 2015 for NOX and SO2. The derived emission trends were then used to study the impacts on atmospheric composition, particularly on the formation of inorganic particles and associated gases such as ammonia, whose concentrations appeared to strongly increase in recent years. Simulations showed that the sharp decrease in SO2 and NO2 emissions between 2011 and 2015 led to a overall 14% decrease in nitrate, sulphate and ammonium aerosol concentrations, as well as an increase of nearly 50% of ammonia column levels, a value corroborated by the IASI observations that indicate an increase in ammonia columns of +65 ˙% under the same conditions. In a second step, the objective was to evaluate the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in several Chinese cities. Dust emission modeling by Asian desert regions was first evaluated using remote sensing observations. Then, we verified the model’s ability to represent PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Chinese megacities by comparing measurements of ground based observation networks. The study focuses mainly on three of the most populated PRC cities with different geographic locations, Beijing, Chengdu and Shanghai [...]
Loup, Pierre. "Modélisation de l'exposition individuelle à la pollution atmosphérique." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON1T016.
Full textSoulhac, Lionel. "Modélisation de la dispersion atmosphérique à l'intérieur de la canopée urbaine." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ECDL0007.
Full textThere are many practical situations in which it is necessary to evaluate the impact of urban air pollution on health and the environment. Often, this demands rather fine scale modelling of air flow and dispersion, at the scale of the street or the quartier. In such cases it is usually necessary to include the influence of a large number of irregularly-shaped buildings. This requires the development and application of simplified, practical models, which are based on the main underlying physical phenomena. One approach which is commonly used to estimate pollutant concentrations in an isolated street is the street canyon model. Although flow and dispersion in an isolated street have been the subject of many investigations in the past, and several practical models have been proposed for idealised configurations, many questions remain unanswered. The aims of this investigation are therefore to improve our understanding of the fundamental processes which govern flow and dispersion in a single street or a group of streets, and to develop simple, operational models for these situations. The research has been carried out using numerical and experimental techniques. Numerical simulations have been carried out using the three-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer code MERCURE (a RANS model with a k-є closure) and the experiments were performed in the atmospheric wind tunnel at the Ecole Centrale de Lyon. Fluid velocities and gas concentrations were measured using LDA and FID. Initially, we studied the influence of street geometry (aspect ratio, asymmetry) on flow and dispersion within the street, when the wind blows perpendicular to the street. We have developed a model for pollutant concentrations, based on a solution of the advection-diffusion equation in a potential flow. Next we studied the influence of the direction of the wind relative to the axis of the street, and we show that the problem can be decomposed into flow parallel and perpendicular to the street. In the third part of the study we investigated the influence of street geometry and wind direction on flow and dispersion at street intersections; we show that the flow within the streets plays an important role in determining the exchange of material within the intersection. Based on these results, we then develop a model which extends the street canyon concept to a network of connected streets. This makes it possible to study the atmospheric dispersion of pollutants at the scale of the quartier. All the models developed during this work have been compared with the results from numerical simulations and experiments, and the agreement is generally good. As a final test of the models, we have used them to simulate dispersion in part of the 6th arrondissement of Lyon; the calculated concentrations show surprisingly good agreement with concentrations measured by an atmospheric pollution monitor located there
Isnard, Olivier. "Dispersion atmosphérique en présence de groupes d'obstacles." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ECDL0013.
Full textMuch research has been devoted to modelling mesoscale atmospheric boundary layer flows and flows at the scale of individual streets, but much less attention has been focussed on flow and dispersion at intermediate scales, such as small town or a large suburban area. An important problem in the computational modelling of such flows is the representation of the urban surface layer. At typical scales used in such calculations, it is not feasible to model individual buildings, but neither is it possible to represent the effects of the buildings by a simple change in roughness length. Geographical information Systems now provide us with a highly detailed description of the urban topography, but, paradoxically, these descriptions are too detailed to be used directly. The challenge is therefore to find ways to simplify the data, so that they can be used in pratical calculations of flow and dispersion in urban areas. This is the objective of the research presented here. In order to develop simple parametrisations for the influence of a group of buildings on flow and dispersion in the urban canopy, we need first to identify and underrstand the major processus. In particular, we need to understand how parameters such as the geometrical organisation, the obstacles, the spacing between them, their size and the overall extent of the group interact to influence the flow and the dispersion. We have use three different approaches to investigate this. Firstly, experiments were performed in an atmospheric wind tunnel, for several different configurations of obstacles. Fluid velocities were measured using LDV, and gas concentrations were measured using FID. Secondly, three dimensional calculations have been performed using the atmospheric dispersion code MERCURE initially developed by EDF. Finally a simplified model for flow and dispersion within a group of obstacles was developed based on a potential flow approach. These three methods have been used to investigate and explain some of the fundamental processus involved in flow and dispersion through groups of obstacles
Peton, Nicolas. "Méthode du groupement par soustraction pour l'identification de modèle flou : amélioration et application à la prévision de la polution atmosphérique." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20158.
