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1
Kharat, Sanjeevan J., and Sanjay D. Pagar. "Determination of Phosphate in Water Samples of Nashik District (Maharashtra State, India) Rivers by UV-Visible Spectroscopy." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, s1 (2009): S515—S521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/913609.
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The major rivers of Nashik District (Maharashtra State, India) are Godavari, Kadawa, Girna, Punad and Mosam. The major water pollutant of Nashik District Rivers is Phosphate. The amount of phosphate has been determined by the molybdenum blue phosphorous method in conjugation with UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. The data has been analyzed by least square method. The more phosphate polluted river in Nashik district is Godavari. The least phosphate polluted river in Nashik District is Punad.
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Srivastava, Ar Shritik, and Dr Joydeep Dutta. "Impact of Urbanization on Rivers, India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51515.
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Abstract: A Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report of 2015 brought out the fact that 61,948 million litres of urban sewage is generated on a daily basis in India. But the cities have an installed sewage treatment capacity of only 38 per cent of this. In reality more than this amount goes untreated into the rivers or water bodies as the treatment capacity of major sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the country is around 66 per cent of the installed capacity as per CPCB findings of 2013. As a result, more than 38,000 million litres of waste water goes into the major rivers, water bodies and even percolates into the ground every day. Accelerated transformation of ‘urban riverfront development’ has been pushed along the riverbanks in the last few decades. The riverfront development has been reduced to just cosmetic ‘river beautification’ and unaccountable money spent to increase its real estate and commercial value. Increasing urbanization in the river basin is followed by a number of serious Physical, Chemical & Environmental impacts on the health of the river basin system. We are in the country where rivers are considered as mother but it is unfortunate to say that Indian rivers are much more polluted in comparison of other rivers of the world. Through this Dissertation it will be tried to understand the major reason citizens are not sensitive towards river and develop understanding how we can rejuvenate our tributary rivers.
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Kavitha, S., and C. Dhandapani. "Water Pollution in India: An Overview." International Review of Business and Economics 1, no. 3 (2018): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.39.
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Most ancient civilizations grew along the banks of rivers. Even today, millions of people all over the world live on the banks of rivers and depend on them for their survival. All of us have seen a river large or small either flowing through our town or somewhere else. Rivers are nothing more than surface water flowing down from a higher altitude to a lower altitude due to the pull of gravity. One river might have its source in a glacier another in a spring or a lake. Rivers carry dissolved minerals organic compounds, small grains of sand gravel and other material as they flow downstream. Rivers begin as small streams which grow wider as smaller streams and rivers join them along their course across the land. Eventually they flow into seas or oceans. Unfortunately most of the world’s major rivers are heavily polluted. The pollution of environment is the gift of the Industrial revolution prior to this the agrarian cultures created significant environment deforestation and overgrazing. The Environmental degradation is a byproduct of modern civilization. Water Pollution is a major global problem which requires on going evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels. It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 580 people in India die of water pollution related illness every day.
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Chakrabarty, D., and S. K. Das. "Fish community structure and ecological degradation in tropical rivers of India." Web Ecology 6, no. 1 (July 19, 2006): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-6-27-2006.
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Abstract. Fish community structure and water chemistry of two tropical rivers of West Bengal, an eastern province of India, were studied for two annual cycles (January 2003–December 2004). Water quality and fish community structure reflected a higher degree of pollution in the Churni river than in the Jalangi river. We observed that 63.6% of fish species had disappeared from the polluted Churni river in 20 yr. For protection of fish biodiversity and enhancement of fish production, a rational management program should be implemented in Churni river. Warning: Triplicate publication
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Sreen, Amit, Harinder Pal Singh, Vivek Guleria, and Niket Verma. "Relation of Gallbladder Cancer, Gallbladder Stones and Breast Cancer with Polluted Rivers – A Case Control Study in the Indo-Gangetic Plains." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 12 (March 22, 2021): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/129.
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BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer and breast cancer are two common malignancies seen along the Ganges River and the Indo-Gangetic plains of northern India, especially in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Some of the postulated aetiologies include cholelithiasis (gallstones), typhoid carrier state, dietary factors, genetic predisposition and chemical carcinogens. Studies have also linked gallbladder cancer and breast cancer to carcinogens in polluted rivers. We undertook this study to investigate as to whether these conditions and gallstones were more prevalent in populations living close to polluted rivers. We also wanted to investigate as to whether there is any association between gallbladder cancer, gallstones and breast cancer with river pollution. METHODS This was a case-control study carried out in the Department of Oncology of a tertiary level defence hospital between 2018 and 2020. Patients who were diagnosed as having gallbladder cancer, gallstones or breast cancer in this tertiary institute, and were permanent residents of Uttar Pradesh or Bihar were included in the study. RESULTS In this study, we found that patients with gallbladder cancer, gallstones and breast cancer had their home closer to the river at a distance of around 53.9, 54 and 39.1 Kms. respectively compared to controls whose homes were at a distance of 76.7 Kms. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that proximity to polluted rivers is one more factor in the aetiology of aforementioned diseases. Governmental agencies must consider monitoring and controlling the release of pollutants from the industries into the local nearby rivers. KEYWORDS Gallbladder Neoplasms, Drinking Water, Gallstones, Public Health
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Vanjare, Avinash Isaac, Yugandhar Satish Shinde, and Sameer Mukund Padhye. "Faunistic overview of the freshwater zooplankton from the urban riverine habitats of Pune, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 9 (September 26, 2023): 23879–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8522.15.9.23879-23888.
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Urbanization modifies the physical, chemical, and biological nature of all ecosystems including rivers. Such changes negatively impact all aquatic biodiversity including the freshwater zooplankton. Given the fast pace of urbanization in all the major cities across India, the aim is to provide a faunistic overview of Rotifera, Cladocera, and Ostracoda from two polluted rivers flowing through Pune, one of the rapidly growing cities in the state of Maharashtra, India. A one-year survey of three localities on the rivers Mula & Mutha and data from published literature on another locality revealed the presence of 73 species which includes 47 rotifers, 15 cladocerans, and 11 ostracods. A higher species number of rotifers was seen at lesser polluted localities while cladocerans and ostracods occurred even in the most urbanized sampling locality. Many of the species found were commonly observed species from the region. Epizoic associations of cladocerans and rotifers and red coloration in the former group were observed during a low dissolved oxygen phase in both rivers. Such observations underscore the potential bioindicator value of these small animals to the impacts of urbanization.
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PR, Rakhecha. "Water environment pollution with its impact on human diseases in India." International Journal of Hydrology 4, no. 4 (August 4, 2020): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2020.04.00240.
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The problem of water pollution in India is not a new one. It has been an age- old practice that people dispose of their waste into rivers and other water bodies. The consumption of polluted water is intimately connected with the occurrence of many deadly diseases. Rapid and unplanned population growth in India is a key factor to the whole equation of water pollution. This paper provides an overview of population growth, the mechanism of water pollutant load, causes of water pollution in India as well as the diseases resulting from the use of polluted water.
