Journal articles on the topic 'Pollution and contamination not elsewhere classified'
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1
Lee, Junho, Kyungsoo Han, Dongmyung Kim, and Taeyoon Lee. "Pollution Intensity Assessment of Sediments Obtained Near Ieodo Ocean Research Station Using Pollution Index for Heavy Metals." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 42, no. 3 (March 31, 2020): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2020.42.3.131.
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Objectives:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the heavy metal contamination level by analyzing heavy metals in sediments near Ieodo ocean research station located in southwestern Jeju Island. Methods:Sixteen sediments samples were collected from Ieodo ocean research station, and two and three sediment samples were collected from the southwestern region and between Ieodo and Jeju Island. These samples were used for heavy metal content analysis according to the marine pollution process test method, and contamination level of sediments was calculated using the measured heavy metal concentration. Results and Discussion:All heavy metals except Ni were evaluated as non-contamination level, and Ni was found to have high pollution level. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency guideline, samples 6, 9, 15, and 22 were classified as severe contamination, and according to the geoaccumulation index, samples 15 and 22 were classified as slightly contaminated for Ni. When classified by the Enrichment factor value, Ni contamination was categorized as moderately severe enrichment for samples 15 and 22. Using the potential ecological risk factor value, the ecological risks of the heavy metals in all samples were classified as low risk. The mean PEL quotient value for all six heavy metals in samples was a maximum of 0.60, indicating a 21% probability of toxicity for heavy metals in all samples.Conclusions:It was confirmed that there was no contamination by Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn, but contamination by Ni was found to be a serious level. Compared with previous studies, the concentration of Ni in the Ieodo was found to be high, which may be due to the inflow of ocean research station or the Yangzu river runoff in China.
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Jassim, Huda Hadi. "Sedimentological and Heavy Metals Characteristics of Streets Dust in some Areas East of Baghdad for 2020." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 2C (September 30, 2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.2c.11ms-2021-09-30.
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Road-side dust samples were collected during August in 2020 from selected areas of, Al-Rusafa, Baghdad, Iraq. A sedimentological and mineralogical analysis of street dust was conducted. Three areas were selected to study street dusts which are Al-Baladitat, Al-Obaidi and Ziona. The laboratory analyses were done in the Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Baghdad. The heavy metal contents were determined in the roadside dust using XRF Method. It was found that the dust is of muddy texture, and is believed to be transmitted with the various storms blowing on Baghdad or by the wheels of Cars. The results of mineralogical investigation revealed that the dust samples composed of quartz, feldspar, calcite, gypsum and sedimentary rocks fragments, as light minerals and the heavy minerals were found as garnet, epidote, chlorites, pyroxene, biotite, zircon, muscovite, hornblende, tourmaline. The heavy metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) in these streets dust samples were studied and used as indicator for pollution. two o main indices are applied: contamination factor, and pollution load index. The contamination factor for Co, Zn, Pb, and Ni is classified as class 2, which indicate moderately contamination, while the contamination factor for Fe and Cu is classified as class 1, which indicate low contamination. The pollution load index values in the all of studied sites are classified as class 2 (Deterioration on site quality) indicating local pollution, as well as denote perfection with class 0 of no pollution.
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Demková, L., T. Jezný, and L. Bobuľská. "Assessment of soil heavy metal pollution in a former mining area – before and after the end of mining activities." Soil and Water Research 12, No. 4 (October 9, 2017): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/107/2016-swr.
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Toxicity and persistence of heavy metals, which are accumulated in the environment as the result of diverse industrial activities, represent serious environmental problem worldwide. The intense mineral extraction in mining areas has produced a large amount of waste material and tailings, which release toxic elements to the environment. The aim of the study was to determine in two time horizons (1997, 2015) the heavy metal contents of samples derived from ten sampling sites located in the former mining area of Central Spiš (Slovakia). In order to compare the level of contamination, the contamination factor (C<sup>i</sup><sub>f</sub>), degree of contamination (C<sub>d</sub>), and pollution load index (PLI) were computed. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used in order to detect the relationships among heavy metals. A serious situation was found for Hg, Zn, and Cd, which exceeded limit values at all sampling sites within both studied years. In 1997, the average values of contamination factor have shown very high contamination with all studied heavy metals, and moderate contamination with Co. In 2015, the study area was classified as very highly contaminated with As, Hg, Zn, Cu, considerably contaminated with Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd, while Co contamination was not detected. Since 1997 till 2015 the pollution load index decreased by about 38%, nevertheless even then almost all sampling sites were classified as heavily polluted. Despite the fact that mining activities were stopped or limited at the beginning of the 21<sup>st</sup> century, the presence of heavy metals in soils remains at a serious level. The high level of contamination is a result of heavy metal persistence and non-biodegradability.
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George Mafany, Josephine Ndjama, Biram Eric Belmond Yvette Clarisse Mfopou Mewouo, Carine Tarkang Amina Aboubakar, and Opportune Léonelle Apohkeng Dongmo Armel Zacharie Ekoa Bessa. "Evaluation of Surface Water Contamination Using Heavy Metal Pollution Indices in the Mgoua Watershed, Southwestern Cameroon." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1011.018.
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An integrated pollution assessment index approach was used to assess the application of heavy metal pollution indices in the Ngoua watershed in southwestern (SW) Cameroon. The concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mo, Fe and Al in most of the water samples exceeded the maximum allowable concentration recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) shows strong correlations with the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), Metal Index (MI) and the degree of contamination (Cd), and gives a better assessment of the pollution levels. Selected samples from the 10 sampling stations were classified as high polluted in Cd, MI and HPI in relation to the respective critical values. These values show comparable results to those of the HEI and indicate that about 88% of the samples with above average values were classified as highly contaminated and the remaining samples (12%) with below average values were classified as moderately contaminated. The Enrichment Factor (EF) analysis and the pollution indices reveal that the water quality is mainly controlled by natural and geogenic processes with major anthropogenic input. The current level of heavy metal distribution in the water of the Ngoua catchment is an environmental and health concern and requires special attention.
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Khudhur, Nashmeel, Sidra Qubad Yassin, Ahmed Saman Hassan, and Mortatha Nawzad Omar. "Applying Some Indices for Soil Pollution Assessment in Northern Industrial Area from Erbil Governorate." Al-Qadisiyah Journal Of Pure Science 26, no. 4 (July 17, 2021): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29350/qjps.2021.26.4.1385.
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Soil pollution by some heavy metals including: Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd and Pb from northern industrial area of Erbil City was assessed. The contamination indices including: geoaccumulation (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), degree of contamination (Cdeg), pollution load index (PLI) and element contamination index (ECI) were applied to assess soil pollution in Erbil North Industrial area at three sites (for both surface and sub-surface soils). Maximum Fe value 34243.6 ppm was recorded in sub-surface soil (site 2). Maximum values 265.4, 248.8, 98.23 and 397.45 ppm were recorded for Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn at sub-surface soil (site 3). Whereas, maximum values of 22.52, 5.36, 23.9, 6.12 and 65.67 ppm were recorded for As, Mo, Ag, Cd and Pb at surface soil (site 3). Results of analysed heavy metals for soil Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Cd and Pb have shown that the studied sites were severely contaminated with Cd, so the maximum detected Cd concentration was 6.12 ppm in surface soil (300 meters away from the industrial area). The soil pollution in the studied area was classified as moderate to strong surface and sub-surface soil contamination. Behavioral toxicity experiment showed slight growth effect on Lepidium sativum L.
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Baziene, Kristina, Ina Tetsman, and Ramune Albrektiene. "Level of Pollution on Surrounding Environment from Landfill Aftercare." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062007.
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This work examines how the pollution from landfill aftercare effect the surrounding area and water basins. The subject of the study was a closed landfill where waste was disposed of without any accounting and operation of the landfill. During the study, soil, surface water, and sediment samples were taken over a two-year period. The data obtained compared with the maximum allowable concentrations established in the Northern part of Lithuania. The water sampling sites were selected taking into account the direction of the water flow, and the landfill was found to influence the water quality. Within 500 meters before the landfill, heavy metals and metalloid concentrations did not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations (Pb ≤ 20 µg/L; Ni ≤ 40 µg/L; Cr ≤ 100 µg/L; Cu ≤ 100 µg/L and As ≤ 20 µg/L). Soil and water sediment contamination factor and contamination level were determined for each metal and metalloid individually, which showed that as a single chemical element and its compounds none of them pose any danger to the environment. A different situation can be seen when calculating the total level of contamination, taking into account all pollutants classified as very hazardous, Zd > 10. The results showed that monitoring (of surface water, including soil) and investigations, helping to reduce negative environmental impact, should be continued in the closed landfill.
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Chu, Ke Jian, and Min Tan. "Assessment of Sediment Quality in Jiangsu Coastal Ocean Based on Grey Clustering Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.266.
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Thirty-nine samples of surface sediments obtained from Jiangsu coastal ocean were analysed to evaluate the sediment quality. The grey clustering method is applied to assess the sediment quality and generate the classified results. Then the samples are classified into three categories (clean, light pollution and heavy pollution). Of all the thirty-nine samples, there are eleven clean samples, twenty light pollution samples, and eight heavy pollution samples. The results show that the pollution status has the regional feature of concentrating distribution. By analysing underlying reasons, pollutants discharging into the sea due to increased industrial and agricultural activities contributed to the contamination. Therefore, more emphasis should be paid on the surface tidal flat sediment environment administration, especially on the treatment of pollution source for improving the sediment quality. It is very important to enhance the marine environmental protection for sustainable development of coastal area.
