Journal articles on the topic 'Pollutants'
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1
Chu, Peter C., and Kleanthis Kyriakidis. "Chemical Spill Characteristics in the San Diego Bay." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.2.5.
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AbstractDispersion of ocean pollutants in estuarine environments and bays (such as San Diego Bay) depends on the location of the source of the pollutants relative to the mouth and the tidal excursion, which is the net horizontal distance over which a pollutant particle moves during one tidal cycle of flood and ebb. Pollutant dispersion was investigated using a coupled hydrodynamic and chemical discharge model in this study. The results show the existence of two distinct (northern and southern) spill patterns of pollutant dispersion. The northern spill pattern is characterized by fast reduction of the pollutant concentration in the water column, rapid dispersion of pollutants to the San Diego port and to outside of the San Diego Bay, and slow dispersion of pollutants to the southern bay. The southern spill pattern is characterized by slow reduction of the pollutant concentration in the water column, slow dispersion, and confinement of pollutants in the southern San Diego Bay. The results may be useful for ocean pollution control and management.
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Purbonegoro, Triyoni. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TOKSISITAS BAHAN PENCEMAR TERHADAP ORGANISME PERAIRAN." OSEANA 42, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2017.vol.42no.2.43.
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FACTORS THAT AFFECTING THE TOXICITY OF POLLUTANTS TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS. There are a large number of pollutants in aquatic environment with various characteristics and factors that can modify and affect the toxicity of pollutants in this environment. The major factors affecting pollutant toxicity include physicochemical properties of pollutants, mode of exposure, time, environmental factors, and biological factors. Moreover, organisms in an aquatic ecosystem are seldom exposed to only single pollutant, and most cases the stress of pollution on aquatic ecosystems is related to the interaction and combined effects of many chemicals. The combined effects may be synergistic or antagonistic, depending on the pollutants and the physiological condition of the organism involved.
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Peden, David B. "Effect of Air Pollution in Asthma and Respiratory Allergy." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 114, no. 2 (February 1996): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989670175-4.
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Epidemiologic and controlled exposure studies of human volunteers have shown that exposure to a variety of pollutants induces asthma exacerbations. Interestingly, in the case of ozone, recent evidence suggests that this pollutant acts to enhance the effect of inhaled allergen in persons with asthma. These and other data also suggest that pollutants may influence lung function in persons with asthma by increasing airway inflammation. The interaction of pollutants and inhaled allergens and the effect of pollutant exposure on baseline airway inflammation may be a key mechanism of pollutant-induced exacerbation of asthma. Further study of this interaction, as well as interactions of multiple pollutants, will be crucial for rational development of intervention and regulatory strategies.
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Daewel, Ute, Evgeniy V. Yakushev, Corinna Schrum, Luca Nizzetto, and Elena Mikheeva. "Understanding the Role of Organic Matter Cycling for the Spatio-Temporal Structure of PCBs in the North Sea." Water 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2020): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030817.
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Using the North Sea as a case scenario, a combined three-dimensional hydrodynamic-biogeochemical-pollutant model was applied for simulating the seasonal variability of the distribution of hydrophobic chemical pollutants in a marine water body. The model was designed in a nested framework including a hydrodynamic block (Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM)), a biogeochemical block (Oxygen Depletion Model (OxyDep)), and a pollutant-partitioning block (PolPar). Pollutants can be (1) transported via advection and turbulent diffusion, (2) get absorbed and released by a dynamic pool of particulate and dissolved organic matter, and (3) get degraded. Our model results indicate that the seasonality of biogeochemical processes, including production, sinking, and decay, favors the development of hot spots with particular high pollutant concentrations in intermediate waters of biologically highly active regions and seasons, and it potentially increases the exposure of feeding fish to these pollutants. In winter, however, thermal convection homogenizes the water column and destroys the vertical stratification of the pollutant. A significant fraction of the previously exported pollutants is then returned to the water surface and becomes available for exchange with the atmosphere, potentially turning the ocean into a secondary source for pollutants. Moreover, we could show that desorption from aging organic material in the upper aphotic zone is expected to retard pollutants transfer and burial into sediments; thus, it is considerably limiting the effectiveness of the biological pump for pollutant exports.
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Buxton, Miatta A., Safa Heydarzadeh, Carina J. Gronlund, Marisol Castillo-Castrejon, Myrna Souraye Godines-Enriquez, Marie S. O’Neill, and Felipe Vadillo-Ortega. "Associations between Air Pollution Exposure and Blood Pressure during Pregnancy among PRINCESA Cohort Participants." Toxics 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2023): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11050424.
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High blood pressure (BP) is a risk factor for hypertensive disease during pregnancy. Exposure to multiple toxic air pollutants can affect BP in pregnancy but has been rarely studied. We evaluated trimester-specific associations between air pollution exposure and systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). Ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter less than 10 and 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10, PM2.5) in the Pregnancy Research on Inflammation, Nutrition, & City Environment: Systematic Analyses (PRINCESA) study. Multipollutant generalized linear regression models with each pollutant and O3 were fit. Due to nonlinear pollution/BP associations, results are presented for “below the median” or “above the median”, where the beta estimate is the change in BP at a pollutant’s median versus BP at the pollutant’s minimum or maximum, respectively. Associations varied across trimesters and pollutants, and deleterious associations (higher blood pressure with higher pollution) were found only at pollutant values below the median: for SBP with NO2 in the second and third trimesters, and PM2.5 during the third trimester, and for DBP, PM2.5, and NO2 in the second and third trimesters. Findings suggest that minimizing prenatal exposure to air pollution may reduce the risks of changes in BP.
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Boaz, Ray, Andrew Lawson, and John Pearce. "2012 Multivariate air pollutant exposure prediction in South Carolina." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (June 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.98.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this project is the application of complex fusion models, which combine observed and modeled data, to areas with sparse monitoring networks with multiple chemical components is under-developed. Such models could provide improved accuracy and coverage for air quality measurement predictions, an area greatly limited by the amount of missing data. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This project focuses on the development of methods for improved estimation of pollutant concentrations when only sparse monitor networks are found. Sparse monitoring networks are defined as areas where fewer than three criteria air pollutants (based on EPA standards) are monitored. Particularly, a multivariate air pollutant statistical model to predict spatio-temporally resolved concentration fields for multiple pollutants simultaneously is developed and evaluated. The multivariate predictions allow monitored pollutants to inform the prediction of nonmonitored pollutants in sparse networks. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Daily, ZIP code level pollutant concentration estimates will be provided for 8 pollutants across South Carolina, and goodness of fit metrics for model variants and previously established methods will be compared. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These methods utilize only widely available data resources, meaning that the improved predictive accuracy of sparsely monitored pollutant concentrations can benefit future studies in any US area by improving estimation of health effects and saving resources needed for supplemental air pollutant monitoring campaigns. Our method for estimation attempts to improve predictive accuracy and data availability for sparsely monitored pollutants and areas.
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Zhang, Man, Yong Sun, Bin Xun, and Baoyin Liu. "Analysis of the Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Emerging Pollutants in China." Water 15, no. 21 (October 29, 2023): 3782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15213782.
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Pollutant types are increasing along with the rapid development of society and economy. Some emerging pollutants from chemicals have begun to appear and endanger public and ecosystem health. However, the research and development of emerging pollutant monitoring technology is still in its infancy, with no complete monitoring system in place. This makes it impossible to access and identify the spatial pattern of emerging pollutants. Therefore, this paper reviews the existing quantitative research results on four common emerging pollutants in China’s water environment—namely, endocrine disruptors, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, and microplastics—extracts the quantitative monitoring results of emerging pollutants in the case studies, and outlines the spatial distribution characteristics of emerging pollutants in the water environment. The results show that the emerging pollutants have a large distribution area that has covered most of China. The level of pollution from emerging pollutants correlates with the level of economic development and the pollution level in economically developed regions such as the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region is significantly higher than in other regions. This study provides a reference for the prevention and control of emerging pollutants in China.