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Rahangdale, Kushal, Joshua Khaire, Vasundhara Bhoyar, Himani Patil, Gajendra Thakre, Yugandhara Bawane, Gaurav Parashar, and Shubham Kamble. "Pollution Study Of Near By River (Nag River)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40802.
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Abstract: A nature is changing its form day by day. As we seen change in natures form, the quality of environment is depleting day by day and Environment mainly depends on the air & water. The water in the river exposes to environment during flowing and passes through various regions & may result in carrying polluted water. Water quality of river is depleting day by day due the wanted and unwanted activities of the human being. The majority of India's rivers are heavily polluted as a result of human activity, which is a huge worry. The water quality of the Nag river in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, is determined in this project. Recently, different unending attempts have been done in this field to add Nag River to the city's historical list. This river runs through the city and serves as a waste water drainage system for Nagpur. Nagpur's urban waste pollution has severely harmed the environment of the rivers. Because such polluted waste affects all metabolic, physiological, and biological processes of aquatic organisms, it is critical to research physic-chemical features of water. The water will be tested for pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, ammonia, and other important water quality characteristics. The effluent samples will be collected from different locations. Keywords: Quality of Water Nag River, Parameter.
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Gopal, Brij, and Malavika Sah. "Conservation and Management of Rivers in India: Case-study of the River Yamuna." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 3 (1993): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900023031.
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The River Yamuna, originating in the Himalayas, is the largest tributary of the River Ganga (Ganges) into which it flows at Allahabad. Its drainage basin covers about 42% of the Ganga River basin and about 11% of India's total land area. The area of the Yamuna drainage basin is densely populated and under intensive agriculture, while industrial activity is also rapidly growing in it. Climatically, a large part of the basin is semi-arid, and the river-flow depends upon highly erratic monsoonal rains. Therefore, the River and its tributaries have been regulated for over a century by dams and barrages for domestic water-supply and irrigation.Besides increased flow-regulation, the River's system has been under increasing anthropogenic stress from discharge of—mostly untreated—domestic and industrial wastewaters, and from other activities in the basin. River Yamuna is severely polluted by domestic and industrial effluents especially from Delhi down to Agra. Water extraction and consequently low flow has affected the selfpurification capacity of the River. The greater inflow of River Chambal helps River Yamuna to recover to some extent after their confluence near Etawah.Studies of water quality and biota of the River Yamuna along its course during the past 30 years show rapid deterioration of water-quality, loss of fisheries, and significant changes in the biotic communities. In the manner of River Yamuna, its tributaries have also become increasingly polluted during the same period. There has, however, been little attention paid to the management of the River system and conservation of its resources, except for some efforts at the treatment of sewage effluents but emphasizing only water-quality. Ignoring the river-flood-plain interactions which play significant roles in the ecology of a river, most of the floodplain has been reclaimed by constructing high levees.We emphasize that the Yamuna River basin should be treated as one ecocomplex in developing appropriate management strategies, and that the conservation of waterquality and biota can be achieved through protection and better management of floodplains than has been practised to date.
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Glorian, Heinrich, Hilmar Börnick, Cornelius Sandhu, and Thomas Grischek. "Water Quality Monitoring in Northern India for an Evaluation of the Efficiency of Bank Filtration Sites." Water 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121804.
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The study presents results of five sampling campaigns at riverbank filtration sites at the Yamuna and Ganges Rivers in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and New Delhi 2015–2018. Samples were analyzed for organic micropollutants and general water quality parameters. In New Delhi and Uttar Pradesh, 17 micropollutants were detected frequently at relevant concentrations. Out of the detected micropollutants, 1H-benzotriazole, caffeine, cotinine, diclofenac, diuron, gabapentin and paracetamol were frequently detected with concentrations exceeding 1000 ng/L. Sites in Uttarakhand showed only infrequent occurrence of organic micropollutants. The mean concentration of micropollutants in the well water was lower compared to the river water. For all sites, removal rates for all micropollutants were calculated from the obtained data. Thereby, the capacity of riverbank filtration for the removal of organic micropollutants is highlighted, even for extremely polluted rivers such as the Yamuna.
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Kumari, Pooja, and Mohan Singh Jangra. "Status of River Water in India: A Review." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 11 (November 2, 2023): 2049–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113365.
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Water means life which is a cyclic, inexhaustible, renewable prime natural resource. It is both a basic human need and a valued asset possessed by all living creatures. Hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere are all sources of water around the world. Water covers 71 % of the earth’s surface but only 1% of water is potable. Rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna and Sabarmati are revered throughout India. River water is critical for commercial and industrial development, hydroelectric power generation, agriculture, new multipurpose dams and tourism attractions. However, the presence of different contaminants such as pesticides, heavy metals, organic waste, chemical waste and direct sewage discharge has harmed the river's water quality. In India, river water pollution is a major issue that has harmed not only human and animal health, but also the economy of the country. In this review, a substantial number of studies on river water pollution in India are examined. Data on various physical, chemical, and biological characteristics are carefully analysed and interpreted, and it is discovered that river water in India is severely polluted. Furthermore, after careful interpretation of data and discussions published in research articles, this review explains the interrelationships among distinct physical and chemical parameters. EC and TDS are complementary to each other and temperature has a direct impact on pH and DO levels. Also, BOD and DO are reciprocally related with each other. This review provides a concise set of guidelines for assessing river water pollution and calculation of water quality index.
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Baloori, S. S., Pallavi Upreti, and Jyotsna Kukreti. "A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY REVIEW OF RIVER YAMUNA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WATER QUALITY INDEX IN THE HIMALAYAN REGION OF INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 05 (May 31, 2022): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14722.
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India with 4% of fresh water resources is facing a dual challenge of water scarcity and pollution. Several rivers in India originate from Himalayan systems and forms the basis of Indias Economy. River contamination and diminishing water quality is reducing populations accessibility to clean and safe drinking Water. As one of the significant perennial tributaries of The Ganga Water systems, River Yamuna passes through the heartlands of thegreat North India Plains sustaining cities, feeding millions. Since Yamuna passes through major urban settlement it is heavily polluted with untreated industrial waste, sewage, domestic waste making its way into the river. The study presents a comprehensive reviewof the water quality assessmentsof theriver Yamuna with special reference to Water Quality Index based on severalhydrological parameters. Based on the levels of contamination the whole stretch of Yamuna from its source (at Uttarakhand) till its confluence with Ganga (at Allahabad) has been divided into 5 segments. While all the lower stretches depict high to very high pollution levels, the upper segment of the river in the Himalayas show good water quality. Water quality parameters of river Yamuna depict that BOD, DO and COD levels are not in range of permissible limits in Delhi segment but it falls under permissible limits range in Himalayan segment. Other than these parameters, ammonia, TKN and other organic and inorganic matters fall under the desired standards in Himalayan region of Yamuna.
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Sinha, Sananda. "Correlative Assessment of Water Quality and Qualitative and Quantitative Fish Production from River Yamuna, In the State NCT Delhi." Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences- Zoology 42, no. 1 (June 16, 2023): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/bpas.2023.42a.1.10.