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Sutkowska, Katarzyna, Leslaw Teper, Tomasz Czech, and Arthur Walker. "Assessment of the Condition of Soils before Planned Hard Coal Mining in Southern Poland: A Starting Point for Sustainable Management of Fossil Fuel Resources." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 8, 2023): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020737.
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In Poland’s largest mining district, the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, there is a growing interest in resource development by small operators. Some concession areas are not yet directly affected by the mining industry. The objects of this research are two such areas and the goal is to determine a load of heavy metals (HM) in soils prior to mining projects and to assess the extent of their contamination at this stage. The metals studied were Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, while HM contamination was assessed using the Contamination Factor (CF), Contamination Degree (CD), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo). The Ecological Risk Potential Index (ER) and Comprehensive Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) were also employed. The pre-mining areas are close to an area where mining was terminated before 2000. For this area, we performed the same set of analyses as for the pre-mining areas studied. HM concentration levels and pollution indices in post-mining areas are significantly higher than in pre-mining areas. The results obtained in the post-mining area give an idea of the expected type and scale of potential threat to soils from mining and can form the basis for monitoring environmental contamination in subsequent investment and operation phases, as well as help develop and implement timely methods to prevent the increase in heavy metal immission to soils during mining activities. We believe that the presented approach of assessing the condition of soils starting at the pre-mining stage can support the sustainable management of energy resources in the cases studied and elsewhere.
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Magno, J. L., and W. Budianta. "Spatial distribution and pattern of heavy metals in urban soils of Yogyakarta, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012032.
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Abstract Heavy metals contamination is becoming a global problem in urban areas. With that, understanding spatial distribution and pattern of heavy metals in urban soils is a crucial step toward sustainable urban development. This study intends to assess the spatial distribution and pattern of four heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd) in Yogyakarta City outward in the boundaries of Sleman and Bantul Regencies. In relation, we utilized geostatistical method Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) then correlated to Land Cover/Use data for the spatial analysis of heavy metals concentration. The degree of contamination was quantified using indices - PI (Pollution Index), Igeo (Geo-accumulation Index), and PLI (Pollution Load Index). We show that by analysing the Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd elements of 168 urban soils samples collected, Yogyakarta City, a densely populated area, serves as a place of heavy metals contamination hotspots. Pb and Cu is posed as moderately contaminated, whereas Zn and Cd is considered as uncontaminated (as majority of Zn and Cd values does not exceed the background values). But in overlapping consideration of four heavy metals contamination, they are classified as moderately contaminated (PLI=1.10). In summary, heavy metals contamination in soils varies as a function of urbanization.
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Moshchenko, A. V., T. A. Belan, T. S. Lishavskaya, A. V. Sevastianov, and B. M. Borisov. "Main tendencies of temporal changes for concentration of priority pollutants in sediments of the coastal areas at Vladivostok (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea)." Izvestiya TINRO 201, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 440–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2021-201-440-457.
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Concentrations of hydrocarbons, phenols, DDT and its metabolites, Cu, Pb, Fe, Ni, DDD/DDE and DDD+DDE/DDT ratios, and total level of chemical contamination (TPF index) in the bottom sediments are traced for 16 stations in the coastal areas at Vladivostok in 1982−2017. Temporal variations of the concentrations and derived indices are classified to 4 types of dynamics, using the methods of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, crosscorrelation analysis, and fuzzy set classification procedure. They are: primary contamination; secondary contamination; exponential growth; and polymodal dynamics. These variations are induced by two main sources of pollution, such as the industrial influx including wastes from Vladivostok and nearby settlements, aeolian transfer and polluted precipitations, and the terrigenous influx with polluted freshwater discharge. Impact of the first source prevails in the Golden Horn Bay, Diomid Inlet and Eastern Bosphorus Strait, and the second source is important for the Amur and Ussuri Bays (the coast of Vladivostok in these bays is influenced by both sources with predominance of the second). The terrigenous impact has two modes depended on certain processes of contamination: the permanent pollution inherent in the types of secondary contamination and exponential growth and the extreme pollution that forms the polymodal dynamics. The secondary contamination follows the primary one with a lag of 6–7 years. The secondary contamination of terrigenous usually has inverse correlation with the Razdolnaya/Suifen River discharge; for instance, strengthening of the freshwater inflow causes lower concentrations of Cu and Pb in the bottom sediments due to dilution effect. On the contrary, contamination depends directly on the Razdolnaya/Suifen River discharge for the exponential growth of terrigenous — the stronger the freshwater inflow, the higher the concentrations of Fe, Ni, and phenols (the latter is a sign of eutrophication). The types of dynamics change following the balance between pollution and self-cleaning of the sediments that is determined by external factors, as a drop in economic activity and its subsequent recovery, limitation and finally ban for using of tetraethyl lead additive, extreme floods on rivers, etc.
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Sidoruk, Marcin. "Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk Evaluation of Heavy Metals in the Bottom Sediments: A Case Study of Eutrophic Bukwałd Lake Located in an Agricultural Catchment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 2387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032387.
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Metals are natural components of the earth’s crust and are essential elements in the metabolism of fauna and flora. However, some metals at high concentrations may pose an ecological risk. Ecological risk analysis is one of the best methods for detecting potential metal pollution problems and its impact on ecosystems. This study analyzed the potential ecological risk and contamination from heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Zn) in bottom sediments. It analyzed the spatial variability of heavy metal concentrations in the bottom sediments of Lake Bukwałd. The potential ecological risk index (RI) was used to assess the impact of pollutants accumulated in bottom sediments on the environment. In addition to RI, the geochemical index (Igeo) and contamination factor (CF) were also calculated. The pollutant loading index (PLI) was used to compare the average content of metals in the bottom sediments of lakes. The obtained results indicate that agricultural activity determined the quality of the bottom sediments of the reservoir and the spatial content of trace metals in them. Higher concentrations of elements were found in sediments collected from the agricultural catchment, whereas the lowest concentrations were observed near the outflow from the lake. The calculated RI value was 153.3, representing a moderate ecological threat risk. The concentration of cadmium had the greatest influence on the value of the indicator. The analysis of the scale of pollution of bottom sediments using the geochemical index showed that the bottom sediments in terms of the content of most of the trace metals tested are class II. In Cu and Zn, the Igeo index classified these deposits as class 0 and class I. The highest CF values were determined for Cr, Ni, and Pb and classified as significant contamination. The remaining elements were classified as moderately contaminated. The designated PLI was 2.49, suggesting immediate action to reduce pollution and prevent the degradation of the lake.
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Okuhata, Brytne K., Henrietta Dulai, Christopher K. Shuler, Joseph K. Fackrell, and Aly I. El-Kadi. "Metal Mobilization As An Effect of Anthropogenic Contamination in Groundwater Aquifers in Tutuila, American Samoa." Water 12, no. 8 (July 25, 2020): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082118.
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Groundwater is the primary drinking water source on most oceanic islands, including Tutuila, American Samoa. Drinking water quality on Tutuila is impacted by anthropogenic pollution sources such as on-site sewage disposal systems, piggeries, and agricultural leachate, particularly across the densely populated Tafuna–Leone Plain. The remineralization of anthropogenically sourced organic matter produces nitrate and dissolved inorganic carbon, which, according to previously published studies, have the potential to mobilize naturally occurring metals. This study provides further evidence that nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon, along with naturally sourced metal concentrations, become elevated along pollution gradients and show correlation with each other. Across the Tafuna–Leone Plain, nitrate concentrations have a moderately positive correlation with uranium and vanadium. Dissolved inorganic carbon also positively correlate with nitrate, uranium, and vanadium. Similar studies elsewhere suggest that, in addition to nitrate, organic matter remineralization associated with carbonate create conditions to favor natural metal mobilization. Correlation analysis results imply that, while the surveyed trace metals are likely naturally sourced, some become soluble and more mobile in the presence of anthropogenically sourced nitrate and dissolved inorganic carbon, which alters redox conditions in the aquifer.
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Zhang, Yong Li, Min Xiao, and Wei Hao Zheng. "Study on Sudden Water Pollution Incidents of Guangdong Huanggang River." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.131.
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Sudden water pollution incidents are incidents that the pollutants affected by some unexpected factors following into water bodies, resulting in contamination of water resources within a short period, which will lead to emergencies of adverse impacts on society. According to the ways of pollutants following into water bodies, sudden water pollution incidents could be classified into four categories. Sudden water pollution incidents have potentially risks, and some positive approaches should be adopted to control them. Those have been discussed in the research that three sudden water pollution incidents having taken place in Huanggang River basin and their treatment measures, and the four hidden pollution hazards existing in Huanggang river basin have been analyzed.
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Avdoshchenko, V. G., and A. V. Klimova. "ASSESSMENT OF SOIL HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN PETROPAVLOVSK-KAMCHATSKY (KAMCHATKA TERRITORY)." Bulletin оf Kamchatka State Technical University, no. 61 (2022): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17217/2079-0333-2022-61-65-81.
