Journal articles on the topic 'Pollutant reduction'
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1
Chu, Peter C., and Kleanthis Kyriakidis. "Chemical Spill Characteristics in the San Diego Bay." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.2.5.
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AbstractDispersion of ocean pollutants in estuarine environments and bays (such as San Diego Bay) depends on the location of the source of the pollutants relative to the mouth and the tidal excursion, which is the net horizontal distance over which a pollutant particle moves during one tidal cycle of flood and ebb. Pollutant dispersion was investigated using a coupled hydrodynamic and chemical discharge model in this study. The results show the existence of two distinct (northern and southern) spill patterns of pollutant dispersion. The northern spill pattern is characterized by fast reduction of the pollutant concentration in the water column, rapid dispersion of pollutants to the San Diego port and to outside of the San Diego Bay, and slow dispersion of pollutants to the southern bay. The southern spill pattern is characterized by slow reduction of the pollutant concentration in the water column, slow dispersion, and confinement of pollutants in the southern San Diego Bay. The results may be useful for ocean pollution control and management.
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Liu, Weijiang, and Mingze Du. "Is Technological Progress Selective for Multiple Pollutant Emissions?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 9286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179286.
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Current research on technological progress does not focus on whether there is a biased selection of technological progress based on the resulting pollutant emissions and the emission reduction effect. This paper measures green total factor productivity for 30 provinces in China from 2004–2018 and tests whether technological progress is selectively biased towards the pollutants emitted. The results find a selective bias of technological progress on pollutant emissions, and there is also heterogeneity in the selective bias across regions. The current level of technological progress is on the right side of the inverted U-shaped inflection point for SO2 and PM2.5 and the left side of the inverted U-shaped inflection point for CO2. The improvement of technological progress can reduce the emissions of SO2 and PM2.5. Still, the results indicate that the reduction effect of these two pollutants originates from the treatment process rather than reducing the source of the production side. The inability of technological advancement to reduce CO2 emissions suggests some carbon lock-in in China’s technological advancement. The Chinese government should increase the proportion of new energy applications and reduce the production methods of polluting industries to reduce pollutants effectively.
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Bao, Shuanghui, Osamu Nishiura, Shinichiro Fujimori, Ken Oshiro, and Runsen Zhang. "Identification of Key Factors to Reduce Transport-Related Air Pollutants and CO2 Emissions in Asia." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 7621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187621.
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Asian countries are major contributors to global air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, with transportation demand and emissions expected to increase. However, few studies have been performed to evaluate policies that could reduce transport-related emissions in the region. This study explores transport-related CO2 and air pollutant emissions in major Asian nations along with the impacts of transport, climate, and emission control policies using the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM)/Transport model. Our results show that by 2050, CO2 emissions in developing countries will be 1.4–4.7-fold greater than the levels in 2005, while most air pollutant emissions will show large reductions (mean annual reduction rates of 0.2% to 6.1%). Notably, implementation of transport, emission control, and carbon pricing policies would reduce CO2 emissions by up to 33% and other air pollutants by 43% to 72%, depending on the emission species. An emission control policy represents the strongest approach for short-term and mid-term reduction of air pollutants. A carbon pricing policy would lead to a direct reduction in CO2 emissions; more importantly, air pollutant emissions would also be effectively reduced. Shifting to public transportation in developing countries can also greatly influence emissions reductions. An increase in traffic speed shows relatively small effects, but can be meaningful in Japan.
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Shao, Yanmin, and Song Han. "The Synergy in the Economic Production System: An Empirical Study with Chinese Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11040980.
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Due to the difference in pollutants discharged, along with heterogeneous abatement technology, the structural and model design of the economic production system needs to consider these differences. This study first proposes a network slacks-based model (SBM) to address the inefficiency of the production system after considering pollutant abatement technology heterogeneity for different kinds of pollutant. Then, we employ the model to study the inefficiency of the Chinese industrial production system, analyzing the inefficiency in the stages of economic production and pollutant treatment. Furthermore, the regional distribution of inefficiencies concerning SO2 (NOx) generation (emission) are discussed and compared. The results show that only the joint reduction of NOx in two sub-stages simultaneously is feasible, and the synergistic pollutant reductions seems limited.
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Lötjönen, Sanna, and Markku Ollikainen. "Multiple-pollutant cost-efficiency: Coherent water and climate policy for agriculture." Ambio 48, no. 11 (September 24, 2019): 1304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01257-z.
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Abstract We examine the abatement costs for water and climate pollutants and their respective policies while accounting for cobenefits. We construct private and social marginal cost curves for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient runoff in Finnish agriculture. We find that the social marginal costs of reducing emissions that reflect the cobenefits are lower than the private costs. Accounting for greenhouse gas cobenefits from nutrient load reduction or water cobenefits from climate emissions reduction creates a gap between privately and socially optimal reduction levels. This gap varies depending on the valuation of cobenefits. The cost-efficient reduction of the focus pollutant is increased when cobenefits from the other pollutant are accounted for. For policies, this implies a higher cap or tax on the focus pollutant. We decompose the optimal tax rate to a basic tax on the focus pollutant and on an additional tax component depending on the level of cobenefits.
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Wang, Bing, Yifan Wang, and Yuqing Zhao. "Collaborative Governance Mechanism of Climate Change and Air Pollution: Evidence from China." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126785.
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Since entering the industrialized era, China’s greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutant emissions have increased rapidly. China is the country with the most greenhouse gas emissions, and it is also facing serious local air pollution problems. China’s industrial sector is the largest contributor to CO2 and air pollutants. The resulting climate change and air pollution issues have caused China to face double pressures. This article uses the CO2 and comprehensive air pollutant emission data of China’s industrial sector as a starting point and uses econometric research methods to explore the synergy between China’s industrial carbon emission reduction and industrial comprehensive air pollutant emission reduction. The synergistic effect between industrial carbon emissions and industrial comprehensive air pollutant emissions has been quantified, and the transmission path of the synergistic effect has been explored. The empirical results show that there are benefits of synergistic governance between climate change and air pollution in China’s industrial sector. Every 1000 tons of carbon reduction in the industrial sector will result in 1 ton of comprehensive air pollutant reduction. The increase in R&D expenditure in the energy and power sector can significantly promote the reduction of air pollutants in the industrial sector. Increasing the intensity of environmental regulations is the main expansion path for synergy. However, in eastern, central, and western China, the synergy is not the same. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate regionally differentiated emission reduction policies. The research conclusions of this article can provide policy references for the coordinated governance of climate change and air pollution in China.
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Zhang, Guo Feng, Tun Yen Wang, Takeshi Mizunoya, Helmut Yabar, Jing Jing Yan, Jing Hua Sha, and Yoshiro Higano. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Environmental Policy for Water Pollutants Reduction in Beijing, China." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1833.
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The purpose of this paper is to construct a dynamic comprehensive optimization simulation model to forecast the net load of water pollutant and economic growth rate of Beijing. Our results propose an optimal policy for helping to achieve the goal of sustainable development. We performed a linear optimization modeling by using LINGO software to simulate a socio-economic model and an environmental model with input-output table. The socio-economic model represents the relationship between socio-economic activities and water pollutant emissions. The environmental model represents the changes in the amount of water pollutants generated.
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He, Pinglin, Jing Ning, Zhongfu Yu, Hao Xiong, Huayu Shen, and Hui Jin. "Can Environmental Tax Policy Really Help to Reduce Pollutant Emissions? An Empirical Study of a Panel ARDL Model Based on OECD Countries and China." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 4384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164384.