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River Yamuna originates from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height 6,387 Metres. Earlier, the waters of the Yamuna were distinguishable as "clear blue", as compared to the silt-laden yellow of the Ganges. However, due to high density population growth and rapid industrialization, today Yamuna is one of the most polluted rivers in India, especially around New Delhi, the capital of India, which dumps about 58% of its treated or partially treated waste into the river. Hence, water quality of river Yamuna has widely been studied with regard to physico-chemical characteristics. The paper presents their impact of pollution on the production of fishes in the state of NCT Delhi. The river Yamuna has been reduced to a small stream due to sewage and industrial effluents draining into it. Even though, the Govt. of India is taking stringent measures to assuage these pollution loads to save an ailing river to flourish the aquatic life, revival is not so eminent. Due to that the production and quality of fish is affected badly. Economical aspects of the state NCT Delhi has also impacted.
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Kumar, Ashish, and Yogendra Bahadur. "Water Quality of River Kosi and Rajera System at Rampur (India): Impact Assessment." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/618612.
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River Kosi, an important tributary of river Ramganga, is one of the important rivers of Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh After traveling for about 100 kms in lower Himalayas with higher velocity, it emerges at Ramnagar in Indo-Gangetic plains. Here, the major portion of city sewage is discharged into it. Then, it flows through the famous rice belt area of Kashipur, where a number of polluting industries discharge their highly polluted effluents into it. To determine the extent of pollution in downstream district Rampur, a study was conducted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dilution caused by the merger of river Rajera with Kosi River. For this samples, were collected from three stations and analyzed for various parameters for the period of one year. The study revealed higher levels of industrial pollution as compared to domestic pollution. It also shows the alleviating effects of dilution caused by the merger of river Rajera.
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Buragohain, Bharat Banti, and Farishta Yasmin. "Biomonitoring of Pollution by Microalgae Community in Aquatic System with Special Reference to Water Quality of River Kolong, Nagaon, Assam, India." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2014): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.9345.
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With growing urbanization and industrialization India faces the challenge of providing clean and safe drinking water. In the name of economic growth most rivers and streams are turning into sewers. Pollution effect is equally damaging both biotic and abiotic components. Microalgae play an interesting role in forecasting changing environment. Pollution in aquatic environment like changing pH; addition of oil, heavy metals; increase of organic matter and chemical fertilizers can be traced by studying algal community. Abundant growth of particular algae, drastic change in species diversity and depletion of long inhabitant algal flora indicates the pollution in a very initial stage. In the present study, attempt has been made to point out some indicator algae of Kolong River which is getting polluted day by day and in placed among the 71 most polluted stretch of river in the country. In our investigation, we have found microalgae mainly from groups Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Desmidiaceae which can be identified as indicator species in biomonitoring purpose.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.9345Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 2(1): 45-49
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Shadananan Nair, K. "Impact of climate change and anthropogenic pressure on the water resources of India: challenges in management." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 374 (October 17, 2016): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-374-63-2016.
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Abstract. Freshwater resources of India are getting fast degraded and depleted from the changing climate and pressure of fast rising population. Changing intensity and seasonality of rainfall affect quantity and quality of water. Most of the rivers are polluted far above safety limits from the untreated domestic, industrial and agricultural effluents. Changes in the intensity, frequency and tracks of storms salinate coastal aquifers. Aquifers are also under the threat from rising sea level. Groundwater in urban limits and industrial zones are far beyond safety limits. Large-scale destruction of wetlands for industries and residential complexes has affected the quality of surface and groundwater resources in most parts of India. Measures to maintain food security and the new developments schemes such as river linking will further deteriorate the water resources. Falling water availability leads to serious health issues and various socio-economic issues. India needs urgent and appropriate adaptation strategies in the water sector.
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K., Rajmohan, and Vijayan P. "Physico-chemical Analysis of Uppanar River Water Samples Near an Industrial Area in Cuddalore, India." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.054.
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As the Uppanar River water is the major component of water system and contamination of this river results in pollution of various water bodies. In Cuddalore, at SIPCOT industrial areas such as Pachchyankuppam (Station 1), Kudikkadu (Station 2) and Sembankuppam (Station 3), have been reported to be contaminated by river water. Cuddalore is a well-known place for the production of many chemical fertilizers which pollute the water. Mostly, the pollutants are industrial chemicals, effluents and other wastes. In this study samples were taken from three different stations areas from Uppanar river water. Chemical parameters vary between Station 1, Station 2 and Station 3 depending upon quality and quality of effluent and river water with regard to pH, temperature, TDS, chloride, sulphate, DO, ammonia, calcium, magnesium, COD and total iron. The water in Cuddalore is being polluted therefore, we have to be aware of polluted water in Cuddalore district and precautions should be taken while using Uppanar river water for human use.
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Kannaujiya, Azad. "Physicochemical Parameters of Gomati River at Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh (India)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 15, 2021): 875–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36461.
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Gomati River originate from Madhoganj Tanda village in Pilibhit district, U.P. it passes through the district of Shahjahanpur, kheri, Hardoi, Sitapur, Janpur and ultimately merge in Ganga. River water is significant for every living organism as well as aquatic life. Water pollution is a major global problem. Modernization and urbanization have polluted the river water and degraded the status. All over the world we are seeing that drain is the main source of water pollution especially for rivers flowing within the city. This drain generally carries industrial effluent, domestic waste, sewage and medicinal waste resulting in poor water quality. Gomati River receives industrial as well as domestic waste from various drains of Lucknow city. As Gomati river is the only source of surface water near the communities. A total 20 parameters namely Temperature, pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Total solids (TS), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (BOD) Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium as ca, Magnesium as Mg, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulphate as So4, Nickel as Ni, Lead as Pb, and Zinc as Zn where analysed and their variation is discussed to obtain the impact of effluents on water quality. From the result it was found higher than the permissible limit of WHO and BIS.
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Jain, Aayushi, Viquar Husain Badshah, and Vandana Gupta. "THE METHOD OF LINES FOR SOLUTION OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL DIFFUSION-REACTION EQUATION DESCRIBING CONCENTRATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN A POLLUTED RIVER." Journal of Mathematical Sciences & Computational Mathematics 2, no. 4 (July 5, 2021): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/jmscm.2403.
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The present paper addresses a diffusion-reaction equation describing the dynamics of dissolved oxygen in a polluted stream of a river. The diffusion-reaction equation is a mass-balanced partial differential equation which relates the concentration of dissolved oxygen with the effect of other natural processes, viz. diffusion, natural aeration and reaction with pollutants. The well-known method of lines is used to solve the one-dimensional non-steady state case with Dirichlet boundary conditions. The study is motivated by the miserable condition of most of the rivers in India. Water pollution has now become a global concern and this study furnishes a better apprehension of complex phenomenon of maintaining desired level of oxygen and will aid water resource management.