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The results of determining the gross content of zinc, copper and lead in the surface soil layer, collected in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, are presented in the paper. Based on them the heavy metal pollution degree assessment in different places of the city during 2017–2020 is given. It was found that almost everywhere the lead content in soils corresponded to a very high or high degree of contamination. According to the concentration of copper and zinc, the soils were classified as low and medium polluted. During 2017–2020 an increase of copper and zinc concentration in soils was registered. The dynamics of changes in lead concentration, on the contrary, was poorly expressed during 2017–2018. In 2020 a decrease in its content was found in all observed areas. According to the integrated pollution indexes PLI and NPI, the most polluted soils were identified in such areas as ‟Hospital” (2017),‟Botanicheskiy Pereulok” (2018), ‟Stadium Spartak” (2020). All city soils were characterized by a weak degree of potential environmental risk resulting from heavy metal pollution. The obtained data can be used to monitor heavy metal contamination of urbanized territories soils in Kamchatka Territory.
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Hutchinson, Judith, and Mark Simmonds. "Escalation of threats to marine turtles." Oryx 26, no. 2 (April 1992): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300023401.
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Many, if not all, marine turtle populations world-wide have become seriously depleted by the impact of numerous factors over the years. Populations of marine turtles are now classified as endangered or threatened. National and international legislation designed to protect sea turtles has been unsuccessful and, despite evergrowing interest, there is disturbing evidence of new and increasingly important threats: increased incidence of disease; oil and organochlorine contamination and marine ‘macro-pollution’.
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Long, Yu Qiao, Wei Li, and Ju Huang. "Advance of Optimization Methods for Identifing Groundwater Pollution Source Porperties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.603.
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China has to confront the groundwater resources crisis and the deterioration of groundwater environment. Reinforcing the studies on groundwater pollution source identification (GPSI) could be an important support to contamination removing, groundwater protecting, drinking water security, and development of society and economy. Exploring the new theory and method on GPSI could push the studies on ill-posed problems, and improve the techniques of contamination remediation. GPSI has been studied for thirty years, and a brief review is given to conclude the characteristics of GPSI problems. The mathematical simulation method can be classified into four types: optimization method, analytical and regression method, direct method, and stochastic method. A specific review of optimization approaches is given in this paper. The configuration, simulation procedures, common optimization algorithms used by the optimization methods are discussed in detail. Both non-heuristic and heuristic algorithm can be used to solve the PSI problem. The heuristic algorithm is more suitable for complex numerical and field cases, but it is time-consuming. The non-heuristic algorithm, especially the algorithm combined with analytical method, is time-economical, but is not suitable for complicated numerical and field tests. Further researches may focus on more complex GPSI problems, expressing physical chemistry and biological process, improving efficiency and model uncertainty of GPSI modeling.
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Gupta, Biswanath, and Tamoghna Agasti. "The Curious Case of Article IX and Outer Space Environment." Journal of Environmental Impact and Management Policy, no. 22 (March 15, 2022): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jeimp22.7.25.
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With the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, back in 1957, to life on Earth being socio-economically dependent on space technologies, we have come a very long way and with this comes several problems, one being extra-terrestrial pollution. The 1967 Outer Space Treaty has only one provision – Article IX – which merely puts an obligation to avoid ‘harmful contamination’ of outer space. There is nothing in the treaty or elsewhere to suggest the meaning of this term and the extent of protection offered by Article IX, thereby creating a lacuna. The article tries to evaluate whether the interpretation of the term ‘harmful contamination’ has evolved to envisages the implementation of the international environmental law regime for a holistic protection of the outer space environment. In this context, the meaning of ‘harmful contamination’ is analysed as intended by the drafters to highlight the shortcomings. Taking into account the evolving international environmental and space law jurisprudence, the article analyses whether the shortcomings can be addressed by harmoniously interpreting Article IX with the existing environmental law regime. Different tools of treaty interpretation are used to examine the evolving interpretation of the term ‘harmful contamination’ to provide an insight into what the lex ferenda be vis-à-vis application of Article IX in the protection of outer space environment.
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Orozco-Montoya, Ricardo A., Helga Madrigal-Solís, Christian Vargas-Bolaños, and Lidia Orias-Arguedas. "Analysis of the threat of groundwater contamination in the Jacó aquifer, Central Pacific, Costa Rica." Revista de Ciencias Ambientales 55, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rca.55-2.3.
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[Introduction]: In Costa Rica, more than 70 % of the public drinking water supply comes from groundwater sources. In the coastal city of Jacó, on the Central Pacific Coast of Costa Rica, tourism activity is essential for economic development and groundwater represents a source for supplying tourists and residents. [Objective]: This research aims to characterize the threats of groundwater contamination to the coastal aquifer of Jacó due to human activities, based on land use analysis, characterization of potential pollution sources and, estimation of the floating population related to tourist activity. [Methodology]: An inventory of potential pollution sources was carried out through the location of human/anthropogenic activities. Potential point, diffuse and linear sources were classified based on the Pollutant Origin Surcharge Hydraulically (POSH) method, as activities with high, medium and low potential generating pollutant load (threat) [Results]: Of the total potential sources, 0.5 % correspond to activities with high potential, 14.0 % medium potential and 23.5 % low potential, and 62.0 % null potential. Out of 129 point pollution sources, 64.3 % were classified as medium threat activities due to the storage and handling of potentially polluting chemicals. Although the sources of high threat are those of lesser occurrence in the study area, they can generate greater negative impacts on groundwater resources. These are located mainly in the urban area of the city where the floating population reaches more than 12 000 people during the holidays, so their potential for pollutant loading could rise during this period. [Conclusions]: The results will be considered in territory planning, which seeks to reduce the probability of groundwater contamination in Jacó.
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Zhang, Zhi-Min, Fei Zhang, Jing-Long Du, and De-Chao Chen. "Surface Water Quality Assessment and Contamination Source Identification Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques: A Case Study of the Nanxi River in the Taihu Watershed, China." Water 14, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050778.
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Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of water quality is crucial because it provides essential information for water pollution control. The spatiotemporal variations in water quality for the Nanxi River in the Taihu watershed of China were evaluated by a water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistical techniques; additionally, the potential sources of contamination were identified. The data set included 22 water quality parameters collected during the monitoring period from 2015 to 2020 for 14 monitoring stations. WQI assessment revealed that approximately 85% of monitoring stations were classified as “medium-low” water quality, and most showed continuous improvement in water quality. Cluster analysis divided the 14 monitoring stations into three clusters (low contamination, medium contamination and high contamination). Discriminant analysis identified pH, petroleum, volatile phenol, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, F, S, fecal coliform, SO4, Cl, NO3-N, total hardness, NO2-N and NH3 as important parameters affecting spatial variations. Factor analysis identified four potential contamination source types: nutrient, organics, feces and oil. This study demonstrated the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques in assessing large data sets, identifying contamination source types, and better understanding spatiotemporal variations in water quality to restore and protect water resources.
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Kasperczyk, Lidia, Magdalena Modelska, and Stanisław Staśko. "Pollution indicators in groundwater of two agricultural catchments in Lower Silesia (Poland)." Geoscience Records 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/georec-2016-0007.
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Abstract The article discusses the content and source of mineral nitrogen compounds in groundwater, based on the data collected in two river catchments in two series (spring and autumn 2014). The study area comprises two catchments located in Lower Silesia, Poland - Cicha Woda and Sąsiecznica. Both catchments are characterised agricultural character of development. In the both researched areas, the points of State Environmental Monitoring (SEM) are located but only the Cicha Woda area is classified as nitrate vulnerable zone (NVZ). To analyse and compare the contamination of Quaternary and Neogene aquifers, the concentration of nitrates, nitrites, ammonium and potassium ions was measured primarily. Results showed the exceedance of nitrogen mineral forms of shallow groundwater Quaternary aquifer in both basins. The concentration of nitrates range from 0.08 to 142.12 mgNO3 −−/dm3 (Cicha Woda) and from 2.6 to 137.65 mg NO3 −−/dm3 (Sąsiecznica). The major source of pollution is probably the intensive agriculture activity. It causes a degradation of the shallow groundwater because of nitrate, nitrite, potassium, phosphates and ammonium contents. There was no observed contamination of anthropogenic origin in the deeper Neogene aquifer of Cicha Woda catchment.
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Doré, William J., Kathleen Henshilwood, and David N. Lees. "Evaluation of F-Specific RNA Bacteriophage as a Candidate Human Enteric Virus Indicator for Bivalve Molluscan Shellfish." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.4.1280-1285.2000.
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ABSTRACT Escherichia coli is a widely utilized indicator of the sanitary quality of bivalve molluscan shellfish sold for human consumption. However, it is now well documented that shellfish that meet the E. coli standards for human consumption may contain human enteric viruses that cause gastroenteritis and hepatitis. In this study we investigated using F-specific RNA bacteriophage (FRNA bacteriophage) to indicate the likely presence of such viruses in shellfish sold for consumption. FRNA bacteriophage and E. coli levels were determined over a 2-year period for oysters (Crassostrea gigas) harvested from four commercial sites chosen to represent various degrees of sewage pollution. Three sites were classified as category B sites under the relevant European Community (EC) Directive (91/492), which required purification (depuration) of oysters from these sites before sale. One site was classified as a category A site, and oysters from this site could be sold directly without further processing. Samples were tested at the point of sale following commercial processing and packaging. All of the shellfish complied with the mandatory EC E. coli standard (less than 230 per 100 g of shellfish flesh), and the levels of contamination for more than 90% of the shellfish were at or below the level of sensitivity of the assay (20 E. coli MPN per 100 g), which indicated good quality based on this criterion. In contrast, FRNA bacteriophage were frequently detected at levels that exceeded 1,000 PFU per 100 g. High levels of FRNA bacteriophage contamination were strongly associated with harvest area fecal pollution and with shellfish-associated disease outbreaks. Interestingly, FRNA bacteriophage contamination exhibited a marked seasonal trend that was consistent with the trend of oyster-associated gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom. The correlation between FRNA bacteriophage contamination and health risk was investigated further by using a reverse transcription-PCR assay for Norwalk-like virus (NLV). NLV contamination of oysters was detected only at the most polluted site and also exhibited a seasonal trend that was consistent with the trend of FRNA bacteriophage contamination and with the incidence of disease. The results of this study suggest that FRNA bacteriophage could be used as viral indicators for market-ready oysters.