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Under the background that environmental tax has increasingly become the main means of environmental governance in various countries, it is particularly important to study the effect of environmental tax on reducing pollutants and then put forward suggestions for building a scientific and rational environmental tax system. The novelty of this paper is the investigation of the pollutant emission reduction effects of environmental taxes in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries and Chinese provinces at the same time, and further comparison of the pollutant emission reduction effects of environmental taxes in OECD and China under different environmental tax collection scales, industrial added value levels, and economic development conditions based on Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach (ARDL). The data are derived from environmental taxes and pollutants of OECD countries from 1994 to 2016 and Chinese provinces from 2004 to 2016. The results show that from the overall regression results, environmental taxes really help to reduce pollutant emissions, both in OECD countries and China. From the grouping regression results, the OECD countries and Chinese inland provinces with small-scale or medium-level of environmental tax revenue and higher level of economic growth all show better emission reduction effects, while OECD countries with low industrial added value and Chinese inland provinces with high industrial added value have more significant effects on pollutant emission reduction via environmental taxes.
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Li, Hui, Xianchun Tan, Jianxin Guo, Kaiwei Zhu, and Chen Huang. "Study on an Implementation Scheme of Synergistic Emission Reduction of CO2 and Air Pollutants in China’s Steel Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020352.
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China’s steel industry is an energy-intensive sector. Synergistic reduction of emissions of CO2 and air pollutants (SO2, NOx, and PM2.5) in the steel industry has an important practical significance for climate change and air pollution control. According to the CO2 emission reduction intensity targets (CERO) and air pollutant emission targets (PERO) for 2020 and 2030, 28 types of energy-saving and emission reduction technologies (20 types of carbon reduction technology and eight types of air pollution end-of-pipe technology) were selected for examination, and a two-stage dynamic optimization model with collaborative implementation of PERO and CERO was built to assess the near future (2015–2020) and long-term (2020–2030) implementation plans for synergistic emissions reduction of CO2 and air pollutants. The results show that in the near future, the implementation of PERO will have a greater synergistic effect on CO2 emission reduction. CO2 emission reduction under PERO in 2020 will be 97 million tons (Mt) higher than that of CERO, an increase of nearly 26%. However, the effects of implementing CERO are better in the long run. Under CERO, the emission reductions of SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 in 2030 are 2.44 Mt, 1.47 Mt, and 0.86 Mt, respectively, and 7%, 4%, and 5% higher than the implementation of PERO. As far as marginal abatement cost is concerned, in the near future, the marginal abatement costs of CO2 and air pollutant equivalents are 1.06 yuan/kgCO2 and 133 yuan/kg pollution equivalent (pe) under PERO, which are 23% and 11% lower than that of CERO, while in the long run, the marginal abatement costs of CO2 and pollutant equivalents under CERO are 0.025 yuan/kgCO2 and 2.73 yuan/kgpe, about 96% and 95% lower than that of PERO.
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Nasir, Mostofa Kamal, Rafidah Md Noor, M. A. Kalam, and B. M. Masum. "Reduction of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Pollutant Using Intelligent Transport Systems." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/836375.
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Greenhouse gas emitted by the transport sector around the world is a serious issue of concern. To minimize such emission the automobile engineers have been working relentlessly. Researchers have been trying hard to switch fossil fuel to alternative fuels and attempting to various driving strategies to make traffic flow smooth and to reduce traffic congestion and emission of greenhouse gas. Automobile emits a massive amount of pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Intelligent transport system (ITS) technologies can be implemented to lower pollutant emissions and reduction of fuel consumption. This paper investigates the ITS techniques and technologies for the reduction of fuel consumption and minimization of the exhaust pollutant. It highlights the environmental impact of the ITS application to provide the state-of-art green solution. A case study also advocates that ITS technology reduces fuel consumption and exhaust pollutant in the urban environment.
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Zhang, Haizhen, and Jiang Wei. "Analysis of Air Pollutant concentration change trend in Urumqi city under the condition of city closed in winter." E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123701037.
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During the epidemic period, Urumqi has been sealed off from the city’s management, just as “suspended” state.From an environmental point of view, the reduction of energy consumption during the closure of the city can be considered as an energy control to study the resulting reduction of atmospheric pollutant concentration changes.In this paper, the monitoring data of air pollutant concentration in the same period of city closure and normal years are compared, and the results show that the air pollutant concentration has decreased in different degrees during the period of city closure.The largest decrease was44.66% for NO2, -40.13% for CO, -36.44% for PM2.5, and the smallest was-2.06% for SO2.Multivariate analysis of variance showed that energy control had a significant effect on the concentration of pollutants during the city closure, for example NO2 (F=128.96, Sig.=0.000), PM10 (F=29.58, Sig=0.000), PM2.5 (F=13.98, Sig.=0.000), CO(F=46.34;Sig.=0.000). Through the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that the air quality of Urumqi in winter is poor and the concentration of pollutants is high. The energy control during the closing period played a positive role in pollutant emission reduction and effectively improved the quality of atmospheric environment.
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Wang, Hua, Feng Qiang Ji, Yi Yi Zhou, and Kun Xia. "Water Pollutant Control for a River-Lake Region to the Northwest of Lake Taihu." Applied Mechanics and Materials 665 (October 2014): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.665.420.
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In this paper, Zhushan Bay watershed to the northwest of Lake Taihu was selected as the research area. Taking the developed river-lake connectivity and frequent exchange of pollutants into consideration, we put forward a calculation method of water environment carrying capacity (WECC) for river network based on multiple objectives of water quality reaching standard in river environment function zones and control sections, concentration profile constraint of sewage outlet. According to the proposed method, we calculated the watershed WECC, assigned to each control unit, and quantitatively analyzed the reductions and reduction rate of pollutants under the condition of total amount of each pollutant of control unit reach water quality standards. The results showed that: The pollution loads of each pollutant in Zhushan Bay watershed were greater than WECC. The reduction of COD, NH3-N, TN and TP is 834.4 tons, 226.1 tons, 724.8 tons and 108.9 tons, and the reduction rate of COD, NH3-N, TN and TP is 13.8%, 36.5%, 55.2% and 73.4%, respectively. This paper plays a guiding role in the research of total amount control of river network in Zhushan Bay watershed, and provides important references for total amount control of similar river-lake region.
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Heyer, K. U., K. Hupe, M. Ritzkowski, and R. Stegmann. "Pollutant release and pollutant reduction – Impact of the aeration of landfills." Waste Management 25, no. 4 (January 2005): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.02.007.
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Ha, Sung Ryong, and Seung Chul Lee. "Reductive characteristics of washed-off pollution loads by best management practices." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.828.
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Best management practices (BMPs) were used to reduce the NPS in various fields. The Korean Ministry of Environment has developed a total maximum daily load (TMDL) and adapted it to prevent water resources from pollutants in four major rivers. However, many water bodies in Korea are still polluted. It is anticipated that the NPS pollution flows into the water bodies without treatment. Nowadays, BMPs are enforced to reduce the NPS pollutant in Korean TMDL.This paper analyzes the characteristics of the reduced pollution loads by two different BMPs. We also calculate the reduced pollutant mass and the reduced pollutant loading rate to help make a plan for the pollution reduction in the Korean TMDL.The characteristics of the pollutant reduction in the BMPs were revealed through analysis of the EMC, first flush phenomenon and reduced pollution loads. Integrated facilities which combined two facilities were more effective to reduce the pollutant than the single and it was better to remove the beginning of the runoff as a first flush effectively than treat all runoff in the facilities.