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Sprenger, C., G. Lorenzen, A. Grunert, M. Ronghang, H. Dizer, H. C. Selinka, R. Girones, J. M. Lopez-Pila, A. K. Mittal, and R. Szewzyk. "Removal of indigenous coliphages and enteric viruses during riverbank filtration from highly polluted river water in Delhi (India)." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 2 (January 6, 2014): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.134.
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Emerging countries frequently afflicted by waterborne diseases require safe and cost-efficient production of drinking water, a task that is becoming more challenging as many rivers carry a high degree of pollution. A study was conducted on the banks of the Yamuna River, Delhi, India, to ascertain if riverbank filtration (RBF) can significantly improve the quality of the highly polluted surface water in terms of virus removal (coliphages, enteric viruses). Human adenoviruses and noroviruses, both present in the Yamuna River in the range of 105 genomes/100 mL, were undetectable after 50 m infiltration and approximately 119 days of underground passage. Indigenous somatic coliphages, used as surrogates of human pathogenic viruses, underwent approximately 5 log10 removal after only 3.8 m of RBF. The initial removal after 1 m was 3.3 log10, and the removal between 1 and 2.4 m and between 2.4 and 3.8 m was 0.7 log10 each. RBF is therefore an excellent candidate to improve the water situation in emerging countries with respect to virus removal.
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Saravanan, Desmet, Neelakanta Pillai Kanniperumal, Ramasamy, Shumskikh, and Grosbois. "Geochemical Footprint of Megacities on River Sediments: A Case Study of the Fourth Most Populous Area in India, Chennai." Minerals 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9110688.
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An intensive surface sediment survey was carried out over 24 locations from the upstream to downstream sections of two large rivers (Adyar and Cooum) in Chennai (India) during the February dry season of 2015. Trace element concentrations were assessed on a <63 µm fraction using the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and the newly proposed Geochemical Urban Footprint Index (GUFI), which can be performed to determine the pollution status of any megacity river influenced by urban development. The sediment quality of Chennai’s rivers was also compared to worldwide megacity pollution using sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), and a new megacity pollution ranking was determined. The Igeo results indicate that the Chennai rivers studied are strongly to extremely polluted regarding trace element content of sediment. Silver (Ag), Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg) are the most significant tracers of urban contamination. Chromium (Cr) concentrations show an industrial contamination gradient in relation to levels of other trace elements (As, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) at the Chennai megacity scale. The GUFI ranges from moderate to extreme contamination, particularly in the downstream stretches of the two rivers. This spatial trend is related to various point sources and identified at specific sampling stations, with a lack of identifiable buffer zones. According to the worldwide comparison of megacity pollution, Chennai is ranked in fifth position. The present position can be attributed to a number of explanations: a population explosion associated with the unplanned growth of the city and non-controlled point sources of pollution in Chennai’s waterways.
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Rijal, Kedar, Ashok Deshpande, and Vikram Ghole. "Bathing in polluted rivers, Water-Borne Diseases, and fuzzy measures: a case study in India." International Journal of Environment and Waste Management 6, no. 3/4 (2010): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijewm.2010.035061.
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Thekkan, Sangeeth, Renjini Haridas, and Paulsamy S. "ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION LOAD IN TEJASWINI RIVER NEAR THE MALAVETTUVAN TRIBAL SETTLEMENT, CHERUPUZHA PANCHAYATH, KERALA, INDIA." Kongunadu Research Journal 4, no. 3 (December 30, 2017): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj235.
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Rivers are one of the primary sources of water for drinking, irrigation and other domestic purposes.The present study deals with the water quality assessment of Tejaswini river of Cherupuzha Panchayath, Kannur district, Kerala. The water samples collected from five different sites were analyzed for parameters such as temperature, color, pH, BOD, DO, calcium, magnesium and Escherichia coli. The analysis of the physico– chemical and microbiological characters of the river water indicated that the water quality study of site I was affected severely because the study site is very near to the tribal settlements and also the tribes use thisarea mainly for sewage disposal. Study site II, III, IV and V, which are away from the tribal settlement, the river water is not polluted as it is very far away from the tribal settlement and also nearer to forest canopy. Water from study site I which not suitable for drinking and other domestic use. Therefore, source protectionis suggested for the site I water bodies for the benefit of mankind because it is not safe for human consumption.
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Medhi, Kangkana, Arup Kumar Hazarika, Suraj Chetri, Sasanka Sekhar Ghosh, Jyotismita Das, and Amlan Kumar Dey. "Fishery Potential of the Most Polluted River of India: Kolong River, Nagaon, Assam, India." Environment and Ecology Research 11, no. 1 (February 2023): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/eer.2023.110105.
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Roy, Biplab, and Ajay Kumar Manna. "The Status of Surface Water in West Tripura District, India: An Approach by Using Water Quality Index and Multivariate Statistical Technique." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 18, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw210016.
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The present investigation provides a better interpretation of surface water (rivers, ponds, bills, lakes, etc.) quality utilising entropy weighted water quality index (EWWQI) and different multivariate statistical techniques. Eleven physicochemical parameters including alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), calcium (Ca), turbidity, magnesium (Mg), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl-), and iron (Fe) were analysed and monitored at 23 sampling sites (in December 2018) of West Tripura district. Experimental outcomes of turbidity followed by Fe contamination exceeded recommended WHO standard limit. The maximum values of Fe and turbidity were estimated as 8.745 mg/L and 797.7 NTU, respectively. WQI values confirmed that most of the monitoring locations had poor water quality except three reported areas (S7, S14, and S15) but without Fe and turbidity, estimated WQI confirmed drinkable water condition for entire samples. Multivariate statistical approaches like correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were applied to explore water quality. PCA outcomes recognised three principal factors explaining almost 85% of the total variance. CA investigated three major clusters of 23 sampling sites namely less polluted, highly polluted and moderately polluted zone. Confirming all above, the surface water at the monitoring locations is a major concern which may lead to serious health issues in local people.
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Sargaonkar, Aabha P., Apurba Gupta, and Sukumar Devotta. "Dynamic weighting system for water quality index." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 6 (October 1, 2008): 1261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.468.
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Water quality standards are developed world over by National and International agencies for pollution control decision-making. Use-based water quality classification criteria and Water Quality Indices (WQIs) also play important role in assessment of water resources for their suitability with reference various uses. Formulation of value function curves and weights assigned to parameters in WQIs are often defined by local water experts and hence WQIs are known to inherit subjectivity. Assignment of weights a priori to various water quality parameters results in misclassification of water quality by WQI. A method of dynamic weighting has been developed in the present work to assign weights to water quality parameters with due consideration to their pollution effect at a particular site. Application of a methodology to Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) provides water quality classification of Indian rivers as “Polluted”, “Acceptable”, and “Slightly Polluted”, which is comparable with the reported CPCB classification as well as with the statistical index CCME-WQI. The methodology developed is general and can be applied to any subjective index. This is exemplified by dynamically weighting the parameters in NSF-WQI for Red and Waikato rivers. Dynamic weighting system provides a true representation to comprehend water quality classification and to achieve River Quality Objectives.
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Tripathi, Mansi, and Sunil Kumar Singal. "Riverfront Restoration Plan Using Cipar Index: A Case Study of Gomti River, India." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 21 (July 18, 2017): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v21i0.17818.