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K. Ravindranath, C. Bhaskar, K. Lakshminarayanachari,. "Three-Dimensional Analytical Mathematical Diffusion Model of Air Pollutant in a Mixing Layer with Chemical Reaction and Wet Deposition of Larger Particles of Pollutants Due to a Point Source." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 4 (October 16, 2023): 6427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.2248.
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A three dimensional analytical mathematical diffusion model of air pollutant in a mixing layer with chemical reaction and wet deposition of larger particles of pollutants due to a point source at is furnished to investigate the primary pollutant concentration in a protected sector and it is above the earth surface layer of the earth’s atmosphere. The pollutants are assumed to be emitted only from a ceaseless source in surface layer. The physical phenomenon of the above problem is reduced to advection diffusion partial differential equation and is solved by using the method of Fourier’s technique. The effect of rate of chemical reaction of pollutants and rate of wet deposition of pollutants on the concentration of dispersed pollutants is investigatedfor both stable and neutral atmospheric situations. Concentration contours are plotted and the results are analysed for air pollutants in stable and neutral atmospheric situations. In the upper part of the mixing layer pollutants concentration is less in stable atmospheric condition for smaller roughness length and moderate geostrophic wind speed.
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Ивашкин, A. Ivashkin, Новиков, D. Novikov, Камруков, A. Kamrukov, Малков, and K. Malkov. "Calculation Model of Photochemical Reactor with a Pulse Xenon Lamp for Water Treatment." Safety in Technosphere 5, no. 4 (August 25, 2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23762.
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A calculation model of the photochemical reactor based on a pulse xenon lamp and intended for water treatment from
microbiological or chemical pollutants has been developed and realized. The model includes several calculation modules, each
one describes the basic physical processes ongoing in the photochemical reactor: current’s form calculation module, pollutant’s
particles trajectories calculation module, pulse lamp’s radiating characteristics calculation module, module for photometric
calculation, determining an energy radiation dose of pollutant particles. Calculation of lamp’s radiating characteristics is based
on ideas of gas discharge physics and on a number of empirical dependences, for calculation of other parameters has been used
the numerical simulation. Model verification has been carried out by comparison of calculated and experimental efficiencies for
two types of photochemical reactors’ designs with use of the known pollutant. The developed calculation model allows perform
multi-parameter optimization for designs and regime parameters of pulse photochemical reactors for the purpose of increase their
energy efficiency, and level of water treatment from various chemical and biological pollutants.
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Kaighn, Robert J., and Shaw L. Yu. "Testing of Roadside Vegetation for Highway Runoff Pollutant Removal." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1523, no. 1 (January 1996): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152300114.
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A field monitoring program was begun in 1991 to test the ability of grassed swales to remove pollutants from highway runoff. The two swales monitored had different slopes, traffic volumes, and vegetation heights, all of which can affect pollutant removal. One had a check dam, which proved to significantly influence pollutant removal. Also, the pollutant-removal ability of a short buffer strip was examined. Pollutants monitored included total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and total zinc. Manual and automatic sampling techniques were used to monitor runoff. The results suggest that properly designed short buffer strips and swales with check dams can remove pollutants from highway runoff.
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El Azzi, Desiree, François Laurent, Vincent Roussiez, Lei Chou, Maritxu Guiresse, and Jean-Luc Probst. "Adsorption of Aclonifen, Alachlor, Cd and Cu onto Natural River Suspended Matter in the Context of Multi-Pollutions: Influence of Contaminant Co-Presence and Order of Input into the Aqueous Solution." Water 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2018): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091222.
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In the environment, a pollutant is rarely present alone, and other contaminants can influence its fate. To investigate the influence of the presence of other pollutants on the sorption of pesticides and trace metals (TM), the adsorption of Aclonifen, alachlor, Cd and Cu onto suspended particulate matter (SPM) was studied. SPM was isolated during the flood event of May 2010 in the Save agricultural watershed of SW France. Adsorption equilibrium was reached after 2 h of contact with SPM for pesticides and 24 h for TM. To simulate natural conditions, the SPM load allowing a maximum adsorption of pollutants was set at 1 g L−1 and the concentration of pollutants at 10 μg L−1. These factors being established, the co-presence experiments showed that most contaminants were influenced by the presence of other pollutant(s) in the water, trace metals to a lesser extent than pesticides. The mutual influence can be either competition for the same adsorption sites or formation of new complexes between pollutants. These phenomena can modify the adsorption capacities of each pollutant. The order of introduction into the aqueous solution also influenced the amount of adsorption of pollutants onto SPM. These results open new perspectives on the fate of pollutants.
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Dong, Mingying, Lizhi He, Mengyuan Jiang, Yi Zhu, Jie Wang, Williamson Gustave, Shuo Wang, Yun Deng, Xiaokai Zhang, and Zhenyu Wang. "Biochar for the Removal of Emerging Pollutants from Aquatic Systems: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031679.
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Water contaminated with emerging pollutants has become a serious environmental issue globally. Biochar is a porous and carbon-rich material produced from biomass pyrolysis and has the potential to be used as an integrated adsorptive material. Many studies have shown that biochar is capable to adsorb emerging pollutants from aquatic systems and could be used to solve the water pollution problem. Here, we provided a dual perspective on removing emerging pollutants from aquatic systems using biochar and analyzed the emerging pollutant removal efficiency from the aspects of biochar types, pollutant types and coexistence with heavy metals, as well as the associated mechanisms. The potential risks and future research directions of biochar utilization are also presented. This review aims to assist researchers interested in using biochar for emerging pollutants remediation in aquatic systems and facilitate research on emerging pollutants removal, thereby reducing their environmental risk.
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Purwanto, Christine Prita. "INVENTARISASI EMISI SUMBER BERGERAK DI JALAN (ON ROAD) KOTA DENPASAR." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2015.v09.i01.p01.
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The growth of population in Denpasar City followed by increasing of transportation facilities that potentially cause pollution by vehicle emissions and cause serious environmental problems and which has adverse effect to the human health. The research aimed to estimate the number and distribution of emission gases on air pollutants, such as: PM10, NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 and HC. The calculation of estimated based on road mobile sources (On Road) in Denpasar City, includes all known sources such as the highway, small roads, terminals, and parking lots. The calculation of emissions is calculated by using the approach of emission estimation method. The total load of emissions by moving source on the street in Denpasar for each pollutant gases are: value of NOx is 3765.89 tons/year , value of SO2 is 212.34 tons/year, value of HC is 20049.87 tons/year, value of PM10 is 444.16 tons/year, value of CO2 is 984,280.21 tons/ year, and value of CO is 55432.04 tons/year. Overall, the total load of pollutant emissions gases of Denpasar City is greater than the total load of pollutant emissions gases in Palembang city. Spatially, the distribution of pollutant gas emissions are not spread evenly. The pollutants emissions of NOx, CO2, and HC for each gases have the highest values are about 115 – 239 tons/year, 26.944 – 4.735 tons/year, and 471 – 954 tons/year distributed at West Denpasar District and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest pollutans emission of SO2 is about 15,5-44 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District. The highest pollutans emission of PM10 is about 11,5-21 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest CO pollutant emission is about 1277-1912 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, Niti Mandala Renon area, and Udayana University area.
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Dyachok, Vasil, Solomiia Mandryk, and Serhiy Huhlych. "To the problems of wastewater treatment from mineral pollutants with the use of microalgae." Environmental Problems 6, no. 1 (2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2021.01.015.