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Pischinger, Stefan, Matthias Lamping, and Andreas Sehr. "The effect of pollutant emission reduction." ATZautotechnology 6, no. 4 (July 2006): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03246959.
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Kim, Kang, Kang, and Ham. "Evaluation of the Effect of an Exhaust Reduction System in Fire Stations." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 6358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226358.
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Firefighters are known to be exposed to a variety of hazardous materials and combustion products during operational and training activities, as well as in fire stations. However, exposure to diesel exhaust emissions, classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), is also present in the fire station environment. In this study, concentrations of elemental carbon (EC), which is a surrogate of diesel exhaust and indoor air pollutants, has been measured to compare the effect of an exhaust reduction system (ERS) that was installed in the engine bays of two fire stations to mitigate indoor air pollution levels in the garage, duty offices, and dormitory/shower areas. The levels of most pollutants were reduced after the installation of the ERS. Pollutants may disperse inside of fire stations. Therefore, the ERS is a valuable strategy to mitigate pollutant exposure among firefighters and outdoor air pollution using the filtration ability of an ERS. The results of this study suggest that all truck bays should install an ERS to reduce pollutant exposure and that installation is especially necessary for EURO 3 fire vehicles.
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Rushton, B. T., and B. M. Bahk. "Treatment of stormwater runoff from row crop farming in Ruskin, Florida." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0876.
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A wet-detention pond, constructed to treat agricultural runoff from winter vegetables, was studied to document constituent concentrations, measure hydrology and analyze conditions in the treatment system. The efficiency of the pond to remove pollutants was affected by the unseasonable amount of rainfall induced by the El Niño phenomenon and the succeeding dra La Niña year. During the two years of study (50 rain events), about 90 per cent of all the pollutant loads for potentially toxic metals entered the pond during five El Niño storms; and since higher pollutant loads are often more easily reduced these conditions contributed to the greater per cent reduction of metals during 1998. Another condition which may have enhanced constituent reduction was made possible by the newly evacuated sediments, since clean soils provide more attachment sites for constituent removal. Annual data show pollutant load reductions for 1998 were greater than 90 per cent for most metals, but for 1999 reduction was about 60 per cent. In contrast, inorganic nutrient removal was better in 1999 (> 80 per cent) than during 1998 (to 70 per cent). Organic nitrogen had the poorest removal for both years (20 to 40 per cent). Total phosphorus levels were measured at high median concentrations (1 mg/L at the inflow) compared to other studies for stormwater runoff.
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Yu, Yue, Zhi-xin Jin, Ji-zu Li, Yu-cheng Wu, and Li Jia. "An Air Pollutant Emission Reduction Path of China’s Power Industry." Atmosphere 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080852.
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In China, as the major source of energy consumption and air pollutant emissions, the power industry is not only the principal force that bears the responsibility of national emission reduction targets but also a breakthrough that reflects the effectiveness of emission reduction. In this study, based on the integrated MARKAL-EFOM system (TIMES) model and scenario analysis method, a bottom-up energy system optimization model for the power industry was established, and four scenarios with different constraints were set up to predict and analyze the power demand and the energy consumption structure. Emission characteristics, emission reduction characteristics, and emission reduction cost of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOX), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), and mercury (Hg) were quantitatively studied. Finally, for the environmentally friendly development and optimal adjustment of power production systems in China, the control path in the power industry that is conducive to the emission reduction of air pollutants was obtained, which is of great significance for the ultimate realization of climate friendliness. The results demonstrate that from 2020 to 2050, the power demand of the terminal departments will increase, with the composition significantly changed. The focus of power demand will change from industry to the service industry gradually. If no additional targeted emission reduction or adjustment policies are added in the power industry, the primary energy and air pollutant emissions will increase significantly, putting great pressure on resources and the environment. For the emission reduction of air pollutants, the promotion effect of emission reduction measures, such as the implementation and promotion of non-fossil fuels, is restricted. The power industry can introduce and maximize the best available technologies while optimizing the structure of energy consumption to realize efficient emission reduction of air pollutants and energy conservation. In 2030, emissions will reach peak values with reasonable emission reduction cost. This has the additional effect of abating energy consumption and preventing deterioration of the ecological environment, which is of profound significance for the ultimate realization of climate friendliness.
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Wang, J. W., T. Z. Zhang, and J. N. Chen. "Operating costs for reducing total emission loads of key pollutants in municipal wastewater treatment plants in China." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 995–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.321.
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Total emission load reduction of COD, NH4-N, TN, and TP is the key measure in controlling water pollution and eutrophication. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are major contributors in lowering energy consumption and reducing pollutant discharge. The flow-based operating costs have not been directly established to relate to costs of pollutant reduction based on an investigation of 11 MWWTPs in China. However, energy consumption to eliminate one kilogram of COD or NH4-N was observed to decrease when the total reduced pollutants is increased. Additional energy consumption required to remove nitrogen and phosphorus is allotted for mixers and internal return pumps. Major factors for operating costs include influent and effluent concentration, design capacity, and flow loading rate. Therefore, an operating cost model for the total emission load reduction of COD, NH4-N, TN, and TP was developed based on energy consumption and the above mentioned major factors. Using this model to calculate the operating costs for MWWTPs would facilitate more reduction of key pollutants than the flow-based method.
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CHEVONE, B. I., and Y. S. YANG. "CO2 EXCHANGE RATES AND STOMATAL DIFFUSIVE RESISTANCE IN SOYBEAN EXPOSED TO O3 AND SO2." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-039.
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Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ’Essex’) plants, 21–24 days old, were exposed to 400 μg/m3 (0.20 μL/L) ozone (O3) and 1865 μg/m3 (0.70 μL/L) sulfur dioxide (SO2) in various combinations. Fumigation was administered for 2 h either as single pollutants (O3 and SO2), simultaneously (O3 + SO2), or in overlapping pollutant combinations (O3 for 1 h followed by O3 + SO2 or SO2 for 1 h followed by SO2 + O3). Carbon dioxide exchange rates (CER) of trifoliolate leaves were measured during the fumigations, and stomatal resistance to H2O was determined immediately before and after pollutant exposure. At the end of a 2-h exposure, O3 and SO2, administered separately, did not significantly affect CER. Exposure to O3 followed by O3 + SO2, SO2 followed by SO2 + O3, and continuous O3 + SO2 significantly reduced CER to 62, 41 and 33% of preexposure rates, respectively. Stomatal resistance was not significantly altered by pollutant fumigation except in the simultaneous application of O3 + SO2 where an 11% decrease occurred. Reductions in CER in response to fumigation were not attributed to changes in stomatal resistance, but appeared to result from changes in mesophyll resistance. A proposed mechanism for pollutant-induced reduction in CER is discussed.Key words: Air pollution, net photosynthesis, pollutant mixtures
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Prayitno, Prayitno, Hadi Saroso, Hardjono Hardjono, and Sri Rulianah. "THE EFFECT OF CONTACT TIME AND OZON DOSE TO POLUTANTS REDUCTION IN HOSPITAL WASTEWATER." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 7, no. 1 (May 17, 2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11401.