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Restoration of a polluted river front is as important as conservation of a polluted river itself because its shore line has the potential of making the conservation project self-sustainable. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the polluted river front of a river in India. A self-sustainable restoration and development experimental plan has been prepared for the area considered in the study. This experimental plan aims at utilizing arable land strips on both sides of the river, currently deserted or encroached by rank vegetation, open wastewater drains, etc. The cost estimates have also been presented for various items and actions proposed under this study to prove its economical sustainability in the long run. The proposed plan and the existing conditions have been compared using CIPAR index to ensure increased public accessibility. It has been found that the present unsatisfactory conditions of the riverfront considered in this study can be raised to more than 90 % satisfaction by implementation of the proposed plan in a period of 3 to 4 years. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 21, July, 2017Page: 25-33Upload Date: July 18, 2017
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Visvanathan, Susan. "SACRED RIVERS: ENERGY RESOURCES AND PEOPLE’S POWER." POLITICS AND RELIGION IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj0701151v.
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This paper is concerned with the way energy requirements in the last three decades have seen a response from local communities who wish to express their love and longing for traditional occupations. Agriculture is a multi-faceted representation, and riverine civilisations have epitomised the relation between land, labour and production not just as a relation with technology and culture, but also in terms of the symbols of the sacred. With large scale over utilisation of resources and a lack of vision, the rivers are polluted. People’s movements draw on the work of scientists and those working in the Arts, including the Humanities and the Social Sciences to draw attention to the way in which petitions and protests communicate that politics is not merely about imposing ‘the good vision from above’ but is an interplay between the political, the legal, the socio-religious, the secular and the economic. In a democracy, politics is essentially about dialogue, and the rate of industrialisation may well be mediated by the power of the greens and environment movements, which have learnt their lessons from genocide of peasantry and tribals, and the mass exploitation of the resources of nature. The Sociologist attempts to document some of the shifts and evolving positions in this ongoing debate in India.
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Deo, Sandhya. "ROLE OF SOCIETY IN CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3169.
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Anything in the environment which can be used is called a ‘natural resource’. Protecting the environment from destruction is called conservation of environment.
Some of our important natural resources are forest, wildlife, water, coal & petroleum.
The resources of the earth are limited because of the rapid increase in population. The demand for resources is increasing day by day. The proper management can ensure that the natural resources are used judiciously so that they fulfill the needs of present generation and also last for the generations to come.
Water is the basic necessity for all forms of life, human beings other animals as well as plants. The various sources of water are: Rain, Rivers, Lakes, Ponds, Wells, Oceans and Glaciers. Rain is a very important source of water. Rains in India are largely due to monsoon which, lasts for a few months. High yielding Varieties of crops require more water for irrigation. The changing life style of people is consuming more water so we are not able to fulfill the demand of water for all people.
Rivers are another important source of water. The management of river water is done by constructing dams on rivers. Dams are useful for the society because of irrigation, water supply in towns and cities, generating electricity.
The public opposition on the construction of large dams on rivers is mainly due to some problems. Due to construction of dams a large number of human settlements are submerged in the water of large reservoir formed by the dam and many people are rendered homeless. It also contributes to deforestation and lose of biodiversity.
The water of most of rivers is highly polluted. The pollution of river water is caused by the dumping of untreated sewage and industrial water into it.
Wells and tube wells are other sources of water. This water is used for the irrigation of crops and for drinking purpose.
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Čule, Nevena, Aleksandar Lučić, Marija Nešić, Ljiljana Brašanac-Bosanac, Ivana Bjedov, Suzana Mitrović, and Zorica Sredojević. "Removal of organic matter in floating treatment wetland." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 85-86 (2022): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor2285065c.
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Organic matter is considered one of the main sources of water pollution caused by the discharge of wastewater of different categories directly into rivers. The increased content of organic matter serves as a source of food for water microorganisms and significantly lowers dissolved oxygen of the recipient. Floating treatment wetlands (FTW) are an innovative green technology that removes excess organic matter from water. This paper shows the effectiveness of floating treatment wetlands in removing organic matter from the water of a polluted urban river. Cells with floating islands had BOD reduced by 84-91%, COD in the range of 57-65% and TOC by 16-20%. The highest efficiency in COD and TOC reduction was achieved in Cell I where P. australis was planted, and BOD in Cell II where C. indica was planted. The results of these studies showed that after 6 days of treatment of polluted water, a high reduction of BOD and COD was achieved, as well as a satisfactory reduction of TOC concentration.
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Ponnusamy, Nithya, G. Kiruthiga, and T. Pooja. "Spatial Assessment of Water Quality in the Three Reservoir of Cauvery River, Tamil Nadu, India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (July 10, 2023): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1207.015.
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This study was designed to assess the physico-chemical characteristics of Cauvery river three stations (S1- Sozhasiramani dam (Polluted), S2- –Maynor Dam (Less Polluted) and S3- Mettur Dam (Free from Pollution.) during the study period December 2021 to May 2022. The parameters were analysed such as Temperature, transparency, Total hardness, pH, DO2, BOD, Phosphate, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia, Slicate and CR, NPP, GPP. This study concluded that the water quality of three reservoir of Cauvery River during the study period revealed that the three stations (Sozhasiramani dam, Mayanur dam and Mettur dam). Among these reservoir Mayanur dam and Mettur dam could be rated for good quality of water, which is suitable for consuming purpose but Sozhasiramani dam receiving some of the unauthorized textile dyeing and bleaching units in Eroad and Pallipalayam in above units discharge treated and untreated effluent into the municipal drain along with the domestic sewage reached the river cauvery in station 1 is highly polluted, then the other two stations.
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Navasakthi, Shibani, Anuvesh Pandey, Rahul Dandautiya, Murtaza Hasan, Mohammad Amir Khan, Kahkashan Perveen, Shamshad Alam, Rajni Garg, and Obaid Qamar. "Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variation in Water Quality for the Godavari River." Water 15, no. 17 (August 28, 2023): 3076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15173076.
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With increasing population and industrialization, the water quality of freshwater sources like rivers, lakes, and ponds is becoming increasingly degraded. Most of the rivers in India are becoming polluted, including the Godavari. With the construction of dams, new industries and unsustainable agricultural practices in the Godavari basin, the water characteristics are degrading spatially and temporally. The present study emphasizes the analysis of water quality parameters like temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), conductivity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrate, and faecal coliform concentration in the Godavari basin. This was achieved by analysis of data taken from the Central Pollution Control Board, India (CPCB) for 21 stations around the Godavari basin over a span of five years from 2015 to 2019. The Pearson Correlation coefficient for the water quality parameters was assessed to study the relationship among the parameters. Variation in the water quality parameter is observed from the graphs for each station for respective years. It was found that conductivity and DO, temperature and pH and DO and faecal coliform are negatively correlated. It was also observed that DO has a negative correlation with pH, BOD and faecal coliform, indicating the utilization of dissolved oxygen at higher rates due to increasing degradation of organic matter by aerobic microorganisms in the river. One-way ANOVA was applied to find out significant temporal variations and it was observed that temperature, pH, and faecal coliform level had significantly changed the overdue course of time (F(4, 115) = 2.451, p < 0.05). The obtained results from the analysis indicate that the selected water quality parameters have varied significantly spatially, whereas temporally, according to the ANOVA coefficient, only temperature, pH and faecal coliform had shown significant differences during the selected timeframe. Hence, the present study highlighted the deteriorating water quality of the Godavari River over time.