Full textTeyssedre, Hubert. "Observations satellitaires et modélisation de l'évolution à long terme de l'ozone stratosphérique et influence d'activités humaines." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30200.
Full textLeriche, Pierre. "Les situations météorologiques associées aux épisodes de pollution atmosphérique dans la région lilloise." Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/ae7b1b5d-3c24-42b7-842e-8f5e260da440.
Full textThouron, Laëtitia. "Modélisation dynamique multi-échelle de la pollution atmosphérique en milieu urbain." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1206/document.
Full textUrban air pollution has been identified as an important cause of health impacts, including premature deaths. In particular, ambient concentrations of gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) are regulated, which means that emission reduction strategies must be put in place to reduce these concentrations in places where the corresponding regulations are not respected. Besides, air pollution can contribute to the contamination of other media, for example through the contribution of atmospheric deposition to runoff contamination.The multifactorial and multiscale aspects of urban make the pollution sources difficult to identify. Indeed, the urban environment is a heterogeneous space characterized by complex architectural structures (old buildings alongside a more modern building, residential, commercial, industrial zones, roads, etc.), non-uniform atmospheric pollutant emissions and therefore the population exposure to pollution is variable in space and time.The modeling of urban air pollution aims to understand the origin of pollutants, their spatial extent and their concentration/deposition levels. Some pollutants have long residence times and can stay several weeks in the atmosphere (PM2.5) and therefore be transported over long distances, while others are more local (NOx in the vicinity of traffic). The spatial distribution of a pollutant will therefore depend on several factors, and in particular on the surfaces encountered. Air quality depends strongly on weather, buildings (canyon-street) and emissions.The aim of this thesis is to address some of these aspects by modeling: (1) urban background pollution with a transport-chemical model (Polyphemus / POLAIR3D), which makes it possible to estimate atmospheric pollutants by type of urban surfaces (roofs, walls and roadways), (2) street-level pollution by explicitly integrating the effects of the building in a three-dimensional way with a multi-scale model of transport chemistry (SinG) and (3) a microscale process which is the traffic-related resuspension of the particles present on the road surface with three different formulations (deterministic, semi-empirical and empirical).The interest of this thesis is to compare and evaluate the operability and performance of several air quality models at different scales (region, neighborhood and street) in order to better understand the characterization of air quality in an urban environment
Sarrat, Claire. "Modélisation à l'échelle régionale de la pollution atmosphérique : application à la campagne ESQUIF." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30152.
Full textPison, Isabelle. "Modélisation inverse pour l'optimisation des sources primaires de pollution atmosphérique à l'échelle régionale." Phd thesis, Université Paris XII Val de Marne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011681.
Full textUne méthode d'inversion des émissions anthropiques à l'échelle régionale, utilisant les mesures de routine et basée sur le modèle CHIMERE et son adjoint, a été élaborée et validée. Une technique de krigeage permet d'utiliser de façon optimale les informations disponibles dans l'espace des concentrations. L'enchaînement de cycles krigeage-optimisation améliore la qualité des résultats. Une technique d'agrégation spatiale dynamique est utilisée pour réduire la dimension du problème.
Les émissions de NOx du cadastre élaboré par AIRPARIF pour l'Ile-de-France ont été inversées pendant les étés 1998 et 1999, les épisodes de la campagne ESQUIF étant étudiés en détail. L'optimisation corrige des écarts importants entre concentrations mesurées et simulées. Cependant, d'une façon générale, le niveau de fiabilité des résultats diminue avec la densité du réseau de mesure. Les résultats présentant le plus haut niveau de confiance concernent donc les flux d'émission les plus intenses d'Ile-de-France. Les corrections apportées à la masse moyenne émise dans l'ensemble du domaine et aux profils temporels correspondant sont en accord avec l'estimation de l'incertitude sur le cadastre pour les NOx (15%) obtenue lors de la campagne ESQUIF.