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In Indonesia, Hospital wastewater treatment generally use biological process followed by chlorination process. Chlorination process has a negative impact on the aquatic environment that is cause death of other microorganisms by the residual chlorine. On the other hand, ozone is more effective than chlorine in killing microorganisms and other pollutants in hospital wastewater. The objective of research is to determine the effect of contact time and dose of ozone to reduction of pollutants (BOD, COD, free Ammonia and Phenol) in hospital wastewater. The experiment was carried out using an ozone reactor containing 'packing', an ozone generator as an ozone gas supplier. The experimental material is a hospital wastewater containing BOD, COD, Phenol and Ammonia free. The experimental variables used were: Contact time (1, 2, and 3 min), Dose of ozone (10, 15, and 20 mg/ L). Experiments were done by flowing hospital waste water at the top of the reactor ozone at certain rate and simultaneously flowed ozone gas from an ozone generator in the bottom of the ozone reactor so that it contacts the fluid in counter-current to the surface of the packing material (packing) in an ozone reactor. By adjusting the flowrate of the wastewater and the height of the packing, it can be determined the amount of contact time and ozone dose. Furthermore, by measuring the amount of pollutant concentration on the influent and effluent of the ozone reactor, it can be obtained the amount of removal in the pollutant concentration of the hospital wastewater.The results showed that contact time and ozone dose influence the decrease of pollutant concentration in hospital wastewater where contact time at 3 minutes and ozone dose 20 mg/L and ozonation time 15 minutes can reduce of pollutants concentration as BOD (97%), COD (98%), Ammonia free (97%), and Phenol (96%).
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Briglio, David, and You Jen Tsai. "POLLUTANT LOAD REDUCTION GOAL (PLRG) MODELING TOOL." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2002, no. 11 (January 1, 2002): 735–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864702784900570.
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Hoyos Barreto, Andrés Emilio, Mónica María Jiménez Correa, Alejandro Ortíz Muñoz, and Consuelo Montes de Correa. "Cement plant gaseous pollutant emission reduction technologies." Ingeniería e Investigación 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v28n3.15118.
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A brief description of SOX, NOX and CO2 formation is presented, these being the main pollutants emitted in the cement industry gas stream Several technologies for reducing NOX, SOX and CO2 emissions in long wet kilns are introduced: primary measures preventing contaminant formation and secondary/tube end emission reduction measures. Strategies for preventing CO2 (greenhouse effect gas) formation are also addressed, such as fuel and raw material substitution and CO2 capture technologies which are still being developed.
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Jia, Wenxing, and Xiaoye Zhang. "Impact of modified turbulent diffusion of PM<sub>2.5</sub> aerosol in WRF-Chem simulations in eastern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 22 (November 19, 2021): 16827–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16827-2021.
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Abstract. Correct description of the boundary layer mixing process of particle is an important prerequisite for understanding the formation mechanism of pollutants, especially during heavy pollution episodes. Turbulent vertical mixing determines the distribution of momentum, heat, water vapor and pollutants within the planetary boundary layer (PBL). However, what is questionable is that the turbulent mixing process of particles is usually denoted by turbulent diffusion of heat in the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). With mixing-length theory, the turbulent diffusion relationship of particle is established, embedded into the WRF-Chem and verified based on long-term simulations from 2013 to 2017. The new turbulent diffusion coefficient is used to represent the turbulent mixing process of pollutants separately, without deteriorating the simulation results of meteorological parameters. The new turbulent diffusion improves the simulation of pollutant concentration to varying degrees, and the simulated results of PM2.5 concentration are improved by 8.3 % (2013), 17 % (2014), 11 % (2015) and 11.7 % (2017) in eastern China, respectively. Furthermore, the pollutant concentration is expected to increase due to the reduction of turbulent diffusion in mountainous areas, but the pollutant concentration did not change as expected. Therefore, under the influence of complex topography, the turbulent diffusion process is insensitive to the simulation of the pollutant concentration. For mountainous areas, the evolution of pollutants is more susceptible to advection transport because of the simulation of obvious wind speed gradient and pollutant concentration gradient. In addition to the PM2.5 concentration, the concentration of CO as a primary pollutant has also been improved, which shows that the turbulent diffusion process is extremely critical for variation of the various aerosol pollutants. Additional joint research on other processes (e.g., dry deposition, chemical and emission processes) may be necessary to promote the development of the model in the future.
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Jieling, Cheng, and Li Haibo. "Analysis of Environmental Benefits of Shore Power for Preventing and Controlling Air Pollution Caused by Vessels at Berth." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 04036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185304036.
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When vessels are berthed at ports, the air pollutants emitted by auxiliary engines will cause severe pollution to the ports and surrounding environments. In view of this situation, the author first summarizes the Chinese policies and policies of foreign countries on emission of air pollutants from vessels at berth, and then analyses the current status of and measures for control of air pollutant emission from vessels at berth. Secondly, the author analyses the environmental benefits of using shore power for better controlling air pollutant emission from vessels at berth, compares vessels using shore power with vessels using generated power in the energy conservation and emission reduction effects based on the fuel consumption rate of different auxiliary engines and current status of pollutant emission from power generation in China etc., analyses the current status of shore power application in China, estimates the energy conserved and emission reduced when shore power is used by vessels at berth. Thirdly, the author identifies the scale of electric energy replacement by, and environmental benefits of, shore power at ports in China. This paper delivers innovative approaches to the comparison between the effects of energy conservation and emission reduction based on fuel consumption rates of different auxiliary engines and estimation of conserved energy and reduced emission.
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Wen, Jing Ya, Yan Hu, Zhao Sun, Zhuang Li, and Yu Li. "A SEM Water Pollutants Emissions Reduction Optimization Model for Pollutant Total Amount Control in a Region." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1579.
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On account of severe water pollution condition, this paper combines structure emissions reduction, engineering emissions reduction and management emissions reduction (namely SEM emissions reduction), builds an optimization model for total amount control of regional water pollution, and puts the above model into practice to validate its validity and reliability. According to the case study, the emission reduction of COD and NH3-N are 43.94 and 7.09 (104 tons), respectively. The optimal total costs of reduction is 36.89 (billion yuan), which decreases 7.47% than the existed recommended scheme (39.87 billion yuan). This method can be used for providing technical support and thus achieves the 12th Five-year goals of the environment protection plan more effectively.
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Wang, Chaohui, Qiang Li, Kevin C. P. Wang, Xiaolong Sun, and Xuancang Wang. "Emission Reduction Performance of Modified Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2506381.
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Three novel asphalt modifiers with pollutant emission reduction effects and new emissions measurement equipment compatible with several preexisting asphalt production systems are developed in this paper. The effects of various modifier, asphalt binder type, and gradation of hot mix asphalt (HMA) on pollutant emissions are evaluated in the lab through a comprehensive experimental design. Furthermore, road performances are monitored to evaluate the emissions reduction of modified HMA mixture for production. With increasing modifier content, the emissions reduction performance is improved markedly, with maximum reduction of 70.5%. However, the impact of modifier content on pollutant emissions reduction tends to be insignificant for dosages greater than 20% of the initial asphalt weight. Changes in asphalt type and asphalt mix gradation are found to moderately impact the emissions reduction effect. Finally, the mechanisms of emissions reduction are investigated, primarily attribute to their physical and chemical adsorption and pollutant reductive degradation characteristics.