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R, Harish. "Water and Sanitation Services Have a Profound Effect on the Life of Metropolis." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 12 (December 30, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27838.
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The critical global issue of inadequate access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene for a significant portion of the world's population, amounting to approximately 40%. In India, disparities exist in water and sanitation access between urban and rural areas. While 97% of urban regions have upgraded water supplies and 58% improved sanitation, rural areas show lower access rates at 90% for water and a mere 23% for sanitation. India's rivers suffer from severe water quality degradation due to untreated sewage, with inadequate sewage treatment infrastructure, particularly in swiftly growing urban areas like Delhi. Despite initiatives like the Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans, major rivers remain highly polluted. The flush toilet system further exacerbates the water crisis by consuming significant volumes of fresh water for waste disposal. This paper also underscores the link between water supplies, sanitation, and health, citing classifications of water-related infections and the pressing need to bridge the disparities in access. However, reports note progress in drinking water and sanitation coverage globally since 1990. The analysis concludes that India's cities struggle to meet basic living standards amidst rapid urbanization, emphasizing the profound impact of education, awareness, and service availability on residents' lives. Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, Population, Access, Rural, Urban Rivers, Sewage, Pollution, Infrastructure, Health, Flush toilets, Disparities Key Words: Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, Population, Access, Rural, Urban Rivers, Sewage, Pollution, Infrastructure, Health, Flush toilets, Disparities
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Kushwah, Vinod Kumar, Kunwar Raghvendra Singh, Nakul Gupta, Parveen Berwal, Faisal M. Alfaisal, Mohammad Amir Khan, Shamshad Alam, and Obaid Qamar. "Assessment of the Surface Water Quality of the Gomti River, India, Using Multivariate Statistical Methods." Water 15, no. 20 (October 12, 2023): 3575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15203575.
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In the present study, the quality of the surface water of the Gomti river (Lucknow, India) was investigated. Lucknow is situated in the centre of Uttar Pradesh, which is most the populated state in India. The locality has experienced rapid, unregulated development activities and population growth in recent decades, both of which have had a negative impact on its ecosystem and environment. Continuous monitoring is required to maintain the ecosystem at the desired level. Nine samples of river water were collected from the Gomti River in Lucknow, and they were analysed for a total of nine different characteristics, including pH, turbidity (Tur), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDSs), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride ion (Cl-) concentration, temperature (T), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and total hardness (TH). The observed data were analysed using multivariate statistical methods. A cluster analysis (CA) was used to sort the sampling locations into different groups, and a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to find the different sources of pollution. Using a cluster analysis, all the water quality parameters were divided into three groups. Cluster 1 represented the less polluted sites, cluster 2 represented the moderately polluted sites and cluster 3 represented the highly polluted sites. Sampling sites SS8, SS4, S99 and SS7 were highly polluted because of nearby pollution sources such as domestic wastewater and runoff storm water. The principal component analysis yielded two meaningful components that explained 82.4% of the total variation in the data. The first factor and second factor explained 59.022 and 23.363 percentages of the total variance, respectively. It was noticed that major sources of pollution for the Gomti river are storm water runoff and the release of domestic and industrial wastewater from residents and industries, respectively. This study will help policy makers to ensure sustainable practices and reduce negative impacts on the availability and quality of water, allowing for the most efficient use of the Gomti River.
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Abdulkadir, Sultan, Monika Chhimwal, and Rajeev Kumar Srivastava. "Remediation of Kalyani River water using plant-bacterial cell synergism." Water Supply 22, no. 3 (December 23, 2021): 2573–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.451.
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Abstract The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential of plant-immobilized bacterial cells synergism for enhanced remediation of polluted river water. The polluted river water sample was collected from Kalyani river, Uttarakhand, India and characterized by high concentration of COD (1010 mg/l), BOD (230 mg/l), NO3−-N (30 mg/l), PO43−-P (48.9 mg/l), and Pb (1.028 mg/l). This water sample was treated on a lab scale with immobilized bacterial cells and Epipremnum aureum in various treatment setups. The treatment system 3 using a combination of immobilized bacterial cells and Epipremnum aureum had the highest pollutant removal efficiency of all the treatment setups tested. At 96 hours, the total COD, BOD, NO3−-N, PO43−-P and Pb contents of polluted river water sample were reduced to 60 mg/l, 20 mg/l, 2.4 mg/l, 11.7 mg/l, and 0.065 mg/l, respectively. Based on the findings, it is possible to conclude that utilizing plant-immobilized bacterial cell synergism is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for enhanced remediation and rejuvenation of polluted river water. Furthermore, a field-scale application of plant-immobilized bacterial cell synergism via floating wetland construction for on-site treatment of contaminated water on the Kalyani river is recommended.
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Singh, Pratap B., Vikash Sahu, Vandana Singh, Santosh K. Nigam, and Hement K. Singh. "Sperm motility in the fishes of pesticide exposed and from polluted rivers of Gomti and Ganga of north India." Food and Chemical Toxicology 46, no. 12 (December 2008): 3764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.066.
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Sharma, M. P., S. K. Singal, and S. Patra. "Water Quality Profile of Yamuna River, India." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 3 (May 26, 2009): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v3i0.1914.
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The water quality profile of a river represents the extent of its pollution in terms of health of a river with respect to its longitudinal direction. This paper deals with the water quality profile of north India’s Yamuna river using physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters that converge into a single value NSF WQI. The water quality map of the river has been prepared showing that the Delhi stretch is highly polluted due to dumping of waste and discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. The water quality map is a useful tool for policy makers, decision makers and environmentalists to suggest and implement appropriate conservation measures to improve the health of the water body.Key words: Water quality; pollution; river profile; indices; mapping; Indiadoi: 10.3126/hn.v3i0.1914Hydro Nepal Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 3, July 2008. Page: 19-24
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Rajmohan K. and Vijayan P. "Histopathological Changes in the Liver of Indian Major Carp, Catla catla Caught from Uppanar River Water, Cuddalore, India." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.035.
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Heavy metal contamination of Uppanar River aquatic ecosystem has been recognized as a serious pollution problem. When fish are exposed to elevated levels of heavy metals in a polluted aquatic ecosystem, they take these metals from their environment. In the present investigation, adult live specimens of edible Indian major carp, Catla catla were procured from Uppanar River, Cuddalore District from January to December 2020, Liver were processed for heavy metals estimation and histopathological studies. Liver showed accumulation of heavy metals in Catla catla. In liver the content of toxic heavy metals were found in the order-- zinc ˃ lead ˃ copper ˃ cadmium ˃ manganese˃ chromium ˃ nickel ˃ arsenic.