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This article presents the results of experimental studies on the use of Chlorella microalgae for wastewater treatment from the most common mineral pollutants. The influence of the mineral pollutants, namely anions HSO3- , NO3 - , H2PO4 - on the dynamics of wastewater treatment has been established. Analytical dependences of microalgae biomass growth rate depending on pollutant concentration HSO3- , NO3 - , H2PO4 - and are obtained. The values of biomass growth coefficients at the corresponding pollutant concentrations are determined. Based on the obtained experimental research results, mathematical models have been constructed that allow predicting the maximum values of mineral pollutants concentrations at which effective wastewater treatment by chlorophyllsynthesizing microalgae is possible. The technological scheme of wastewater treatment from mineral pollutants and the mechanism of the obtained application biomass are proposed.
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Wang, Wen Yong, Nan Chen, and Xiao Juan Ma. "Simulation of Air Quality and Pollution Control Countermeasures of Chengdu Urban Agglomeration." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1387.
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The CMAQ model (Community Multiscale Air Quality model) was used to stimulate the atmospheric environmental quality of Chengdu urban agglomeration. The result shows that air pollutant concentration in some zones of the urban agglomeration is higher than the allowable limit of the national grade II standard. Fortunately, such zones only cover a small area. Zones where the average daily and annual PM10 concentration is higher than the allowable limit only account for 4% of the total area of Chengdu urban agglomeration. Less than 1% of the total area has the concentration of other pollutants higher than the limit. Zones with pollutant concentration higher than the limit are mainly distributed in Chengdu City, Mianyang City, and Meishan City. Pollutants emitted from the cities of Chengdu urban agglomeration shift on to and interact with each other. Therefore, the air pollutant concentration of one city is partially attributable to pollutants emitted from its own pollution sources and a part of or even most of it results from pollutants from other cities. For example, regarding PM10 in air of Deyang City, only 12% comes from its own pollution sources, and 55% comes from pollution sources of Chengdu, and the rest 29% comes from pollution sources of Mianyang. Regarding Sulfur dioxide in air of Chengdu, 59% comes from local pollution sources of Chengdu and 23% comes from pollution sources of Deyang. Other pollutants are also subject to such a rule. As in the urban agglomeration, there are zones where pollutant concentration is higher than the allowable limit, the existing pollution sources must be further controlled by setting reduction target according to the total capacity. The pollutant emission should be reduced by means of eliminating backward productivity, adjusting structure and layout of industries, and controlling pollution sources in depth to effectively improve the regional environmental air quality. At the same time, as pollutants emitted from the cities interact with each other, the 5 cities must sign a joint prevention and control agreement to collaborate in control of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, smoke and dust, and organic pollutants.
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Lv, Weixun, Yan Wu, and Jianbin Zang. "A Review on the Dispersion and Distribution Characteristics of Pollutants in Street Canyons and Improvement Measures." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 27, 2021): 6155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196155.
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The air quality in a street canyon seriously affects the exposure level of pollutants for pedestrians and is directly related to the indoor air quality (IAQ) of surrounding buildings. In order to improve the street canyon environment, it is necessary to clarify the distribution and dispersion characteristics of pollutants. Through field tests, wind tunnel experiments, and numerical simulation, the current research studied the nature of pollutants in street canyons and provided some improvement measures. This paper comprehensively introduces the characteristics of pollutants in street canyons and reviews past studies on the following parts: (a) the dispersion principle and main impact factors of pollutants in street canyons, (b) the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants in street canyons, (c) the relationship between pollutants in street canyons and indoor air quality, and (d) improvement measures of the street canyon environment. The dispersion of pollutants is dominated by the air exchange between the street canyon and the upper atmosphere, which is strengthened when the wind speed is high or when the temperature in the street canyon is obviously higher than the surrounding area. The heat island effect is beneficial for pollutant dispersion, while the inversion layer has a negative influence. Dense buildings mean lower pollutant diffusion capacity, which causes pollutants to easily gather. Pollutants tend to accumulate on the leeward side of buildings. The concentration of pollutants decreases with the increase of height and drops to the background level at a height of several hundred meters. The temporal distribution of pollutants in street canyons varies in diurnal, weekly, and annual periods, and the concentration peaks in the winter morning and summer evening. Besides, pollutants in street canyons have a significant influence on IAQ. To improve the street canyon environment, green belts and other facilities should be reasonably set up in the streets. Future research should pay attention to comprehensive test data, solving disagreement conclusions, and quantitative evaluation of the various impact factors on pollutants, etc.
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Ivarsson, John, Francesca Ferrara, Andrea Vallese, Anna Guiotto, Sante Colella, Alessandra Pecorelli, and Giuseppe Valacchi. "Comparison of Pollutant Effects on Cutaneous Inflammasomes Activation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 23 (November 23, 2023): 16674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316674.
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The skin is the outermost layer of the body and, therefore, is exposed to a variety of stressors, such as environmental pollutants, known to cause oxinflammatory reactions involved in the exacerbation of several skin conditions. Today, inflammasomes are recognized as important modulators of the cutaneous inflammatory status in response to air pollutants and ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. In this study, human skin explants were exposed to the best-recognized air pollutants, such as microplastics (MP), cigarette smoke (CS), diesel engine exhaust (DEE), ozone (O3), and UV, for 1 or 4 days, to explore how each pollutant can differently modulate markers of cutaneous oxinflammation. Exposure to environmental pollutants caused an altered oxidative stress response, accompanied by increased DNA damage and signs of premature skin aging. The effect of specific pollutants being able to exert different inflammasomes pathways (NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP6, and NLRC4) was also investigated in terms of scaffold formation and cell pyroptosis. Among all environmental pollutants, O3, MP, and UV represented the main pollutants affecting cutaneous redox homeostasis; of note, the NLRP1 and NLRP6 inflammasomes were the main ones modulated by these outdoor stressors, suggesting their role as possible molecular targets in preventing skin disorders and the inflammaging events associated with environmental pollutant exposure.
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Błaś, Marek, Katarzyna Cichała-Kamrowska, Mieczysław Sobik, Żaneta Polkowska, and Jacek Namieśnik. "Conditions controlling atmospheric pollutant deposition via snowpack." Environmental Reviews 18, NA (December 2010): 87–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a10-003.
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Solid precipitation represents a potentially important addition to other measures of deposition. However, an accurate estimate of snowfall amount and pollutant loading is not a trivial matter. There are obvious distinctions between regular precipitation collection and snowpack sampling that represent the cumulative chemistry of bulk deposition. The main goal is to show the most important processes and factors that may influence the rate and magnitude of pollutants deposition affected by the snowfall and snow cover: atmospheric pollutant enhancement of snowfall, pollutants deposition at snow cover surface, drifting and blowing snow, formation of the snow cover and its internal changes, as well as pollutants flow through the snowpack. These phenomena lead to continuous changes in the chemistry of the snow cover and the deposition calculated on the basis of pollutants concentrations in daily portions of atmospheric precipitation. The real deposition released from snowpack is strictly related to the number and depth of thaw episodes. If the amount of stored pollutants is large, first portions of ablation water flushing from the snowpack can carry the load of pollutants, and potentially affecting the environment in a detrimental way. Igneous bedrock is especially sensitive to acidic ions because of its low buffering capacity.
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Li, Zhiyuan, Kin-Fai Ho, Harry Fung Lee, and Steve Hung Lam Yim. "Development of an integrated model framework for multi-air-pollutant exposure assessments in high-density cities." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): 649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-649-2024.