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Qi, Juan, Lianxin Liu, and Jianjun Wu. "Improving Combustion Technology for Cooking Activities for Pollutant Emission Reduction and Carbon Neutrality." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040561.
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Inefficient residential solid fuel combustion contributes significantly to ambient and indoor air pollutants. It consumes large quantities of fuel and produces harmful effects on health. Improvements in residential biomass cooking stoves have great potential for energy savings and emission reduction. This study presents an advanced biomass gasifier cooking stove to overcome the disadvantages of high-pollutant emissions from widely used stoves in China. The most innovative features of the stove are (1) negative pressure produced by a jet fan located at the junction of the chimney, and (2) combustion and carbonization processes taking place in the same chamber. Compared with a traditional chimney stove, the advanced biomass gasifier cooking stove presented higher TE (thermal efficiency) and comprehensively lower pollutant emissions when raw crop straws, crop straw briquettes, and pellets were burned in it. Approximately 40% CO2 and 90% of PM2.5 (the aerodynamic diameter was less than or equal to 2.5 μm) EFs (emission factors) were eliminated, and TE drastically tripled. Furthermore, biomass briquette/pellet was identified as more suitable than raw biomass as a fuel to be burned in the new stove, especially because the raw biomass displayed an increase in the EFs of As, Se, and Pb when burned in the new stove. The advancement in biomass cooking stove technology is a practical approach to reducing the emissions of CO2, PM2.5, and other hazardous pollutants.
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Ogunkunle, Oyetola, and Noor A. Ahmed. "Assessment of Nexus between Air Pollution, Covid-19 Fatality, Lockdown Measures and Biodiesel Sustainability." Advances in Science and Technology 107 (June 28, 2021): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.107.64.
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Air pollution, occasioned by the combustion of fossil fuels, is a major precursor to many health challenges. Extensive release of poisonous gaseous pollutants has continued to hamper life expectancy and wellbeing, leading to respiratory diseases, health complications and death of people that particularly live in areas which suffer high concentrations of these pollutants in the air. A proven reference to this is captured as a link to the recent Covid-19 pandemic which has claimed thousands of life since it began spreading around the global community. However, the recent global obligatory lockdown measures enforced to combat the spread of Covid-19 pandemic has shown that there was reduction in pollutant emissions released from industrial and transportation activities. This reduction was found to play a significant role in alleviating the Covid-19 complications in areas which have high levels of air pollution, which is linked to symptoms complications and high level of fatality. As a present and future remedy, the combustion of renewable biodiesel as a replacement for fossil fuels has been recognized to play a significant role in achieving increased contribution of sustainable energy as well as reducing pollutant emissions via its combustion in vehicular engines. In light of this, there is a significant need to develop quality biodiesel that can support global energy security and also ensure environmental sustainability through the reduction of pollutant emissions. More scientific methods are needed to drive biodiesel production technologies toward the development of quality fuels from novel feedstock. This study has, however, been able to highlight the connection between air pollution, Covid-19 fatality, effect of lockdown measures, and biodiesel sustainability in reduction of poisonous gaseous emissions.
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Lei, Sun, Zhong Fu Tan, Li Wei Ju, He Yin, and Zhi Hong Chen. "Generation Resource Planning Optimization Model under Emission Constraint." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.868.
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As a large energy consumption and pollutants emission department, power industry energy saving and emission reduction is of great significance for the community's overall energy consumption and pollutants emission control. As the main energy saving measures of the power industry, optimize the structure of power based on grid-connected renewable energy. Therefore, this article is based on energy distribution in China, considering load, electricity, resources, environmental pollution and the unit served, target is the total system power generation installed capacity and pollutant emissions at minimum costs, to construct generation resource planning optimization model under emission constraint, install generation capacity costs, running costs and the cost of pollutant emissions will be take into account, in order to make reasonable recommendations on power resource planning in China.
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Sharma, H., and Z. Ahmad. "Transverse mixing of pollutants in streams: a review." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 5 (May 2014): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0561.
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Spilling or release of foreign particles in the flowing water is considered as pollution of water, and due to the inherent property of water to dissolve the substance, the particulate is well mixed in water. To monitor the extent of pollution in a stream it is essential to know how the pollutants mix in the river. It is observed that vertical mixing of pollutants is a very rapid process in the vertical directions and longitudinal mixing occurs very far from source of pollutant, which is generally out of reach of observations. Thus intermediate or transverse mixing zone is considered very important for water quality modeling. This paper is an attempt to summarize the phenomenon behind pollutant transport, reduction of three-dimensional advection–dispersion equation to two-dimensional equation, and factors causing and affecting transverse mixing of pollutants.
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Tsuzuki, Y., T. Koottatep, S. Jiawkok, and S. Saengpeng. "Municipal wastewater characteristics in Thailand and effects of soft intervention measures in households on pollutant discharge reduction." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.164.
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In developing countries with large Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) sanitation indicator, pollutant discharge reduction function of wastewater treatment systems should be considered. In this paper, pollutant generations per capita (PGCs) and pollutant discharges per capita (PDCs) are estimated as a base dataset for wastewater management in Thailand. PDCs of black water, i.e. toilet wastewater, are found to be much smaller than PGCs of black water. However, PDCs of gray water, i.e. municipal wastewater other than toilet wastewater are large. Gray water is often discharged without treatment and contributes much to ambient water deterioration. Moreover, possible 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) discharge reductions with “soft interventions”, i.e. measurements in households to reduce wastewater pollutant discharge such as using a paper filter or a plastic net in kitchen sinks and so on, are estimated as 39, 21 and 34% for BOD5, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and phosphate (PO4-P), respectively. For the estimation, environmental accounting housekeeping (EAH) books of domestic wastewater, spreadsheets with pollutant discharges by water usages and possible effects of “soft interventions” are applied. The framework of this study with “soft intervention” effects on pollutant discharge reductions should enhance wastewater management especially in the areas under development of wastewater treatment systems.
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Xue, Yifeng, Xizi Cao, Yi Ai, Kangli Xu, and Yichen Zhang. "Primary Air Pollutants Emissions Variation Characteristics and Future Control Strategies for Transportation Sector in Beijing, China." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104111.
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Air pollutant emissions from vehicles, railways, and aircraft for freight and passenger transportation are major sources of air pollution, and strongly impact the air quality of Beijing, China. To better understand the variation characteristics of these emissions, we used the emission factor method to quantitatively determine the air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector. The emission intensity of different modes of transportation was estimated, and measures are proposed to prevent and control air pollutants emitted from the transportation sector. The results showed that air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector have been decreasing year by year as a result of the reduction in emissions from motor vehicles, benefiting from the structural adjustment of motor vehicles. A comparison of the emission intensity of primary air pollutants from different modes of transportation showed that the emission level of railway transportation was much lower than that of road transportation. However, Beijing relies heavily on road transportation, with road freight transportation accounting for 96% of freight transportation, whereas the proportion of railway transportation was low. Primary air pollutants from the transportation sector contributed significantly to the total emissions in Beijing. The proportion of NOX emissions increased from 54% in 2013 to 58% in 2018. To reduce air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector, further adjustments and optimization of the structure of transportation in Beijing are needed. As for the control of motor vehicle pollutant emissions, vehicle composition must be adjusted and the development of clean energy must be promoted, as well as the replacement of diesel vehicles with electric vehicles for passenger and freight transportation.