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Gothwal, R., and T. Shashidhar. "Proliferation of Ciprofloxacin Resistant Bacteria in Polluted Sediments of Musi River, India." Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal 26, no. 5 (July 4, 2017): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2017.1355352.
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Vaghela, Krishnakumar B., Devangee P. Shukla, and Nayan K. Jain. "A Study of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Diversity in the River Sabarmati, Gujarat, India." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology 22, no. 4 (November 15, 2023): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2023/v22i4505.
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Abiotic and biotic components are divided into two categories to describe the structural ecosystem. Aquatic plants and animals can find a suitable habitat in the river's water body. Planktons are an important component of the wetland ecology and may serve as a marker of altering water quality. Zooplankton mostly obtains its nutrition from phytoplankton, an ecosystem producer. Most fish larvae and other plankton-eating fishes feed primarily on zooplankton species. All aquatic ecosystems' dynamics revolve around primary productivity, which sustains various food chains and food webs. The overgrowth of macrophytes, pesticides from agricultural runoff, household garbage, sewage sludge, feces near rivers, bathing of domestic animals, washing of clothing and utensils, etc. have all put pressure on river ecosystems over the past many years. Most plants and animals struggle to survive in polluted environments, but those that can handle the stress of pollution on their own may be able to. These creatures can serve as pollution indicators, or more particularly, as bioindicators of the ecosystem's trophic condition. In this article, Sabarmati River's phytoplankton and zooplankton communities were evaluated at six different locations. The current investigations were researched from January 2017 to December 2019 over a period of around 3 years. Several published plankton manuals were used for plankton collection and identification. Aquatic flora analyzed here in two respects i.e., phytoplankton and aquatic vegetation or aquatic weeds. Phytoplankton were represented by four groups, viz. Bacilariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and Euglenophyceae. Diversity study reveals common planktonic forms present at different sites of sampling. In general, aquatic weeds like Hydrilla, Valesneria, Chara, Nymphea, Pistia, Typha etc. were commonly found in the study area. Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda and Rotifers are the main groups of zooplankton found in freshwater bodies. Six Molluscans and sixteen Arthropods were identified to be the most commonly occurring riparian fauna. The annual values of all zooplankton showed greater densities at site-1 and site-6 followed by other sites, respectively. When the data were analyzed for contribution of each phylum to the overall zooplankton densities, it was dominated by Protozoa and Arthropods throughout the study period. This was followed by Rotifera, Annelid and Nematoda, respectively. The percentile composition of protozoan fauna at six study sites suggested that on more than half of the sampling occasions their major contribution was recorded at sites 1, 2 and 6 followed by sites 5, 4 and 3, respectively.
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Bhosale, Rohit. "A Review Paper on Water Pollution in Rivers of the City." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 7210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53399.
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Abstract: The availability and quality of water resources has an impact on the political, social, and economic development of a society. Water is deemed dangerous to human and aquatic life when it is contaminated by unexpected chemicals. This water is referred to as being polluted. Water pollution results from many factors. Natural factors include the biodegradation of plant and animal parts in clear water, siltation caused by riverbank erosion, and others. Water pollution caused by humans includes things like fertilisers, household garbage, and industrial waste. Maharashtra's surface water contamination is at an alarmingly high level. Water is essential for all living things, thus there is no need to elaborate. For physiologic purposes, they either directly or indirectly consume water. If the water being consumed is contaminated, harm will undoubtedly result. The worst aspect is that this spreads via the food chain to other people. As a result, we need to be aware of the harmful effects that contaminated water may have on us. One of the fundamental resources required for humanity to survive on Earth is water. The Ganga, Yamuna, and Sabarmati rivers are revered by the Indian population, while the Mithi River is significant for its biodiversity. It is customary to drink from and bathe in the sacred rivers. However, a number of contaminants, including pesticides, heavy metals, organic waste, chemical waste, and sewage discharge, impair the water quality of these rivers. The water is no longer safe for human consumption, raising the risk of disease outbreak. Due to the direct exposure of people and other life forms to hazardous substances and heavy metals through contaminated river water, there is a danger of developing several fatal diseases. This study's goal is to investigate the sources of water contamination in significant Indian rivers and its potential health risks. Although we cannot completely stop water pollution today, reduction is crucial. It's time we started working on it by taking some action.
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Gao, Meng, Jinhui Gao, Bin Zhu, Rajesh Kumar, Xiao Lu, Shaojie Song, Yuzhong Zhang, et al. "Ozone pollution over China and India: seasonality and sources." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 7 (April 16, 2020): 4399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4399-2020.
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Abstract. A regional fully coupled meteorology–chemistry model, Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), was employed to study the seasonality of ozone (O3) pollution and its sources in both China and India. Observations and model results suggest that O3 in the North China Plain (NCP), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Pearl River Delta (PRD), and India exhibit distinctive seasonal features, which are linked to the influence of summer monsoons. Through a factor separation approach, we examined the sensitivity of O3 to individual anthropogenic, biogenic, and biomass burning emissions. We found that summer O3 formation in China is more sensitive to industrial and biogenic sources than to other source sectors, while the transportation and biogenic sources are more important in all seasons for India. Tagged simulations suggest that local sources play an important role in the formation of the summer O3 peak in the NCP, but sources from Northwest China should not be neglected to control summer O3 in the NCP. For the YRD region, prevailing winds and cleaner air from the ocean in summer lead to reduced transport from polluted regions, and the major source region in addition to local sources is Southeast China. For the PRD region, the upwind region is replaced by contributions from polluted PRD as autumn approaches, leading to an autumn peak. The major upwind regions in autumn for the PRD are YRD (11 %) and Southeast China (10 %). For India, sources in North India are more important than sources in the south. These analyses emphasize the relative importance of source sectors and regions as they change with seasons, providing important implications for O3 control strategies.
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Rawat, Vinita, Sanjay Kumar Jha, Arundhati Bag, Monil Singhai, and Chandra Mohan Singh Rawat. "The bacteriological quality of drinking water in Haldwani Block of Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 3 (July 17, 2012): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.035.
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A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the bacteriological quality of water in Haldwani block, Nainital District, India. Stratified random sampling was used to categorize water sources and consumer points. In total, 108 samples were collected: 15 from the Gola river, 51 from water taps, 24 from water treatment plants and 18 from tube wells. Samples were tested for coliforms by the most probable number technique. Identification of species was done by standard procedures. Of 108 water samples, 58.8% were found to be polluted. All samples of water (n = 15) from different sites of the Gola river were found to be highly contaminated. Out of 24 water treatment plant samples, four samples were found unsatisfactory, while more than half (51.6%) of its supplies to water taps were polluted. From tube wells and their water taps, 88.8 and 60% samples were found safe for drinking respectively. Bacterial contamination of water treatment plants and their supplies indicates significant disparities in the efficiency of water treatment processes. Contamination of water taps of tube wells suggests leakage of pipes. There is an urgent need to improve these services to ensure the supply of safe water for consumers.