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Ravindranath, Ingershal G., and Venugopal Thirukumaran. "Spatial mapping for Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution Risk Assessment Using DRASTIC Model in Ponnaiyar River Basin, South India." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 30, no. 2 (July 18, 2021): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112132.
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Groundwater is the principle source of drinking water and protection of groundwater quality is an important issue meets out the increasing population and agricultural practices. The present research an attempt made to develop DRASTIC model to understand the groundwater contamination risk in Ponnaiyar River Basin (PRB), Tamil Nadu, India using geographical information system (GIS). GIS have been shown to be useful tools for assessing groundwater pollution hazard. According to Central Ground Water Board reports the PRB categorized by semi-critical groundwater development. In view of the extensive reliance on this basin, contamination of PRB groundwater became an alarming issue. To assess groundwater contamination risk in the PRB the parameters such as Groundwater depth, Net recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone and Hydraulic conductivity were selected. Based on the importance of groundwater contamination all the parameters were assigned to rank and weights. Then all the themes were integrated and classified into five categories such as very low (9.33%), low (26.54%), moderate (34.77%), high (22.38%) and very high (6.98) risk. To validate the DRASTIC model, nitrate concentration was selected and found that it is 81.53% accurate which reflects that, DRASTIC model is appropriate to understand groundwater pollution risk assessment. In the GSB groundwater is contaminated mainly due to extensive use of groundwater extraction for agriculture purpose. Groundwater risk index assessment is an effective tool for groundwater management in the PRB.
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Ngai, K. W., M. W. Mak, and K. L. Pun. "Assessment of the potential environmental and ecological risks associated with traffic induced heavy metal contamination in country parks of Hong Kong." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 858, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/858/1/012002.
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Abstract Hong Kong is a densely populated area with a limited area, so most country parks are adjacent to busy traffic roads and town activities. The soil in country parks may be contaminated by heavy metals emitted by traffic activities. During the holidays, most people go to country parks to play. It is very important to assess the potential risks of residents, especially children. So far, data on pollution in Hong Kong’s country parks is very limited. The heavy metals arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), silver (Ag) and zinc (Zn) were collected in the Kam Shan (KS), Plover Cove (PC), Sai Kung West (SK) and Lion Rock (LR) country parks. The mean Zn concentration in KS Country Park was more than three times higher than the background concentration in Dutch soil standard, while Cu and Pb were more than 1.6 times higher. The average pollution index (PIave) of KS Country Parks was classified as high, and the potential ecological risk index (RI) was classified as moderate. Country parks should pay special attention to heavy metal pollution in order to continue further research and remedial measures.
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Lee, Hong-gil, Yoon Joo Byun, Young-Woo Chun, Hoe-Jung Noh, Dong-Jin Kim, Hyun-Koo Kim, and Ji-In Kim. "Identification of Metal Contamination Sources and Evaluation of the Anthropogenic Effects in Soils near Traffic-Related Facilities." Toxics 9, no. 11 (October 21, 2021): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110278.
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Traffic-related facilities typically have much lower metal emissions than other sources; however, they can be numerous and widespread as well. Subdividing pollution sources is necessary to assess soil contamination characteristics and identify sources according to the contamination cause. Anthropogenic contamination by metals was quantitatively determined using contamination factor (Cf) and evaluated using multivariate analysis. More than half of the concentrations for Zn, Pb, and Cu in soils were higher than that in the natural background (NB). Cf of metals was, in decreasing order, Zn > Pb = Cu > Ni = As. Zn, Pb, and Cu were identified as anthropogenic contaminants in correlation analysis. Principal component analysis showed that the two main contamination causes were coarse particles from the maintenance or crushing activities of vehicles and nonexhaust/exhaust emissions. Clusters were classified according to those two anthropogenic and lithogenic causes and included Group I (Zn, Pb, and Cu in garages, auto repair shops, and auto salvage yards), Group II (Zn, Pb, and Cu in parking lots, driving schools, and roadsides), and Group III (As and Ni with high lithogenic properties). Anthropogenic input and sources of soil contamination by metals in traffic-related facilities were appropriately estimated through the combination of Cf and multivariate analysis.
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Kristanti, Risky Ayu, Wilawan Khanitchaidecha, Gaurav Taludar, Peter Karácsony, Linh Thi Thuy Cao, Tse-Wei Chen, Noura M. Darwish, and Bandar M. AlMunqedhi. "A Review on Thermal Desorption Treatment for Soil Contamination." Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution 2, no. 1 (April 16, 2022): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v2i1.68.
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Soil contamination is a major issue that must be prioritized, as food safety is mostly determined by soil quality. Soil quality has deteriorated significantly across the world with the continued expansion of industrial growth, urbanization, and agricultural activities. Soil contamination has become a growing issue and a barrier that must be addressed if we are concerned about re-establishing a healthy ecosystem. The activity is mostly driven by human activities, which include the use of pesticides, chlorinated organic pollutants, herbicides, inorganic fertilizers, industrial pollution, solid waste, and urban activities. While many methods have been developed to remediate significant pollutants generated by these activities, their degree of application may be constrained or inappropriate for a specific location. Parameters such as treatment duration, safety, and efficacy of soil/pollutant treatment all play a part in selecting the best appropriate technique. These technologies have been classified into three broad categories: physical, chemical, and bioremediation. This review shows and talks about thermal desorption (TD), which is a common way to clean up polluted soil.
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Kolpakova, Marina. "Heavy metal contamination in bottom sediments of saline endorheic lakes of Kulunda and Barabinsk steppes (Western Siberia, Russia)." E3S Web of Conferences 80 (2019): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198003009.
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The article presents the results of assessment of heavy metals contamination in bottom sediments of saline lakes located on the territory of Kulunda and Barabinsk steppes of Western Siberia, Russia. The territory is characterized by large amount of lakes (more than 5000), including the Chany lake, which is the biggest lake of south of Western Siberia. By calculation the geochemical parameters, such as Enrichment factor, Contamination factor, Geoaccumulation index, Pollution load index, the common level of bottom sediments was classified as unpolluted. However, in comparison with average level of bottom sediment on that territory the lake sediments are enriched with the following elements: Sr> Rb> Zn> V> Cr> Ni> Cu> As> Pb> Th> U> Mn> Fe> K> Ti.
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Cabral, João Batista Pereira, Pollyanna Faria Nogueira, Valter Antonio Becegato, Vitor Rodolfo Becegato, and Alexandre Tadeu Paulino. "Environmental Assessment and Toxic Metal-Contamination Level in Surface Sediment of a Water Reservoir in the Brazilian Cerrado." Water 13, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081044.
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Polluted sediments limit the useful and biotic life of a water reservoir. Therefore, the classification and verification of the contamination and pollution levels of water reservoirs are essentials for the preservation of the biota and to organize the actions of environmental management. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the concentrations of potentially toxic metals [lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd)] in sediment samples collected in the water reservoir of the Foz do Rio Claro Hydroelectric Power Plant (FRCHEPP) and estimate the contamination level by using the geoaccumulation index (Igeo). All results were compared with the values established by the CONAMA Resolution 454/2012. The Cu and Cd concentrations in the sediment samples were above Level II for most of the analyzed points in comparison with the data of the CONAMA resolution, being classified as poor quality sediments. Moreover, the Igeo values indicated potential pollution of the water reservoir sediment by Cu and Cd. Hence, the water reservoir was classified between moderately and extremely polluted. From this work it is possible to conclude that the frequent monitoring of the sediment quality in the FRCHEPP water reservoir is an indispensable action for periodic evaluation of the hydrographic basin quality in the study region, considering its importance as water supply and power generation for the state of Goiás, Brazil. Overall, the results of this work can be important to study other water reservoirs around the world.
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Maqsoom, Ahsen, Bilal Aslam, Umer Khalil, Omid Ghorbanzadeh, Hassan Ashraf, Rana Faisal Tufail, Danish Farooq, and Thomas Blaschke. "A GIS-based DRASTIC Model and an Adjusted DRASTIC Model (DRASTICA) for Groundwater Susceptibility Assessment along the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Route." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050332.
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Land use types and anthropogenic activities represent considerable threats to groundwater pollution. To effectively monitor the groundwater quality, it is vital to measure pollution levels before they become severe. In our research area, located in Gilgit Baltistan in northern Pakistan, groundwater supplies are diminishing due to urban sprawl. In this study, we used a GIS-based DRASTIC model (Depth to water, Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of the vadose zone, Hydraulic conductivity) to analyze the area’s hydrological attributes to assess the groundwater susceptibility to pollution. Considering the importance of anthropogenic activities, this research primarily utilizes an adjusted DRASTIC model called DRASTICA, which incorporates anthropogenic impact as a parameter in the model. The resulting map, which depicts vulnerability to groundwater contamination, reveals that 19% of the study area is classed as having high vulnerability, 42% has moderate vulnerability, 37% has low vulnerability, and 2% has very low vulnerability to groundwater contamination. The adopted validation process (nitrate parameter of water quality) revealed that the suggested DRASTICA model achieved better results than the established DRASTIC model in a built-up environment. We used the nitrate concentration in groundwater to verify the formulated results, and the single parameter sensitivity analysis and map removal sensitivity analysis to analyze the model sensitivity. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the groundwater vulnerability to pollution is largely influenced by anthropogenic impact and depth to the water table, thereby suggesting that anthropogenic impact must be explicitly tackled in such studies. The groundwater zones exposed to anthropogenic pollution can be better classified with the help of the proposed DRASTICA model, particularly in and around built-up environments. The responsible authorities can use this groundwater contamination data as an early warning sign, so they can take practical actions to avoid extra pressure on this vital resource.