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Tsai, Jiun-Horng, Shih-Hsien Chen, Shen-Fong Chen, and Hung-Lung Chiang. "Air Pollutant Emission Abatement of the Fossil-Fuel Power Plants by Multiple Control Strategies in Taiwan." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 5716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185716.
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This study is an investigation of air pollutant emission abatement in the electricity generation sector from fossil-fuel power plants in Taiwan in 2014 and 2018. PM concentrations are determined by the results of regular tests, while SOx and NOx are determined by continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) of flue gas from power plants. The results indicate that electricity generation from fossil-fuel power plants increased by 13.8% from 2014 to 2018. However, emissions of air pollutants from fossil-fuel power plants declined during this period. The results indicate that the annual emissions of SOx, NOx, and PM were 40,826, 59,196, and 5363 tons per year (TPY), respectively, in 2014. The emissions decreased to 30,097 TPY (28% reduction) for SOx, 48,530 TPY (18% reduction) for NOx, and 4496 TPY (16% reduction) for PM in 2018. The ensemble mean values of each air pollutant emission factor also decreased significantly. SOx emissions decreased from 0.2443 to 0.1583 mg/kWh (35% reduction). NOx emissions decreased from 0.3542 to 0.2552 g/kWh (28% reduction). PM emissions decreased from 0.0321 to 0.0236 mg/kWh (26.5% reduction). The results indicated that phasing out of high-pollutant generating units and switching the fuel from coal to natural gas could abate the emissions of SOx and PM, and NOx emissions could be abated by introducing control devices. In addition, new power generation sectors will be constructed and equipped with ultra-low emission control systems to reduce air pollution and create a cleaner and healthier electricity generation system in Taiwan.
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Bonito, Lindsay T., Amro Hamdoun, and Stuart A. Sandin. "Evaluation of the global impacts of mitigation on persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic pollutants in marine fish." PeerJ 4 (January 28, 2016): e1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1573.
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Although persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic pollutants (PBTs) are well-studied individually, their distribution and variability on a global scale are largely unknown, particularly in marine fish. Using 2,662 measurements collected from peer-reviewed literature spanning 1969–2012, we examined variability of five classes of PBTs, considering effects of geography, habitat, and trophic level on observed concentrations. While we see large-scale spatial patterning in some PBTs (chlordanes, polychlorinated biphenyls), habitat type and trophic level did not contribute to significant patterning, with the exception of mercury. We further examined patterns of change in PBT concentration as a function of sampling year. All PBTs showed significant declines in concentration levels through time, ranging from 15–30% reduction per decade across PBT groups. Despite consistent evidence of reductions, variation in pollutant concentration remains high, indicating ongoing consumer risk of exposure to fish with pollutant levels exceeding EPA screening values. The temporal trends indicate that mitigation programs are effective, but that global levels decline slowly. In order for monitoring efforts to provide more targeted assessments of risk to PBT exposure, these data highlight an urgent need for improved replication and standardization of pollutant monitoring protocols for marine finfish.
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Li, Xing Chun, Jing Ya Wen, Jiang Long, Xian Yuan Du, and Yu Li. "Emission Reduction Potential Optimization Model on Refinery and Chemical Enterprises for Atmospheric Pollutants Total Amount Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.904.
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Aiming at the harsh environmental situation at present, refinery and chemical enterprises in China are mostly of high energy consumption and high pollution enterprises, which have great emission reduction potential of atmospheric pollutants. Based on SO2and NOx produced by refinery and chemical enterprises, the emission reduction potential optimization model is established by using linear programming method, and combined environmental management policy about total amount control of atmospheric pollutants. Through the model results, the maximum pollutant emission reduction of SO2and NOx predicted through the model were 4810.69 and 1574.04 (tons), and the optimum technical schemes have been given, respectively. This model could provide not only the maximum emission reduction of the existing projects and enterprises, but also the decision support of emission reduction for refinery and chemical enterprises during "the 12thFive Year Plan".
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Wang, Wen Yong, Nan Chen, and Xiao Juan Ma. "Simulation of Air Quality and Pollution Control Countermeasures of Chengdu Urban Agglomeration." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1387.
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The CMAQ model (Community Multiscale Air Quality model) was used to stimulate the atmospheric environmental quality of Chengdu urban agglomeration. The result shows that air pollutant concentration in some zones of the urban agglomeration is higher than the allowable limit of the national grade II standard. Fortunately, such zones only cover a small area. Zones where the average daily and annual PM10 concentration is higher than the allowable limit only account for 4% of the total area of Chengdu urban agglomeration. Less than 1% of the total area has the concentration of other pollutants higher than the limit. Zones with pollutant concentration higher than the limit are mainly distributed in Chengdu City, Mianyang City, and Meishan City. Pollutants emitted from the cities of Chengdu urban agglomeration shift on to and interact with each other. Therefore, the air pollutant concentration of one city is partially attributable to pollutants emitted from its own pollution sources and a part of or even most of it results from pollutants from other cities. For example, regarding PM10 in air of Deyang City, only 12% comes from its own pollution sources, and 55% comes from pollution sources of Chengdu, and the rest 29% comes from pollution sources of Mianyang. Regarding Sulfur dioxide in air of Chengdu, 59% comes from local pollution sources of Chengdu and 23% comes from pollution sources of Deyang. Other pollutants are also subject to such a rule. As in the urban agglomeration, there are zones where pollutant concentration is higher than the allowable limit, the existing pollution sources must be further controlled by setting reduction target according to the total capacity. The pollutant emission should be reduced by means of eliminating backward productivity, adjusting structure and layout of industries, and controlling pollution sources in depth to effectively improve the regional environmental air quality. At the same time, as pollutants emitted from the cities interact with each other, the 5 cities must sign a joint prevention and control agreement to collaborate in control of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, smoke and dust, and organic pollutants.
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Park, Jae Hong, Phil Goo Kang, Eunseok Kim, Tae Woo Kim, Gahee Kim, Heejeong Seok, and Jinwon Seo. "Introduction of IoT-Based Surrogate Parameters in the Ex-Post Countermeasure of Industrial Sectors in Integrated Permit Policy." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 13466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313466.
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New approaches and techniques are required for environmental management in workplaces that emit pollutants. The best available techniques (BATs) that are suggested by the integrated environmental permit system (IEPS) play a pivotal role in providing state-of-the-art approaches and techniques to workplaces. For the workplaces that install facilities with the BATs, it is necessary to perform real-time monitoring to determine whether pollutant emission facilities and treatment facilities are operating normally and whether such facilities can maintain the optimal condition during the emission of pollutants. The environmental management measures used before the IEPS had limitations for workplaces that are subjected to integrated environmental management because they consider the entire workplace as a single pollution source by combining all media. In addition, only the emission concentrations and amounts of pollutants were monitored because only the points at which most pollutants are discharged, i.e., stacks for air pollutant emission facilities and final effluent outlets for water pollutant emission facilities, are monitored. These monitoring approaches in a variety of facilities involve considerable costs, and most of them (95% for stacks in workplaces under IEPS, Korea) cannot perform real-time observation even though some of them are capable of it (5% for stacks managed by Tele Monitoring System, TMS). In this study, the applicability of a wireless sensor monitoring network was examined as a new approach for environmental management in workplaces. Based on the sensor monitoring network, surrogate parameters that can indirectly monitor the critical operating factors of pollutant emission and prevention facilities were developed and then measured in real time to examine the status of these facilities. Surrogate parameters can be used instead of directly measuring pollutants as the former has high efficiency, such as cost reduction, and can provide reliable data on the emission characteristics of pollutants. The wireless network is based on an Internet of Things (IoT) platform under real-time conditions in the emission and production facilities in a workplace. This study suggested that a wireless network using the IoT platform improves the BAT assessment methodology to understand the efficiency of environmental pollution reduction and the economic contribution to the workplace.