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Abstract. Exposure models for some criteria of air pollutants have been intensively developed in past research; multi-air-pollutant exposure models, especially for particulate chemical species, have been however overlooked in Asia. Lack of an integrated model framework to calculate multi-air-pollutant exposure has hindered the combined exposure assessment and the corresponding health assessment. This work applied the land-use regression (LUR) approach to develop an integrated model framework to estimate 2017 annual-average exposure of multiple air pollutants in a typical high-rise and high-density Asian city (Hong Kong, China) including four criteria of gaseous air pollutants (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 10 µm (PM10) and 2.5 µm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3)), as well as four major PM10 chemical species. Our integrated multi-air-pollutant exposure model framework is capable of explaining 91 %–97 % of the variability of measured gaseous air pollutant concentration, with the leave-one-out cross-validation R2 values ranging from 0.73 to 0.93. Using the model framework, the spatial distribution of the concentration of various air pollutants at a spatial resolution of 500 m was generated. The LUR model-derived spatial distribution maps revealed weak-to-moderate spatial correlations between the PM10 chemical species and the criteria of air pollutants, which may help to distinguish their independent chronic health effects. In addition, further improvements in the development of air pollution exposure models are discussed. This study proposed an integrated model framework for estimating multi-air-pollutant exposure in high-density and high-rise urban areas, serving an important tool for multi-air-pollutant exposure assessment in epidemiological studies.
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Deng, Pan, Xusheng Li, Michael C. Petriello, Chunyan Wang, Andrew J. Morris, and Bernhard Hennig. "Application of metabolomics to characterize environmental pollutant toxicity and disease risks." Reviews on Environmental Health 34, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0030.
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Abstract The increased incidence of non-communicable human diseases may be attributed, at least partially, to exposures to toxic chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), air pollutants and heavy metals. Given the high mortality and morbidity of pollutant exposure associated diseases, a better understanding of the related mechanisms of toxicity and impacts on the endogenous host metabolism are needed. The metabolome represents the collection of the intermediates and end products of cellular processes, and is the most proximal reporter of the body’s response to environmental exposures and pathological processes. Metabolomics is a powerful tool for studying how organisms interact with their environment and how these interactions shape diseases related to pollutant exposure. This mini review discusses potential biological mechanisms that link pollutant exposure to metabolic disturbances and chronic human diseases, with a focus on recent studies that demonstrate the application of metabolomics as a tool to elucidate biochemical modes of actions of various environmental pollutants. In addition, classes of metabolites that have been shown to be modulated by multiple environmental pollutants will be discussed with an emphasis on their use as potential early biomarkers of disease risks. Taken together, metabolomics is a useful and versatile tool for characterizing the disease risks and mechanisms associated with various environmental pollutants.
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Guo, Qiucen, Hui Yang, and Huan He. "Based on the study of optimal pollutant control in yingkou section of daliaohe river." E3S Web of Conferences 228 (2021): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122802015.
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In view of the complexity of the river flowing into yingkou section of daliaohe river, an optimal pollutant control screening method combining the migration and degradation of toxic and harmful pollutants was proposed to improve the comprehensive scoring method. The weight factors of 10 synthetic scoring methods were proposed, and different weights were assigned to the weight factors, focusing more on the migration and degradation of pollutants. The improved comprehensive score method was used to screen 39 pollutants in the list of potential pollutants. Twelve kinds.
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Lu, Jian-Mei. "(Keynote, Digital Presentation) Environmental Remediation and Conversion of Pollutants to High-Value Chemicals by Integrated Adsorption-Separation-Electrocatalysis Processes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 36 (July 7, 2022): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361552mtgabs.
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With rapidly growing industrial and economic activities, low-level pollutants, such as nitrate, urea, etc. in air, surface and ground water, have been increasing due to release of fertilizers and pesticides from industry, agriculture, and domestic sewage. It is promising to remove these pollutants and subsequently produce high-value chemicals by electrocatalysis but suffers from low efficiency. Recently, we have exploited several strategies, such as the built-in-electric field, local coordination symmetry, enhanced adsorption-separation interface and substrate geometry, to modulate the microenvironment of active sites on electrocatalysts, facilitating interfacial accumulation of the low-concentration pollutants. These have resulted in remarkable enhancement of the pollutant removal efficiency as well as improvement of yield of high-value products. In this talk, we will report our progress in separation and electrocatalytic removal of low-concentration pollutants and conversion of pollutant to high-value products.
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BEBKIEWICZ, Katarzyna, Zdzisław CHŁOPEK, Jakub LASOCKI, Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI, and Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA. "Characteristics of pollutant emission from motor vehicles for the purposes of the Central Emission Database in Poland." Combustion Engines 177, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-229.
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Within the Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute the Central Emission Database is being established. The Database will cover the most important emission sectors from anthropogenic activities, including usage of motor vehicles. The intensity of emissions of individual pollutants is the input data to air pollution dispersion models. Based on calculations performed by the air pollution dispersion models concentration of pollutants dispersed in atmospheric air (pollution immission) is provided. The annual average immision for a selected place in Poland is a measure of the threat to environment. In order to determine the intensity of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles it is necessary to recognize the intensity of vehicle motion and the volume of emission of pollutants depending on the type of vehicle motion. The task presented in this article is to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles depending on the type of their motion. The mean value of vehicle speeds was used to characterize the type of vehicle motion. The emission of pollutants from vehicles is therefore characterized by the dependence of road emissions of pollutants on the average speed of vehicles. The characteristics were determined for cumulated categories of motor vehicles: passenger cars, light commercial vehicles as well as heavy duty trucks and buses. The results of the inventory of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles in Poland in 2016 were used to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions.
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Yu, Liang, Zijia Liu, and Yanchun Guo. "Simulation of Indoor Pollutant Distribution in Residential Buildings under Different Ventilation Modes." E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 05046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235605046.
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For clear residential indoor pollutant concentration under different ventilation modes and contaminant distribution, to explore the emission efficiency of different ventilation way, choose suitable way of ventilation, different season in Shenyang, this article selects some typical residence as the research object, interior decoration materials commonly used as indoor pollutant source, based on CFD fluid mechanics principle, Airpak3.0.16 software was used to simulate indoor air flow field and indoor concentration distribution field of formaldehyde, benzene and VOC, and to compare and analyse indoor pollutant distribution law, air age and pollutant discharge efficiency under natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation in winter and summer. The results show that ventilation can effectively discharge most of indoor pollutants. 69% of indoor pollutants can be discharged by natural ventilation in summer, 46% of indoor pollutants can be discharged by natural ventilation in winter, 57% of indoor pollutants can be discharged by mechanical ventilation in summer, and 51% of indoor pollutants can be discharged by mechanical ventilation in winter. Under the condition of the same ventilation volume in the same season, natural ventilation has the best effect in summer, and considering that the energy consumption of mechanical ventilation is much higher than that of natural ventilation, natural ventilation is recommended in summer. The effect of mechanical ventilation is better in winter, and because Shenyang is not suitable to open Windows for ventilation for a long time in winter, mechanical ventilation should be used in winter.
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Zhang, Zhiheng, Zhian Huang, Haixiang Li, Dunqiu Wang, Yi Yao, and Kun Dong. "Impact of Nitrate on the Removal of Pollutants from Water in Reducing Gas-Based Membrane Biofilm Reactors: A Review." Membranes 14, no. 5 (May 9, 2024): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes14050109.
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The membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) is a novel wastewater treatment technology, garnering attention due to its high gas utilization rate and effective pollutant removal capability. This paper outlines the working mechanism, advantages, and disadvantages of MBfR, and the denitrification pathways, assessing the efficacy of MBfR in removing oxidized pollutants (sulfate (SO4−), perchlorate (ClO4−)), heavy metal ions (chromates (Cr(VI)), selenates (Se(VI))), and organic pollutants (tetracycline (TC), p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB)), and delves into the role of related microorganisms. Specifically, through the addition of nitrates (NO3−), this paper analyzes its impact on the removal efficiency of other pollutants and explores the changes in microbial communities. The results of the study show that NO3− inhibits the removal of other pollutants (oxidizing pollutants, heavy metal ions and organic pollutants), etc., in the simultaneous removal of multiple pollutants by MBfR.