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Rayhan Khan, Md Abu, Mosummath Hosna Ara, and Palash Kumar Dhar. "Assessment of heavy metals concentrations in the soil of Mongla industrial area, Bangladesh." Environmental Health Engineering and Management 6, no. 3 (August 19, 2019): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ehem.2019.22.
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Background: Contamination of soil with heavy metals is an alarming issue around the world. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the contamination status of heavy metals in the soil of Mongla industrial area, Bangladesh. Methods: Soil samples were randomly collected from 20 sites and digested by wet digestion method. The concentrations of heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The quality of soil was assessed based on the contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and ecological risk index factor (ERIF) analyses. Results: The average concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were obtained to be 258.08±51.61, 3736.90±322.17, 19.55±6.49, 66.76 ± 18.32, 0.59±0.13, and 10.40 ± 1.49 mg kg-1, respectively, which were below the permissible limit. The highest value of CF (0.74±0.16), Igeo (0.35±0.34), EF (24.86±6.27), and PERIF (22.11±4.81) was observed for Cd. The pollution of CF, Igeo, EF, and ERIF was classified as very severely polluted, unpolluted to moderately polluted, strongly to extremely polluted, and slightly polluted, respectively, with these heavy metals due to anthropogenic activities. One-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference between Zn and Cd concentrations (P<0.05), whereas Pearson correlation showed a positive correlation between Zn-Pb (P=0.01) and Fe-Zn (P=0.05). Conclusion: There are different classes of contamination with heavy metals in the study area. Therefore, necessary steps should be taken and people’s awareness of the soil pollution should be raised.
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Ahamad, Muhammad Irfan, Jinxi Song, Haotian Sun, Xinxin Wang, Muhammad Sajid Mehmood, Muhammad Sajid, Ping Su, and Asif Jamal Khan. "Contamination Level, Ecological Risk, and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in the Hyporheic Zone of the Weihe River, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031070.
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The sediment pollution caused by different metals has attracted a great deal of attention because of the toxicity, persistence, and bio-accumulation. This study focuses on heavy metals in the hyporheic sediment of the Weihe River, China. Contamination levels of metals were examined by using “geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor, and contamination factor” while ecological risk of metals were determined by “potential ecological risk and risk index”. The pollutant accumulation of metals ranked as follows: “manganese (Mn) > chromium (Cr) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu) > nickel (Ni) > arsenic (As) > lead (Pb)”. The geo-accumulation index identified arsenic as class 1 (uncontaminated to moderate contamination), whereas Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Mn were classified as class 0 (uncontaminated). According to the enrichment factor, arsenic originated through anthropogenic activities and Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb were mainly controlled by natural sources. The contamination factor elucidated that sediments were moderately polluted by (As, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Pb), whereas Ni slightly contaminated the sediments of the Weihe River. All metals posed a low ecological risk in the study area. The risk index revealed that contribution of arsenic (53.43 %) was higher than half of the total risk.
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Dash, Siddhant, Smitom Swapna Borah, and Ajay S. Kalamdhad. "Application of Environmetrics tools for geochemistry, water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources in Deepor Beel, Assam, India." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 4 (August 20, 2020): 973–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.078.
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Abstract The present study uses four Environmetrics tools: hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), discriminant analysis (DA), principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF) for the assessment of water quality and geochemistry of Deepor Beel, Assam, India. The hierarchical clustering classified the 23 sampling locations into three clusters, classifying them as sites of high, low, and moderate contamination respectively. The DA of the water quality dataset resulted in 9 parameters (EC, TDS, TSS, , Na+, Mg, Cd, Pb and OrgN), primarily responsible for the discrimination of the clusters. PCA was then employed on the normalized dataset for the identification of potential pollution sources. PCA yielded two significant principal components, describing anthropogenic and natural factors defining the water contamination. Finally, PMF was employed on the dataset matrix, with four pre-defined factors. Leaching from Boragaon landfill site, surface water runoff, discharge of effluents from the industries in the wetland and discharge from Basistha River were found to be the major contributors. The results of this study provide a comprehensive correlation between water quality parameters and their sources, which would thereby assist in better planning and management of wetland restoration.
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Priantari, Ni Luh Putu Mega, I. Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa, and I. Wayan Windia. "PERSEPSI DAN PERILAKU MASYARAKAT TERHADAP AIR LIMBAH YANG DIHASILKAN DAN KUALITAS AIR TUKAD RANGDA, KOTA DENPASAR, PROVINSI BALI." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 11, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2017.v11.i02.p03.
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Many activities and the continuous disposal of waste water has resulted water pollution in Tukad Rangda. Tukad Rangda's water quality over the last five years (2012-2016) indicated experiencing contamination with decreasing water quality. The condition indicates the need of serious effort to maintain the water quality of Tukad Rangda. The purpose of this research is to know the perception and behavior of head of household and businesses in conducting waste water management that potentially causing Tukad Rangda water contamination, determining water quality and water quality status based on the Pollution Index, and determining appropriate alternative strategies to control water pollution in Tukad Rangda.
Sample was collected by purposive sampling. Water samples was taken at three point: on the upstream, middle, and downstream of Tukad Rangda. Samples are analyzed in situ and in laboratory. Determination of perception and community behavior based on questionnaires and interviews to households and businesses. The data obtained were analyzed by force-field analysis to determine alternative strategy of Tukad Rangda water contamination control.
The results of perception analysis of households and businesses on waste water management that has the potential to cause Tukad Rangda water contamination shows well-categorized results. However, for the behavior of head of households and businesses on waste water management that potentially causing Tukad Rangda water pollution, each of them showing results that can be categorized as quite good and less good respectively. Water quality of Tukad Rangda at upstream, middle, and downstream areas have exceeded the water quality standard class II in accordance with the Bali Governor Regulations No. 16 year 2016 for these parameters: BOD, COD, phosphate, and lead. Water quality status of Tukad Rangda based on Method of Pollution Index at upstream, middle, and downstream classified slightly contaminated. Based on force-field analysis, the alternative strategy obtained is increasing the insight and understanding about waste water management to the community, water waste management regulation at household scale, coaching, supervision, and law enforcement against businesses violating the applicable regulations, providing waste water treatment facilities, as well as the development of Tukad Rangda as water tourism area through the involvement of community participation.
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Moshchenko, A. V., T. A. Belan, and B. M. Borisov. "Distribution and classification of macrozoobenthos in Peter the Great Bay of Japan Sea in relation to contamination of bottom sediments." Izvestiya TINRO 202, no. 3 (October 5, 2022): 623–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2022-202-623-639.
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Distribution of 211 species and larger taxa of benthic animals is considered along the gradient of chemical contamination in bottom sediments (by TPF index) on the data of long-term observations (1992–2019), using hierarchical Hausman-Olf-Fresco logistic regression models. Frequency of occurrence and density in settlements are used as the quantitative measures of the macrozoobenthos distribution. Parameters of the species relation to contamination are determined, as mean coordinate of the response curves, position of the optimum, and width of the outer and central niches. By these parameters, using the fuzzy sets algorithm, the taxa are classified to five groups: i) extremely sensitive; ii) highly sensitive; iii) moderately tolerant; iv) tolerant; and v) extremely tolerant to pollution (ES, S, MT, T and ET, respectively). Both stenobionts, steno-eurybionts and eurybionts are presented in each group, but the stenobionts dominate in ES and S groups and the eurybionts prevail in T and ET groups, being the opportunists of the II and I order, while the taxa of different biontity are equally presented in MT group. The classification could be used for interpretation of changes in composition and structure of macrozoobenthos in the areas subjected to anthropogenic pollution.
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Albanus, Celina, Travis Heggie, Simone Kattner, and Thomas Küpper. "Microbiological contamination of drinking water sources in tourist accommodations in South Luangwa National Park, Zambia." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 18, no. 1 (June 6, 2022): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55225/hppa.389.
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Background: Water quality for tourists visiting South Luangwa National Park and other less developed regions is of the utmost importance in order to avoid gastrointestinal infections; one of the most common diseases among tourists. It is also important to the health of the local tourist accommodations and the local tourist economy.Methods: Water quality samples assessing microbiological contamination were taken from the borehole and point of use in 14 tourist lodges and camps. Turbidity was assessed optically with a DelAlgua turbidity tube. For microbiological analysis, samples were incubated in the DelAgua Dual Incubator at 37°C and 44°C. Thermotolerant Escherichia coli (E. coli) was used as theindicator bacterium for fecal pollution. Water samples were classified based of risk levels for pollution determined by the World Health Organization (WHO)Results: Fifty percent of borehole samples showed no contamination. Two were found to be at high risk and the others ranged between low and intermediate risk. At the point of use, 80% of the samples were clean and compliant with WHO guidelines. Water contamination generally improved from the borehole to point of use. Turbidity at borehole samples were clear in 75% ofpossible samples. At the point of use, turbidity was clear in 81% of samples.Conclusion: This study establishes the first baseline water quality data for tourist facilities at South Luangwa National Park in Zambia. While water quality at most sites is clean for human use, a regular monitoring system accompanied by maintenance is recommended.