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Hussein, Ayat, Riyad Al Anbari, and Maan Hassan. "Toluene concentrations reduction by using photocatalytic coating methods for cementitious materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816205003.
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Volatile organic compounds (VOC) generated from various sources like car combustion is one of the most surrounding pollutants, which can be transferred from one form to another in the presence of sunlight. In the present work the ability of the reduction of VOC have been conducted on cementitious samples surfaces by using toluene as a pollutant gas and TiO2 as an environmentally friendly photocatalyst . Two coating methods have been used (dip and spray) with two types of aqueous solution, prepared by spreading 3g/L micro and nano TiO2 powder with deionized water. A laboratory test procedure was adopted to assess the performance of the coated specimens. The specimens were subjected to toluene gas and there efficiency in gas removal was monitored with time. Furthermore, contact angle for the coated samples was also examined to investigate the hydrophilicity of the coated substrate. The results showed that TiO2 give high activity and work as a good photocatalyst for mitigation of air pollutants, and that it could be used in different ways and concentrations to obtain better air quality and aesthetic building appearance. The observed coating efficiency in reducing the toluene was more pronounced in higher than lower gas concentrations for the micro coated samples with removal efficiency equals to 13% and 10% for dipping and spraying method, respectively. While the higher removal was about 20% for both nano dipping and nanospray methods for the inlet gas concentration 3ppm. This behavior reflects the beneficial effects of TiO2 coating procedure in highly pollutant environments, like Iraq.
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MESQUITA, DANIEL LEITE, ALEX FERNANDO BORGES, ANTÔNIO CARLOS DOS SANTOS, JOEL YUTAKA SUGANO, and TAIS CASTRO VELOSO. "DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES IN AUTOMOTIVE POLLUTANTS REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES: CASE STUDY." RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie 18, no. 3 (June 2017): 15–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712017/administracao.v18n3p15-41.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this paper is to analyze the dynamic capabilities related to the generation of pollutant reduction techniques according with Teece's proposition. In order to do so, we developed a case study in a Brazilian automaker. Originality/gap/relevance/implications: This paper discusses empirically aspects of creation of dynamic capabilities and innovations from its foundations. The originality of the study resides in a clearer understanding inside an organization the conception of dynamic capabilities and innovations through time. Key methodological aspects: In this paper, an automaker was studied, focusing on interviewers' interpretations concerning on the creation of reduction of pollutants technologies. The data collected were qualitative and they were analyzed through the technique of content analysis. Summary of key results: As main results, we observed that Integration and development capabilities were found and they were characterized as dynamic capabilities in the sense that, they are all based in the automaker's adaptation to its external environment. The path dependence of the automaker was also observed, through all the innovations that were created during the automaker's history towards more efficient and less pollutant vehicles. Key considerations/conclusions: Summarizing, the automaker seeks to ‘perceive' its dynamic capabilities from market's actions, since the organization has an historical path and also its R&D capabilities. So on the seizing phase of the Dynamic Capabilities, the organization seeks to ‘create value' to its customers.
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Chen, Yuyi, Yunong Li, and Jie Yan. "Tracing Air Pollutant Emissions in China: Structural Decomposition and GVC Accounting." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 2, 2019): 2551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092551.
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The depth and breadth of China’s participation in global value chains have an important impact on the emissions of air pollutants from the production side, consumption side, and trade implications in China’s industries. Based on the global value chain accounting framework, this paper examines the path of China’s major air pollutant emissions in production and consumption during 1995–2009 and structurally decomposes the factors affecting air pollutant emissions. The results show that, firstly, both the air pollutant emissions on the production side and the air pollution emissions on the consumption side have increased significantly, and the production-side emissions have been higher than the consumption-side emissions. Secondly, the export of intermediate products shows a trend of “high pollution”, and this trend was more obvious after China’s accession to the world trade organization (WTO). Thirdly, the expansion of economic growth was the most important factor in the rapid emission of air pollutants in China and the reduction of pollution efficiency in Chinese industries depends on the increase in service inputs.
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Xue, Bing, Bruce Mitchell, Yong Geng, Wanxia Ren, Katrin Müller, Zhixiao Ma, Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira, Tsuyoshi Fujita, and Mario Tobias. "A review on China's pollutant emissions reduction assessment." Ecological Indicators 38 (March 2014): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.020.
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McFarland, Michael J., Tracey B. Swope, and Glenn R. Palmer. "Reduction of hazardous air pollutant emissions using biofiltration." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 14, no. 5 (December 2003): 590–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830310495740.
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Siregar*, Amru, and Amirsyam Nasution. "Reduction of HC and CO in the Exhaust Gas of Minibus Vehicles by Natural Zeolite." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 10 (August 30, 2021): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.j9427.08101021.
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Air pollution due to burning fossil fuels is still an environmental problem today. This paper presents the research results; method of reducing HC and CO in the exhaust gas of minibus vehicles. This method uses a pollutant gas trap (PGT) device, which functions as an adsorption medium, and natural zeolite as an absorbent material. The PGT device is designed in such a way that the zeolite can adsorb HC and CO gases flowing in it. The PGT device consists of a hollow body and supporting equipment arranged in it. The cavity of the PGT device is filled with zeolite granules and can be passed through vehicle exhaust gases. The PGT device consists of laminar and turbulent flow types, while the zeolite grains used are 2.54 mm and 1.27 mm. The PGT-zeolite device is installed at the exhaust end of the vehicle, so that polluting gases are absorbed by the zeolite. The adsorption capability of the PGT-zeolite device was measured with an Automotive-Emission-Analyzer, type NHA-406EN. Turbulence type PGT device, capable of reducing pollutant gases HC ≈ 40% and CO ≈ 42% respectively for the zeolite grain size of 2.54 mm. Meanwhile, the laminar flow type PGT device was able to reduce HC ≈ 36% and CO ≈ 42% gas, respectively for the zeolite grain size of 2.54 mm. The results of this study indicate that the PGT-zeolite device has a very good ability to reduce pollutant gases in the exhaust gas of minibus vehicles. Therefore, it is necessary to continue research on the feasibility of using natural zeolite, as an absorber of polluting gases in other types of vehicles.
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Marino, Concettina, Cosimo Monterosso, Antonino Nucara, Maria Francesca Panzera, and Matilde Pietrafesa. "Analysis of the Reduction of Pollutant Emissions by the Vehicle Fleet of the City of Reggio Calabria Due to the Introduction of Ecological Vehicles." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 4, 2020): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072877.
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Nowadays, the effects of pollution at a global scale are mainly due to the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2 in particular), especially generated by thermoelectrical plants, as well as the transport, industrial, and civil sectors. Moreover, local pollution effects are generated by several pollutants, such as CO, NOx, SOx, VOC, and PM, produced during combustion in transports or building thermal plants. Because of the increasing demand for mobility at an urban scale, pollution caused by transportation plays a significant role. To reduce its environmental impact, a partial or total replacement of old and polluting vehicles with more ecological ones must be urgently implemented. With this aim, in the paper, a detailed analysis of the vehicle fleet of the city of Reggio Calabria (Italy), with reference to passenger cars has been carried out, elaborating four scenarios to reduce their pollutant emissions from 2017 to 2025, both greenhouse gases and local scale ones, through the replacement of old and polluting vehicles with hybrid or electric ones.