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Mulya, Salsabila, Suherman Suherman, and Taufik Abdillah Natsir. "Ispersion model and impact assessment of Landing and Take-Off (LTO) activity at New Yogyakarta International Airport using aermod." Angkasa: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi 15, no. 1 (May 30, 2023): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/angkasa.v15i1.1547.
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Pollutant dispersion modeling in around Yogyakarta International Airport wasconducted using AERMOD software. There is a strong positive correlation between the number of aircraft and land transportation and the number of pollutants considered. The ambient air quality at the study site for all pollutants originating from the landing and take-off (LTO) cycle is still below quality standards, but for those sourced from the combination of the LTO cycle and land transport traffic for NO2 pollutants exceed the quality standard, while for CO and hydrocarbon pollutants it is still below quality standards.
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Li, Xuefeng. "Regional Synthetic Water Pollutants Embodied in Trade and Policy Simulations for Mitigating Pollutant Discharge in China." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 10375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310375.
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Inter-regional trade in commodities causes the flow of water pollutants, referred to as virtual pollutant transfer. However, existing studies usually focus on a single water pollutant and cannot characterize the integrated discharge of multiple ones. As a result, it is impossible to analyze the integrated virtual flow of multiple water pollutants among regions, much less simulate the effects of possible water pollutant reduction scenarios. To this end, we empirically synthesize several water pollutant indicators as a whole and then make it the occupancy in the framework of input–output analysis, which helps us to quantify the virtual transfer of water pollutants and simulate scenarios’ mitigating effects. The constructed indicator is called the synthetic water pollutant (SWP) discharge index. By accounting for SWP and then its virtual flows based on the compiled multi-regional input–output tables, we analyze the temporal and spatial differences in synthetic net virtual transfer of regional multiple water pollutants occurring with inter-regional trade. The results show that the national SWP discharge scale of six water pollutants (chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, petroleum, and volatile phenol) is falling from 2012 to 2020. The net intake of virtual pollutants has become more concentrated. Central (e.g., Shanxi and Hunan) and western (Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia) China are the central regions of net virtual receiving. The simulation results show that reducing 10% of importing regions’ inputs while cutting 10% of exporting regions’ consumption mitigates the SWP discharge of the entire economic system by 3.45%. The decrease rate is 3.02%, increasing international imports by 10% in all regions. An incremental SWP reduction of 2.75% by reducing SWP discharge per output unit by 10% in the top 10 regions of discharge intensity indicates reducing the SWP discharge intensity is the most direct and effective approach. However, the growth of fixed asset investment in wastewater treatment and its recycling seems to contribute little to achieving China’s policy target of wastewater treatment capacity increase by 2025. This study provides regional results for managing water pollutants in China and a basis for future policymaking.
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Jia, Wenxing, and Xiaoye Zhang. "Impact of modified turbulent diffusion of PM<sub>2.5</sub> aerosol in WRF-Chem simulations in eastern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 22 (November 19, 2021): 16827–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16827-2021.
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Abstract. Correct description of the boundary layer mixing process of particle is an important prerequisite for understanding the formation mechanism of pollutants, especially during heavy pollution episodes. Turbulent vertical mixing determines the distribution of momentum, heat, water vapor and pollutants within the planetary boundary layer (PBL). However, what is questionable is that the turbulent mixing process of particles is usually denoted by turbulent diffusion of heat in the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). With mixing-length theory, the turbulent diffusion relationship of particle is established, embedded into the WRF-Chem and verified based on long-term simulations from 2013 to 2017. The new turbulent diffusion coefficient is used to represent the turbulent mixing process of pollutants separately, without deteriorating the simulation results of meteorological parameters. The new turbulent diffusion improves the simulation of pollutant concentration to varying degrees, and the simulated results of PM2.5 concentration are improved by 8.3 % (2013), 17 % (2014), 11 % (2015) and 11.7 % (2017) in eastern China, respectively. Furthermore, the pollutant concentration is expected to increase due to the reduction of turbulent diffusion in mountainous areas, but the pollutant concentration did not change as expected. Therefore, under the influence of complex topography, the turbulent diffusion process is insensitive to the simulation of the pollutant concentration. For mountainous areas, the evolution of pollutants is more susceptible to advection transport because of the simulation of obvious wind speed gradient and pollutant concentration gradient. In addition to the PM2.5 concentration, the concentration of CO as a primary pollutant has also been improved, which shows that the turbulent diffusion process is extremely critical for variation of the various aerosol pollutants. Additional joint research on other processes (e.g., dry deposition, chemical and emission processes) may be necessary to promote the development of the model in the future.
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Taylor-Clark, Thomas E. "Air Pollution-Induced Autonomic Modulation." Physiology 35, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00017.2020.
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Air pollutants pose a serious worldwide health hazard, causing respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Pollutants perturb the autonomic nervous system, whose function is critical to cardiopulmonary homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that pollutants can stimulate defensive sensory nerves within the cardiopulmonary system, thus providing a possible mechanism for pollutant-induced autonomic dysfunction. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved would likely improve the management and treatment of pollution-related disease.
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Crabtree, B., P. Dempsey, I. Johnson, and M. Whitehead. "The development of a risk-based approach to managing the ecological impact of pollutants in highway runoff." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 10 (May 1, 2008): 1595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.269.
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In the UK, the Highways Agency is responsible for the strategic road network. It is recognised that current design guidance to control pollutants in highway runoff is out of date. A research programme is in progress to develop a better understanding of pollutants in highway runoff and their ecological impact. The paper summarises the outcome of a study to: (1) monitor pollutants in highway runoff under different climate and traffic conditions at 24 sites; (2) develop standards to assess potential ecological risks; and (3) develop a model to predict pollutant concentrations in highway runoff. Data collection and analysis of the resulting data have identified a link between pollutant concentrations and traffic density. A number of pollutants routinely present in highway runoff have been identified as posing the greatest ecological risk. Ecologically based standards for acute impacts have been derived for the soluble form of these pollutants. These standards will be used in conjunction with the model to indicate where runoff treatment may be required to mitigate ecological risk. The model and standards will be used to develop improved design guidance to protect receiving waters from pollutants in highway runoff by identifying where runoff treatment is required, and to what degree.
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Literathy, Peter, Ferenc Laszlo, and Bela Csanyi. "Approaches for sediment associated pollutant monitoring in the River Danube." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0234.
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Inorganic and organic pollutants (nutrients and toxic pollutants) are liable to accumulate in suspended and bottom sediments. The major transport of these pollutants takes place in the suspended load. Sedimentation and resuspension are in dynamic equilibrium along the river influenced mainly by physical processes. International and national surveys on the Danube sediment concluded that the Danube reach between Vienna and Budapest is one of the most polluted ones in addition to the Irongate reservoir and the downstream reach. The main polluting compounds are petroleum hydrocarbons, including PAHs, and heavy metals. Reservoirs are the major traps of sediment-bound pollutants where pollutant “time-bombs” may be developed. Pollutant monitoring of the bottom sediment requires careful selection of the representative sampling sites where the sediment contains at least 10 percent clay and silt which is enriched in pollutants. Mobilization of the sediment-bound pollutants will result in biological uptake by the benthic organisms. The macrozoobenthons monitoring provides valuable evidence for chronic biological stress associated with contaminated sites. Benthic biodiversity decreased along the studied Danube reach downstream of recognized hot spots such as major cities (Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest) and polluted tributaries (the Vah river, etc.). Harmonization between chemical measurements and biological observations in the sediment could eventually lead to an effective Danube pollution monitoring system.
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Agarwal, S., and S. Devi. "The effect of environmental tax on the survival of biological species in a polluted environment: a mathematical model." Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 15, no. 3 (July 25, 2010): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/na.15.3.14323.