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Seen, Andrew, Ashley Townsend, Bonnie Atkinson, Joanna Ellison, Jennifer Harrison, and Henk Heijnis. "Determining the History and Sources of Contaminants in Sediments in the Tamar Estuary, Tasmania, Using 210Pb Dating and Stable Pb Isotope Analyses." Environmental Chemistry 1, no. 1 (2004): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en04011.
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Environmental Context.Dating estuary sediments provides insights into the materials entering the estuary and can pinpoint when the contamination occurred. Heavy metal contamination is a known health risk but attributing it to a source can be contentious. For a sample sourced downstream of a city and a mining region, lead-210 dating and stable lead isotope analyses uncovered the sources of lead inputs. These methods quantified the extent that upstream mining activities and, for the first time, the extent that non-mining inputs (vehicles, industry) contributed to the estuary’s pollution. Abstract.210Pb dating and heavy metal analyses (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) have been combined to establish an historical profile of pollutant levels in sediments in the Tamar Estuary (Tasmania, Australia) over the past century. Heavy metal profiles through the core show a strong correlation with mining activities and industrialization during the past century, reflecting catchment disturbance in one of Australia’s earliest settled areas. A source apportionment of Pb in the sediment core using stable Pb isotope ratios (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) shows that mine pollution has been contributing 10–25 mg kg–1 to Tamar Estuary sediments since the start of mining in the early 1890s, whilst non-mining inputs were not significant until post-1930 and became increasingly significant post-World War II. Since the 1950s–1960s, non-mining anthropogenic Pb inputs have become as significant as Pb from mining activities, although there does appear to be a decline in non-mining inputs during the past 20 years, which is consistent with findings elsewhere where reductions in atmospheric Pb levels have been observed and are attributed to the phasing-out of leaded gasoline. The source apportionment does, however, suggest that Pb from mine pollution at Storys and Aberfoyle Creeks continues to impact upon upper Tamar Estuary sediment quality.
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Kabir, Md Humayun, Md Harun Rashid, and Qingyue Wang. "Estimation of Pollution Levels and Assessment of Human Health Risks from Potentially Toxic Metals in Road Dust in Mymensingh City of Bangladesh." Processes 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122474.
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The assessment of toxic metals pollution in road dust in Mymensingh city, Bangladesh and its impact on the health risk of human exposure to toxic metals, is inadequate. A comprehensive investigation was conducted in different land use areas, i.e., commercial areas (CA), medically facilitated areas (MFA), residential areas (RA), and park areas (PA), to determine levels of Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Ni (nickel), Co (cobalt), Cu (copper), Zn (zinc), As (arsenic), Cd (cadmium), and Pb (lead) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). We planned to use different pollution indices, such as the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cdeg), ecological risk (Er), pollution load index (PLI), and enrichment factor (EF), to measure the level of contamination in the road dust of Mymensingh City. The average concentration (mg/kg) ranges of toxic metals in the road dust at different land use areas of Mymensingh City were: Cr (40.8–85.5), Mn (370.7–589.2), Co (6.2–8.7), Ni (22.7–34.2), Cu (29.5–72.2), Zn (236.2–467.1), As (4.9–6.29), Cd (0.32–1.07), and Pb (27.4–81.7), respectively. The CF and PLI results showed that the road dust in these zones was contaminated with toxic metals. The indicator Igeo revealed that CA was found to be ‘moderately to heavily contaminated’ ranked with Zn and Cd. Calculation of EF indicated that Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were highly enriched, while others were moderately enriched. According to the Cdeg findings, CA, MFA, and RA have very high degrees of contamination (Cdeg ≥ 24), while PA was classified as having a considerable degree of contamination (12 ≤ Cdeg < 24). The Er index showed that only Cd posed a ‘medium potential ecological risk’ to a ‘high ecological potential risk’ in road dust. The most common route of exposure was ingestion. The study indicated that the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) in CA, MFA, RA, and PA were less than one for children and adults, which were at a noncarcinogenic risk. The only exception was for children exposed to manganese (HI > 1) in all land use areas. In the research area, no significant carcinogenic health risk was observed for Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb.
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Nizamutdinov, Timur, Azamat Suleymanov, Evgenia Morgun, Natalia Dinkelaker, and Evgeny Abakumov. "Ecotoxicological Analysis of Fallow Soils at the Yamal Experimental Agricultural Station." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 52, no. 2 (July 6, 2022): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2022-2-2369.
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The agricultural use of soils is limited by their contamination with various compounds and low contents of nutrients. We aimed to study the unique soils of the Yamal Experimental Station to determine their contamination with heavy metals and assess their potential fertility.
Established in 1932, the Yamal Experimental Station (Salekhard, Russia) has bred new varieties of vegetable crops in open and protected ground. In August 2021, we made a soil section and 40 pits in a 0–10 cm layer. X-ray fluorescence was used to determine 11 metals and oxides. The qualitative assessment was based on the total soil pollution, soil pollution, and geoaccumulation indexes. Finally, we determined the contents of nutrients.
The metals and metal oxides showed regressive-accumulative distribution along the soil profile. The concentrations of all ecotoxicants (except for arsenic) were within the maximum/approximate permissible values. Since arsenic has a high regional background content, its elevated concentrations make the soil suitable for agricultural use if proper quality control is in place. The total soil pollution index classified the level of pollution as “acceptable”. The geoaccumulation index showed the soils as mostly “unpolluted” with metals. The soil pollution index had values below 1, which indicated the absence of pollution.
The fallow soils of the Yamal Experimental Station have a high level of potential fertility and are suitable for agricultural reuse according to the soil quality indexes applied. They can also serve as a local geochemical standard that has a long history of agrogenic transformation in cryogenic ecosystems. Taking into account increased concentrations of arsenic, we recommend primary quality control of agricultural products to identify its possible migration in the soil-plant system.
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Sheng, Danrui, Jun Wu, Xiaohu Wen, Min Wu, and Chuanqi Zhang. "Contamination and ecological health risks of heavy metals in groundwater of a typical agricultural area in NW China." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 20, no. 4 (May 11, 2020): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/geochem2020-014.
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Heavy metal pollution in groundwater has become a widespread issue worldwide. However, information on heavy metal pollution in groundwater of inland river basins in NW China remains limited. This study evaluated pollution and ecological health risks of heavy metals in groundwater of the Zhangye Basin, which is a typical inland river basin in NW China. The concentrations of heavy metals in groundwater were relatively low. Heavy metals in groundwater of the northeastern edge and western regions of the study area showed a higher concentration than those of the remaining parts. Iron was the dominant heavy metal in groundwater with a maximum concentration of 1270 μg L−1. Results of heavy metal pollution index calculations showed that approximately 3.5% of groundwater samples are classified into moderate or high pollution levels. The ecological risks of heavy metals in groundwater were relatively low with several metal(loid)s including As, Ni and Cd serving as the dominant risk contributors. The ingestion pathway contributed to 97.2%/93.6% of non-cancer risks and 97.5%/97.5% of cancer risks for children/adults, respectively. Ingestion was the main health risk contributor. Total hazard quotients and cancer risks for children were 3.5 and 9.7 times higher than those for adults, suggesting that children are much more susceptible to potential harm caused by heavy metals in groundwater. Therefore, more effective control strategies should be taken in the study area as soon as possible.Supplementary material: Spatial distribution of health risks of heavy metals is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4967510
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Kara, Melik, Mustafa Odabasi, Yetkin Dumanoglu, Ezgi Ozgunerge Falay, Gizem Tuna Tuygun, Hasan Altiok, Abdurrahman Bayram, Doganay Tolunay, and Tolga Elbir. "Investigation of Atmospheric Pollution by Biomonitoring of Major and Trace Elements in an Industrial Region." Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering Technology 7 (March 8, 2019): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2311-8741.2019.07.03.
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Spatial variations and sources of atmospheric pollution by measuring of 48 major and trace elements were determined in Iskenderun industrial region using tree components samples (pine needle, bark, branch, stem and litter) and soil samples taken from 21 industrial sites and 6 background sites. The highest elemental concentrations were found at industrial sites and generally a decreasing trend with distance was observed. For most of the crustal elements, contamination factors (CF, element concentration in polluted area/element concentration in background area) were low (< 2). For Bi, Cr, Pb, Sn, and Zn, the Iskenderun region was classified as seriously contaminated (8 < <CF> < 27), while for several elements, including Cd, Ag, Cr, As, Fe, Mn, Sn, Mo, Se, Pb, Ni, Sb and Zn the region was classified as moderately contaminated (3.5 < <CF> < 8). Sources of trace elements in Iskenderun industrial region were investigated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA have identified four factors as crustal-resuspended particulate matter, iron-steel plant emissions, marine aerosol, and accumulation of nutrient elements on plants. Spatial variations of anthropogenic-based trace elements supported the finding that iron-steel facilities are their major sources in the Iskenderun industrial region. Results of this study confirmed that tree components and litter can be used as passive samplers to explore the geographical distribution of atmospheric pollution.