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Prajapati, Uday Bhan, and Anil K. Dwivedi. "Impact of industrial wastes on the water quality of tropical river, Ami (India)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i2.182.
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Industries discharge their effluents which are rich in solids, may it be in the form of TSS or TDS. These solids affect the other physicochemical parameters of the water body. Present study deals with the investigation of seasonal variation and statistical analyses of the selected parameters, in river Ami, in light of the industrial effluents. The study records that summer season, appears to be the most polluted, that is during the period when the river carries little amount of water. Statistical analysis showed that all the physicochemical parameters were positively correlated except TDS and temperature.
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Duttagupta, Srimanti, Soumendra N. Bhanja, Avishek Dutta, Soumyajit Sarkar, Madhumita Chakraborty, Ashok Ghosh, Debapriya Mondal, and Abhijit Mukherjee. "Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown on Availability of Drinking Water in the Arsenic-Affected Ganges River Basin." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062832.
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The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has not only resulted in immense loss of human life, but it also rampaged across the global economy and socio-cultural structure. Worldwide, countries imposed stringent mass quarantine and lockdowns to curb the transmission of the pathogen. While the efficacy of such lockdown is debatable, several reports suggest that the reduced human activities provided an inadvertent benefit by briefly improving air and water quality. India observed a 68-days long, nation-wide, stringent lockdown between 24 March and 31 May 2020. Here, we delineate the impact of the lockdown on groundwater and river sourced drinking water sustainability in the arsenic polluted Ganges river basin of India, which is regarded as one of the largest and most polluted river basins in the world. Using groundwater arsenic measurements from drinking water wells and water quality data from river monitoring stations, we have studied ~700 km stretches of the middle and lower reaches of the As (arsenic)-polluted parts of the river for pre-lockdown (January–March 2020), syn-lockdown (April–May), and post-lockdown periods (June–July). We provide the extent of As pollution-free groundwater vis-à-vis river water and examine alleviation from lockdown as an opportunity for sustainable drinking water sources. The overall decrease of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations and increase of pH suggests a general improvement in Ganges water quality during the lockdown in contrast to pre-and-post lockdown periods, potentially caused by reduced effluent. We also demonstrate that land use (agricultural/industrial) and land cover (urban-periurban/rural) in the vicinity of the river reaches seems to have a strong influence on river pollutants. The observations provide a cautious optimistic scenario for potentially developing sustainable drinking water sources in the arsenic-affected Ganges river basin in the future by using these observations as the basis of proper scientifically prudent, spatially adaptive strategies, and technological interventions.
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VIGNESHWARAN, ANBUKKARASU, MAXIM S. KULIKOVSKIY, ANTON GLUSHCHENKO, JOHN PATRICK KOCIOLEK, and BALASUBRAMANIAN KARTHICK. "A new species of Cymbella (Bacillariophyceae, Cymbellaceae) from the Pavana River, Western Ghats, India." Phytotaxa 395, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.3.5.
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New diatom species from the genus Cymbella is described, Cymbella pavanaensis from the Pavana River situated in Pimpri-Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra, India. The new species description is based on detailed LM and SEM morphological observations. Comparison of the new species with similar, previously-described taxa is made. C. pavanaensis belongs to a group of small-celled species of the genus, which lack differentiated, rounded porelli comprising the apical pore fields. This taxon is reported from a moderately to the highly-polluted urban lotic system, which signifies that even the diatom flora of easily accessible habitats of India is yet to be fully documented.
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Mhande, Zakaria, Matobola J. Mihale, and Harieth Hellar-Kihampa. "Use of physicochemical parameters and metal concentrations in assessing anthropogenic influences on coastal rivers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 21, no. 1 (August 23, 2022): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.v21i1.2.
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Spatio-temporal variations in water quality of three rivers along the Indian Ocean coast in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, were investigated based on physicochemical parameters and metal concentrations. A compliance analysis was performed based on the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) and World Health Organization (WHO) limits to examine the suitability of water for domestic use. The dataset was subjected to statistical analysis to determine differences and similarities amongst the rivers. Levels of pH (6.83-11.41), total dissolved solids (203–34,333 mg/L), electrical conductivity (9,408-68,014 μS/cm), turbidity (10.0-45.0 NTU), chloride (108-14,248 mg/L), sulphate (35-766 mg/L) and ammonium (40-5,468 μg/L) complied with neither TBS nor WHO limits. Dissolved oxygen (1.4-6.6 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (91-1,863 mg/L), total suspended solids (11.9-50.7 mg/L), alkalinity (200-2,658 mg/L), total hardness (362-12,1312 mg/L), salinity (0.19-29.35 ppt) and phosphate (<method detection limit-3.01 μg/L) indicated polluted water in parts of the rivers. Pb (0.7-24.0 μg/L) exceeded both the TBS and WHO limits, whereas Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn and Cd were below limits. Water quality was poorer during the wet season. The results indicate that water from the rivers is unsafe for human consumption and the poor water quality probably also affects the ecology of the rivers. Strategic measures to protect the rivers from further contamination are suggested.
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Sharma, R. K., Nihal A. Siddiqui, Ashutosh Gautam, and Sarang Khati. "Studies of surfacewater quality of the Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India." Environment Conservation Journal 13, no. 3 (December 20, 2012): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2012.130318.
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Pollution of water bodies is one of the areas of major concern to environmentalists. Water quality is an index of health and well being of a society. Industrialisation, urbanisation and modern agriculture practices have direct impact on water resources. These factors influence the water resources quantitatively and qualitatively. The study area selected were the Bahella river, Mahadev stream and Kosi river basin of Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India. The Bahellariver, Mahadev and Kosi river water is an important source of potable water supply for Kashipur as well as adjointed areas of the U S Nagar district for all purposes.The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity, BOD, COD, chloride, nitrate and phosphate and fluoride content in water of Bahella river, Mahadev stream and Kosi river were studied to ascertain the drinking and domestic as well as irrigation water supply in Kashipur area. In this present study water quality of Bahellariver, Mahadev stream and Kosi river is taken into account and Khokartalwater is found to be severely polluted with reference to these analyzed parameters.
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Miyamoto, A., K. Sakurai, R. Hiraide, M. Minamiyama, and O. Fujiki. "Field survey of pollutants discharged from different types of residential area in the Yamuna River Basin, India." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 11 (December 1, 2011): 2207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.236.
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The Ganges River, one of the most heavily populated and urbanized river basins in Asia, is polluted by increasing wastewater influent and water-borne diseases are caused in the metropolitan area. This study focused on the Yamuna River, a major tributary of the Ganges. We determined the pollutant load per unit of urban area classified by the income of the residents to help design an appropriate sewerage system. In addition, a simple method of estimating runoff pollutant load was examined using data on pollutant load per unit and runoff coefficient.
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Raviraja, Sridhar, and Felix Bärlocher. "Breakdown ofFicusandEucalyptusleaves in an organically polluted river in India: fungal diversity and ecological functions." Freshwater Biology 39, no. 3 (May 1998): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00303.x.
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