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In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed for the survival of biological species affected by a pollutant present in the environment. It is considered that the emission of the pollutant into the environment is dynamic in nature and depends on the environmental tax imposed on the emitters. It is also assumed that the environmental tax is imposed to control the emission of pollutants only when the concentration level of pollutants in the environment crosses a limit over which the pollutants starts causing harm to the population under consideration. Criteria for local stability, global stability and permanence are obtained using theory of ordinary differential equations. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the dynamics of the system using fourth order Runge–Kutta Method. It is found that, as the emission rate of pollutants in the environment increases, the density of biological species decreases. It may also be pointed out that the biological species may even become extinct if the rate of emission of pollutants increases continuously. However, if some environmental taxes are imposed to control the rate of emission of these pollutants into the environment, the density of biological species can be maintained at a desired level.
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Deprouw, Camille, Alice Courties, Jean-Baptiste Fini, Marie-Stéphanie Clerget-Froidevaux, Barbara Demeneix, Francis Berenbaum, Jérémie Sellam, and Karine Louati. "Pollutants: a candidate as a new risk factor for osteoarthritis—results from a systematic literature review." RMD Open 8, no. 2 (June 2022): e001983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001983.
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BackgroundConsidering non-classical environmental risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA), a systematic literature review (SLR) was performed to summarise existing knowledge on associations between OA and pollutants.MethodsPubMed was used to identify studies reporting data on OA and pollutants in humans (examples of MeSH terms: “Pesticides” or “Polychlorinated Biphenyls” or ‘Lead’). Reports included epidemiological clinical studies, pollutant assessments in ex vivo OA joint, and in vitro effects of pollutants on chondrocytes.ResultsAmong the 193 potentially relevant articles, 14 were selected and combined with 9 articles obtained by manual search. Among these 23 articles there were: (1) 11 epidemiological studies on the relationship between OA and pollutants exposure, (2) 8 on pollutant concentrations in ex vivo OA joint, (3) 4 on the in vitro effects of pollutants on human chondrocytes. Epidemiological studies investigating mainly chlorinated and fluorinated pollutants suggested a possible link with OA. In cross-sectional studies, radiographic knee OA prevalence increased with higher serum lead levels. There was also a relationship between serum lead levels and serum/urine joint biomarkers. A high concentration of heavy metals in the cartilage tidemark was found in ex vivo joints. In vitro, the viability of chondrocytes was reduced in presence of some pollutants. However, the level of knowledge currently remains low, justifying the need for new methodologically sound studies.ConclusionsThis SLR supports the hypothesis of a possible involvement of pollutants in OA disease risk. Large-scale epidemiological and biological studies and ideally big-data analysis are needed to confirm that pollutants could be risk factors for OA.
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Xue, Wei, Qingming Zhan, Qi Zhang, and Zhonghua Wu. "Spatiotemporal Variations of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants and Their Relations to Meteorological Parameters: The Case of Xiangyang, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010136.
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High air pollution levels have become a nationwide problem in China, but limited attention has been paid to prefecture-level cities. Furthermore, different time resolutions between air pollutant level data and meteorological parameters used in many previous studies can lead to biased results. Supported by synchronous measurements of air pollutants and meteorological parameters, including PM2.5, PM10, total suspended particles (TSP), CO, NO2, O3, SO2, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, at 16 urban sites in Xiangyang, China, from 1 March 2018 to 28 February 2019, this paper: (1) analyzes the overall air quality using an air quality index (AQI); (2) captures spatial dynamics of air pollutants with pollution point source data; (3) characterizes pollution variations at seasonal, day-of-week and diurnal timescales; (4) detects weekend effects and holiday (Chinese New Year and National Day holidays) effects from a statistical point of view; (5) establishes relationships between air pollutants and meteorological parameters. The principal results are as follows: (1) PM2.5 and PM10 act as primary pollutants all year round and O3 loses its primary pollutant position after November; (2) automobile manufacture contributes to more particulate pollutants while chemical plants produce more gaseous pollutants. TSP concentration is related to on-going construction and road sprinkler operations help alleviate it; (3) an unclear weekend effect for all air pollutants is confirmed; (4) celebration activities for the Chinese New Year bring distinctly increased concentrations of SO2 and thereby enhance secondary particulate pollutants; (5) relative humidity and wind speed, respectively, have strong negative correlations with coarse particles and fine particles. Temperature positively correlates with O3.
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Santschi, Peter H., Wei-Chun Chin, Antonietta Quigg, Chen Xu, Manoj Kamalanathan, Peng Lin, and Ruei-Feng Shiu. "Marine Gel Interactions with Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Pollutants." Gels 7, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7030083.
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Microgels play critical roles in a variety of processes in the ocean, including element cycling, particle interactions, microbial ecology, food web dynamics, air–sea exchange, and pollutant distribution and transport. Exopolymeric substances (EPS) from various marine microbes are one of the major sources for marine microgels. Due to their amphiphilic nature, many types of pollutants, especially hydrophobic ones, have been found to preferentially associate with marine microgels. The interactions between pollutants and microgels can significantly impact the transport, sedimentation, distribution, and the ultimate fate of these pollutants in the ocean. This review on marine gels focuses on the discussion of the interactions between gel-forming EPS and pollutants, such as oil and other hydrophobic pollutants, nanoparticles, and metal ions.
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Xiong, Jie, Yongqing Bai, Tianliang Zhao, Yue Zhou, Xiaoyun Sun, Jiaping Xu, Wengang Zhang, Liang Leng, and Guirong Xu. "Synergistic Effect of Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Regional Transport on Aggravating Air Pollution in the Twain-Hu Basin: A Case Study." Remote Sensing 14, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 5166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205166.
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The impact of structural variations in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) during the regional transport of air pollutants on its local pollution changes deserves attention. Based on multi-source ABL detection and numerical simulation of air pollutants over the Twain-Hu Basin (THB) during 4–6 January 2019, the mechanism of the rapid growth of atmospheric pollutant concentrations in Xianning by the synergistic effect of regional transport and ABL evolution is explored, and the main conclusions are obtained as follows. The vertically stratified atmosphere is noticeable at nighttime, and the heavy humidity of near-surface fog within the stable boundary layer (SBL) promoted the generation and cumulative growth of secondary PM2.5 components during the pollution formation stage. The horizontal transport characteristics of atmospheric pollutant concentration peak were observed in the residual layer (RL) of 500–600 m. At the pollution maintenance stage, the convective boundary layer (CBL) developed during the daytime, and northerly wind transported high-concentration pollutants from the north to the THB. Under the combined action of horizontal transport and turbulent mixing, the high-concentration atmospheric pollutants in the mixing layer (ML) from the ground to the 500 m height were mixed uniformly and maintained accumulation growth. The next day, the strong vertical turbulent mixing caused the downward transport of high-concentration pollutants in the RL during nighttime due to the development of the CBL again, resulting in a doubling of near-surface pollutant concentration in a short time. With the development of ABL turbulence, local pollution dissipated rapidly without the continuous input of pollutants from external regions. This study emphasizes the importance of multi-scale processes impact on pollution variation, that is, regional transport of atmospheric pollutants at the CBL development stage for the rapid growth of PM2.5 concentration in the ML.
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Dai, Hongbin, Guangqiu Huang, Jingjing Wang, Huibin Zeng, and Fangyu Zhou. "Prediction of Air Pollutant Concentration Based on One-Dimensional Multi-Scale CNN-LSTM Considering Spatial-Temporal Characteristics: A Case Study of Xi’an, China." Atmosphere 12, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121626.