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Netto, Adriana Azevedo, Leonardo da Silva Lima, Khauê Silva Vieira, Jessica de Freitas Delgado, Patricia Farias de Souza, Thulio Righetti Correa, José Antônio Baptista Neto, Christine C. Gaylarde, and Estefan Monteiro da Fonseca. "Pollutants potential mobilization in Santos bay/Brazil: subsidies for the environmental management of a highly anthropized estuary." Brazilian Journal of Development 8, no. 12 (December 27, 2022): 80834–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n12-266.
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Understanding the dynamics and spatial variation of subaquatic sediment contamination in the Santos Estuarine System has been of interest to the scientific community and environmental managers; the hazardous contaminant compounds, either individually or synergistically, can affect the health of the local community. In the present study, water column salinity and sediment geochemical properties (calcium and organic matter content, grain size) of the Santos Estuarine System were correlated with heavy metal concentrations (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe) in order to elucidate the relationship between the toxic elements and the dynamics of water mixing. To assess the potential relationships, Spearman’s correlation test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) between were applied. The heavy metal concentrations were also evaluated by calculating Contamination Factor, Geoaccumulation index and Enrichment Factor. Results revealed extremely heterogeneous particle sizes within the sampling stations. Most of the heavy metal concentrations were not at critical levels. The only exception was arsenic, which reached levels above the threshold effect. The statistical analysis allowed the influence of organic matter and grain size on the dynamics of heavy metal accumulation to be demonstrated. The values between these binding matrices and metals were mostly significant. Bottom water salinity, on the other hand, showed no apparent influence on the distribution of metals. However, the various pollution indices used were contradictory, with certain cases presenting critical results. The Geoaccumulation Index presented the Mn as highly polluting at all sampling stations and classified the environment as moderately polluted by Zn. The same pollution pattern was not found by the other contamination indexes.
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A.G, Loremikan,, Ngah, S.A, Abam, T.K.S, and Ubong, I.U. "Comparative Analysis of Seasonal Changes in Soil Contaminations from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Solid Waste Dumpsites in Port Harcourt, Nigeria." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 752–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul616.
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons are generated in solid waste dumpsites where disused wastes are dumped. This study investigated the concentration levels of PAHs in the soil at solid waste dumpsites located in Markets, Semi-industrial and Residential areas in Rainy and Dry seasons. Materials and Method Fifteen soil samples were collected in each season and analyzed using Gas Chromatography at the Rivers State University, Institute of Pollution Studies Research Laboratory. Each of the season laboratory data were analysed using descriptive statistics viz mean ± standard deviation as well as inferential statistics such as 2 sample T-test at 5% level of significance. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Components Analysis ( PCA)where applied on the measured data to determine the sources of contamination as well as the level of pollution by comparing with the control sites. Results High Molecular weight (HMW) PAHs which are toxicologically relevant were detected in all the three classified dumpsites in both seasons with highest value of Chrysene in residential dumpsites during rainy season and Dibenez(a,h)anthracene in dry season. Each of classified dumpsites has average total PAHs values greater than 1mg/kg (>1) in Rainy season while in dry season, only market dumpsites have an average greater than 1mg/kg. The order of the level of pollution in rainy season is observed to be: Control site
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Mohammadi Seif Abad, Parisa, Ebrahim Pazira, Mohammad Hassan Masih Abadi, and Parviz Abdinezhad. "Application AHP-PROMETHEE Technic for Landfill Site Selection on Based Assessment of Aquifers Vulnerability to Pollution." Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering 45, no. 2 (March 16, 2021): 1011–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40996-020-00560-0.
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AbstractChoosing a suitable location for the disposal of municipal solid waste is an important environmental problem. Thus, locating a municipal solid waste landfill has been very important. Leachate from the solid waste landfill causes the contamination of groundwater. However, the process is complicated and is based on qualitative and quantitative criteria. Therefore, in this paper, a hybrid approach for determining the optimal location of a municipal solid waste landfill has been presented. Additionally, the present study attempts to evaluate the potential of aquifer contamination vulnerability on the proposed landfill sites using a DRASTIC model of Plain Zanjan and provide a zoning map of vulnerable areas. In this study, the DRASTIC model for aquifer vulnerability mapping is used. This model consists of seven hydrogeological parameters effective in contaminating the aquifer. The parameters appear in the GIS software as seven layers on which the analysis is performed. Considering the map of aquifer vulnerability and with regard to the potential aquifer contamination at various areas, it is possible to determine a suitable site for the landfill. At present, about 49.03% of the aquifers are in average vulnerability situation; by considering them, a suitable site for the landfill can be determined. Accordingly, the considered criteria were determined by AHP method; the weights of the layers were determined, and then the appropriate places were classified into three classes, high, moderate or low, using GIS software. Finally, zones located in the high classes were selected as the best locations for waste disposal by the PRPMOTHEE method, by taking into account the scientific limitations and conditions of the area. The results showed that proposed methods in this paper can be suitable to determine appropriate option for waste disposal. In the future, there can be a lot of studies for modeling to choose a suitable landfill due to some soil characteristics and applying other models of pollution to groundwater in the region.
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Shen, Guohui, Xin Ru, Yanting Gu, Wei Liu, Kunzhen Wang, Baiyi Li, Yanzhi Guo, and Juan Han. "Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Distribution, and Evaluation of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Farmland Soils in a Typical Mountainous Hilly Area in China." Foods 12, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12030681.
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Heavy metal(loid)s pollution in farmland soil is not only a serious environmental but also a human health-related issue. Accurate understanding and evaluation of heavy metal pollution levels in the soil are very important for sustainable agricultural development and food safety. Mountainous and hilly areas have the dual functions of industrial development and agricultural production, and the farmland soil in these areas is more susceptible to heavy metal pollution. In this study, the single factor index, Nemerow index, geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor index, and potential ecological risk indices, which are mainly used to assess the contamination and risk of heavy metals in farmland soils. The sources of heavy metals in agricultural soils of the study area were analyzed using correlation analysis and principal component analysis. Finally, geostatistical methods were used to map the heavy metal contamination of farmland soils. An average concentration of all heavy metals (except As) in farmland soils of the study area exceeded the corresponding background values, as indicated by the obtained results. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the heavy metal sources in the soils of the study area can be classified into two groups. The five pollutant index methods all showed the most serious Hg pollution in the study area. The integrated pollutant mapping results showed that the risk of heavy metal pollution in the study area was mostly moderate, except for the western and central parts of the region. This study enhances understanding of the pollution levers of heavy metals in Yiyuan farmland soils, and also can facilitate the monitoring of heavy metal contaminants at the primary stage of the food chain and assess the risk of the presence of heavy metal contaminants in food, thus improving the health of the residents.
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Gerges, Daniel I., William G. LaPlant, James N. Hyde, Harold Previl, and Janet Forrester. "Semi-quantitative estimation of Escherichia coli levels in public drinking water sources in northern Haiti." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 1 (February 17, 2016): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.043.
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Prior research in Milot, Haiti, documented that public water sources are commonly fecally contaminated, as indicated by the presence of Escherichia coli. However, the degree of contamination was not assessed. In this study, the degree of fecal contamination in public drinking water sources was determined. Further, the usefulness of sanitary inspection surveys to predict fecal contamination was evaluated. A convenience sample of public water sources was tested using a semi-quantitative assay, which estimates the most probable number (MPN) of E. coli/100 mL of water. Each source was evaluated using the World Health Organization sanitary inspection score and classified as improved or unimproved. Sixty-three water sources were tested, of which 27 (43%) had <1 MPN/100 mL, 19 (30%) were contaminated from 1 to 100 MPN/100 mL, and 17 (27%) were contaminated with >100 MPN/100 mL. Some improved water sources were contaminated with >100 MPN/100 mL. The sanitary inspection score did not distinguish between sources that were and were not contaminated with E. coli. In Milot, Haiti, public water sources can be highly contaminated with E. coli. Since neither the categorization of a water source as improved or unimproved nor the sanitary inspection score can predict contamination, routine microbiological testing is justified.
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SEJATI, SADEWA PURBA, and ADITYA SAPUTRA. "Analisis Potensi Pencemaran Air Tanah Bebas di Lereng Kaki Koluvial dan Dataran Aluvial Daerah Aliran Sungai Pesing Menggunakan Integrasi Metode GOD dan SIG Berbasis Web." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 23, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 044–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v23i1.4949.