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Wang, Chaohui, Qian Chen, Qiang Joshua Li, Xiaolong Sun, and Zhenxia Li. "A Quantitative Rating System for Pollutant Emission Reduction of Asphalt Mixture." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3761850.
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This study presents a comprehensive pollutant reduction rating system for hot mix asphalt (HMA) with three Level I indices and ten Level II indices, covering various aspects in HMA pollutant emissions, energy consumption, and exhausts from construction equipment. The pollutant emission reduction effects are investigated not only in the laboratory for modified asphalt mixtures with various mixture gradation and binder types but also in the field for several warm mix asphalt (WMA) projects. Furthermore, energy consumption and emission data during pavement construction are obtained from 58 in situ highway projects in 10 provinces of China. Based on the hierarchical clustering method and Bayesian discriminant analysis, individual ranking systems are developed to quantify pollutant emission reduction effects and energy consumption. Subsequently, a comprehensive reduction rating system is established based on the analytic hierarchy process and approximation methods. A case study is demonstrated to implement the proposed system for the assessment of emission reduction effects.
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Gupta, G., and S. Sabaratnam. "Reduction in soya-bean yield after a brief exposure to nitrogen dioxide." Journal of Agricultural Science 110, no. 2 (April 1988): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081478.
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The most harmful of gaseous air pollutants include ozone (03), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (N02). These three pollutants are responsible for up to 90% of the total crop losses due to air pollution (Heck et al. 1981). Reduction in crop yield is one of the most common consequences of pollutant-crop interaction (Koziol & Whatley, 1984; Treshow, 1984). Mean yields of four soya-bean cultivars, York, Dare, Cutler and Clark, grown in open-top chambers with non-filtered air, were reduced by 20% compared with those grown in carbon-filtered air (Kohut et al. 1982). The major components affected were number of pods, number of seeds per filled pod and weight of seeds; a linear reduction in seed weight per plant was reported with increasing concentration of O3.
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Zhang, Xiaolong, Bingbing Han, Yaxin Wang, Yang Liu, Lei Chen, and Yongjun Zhang. "Catalysis of Organic Pollutants Abatement Based on Pt-Decorated Ag@Cu2O Heterostructures." Molecules 24, no. 15 (July 26, 2019): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152721.
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Pt-decorated Ag@Cu2O heterostructures were successfully synthesized using a simple and convenient method. The Pt nanoparticle density on the Ag@Cu2O can be controlled by changing the concentration of the Pt precursor. The synthesized Ag@Cu2O–Pt nanoparticles exhibited excellent catalytic performance, which was greatly affected by changes in the Ag@Cu2O–Pt structure. To optimize the material’s properties, the synthesized Ag@Cu2O–Pt nanoparticles were used to catalyze toxic pollutants and methyl orange (MO), and nontoxic products were obtained by catalytic reduction. The Pt-decorated Ag@Cu2O nanoparticles showed excellent catalytic activity, which significantly decreased the pollutant concentration when the nanoparticles were used for catalytic reduction. The redistribution of charge transfer is the nanoparticles’ main contribution to the catalytic degradation of an organic pollutant. This Pt-decorated Ag@Cu2O material has unique optical and structural characteristics that make it suitable for photocatalysis, local surface plasmon resonance, and peroxide catalysis.
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Guo, Chao, Jiake Li, Huaien Li, Bei Zhang, Menghua Ma, and Fan Li. "Seven-Year Running Effect Evaluation and Fate Analysis of Rain Gardens in Xi’an, Northwest China." Water 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10070944.
Full textAbstract:
Rain gardens have recently been studied as important low-impact development (LID) facilities that play a critical role in runoff volume reduction and pollutant purification. Approximately 16–40 rainfall events were monitored from March 2011 to October 2017 in order to determine the running effect of three rain gardens with respect to runoff volume reduction and pollutant purification. In particular, running fate analysis of rain gardens is the key focus in this study. Combined analyses revealed three key points. Firstly, performance assessment demonstrated that rain gardens effectively cut inflow volumes through the filter media; when the confluence area ratio was 6:1–20:1 (confluence ratio = roof area or road/garden area) and the rainfall was approximately 2.8–39.9 mm, the runoff volume reduction rate ranged from 9.8% to 100.0%. However, the average annual runoff reduction rate presented an initially increasing and then gradually decreasing trend with monitoring time. Secondly, according to water quality data in 54 rainfall events, the annual average concentration removal rate of NH4+-N was relatively good, but generally decreased with monitoring time. The concentration removal rate of NO3−-N and total phosphorus (TP) is unstable; however, the removal rate of total suspended solids (TSS) is better than that of total nitrogen (TN). Combined with runoff reduction, the pollutant load reduction by rain gardens is greater than 50%, although this decreases with increasing monitoring time. Thirdly, through the study of 7-year running effect on runoff reduction and pollutant purification, the “three-stage purification (TSP) concept” (periods of purification growth, stability, and attenuation) with respect to pollutant load reduction processes was finally proposed, and a curve chart was drawn for pollutant load reduction and rain garden operating fate (the “P–F” curve chart).
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Zapata, Christina B., Chris Yang, Sonia Yeh, Joan Ogden, and Michael J. Kleeman. "Estimating criteria pollutant emissions using the California Regional Multisector Air Quality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model v1.0." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2018): 1293–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1293-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The California Regional Multisector Air Quality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model is developed to predict changes to criteria pollutant emissions inventories in California in response to sophisticated emissions control programs implemented to achieve deep greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. Two scenarios for the year 2050 act as the starting point for calculations: a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and an 80 % GHG reduction (GHG-Step) scenario. Each of these scenarios was developed with an energy economic model to optimize costs across the entire California economy and so they include changes in activity, fuels, and technology across economic sectors. Separate algorithms are developed to estimate emissions of criteria pollutants (or their precursors) that are consistent with the future GHG scenarios for the following economic sectors: (i) on-road, (ii) rail and off-road, (iii) marine and aviation, (iv) residential and commercial, (v) electricity generation, and (vi) biorefineries. Properly accounting for new technologies involving electrification, biofuels, and hydrogen plays a central role in these calculations. Critically, criteria pollutant emissions do not decrease uniformly across all sectors of the economy. Emissions of certain criteria pollutants (or their precursors) increase in some sectors as part of the overall optimization within each of the scenarios. This produces nonuniform changes to criteria pollutant emissions in close proximity to heavily populated regions when viewed at 4 km spatial resolution with implications for exposure to air pollution for those populations. As a further complication, changing fuels and technology also modify the composition of reactive organic gas emissions and the size and composition of particulate matter emissions. This is most notably apparent through a comparison of emissions reductions for different size fractions of primary particulate matter. Primary PM2.5 emissions decrease by 4 % in the GHG-Step scenario vs. the BAU scenario while corresponding primary PM0.1 emissions decrease by 36 %. Ultrafine particles (PM0.1) are an emerging pollutant of concern expected to impact public health in future scenarios. The complexity of this situation illustrates the need for realistic treatment of criteria pollutant emissions inventories linked to GHG emissions policies designed for fully developed countries and states with strict existing environmental regulations.