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Air pollution has become a serious problem threatening human health. Effective prediction models can help reduce the adverse effects of air pollutants. Accurate predictions of air pollutant concentration can provide a scientific basis for air pollution prevention and control. However, the previous air pollution-related prediction models mainly processed air quality prediction, or the prediction of a single or two air pollutants. Meanwhile, the temporal and spatial characteristics and multiple factors of pollutants were not fully considered. Herein, we establish a deep learning model for an atmospheric pollutant memory network (LSTM) by both applying the one-dimensional multi-scale convolution kernel (ODMSCNN) and a long-short-term memory network (LSTM) on the basis of temporal and spatial characteristics. The temporal and spatial characteristics combine the respective advantages of CNN and LSTM networks. First, ODMSCNN is utilized to extract the temporal and spatial characteristics of air pollutant-related data to form a feature vector, and then the feature vector is input into the LSTM network to predict the concentration of air pollutants. The data set comes from the daily concentration data and hourly concentration data of six atmospheric pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, O3, SO2) and 17 types of meteorological data in Xi’an. Daily concentration data prediction, hourly concentration data prediction, group data prediction and multi-factor prediction were used to verify the effectiveness of the model. In general, the air pollutant concentration prediction model based on ODMSCNN-LSTM shows a better prediction effect compared with multi-layer perceptron (MLP), CNN, and LSTM models.
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Pettersson, Thomas J. R. "Water quality improvement in a small stormwater detention pond." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0389.
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The aim of this study was to investigate a small open detention pond predominantly receiving stormwater drainage from a highway. The results showed a difference in pollutant removal characteristics. Particle-associated pollutants were effectively removed during storm events as indicated by EMC (Event Mean Concentrations) while dissolved pollutants were not effectively removed. Outflow pollutant loads followed linear profiles when seven consecutive storm events were represented as cumulative graphs. PEMC's (Partial EMC's) during a storm event showed an association between the specific surface area of small particles and lead content. A detention pond should be designed according to capacity to detain the complete storm volume, thus avoiding short-circuiting of the pond by pollutants.
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Bechmann, Henrik, Marinus K. Nielsen, Henrik Madsen, and Niels Kjølstad Poulsen. "Control of sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants using pollutant concentration profiles." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 12 (June 1, 1998): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0509.
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On-line measurements of pollutants in the wastewater combined with grey-box modelling are used to estimate the amount of deposits in the sewer system. The pollutant mass flow at the wastewater treatment plant is found to consist of a diurnal profile minus the deposited amount of pollutants. The diurnal profile is found to be a second order harmonic function and the pollutants deposited in the sewer are identified using first order ordinary differential equations.
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Kumar, Surender, and Shunsuke Managi. "Non-separability and substitutability among water pollutants: evidence from India." Environment and Development Economics 16, no. 6 (August 31, 2011): 709–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x11000283.
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AbstractThe design and implementation of environmental policy often involve more than one pollutant, and must consider pollution as a byproduct of the production of marketable output. In this paper, we test the implicit assumption in the empirical literature that (1) production of marketable output, pollution and abatement are separable, and (2) different pollutants can be abated separately. Using unique plant-level data in India, we reject the null hypotheses of separability between marketable output and pollutants, and between different pollutants. Firms must incur abatement costs for reducing pollution levels. In addition, complement and substitute relationships between water pollutants are demonstrated with statistical significance.
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Bäckström, M. "Grassed swales for stormwater pollution control during rain and snowmelt." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 9 (November 1, 2003): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0508.
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The retention of suspended solids, particles and heavy metals in different grassed swales during rain events and snowmelt is discussed. The experimental results derived from investigations performed in existing grassed swales in the Luleå region, Northern Sweden. During high pollutant loading rates, grassed swales retain significant amounts of pollutants, mainly due to sedimentation of particulate matter. Low to moderate removal efficiencies could be expected for heavy metals, especially metals in solution (i.e. the dissolved phase). When grassed swales receive urban runoff with low pollutant concentrations, they may release rather than retain pollutants. Swales are important snow deposit areas in the city and particle bound pollutants do to a large extent remain in the swale after snowmelt. However, dissolved pollutants (i.e. dissolved heavy metals) are likely to escape the swale with the melt water. Grassed swales may be regarded as facilities that even out the peaks in pollutant loads without being capable of producing consistent high removal rates. This suggests that swales should be considered as primary treatment devices. Possible design parameters for grassed swales are mean hydraulic detention time, surface loading rate or specific swale area.
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Mousavi, Seyyed Mojtaba, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Seyed Mohammad Iman Moezzi, Navid Ravan, Ahmad Gholami, Chin Wei Lai, Wei-Hung Chiang, Navid Omidifar, Khadije Yousefi, and Gity Behbudi. "Recent Advances in Enzymes for the Bioremediation of Pollutants." Biochemistry Research International 2021 (June 22, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5599204.
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Nowadays, pollution of the environment is a huge problem for humans and other organisms’ health. Conventional methods of pollutant removal like membrane filtration or ion exchange are not efficient enough to lower the number of pollutants to standard levels. Biological methods, because of their higher efficiency and biocompatibility, are preferred for the remediation of pollutants. These cost-effective and environment-friendly methods of reducing pollutants are called bioremediation. In bioremediation methods, enzymes play the most crucial role. Enzymes can remedy different types of organic and inorganic pollutants, including PAHs, azo dyes, polymers, organocyanides, lead, chromium, and mercury. Different enzymes isolated from various species have been used for the bioremediation of pollutants. Discovering new enzymes and new subtypes with specific physicochemical characteristics would be a promising way to find more efficient and cost-effective tools for the remediation of pollutants.
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Pal, Partha. "Biomonitoring with Special Reference to Visible Damages in Different Plant Species due to Air Pollution - A Review." International Letters of Natural Sciences 16 (May 2014): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.16.32.
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Air pollution is a matter of great concern in the globe. Generally air pollutant generates from industries, automobiles, etc. and the primary pollutants may easily convert to secondary pollutants. Both of these pose serious threat to the plant community viz. crops, vegetables and avenue plant species are depending on the emission pattern, atmospheric transport and leaf uptake and on the plant’s biochemical defense capacity. An impact caused by air pollutants depends not only upon its concentration, but also on the duration (acute and chronic exposure) and combination of air pollutants. Biomonitoring on plant species is an easy tool to know bioindicator species in which exposure of air pollutants can easily be identified. The present review deals with past and present research works of major gaseous pollutants emissions and their impact on crop, vegetables and tree species performance from available literatures.
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Pal, Partha. "Biomonitoring with Special Reference to Visible Damages in Different Plant Species due to Air Pollution - A Review." International Letters of Natural Sciences 16 (May 30, 2014): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-d10565.
Full textAbstract:
Air pollution is a matter of great concern in the globe. Generally air pollutant generates from industries, automobiles, etc. and the primary pollutants may easily convert to secondary pollutants. Both of these pose serious threat to the plant community viz. crops, vegetables and avenue plant species are depending on the emission pattern, atmospheric transport and leaf uptake and on the plant’s biochemical defense capacity. An impact caused by air pollutants depends not only upon its concentration, but also on the duration (acute and chronic exposure) and combination of air pollutants. Biomonitoring on plant species is an easy tool to know bioindicator species in which exposure of air pollutants can easily be identified. The present review deals with past and present research works of major gaseous pollutants emissions and their impact on crop, vegetables and tree species performance from available literatures.
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Hua, Shan, Xingwang Pei, Wenlong Li, Hanlie Cheng, Hailian Zhao, and David Sturdivant. "Migration and Deposition Law of Pollutants in Urban Sewage Confluence Pipe Network from the Perspective of Ecology." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (September 19, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1229636.