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ABSTRACT Agricultural, livestock, and domestic activities in the alluvial plains and the colluvial footslopes of the Pesing watershed have the potential to reduce groundwater quality in an unconfined aquifer. Environmental characteristics need to be identified spatially to determine the potential for groundwater contamination. The latest mapping technology also needs to be identified to determine its ability to disseminate information on potential groundwater pollution. The research was conducted to determine the potential for groundwater pollution and to identify the capability of a web-based GIS as a medium for disseminating geospatial information. Potential groundwater contamination was identified using the GOD method. The variables used include the type of aquifer, aquifer lithology, and groundwater depth. Variables of aquifer type and aquifer lithology are known through secondary data, namely drilling data, geological data, and literature studies. Variable groundwater depth is known through field surveys. Sampling method used is systematic random sampling. Each variable is classified and visualized in the form of a thematic map. Three variables were analyzed by the overlay method. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that in the rainy season, the research area is classified into three classes of potential for groundwater pollution, namely extreme potential with a percentage of 27% area, high potential with a rate of 71%, and medium potential with a percentage of 2%. The potential for groundwater contamination during the dry season is classified into two classes: high potential with an area of 43% and medium potential with a percentage of 57%. Temporal dynamics of the potential for groundwater pollution are caused by a variable sensitive to seasonal changes, namely the depth of groundwater. The land uses that have the most influence on the potential for groundwater contamination are rice fields and livestock manure disposal. Web-based GIS can be used as a medium for disseminating information on potential groundwater pollution. The program can be appropriately operated on a variety of electronic devices. Web-based GIS is equipped with a variety of features that can be used interactively for fundamental to applied analysis. Keywords: groundwater, unconfined aquifer, GOD, GIS, web ABSTRAK Aktivitas pertanian, peternakan, dan domestik di dataran aluvial dan dataran kaki koluvial DAS Pesing berpotensi menurunkan kualitas air tanah bebas. Karakteristik lingkungan perlu diidentifikasi secara spasial untuk mengetahui potensi pencemaran air tanah. Teknologi pemetaan terkini juga perlu diidentifikasi untuk mengetahui kemampuannya dalam mendiseminasi informasi potensi pencemaran air tanah. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi pencemaran air tanah dan mengidentifikasi kemampuan sistem informasi geografis berbasis (SIG) web sebagai media diseminasi informasi geospasial. Potensi pencemaran air tanah diidentifikasi menggunakan metode GOD (groundwater occurrence, overall lithology of aquifer, depth to water table). Variabel yang digunakan meliputi jenis akuifer, litologi akuifer, dan kedalaman air tanah. Variabel jenis akuifer dan litologi akuifer diketahui melalui data sekunder, yaitu data pengeboran, data geologi, dan studi literatur. Variabel kedalaman air tanah diketahui melalui survei lapangan. Metode sampling yang digunakan adalah acak bersistem. Setiap variabel diklasifikasi dan divisualkan dalam bentuk peta tematik. Ketiga variabel dianalisis dengan metode overlay. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui bahwa pada musim hujan daerah penelitian terklasifikasi menjadi tiga kelas potensi pencemaran air tanah bebas, yaitu potensi ekstrim dengan persentase luas 27%, potensi tinggi dengan persentase 71%, dan potensi sedang dengan persentase 2%. Potensi pencemaran air tanah pada musim kemarau terklasifikasi menjadi dua kelas, yaitu potensi tinggi dengan persentase luas 43% dan potensi sedang dengan persentase 57%. Dinamika temporal potensi pencemaran air tanah bebas disebabkan karena terdapat variabel yang sensitif terhadap perubahan musim, yaitu kedalaman air tanah. Penggunaan lahan yang paling berpengaruh terhadap potensi pencemaran air tanah adalah sawah dan lokasi pembuangan kotoran ternak. SIG berbasis web mampu digunakan sebagai media diseminasi informasi potensi pencemaran air tanah bebas. Program dapat dioperasikan dengan baik pada beragam perangkat elektronik. Program dilengkapi dengan beragam fitur yang dapat digunakan secara interaktif untuk analisis dasar hingga terapan. Kata kunci: air tanah, akuifer bebas, GOD, SIG, web
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Tanaskovski, Bojan, Marija Petrović, Zoran Kljajić, Sandro Degetto, and Slavka Stanković. "Analysis of major, minor and trace elements in surface sediments by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for assessment of possible contamination of Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 33, no. 1 (May 2, 2014): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2014.423.
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<p class="prvred">Boka Kotorska Bay is on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List. There are no published papers related to the surface sediment pollution of the Bay. For the first time, elements were measured in surface sediments at nine locations in the Bay by the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF) technique. Si, Fe, Ca, K, Ti, Mn, P, Ba, Cr, Sr, Zn, Rb, Ni, Cu, Pb, As, Sn, Sb, Hg and Cd were quantified in the surface sediments. Sediments were classified as non-polluted or polluted by counting the enrichment factor (<em>EF</em>), metal loading index (<em>MLI</em>) and geo-accumulation index (<em>I<sub>geo</sub></em>) based on the elemental background level of the analyzed elements in the literature, or by the Sediment Quality Guidelines (<em>SQGs</em>) of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Based on USEPA’s <em>SQG</em>s, the surface sediment in the entire Bay can be classified as heavily polluted by As and Cr, and non-polluted by Cd and Hg, and, related to the sites, the surface sediment at the Tivat-Arsenal site was heavily polluted and at the Orahovac site was not polluted at all. The <em>PLI</em> (pollution load index) values for the locations of Tivat-Arsenal and Orahovac are in agreement with the conclusion based on USEPA’s<em> SQG</em>s. The results in this paper will establish an initial view of sediment pollution and the state of the Bay’s environment.</p>
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Lasumin, Nazerita, Khairul Nizam Mohamed, and Ferdaus Mohamat Yusuff. "Vertical Distributions of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu at Tropical Coastal Sediments: In Case of West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 1514–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380625.
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The level and pollution status of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu in sediment cores of Bagan Pasir estuary, Sungai Buloh estuary, and the coastline of Port Dickson was assessed. Based on the vertical profiles of metals concentrations, the order of metals’ concentration in decreasing manner was Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd at Bagan Pasir and Sungai Buloh stations, while Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd at Port Dickson station. Most of the analyzed metals were below the Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines and the effect range-low (ERL) at all sampling stations. The results of geo-accumulation index, contamination factor and pollution load index classified the sediments quality as unpolluted with studied metals with the exception of the element Pb at certain depths of the sediment cores as well as historical pollution at bottom sediment at Sungai Buloh station. Therefore, metal concentrations in the sediments of these stations were not at an alarming stage, however, requires regular monitoring from the authorities to maintain sustainable management of these areas especially at Sungai Buloh due to anthropogenic activities.
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Suryana, Wayan, Ni Luh Gede Sudaryati, and I. Putu Sudiartawan. "KUALITAS DAN TINGKAT PENCEMARAN AIR EMBUNG YEH KORI DI DESA JUNGUTAN, KECAMATAN BEBANDEM, KABUPATEN KARANGASEM." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 16, no. 1 (June 2, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2022.v16.i01.p05.
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Many people use surface water for their daily needs. Reservoir water in Yeh Kori Embung is used for various purposes; however, there has not been an inspection of the quality and pollution index that allows contamination of the reservoir. This study aims to evaluate the quality and level of pollution of Yeh Kori Embung Water in Jungutan Village, Karangasem Regency. A descriptive design with a mix-method approach was used in this study. Water samples were taken at five different stations for two periods. Furthermore, physical, chemical and biological examinations are carried out and adjusted to quality standards. The results show that pH (5.2 – 5.4) is in the acidic category and does not meet the requirements while temperature (25.3oC), TSS (32.02 mg/L), DO (6.56 mg/L), BOD ( 1.36 mg/L), COD (10.4 mg/L), NO3-N (4.38 mg/L), Total P (0.021 mg/L), and Fecal Coliform (75.08 MPN/100mL) meet quality requirements. The pollution index (IP=1.085) is classified as lightly polluted. Yeh Kori Embung water does not meet the requirements of class two water quality and requires periodic evaluation and inspection.
Keywords: pH, Pollution level, Reservoir, Water quality, Yeh Kori.
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Liu, Chengai, Liwen Yi, Anhuai Lu, Binggeng Xie, and Hanfang Peng. "Evaluating Metal(loid)s Contamination in Soil of a Typical In-Dustry Smelting Site in South Central China: Levels, Possible Sources and Human Health Risk Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011294.
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Soil pollution by metal(loid)s caused by smelting activities is a severe problem posing a great threat to environmental and human health. In this study, the concentrations, sources and human health risks posed by six potentially toxic elements (Cr, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As) were determined in the soil of a typical alloy smelting site in South Central China. The results showed that the concentrations of metal(loid)s were in the descending order of Mn > Cr > Zn > Pb > As > Cd. Additionally, the selected elements were classified into different pollution degrees using geo-accumulation index and pollution load index. The entire study area had a high pollution level with relatively severe and extensive contamination by Cr, Cd, and Mn. The combined application of principal component analysis and positive matrix decomposition model revealed that the major sources of these elements include smelting activities (48.68%), waste residue stacking (22.95%), and natural sources (28.37%). According to the results of the human health risk assessment, the non-carcinogenic risk was insignificant as a whole; however, the carcinogenic risk had an unacceptable level. Among them, Cr was the main driver of carcinogenic risk, which needs special attention.
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Kasamesiri, Pattira, Ruamruedee Panchan, and Wipavee Thaimuangphol. "Spatial–Temporal Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Microplastic Pollution of Inland Fishing Ground in the Ubolratana Reservoir, Thailand." Water 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15020330.
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Microplastic pollution has been identified as a potential threat to the aquatic environment and humans globally, with widespread occurrence in ecosystems, including reservoirs that constitute a key role in ecosystem services for humans. However, the evaluation of microplastic pollution in reservoirs is limited, especially in inland fishing ground reservoirs. The spatial and temporal distributions of microplastics in surface water and sediment at 13 stations of the Ubolratana Reservoir, Thailand, were assessed during the wet and dry seasons. The abundance and morphological characteristics of the microplastics were identified and classified by color, shape, size and polymer type. Microplastic abundance in surface water and sediment ranged between 25 and 3363 particles/m3 and 6 and 81 particles/kg, respectively. Seasonal variations impacted microplastic abundance in surface water, while tourism activity in the reservoir also influenced the abundance and morphological characteristics of microplastics. A microplastic risk assessment showed that the pollution load index reached extremely high levels in surface water during the dry season in tourist areas. The results provide a database to assess the risk of microplastic contamination and to monitor plastic pollution in lentic ecosystems, including preserving the health of aquatic habitats.