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Aiming at the problem of pollutant migration and deposition in urban sewage confluence pipe, an experimental simulation system of sewage confluence pipe was established. The confluence conditions of three flow patterns ( velocity ratio Vaccess / Vtrunk = 0.1 / 0.2 , Vaccess / Vtrunk = 0.1 / 0.3 , and Vaccess / Vtrunk = 0.2 / 0.3 ) were simulated. The changes of sediment thickness, carbon pollutants, nitrogen pollutants, and phosphorus pollutants in different confluence areas were analyzed, and the migration and deposition laws of various pollutants in urban sewage confluence pipe network under different flow patterns were revealed. The results show that when the flow velocity of trunk and branch roads changes, the deposition of various pollutants and the carrying capacity of water flow in the pipeline change, resulting in the change of sediment layer thickness and pollutant content. With the increase of trunk velocity, the sediment thickness in the area before and after confluence decreases, while the increase of branch velocity only reduces the sediment thickness in the area at the back of confluence. Under any flow pattern, the sediment thickness in the retention area (G3 and G4) shows an increasing trend, which is the key area of pollution removal. Under the three flow patterns, the content of carbon pollutants reaches the peak at the TCOD and SCOD values of G4 monitoring point. Increasing the trunk velocity can effectively reduce the content of carbon pollutants. The content of nitrogen pollutants in each flow pattern also reaches the maximum at G4 point, which are 213.6 mg/g, 205.2 mg/g, and 212.8 mg/g, respectively. Increasing the trunk velocity can effectively reduce the nitrogen content at points G1-G4, while increasing the flow velocity of the branch road can reduce the nitrogen content at points G5-G7. The distribution of phosphorus pollutants is complex, and the flow pattern needs to be adjusted according to different monitoring points.
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Szczepański, Krystian, Katarzyna Bebkiewicz, Zdzisław Chłopek, Hubert Sar, and Dagna Zakrzewska. "Analysis of the National Annual Emission of Pollutants from Road Transport in Poland in the Years 1990–2020." Energies 16, no. 10 (May 14, 2023): 4083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104083.
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This article presents the official results of the inventory of pollutants in Poland from road transport, developed in the National Centre for Emissions Management of the Institute of Environmental Protection–National Research Institute in Warsaw as part of the reporting of national pollutant emissions. Considerations concern pollutants harmful to the health of living organisms. Source information is available in official reports. The national emission of pollutants covers the years of balancing 1990–2020. The aim of the work is to assess the dynamic properties of the processes of national emission of pollutants. The list of substances whose emission is examined in the article is consistent with the list of substances in accordance with the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Environment Agency (EMEP/EEA) procedure. These are pollutants harmful to the health of living organisms. The inventory of pollutants contributing to the intensification of the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere is carried out as part of separate reports. The energy consumption of road vehicles was presented. The ratio of national annual emissions of pollutants in 2020 and in 1990 is the lowest for sulfur oxides and lead, followed by non-methane volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide. The analysis of the national pollutant emission concerned the energy emission factor, which characterizes the ecological level of the accumulated category of road vehicles. This is an original element, not seen before in world literature and official reports of research institutes. An unambiguous trend of decreasing the energy emission factor of pollutants, apart from ammonia, was found, which is related to the use of catalytic flue gas purification systems. This is confirmed by the analysis of the ratio of the energy emission factor in 2020 and 1990, as well as the relative derivative of the energy emission factor in relation to the national annual emission of pollutants.
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Feng, Qian, and Chun Yan Wu. "Characteristics of Combined Sewer Overflows in Nanjing and Selection of Intercepted Time." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 2056–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2056.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristic of pollutants overflow on storm events, relationships between pollutant load and rainfall duration, and rainfall intensity in Chaotian Palace, Nanjing City. The results showed that high pollutant concentrations were observed in the initial stage of runoff and decreased continuously over rainfall duration. Moreover, the wash off ratios of pollutants load decreased with rainfall intensity declining. Furthermore, initial 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 min intervals of a rainfall event were chosen to investigate the variation of pollutants load decrement rate of CSOs. An obvious corner at initial 10 min was observed for all parameters in whole storm events. The slope of curves before 10 min is steeper than after that one. Based on the analysis on pollutants load decrement rate of CSOs, 10 min could be chosen as control point in intercepted engineering for optimizing treatment facilities in order to achieve cost-effective CSOs control.
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Hu, Yanxin, Lin Gao, Chuanming Ma, Hao Wang, and Chi Zhou. "The Comprehensive Reduction Capacity of Five Riparian Vegetation Buffer Strips for Primary Pollutants in Surface Runoff." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 19, 2023): 3898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063898.
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Most studies on the effects of plants on reducing pollutants in surface runoff focus on the elimination of a single pollutant by a single plant species. We take into account the fact that natural riparian herbaceous vegetation buffer strips remove multiple pollutants at the same time, and vegetation species need to be selected according to actual conditions. In an indoor simulation, processed soil samples were taken, and collected rainwater was used to prepare standard solutions for simulating surface runoff, which includes five primary water pollutants: total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Pollutant concentrations were measured after the experiments. We found that the reduction capacity of vegetation buffer strips differs due to the differentiation of biological structure and growth characteristics. Dichondra repens Forst and Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers had high biomass, and their vegetation was creeping on the ground with well-developed roots, showing a strong comprehensive ability to reduce pollutants. The comprehensive reduction capability of five vegetation buffer strips for pollutants is ranked as follows: Dichondra repens Forst > Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers > Zoysia matrella > Festuca elata Keng ex E. Alexeev > Lolium perenne.
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Ayeni, O., V. O. Agada, A. A. Mahamat, E. C. Ibrahim, A. M. Stanley, and D. Abdulsalam. "Impact of indoor air pollutant concentration levels on the health of press operators of printing facilities in Zaria Metropolis, Nigeria." Environmental Technology and Science Journal 15, no. 1 (June 24, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v15i1.1.
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Long-term exposure to air pollutants in printing facilities is detrimental to the health, well-being, and productivity of press users. This study investigated the concentrations of indoor air pollutants in 22 printing facilities in Zaria, Nigeria, as well as their interactions with press operators' perceptions of feeling Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms. The study employed quantitative methods. The concentrations of indoor air pollutants (CO2, CO, TVOC, HCHO, PM2.5, and PM10) were monitored with air quality multifunction devices in the different printing facilities. Questionnaires were also administered to assess press operators’ health and perceptions of feeling SBS symptoms in the printing facility. The results showed that indoor air pollutant concentrations vary in the different printing facilities, with pollutant concentration values in the range of 0.323–9.999 mg/m3, 0.030–0.078 mg/m3, 21.33–426.67 μg/m3, and 28.0–568 μg/m3 for TVOCs, HCHO, PM2.5 and PM10, respectively and same exceeding the NESREA standard values. Findings also show that press operators rarely felt 14 SBS symptoms in the printing facility. The questionnaire results suggest that health-related problems experienced by press operators may worsen if operators continue to have long-term exposure to these pollutants. From this study, press operators need to be cautious of the adverse health impacts associated with long-term exposure to indoor air pollutants. Indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring equipment and indoor air pollutant capture systems should be installed in all printing environments to minimize the adverse impacts of indoor air pollutant concentrations. The findings of this study advance the knowledge of the health impacts of prolonged indoor air pollutant exposure in printing facilities and the connections between elevated concentrations and adverse effects on press operators. Implications include the need for enhanced occupational health practices, regulatory compliance, awareness training, and infrastructure investment to safeguard press workers' well-being and productivity in printing facilities.
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Yu, Li, and Jia Quan Wang. "Analysis of the Concentration of Pollutants Based on Wavelet Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.566.
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The main pollutants in Huaihe river city average concentration time series, for example, according to the basic principles of the wavelet analysis, the application of wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of Huaihe river main pollutant concentration changes of time sequence is analyzed by the major pollutants of Huaihe river in changing trends and mutation characteristics. The results of the study show that, wavelet analysis is applied to the analysis of the concentration of pollutant time series is feasible.