Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pollutant reduction'

Pulsating combustion is a technique that directly intervenes in combustion processes modifying pollutant emissions and increasing thermal efficiency by varying pressure and temperature in the flame region. The pulsations accelerate mixture rate between oxidant and fuel, resulting in a more intense combustion process, with low fuel waste and potential for low emission of pollutants originated by partial combustion, such as carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and soot. The flame structure is modified by introducing an acoustic field in the process, and the flame has its color changed from yellowish, with a high formation of soot, to bluish. This bluish color of the flame is a feature of premixed flames. The main focus of this work is to use acoustic field in order to promote a homogeneous mixture between oxidant and natural gas under extremely lean conditions, thereby trying to conciliate low emissions of both incomplete combustion products and NOx. Besides, a preliminary study was carried out in order to figure out how combustion instabilities could affect the combustion process. It was verified that combustion instability occurrence is strongly influenced by energy availability and flame velocity. Moreover, when considering pollutant emissions, it was noticed that when the maximum acoustic velocity overcame the flow velocity, there was inversion of pollutant emission behavior due to flow reversibility and deceleration. Therefore, acoustic displacement is the most important parameter to understand and control pollutant emissions. Furthermore, at some conditions, especially at low frequency, it was possible to reduce partial combustion product emissions without prompting NOx formation. .

This thesis covers how global mercury emissions are effecting the Great Lakes region, specifically focusing on Minnesota. Minnesota is sensitive to mercury due to its abundant waters and love of fishing. Establishing state regulation and diversifying the State's economy only addresses a small percentage of emitted mercury prominent in Minnesota. Therefore, Minnesota must look to and promote out of State regulation to significantly decrease mercury exposure.

[EN] The main objective of this thesis is the analysis and comprehension of the association of two different combustion concepts (premixed and diffusive combustion) on the pollutant emissions and engine performance in a mid-size Diesel engine. The evaluation is performed at mid and high load conditions, where the implementation of premixed combustion is generally challenging. The association of the two combustion modes is hard to attain in a conventional Diesel engine, especially the preparation of the premixed charge with early pilot injection. Therefore, the approach followed during the study has been divided in two main steps: first, the bibliography on the subject is reviewed and two strategies avoiding the main issues mentioned in the literature are grossly evaluated in order to estimate their potential for emission reduction. Second, a deeper study of the combustion processes and emissions formation is performed, focusing only on the partially premixed combustion strategies that actually have the potential for emissions reduction. Along the second part of the study, the association of premixed and diffusive combustion is evaluated together with variation of conventional calibration parameters such as the intake oxygen concentration (via exhaust gas recirculation), the boost pressure and the start of the main injection timing, at different engine speed and load conditions. A cross analysis of the results obtained is performed in order to understand the key reasons that permit the reduction of the pollutant emissions with this strategy. In a final part of the thesis, the partially premixed combustion strategies studied are confronted with the challenges they might face when really considered for their introduction in a production engine (oil-dilution, noise...) to finally conclude on their technological potential.
[ES] El objetivo principal de la Tesis es el an álisis y la comprensi ón de la asociaci ón de dos conceptos de combusti ón diferentes (combusti ón en premezcla y por difusi ón) en las emisiones contaminantes y las prestaciones en un motor Diesel de cilindrada media. La evaluaci ón se realiza en condiciones de media y alta carga, en la cuales la implementaci ón de una combusti ón premezclada es generalmente complicada. La asociaci ón de los dos modos de combusti ón es dif cil de conseguir en un motor Diesel convencional, especialmente la preparaci ón de la carga premezclada con inyecci ón piloto adelantada. Por esa raz ón, el estudio se divide en dos partes principales: primero se revisa la bibliograf ía acerca del tema, centrando la atenci ón en dos estrategias que permiten evitar los principales problemas evocados en la literatura, determinando su potencial para la reducci ón de las emisiones contaminantes. En un segundo lugar, se realiza un estudio m as profundo de los procesos de combusti ón y de formaci ón de contaminantes, centr ándose únicamente en las estrategias de combusti ón parcialmente premezclada que sí tienen el potencial para reducir las emisiones contaminantes. En la segunda parte del estudio, se aborda la asociaci ón de combustiones premezclada y por difusi ón junto con la variaci ón de par ametros de calibraci on convencionales como la concentraci ón de ox ígeno en la admisi ón (por medio de recirculaci ón de los gases de escape), la presi ón de sobrealimentaci ón y el inicio de la inyecci ón principal, en diferentes condiciones de r egimen y de carga del motor. El an álisis cruzado de los resultados se realiza con el af án de entender las razones claves de los procesos que permiten la reducci ón de las emisiones contaminantes con esta estrategia. Como etapa final de esta tesis, se confrontan las estrategias de combusti ón parcialmente premezclada estudiadas con los problemas a los cuales podr ían llevar si realmente se considerar a su implementaci ón y un motor de serie (diluci ón de aceite, ruido...) para finalmente concluir sobre su potencial tecnol ógico.
[CAT] L'objectiu principal de la tesi es l'an alisi i la comprensi o de l'associaci o de dos conceptes de combusti o diferents (combusti o en premescla i per difusi o) en les emissions contaminants i les prestacions en un motor Di esel de cilindrada mitjana. L'avaluaci o es realitza en condicions de mitja i alta c arrega, en las quals la implementaci o d'una combusti o premesclada es generalment complicada. L'associaci o dels dos modes de combusti o es dif cil d'aconseguir en un motor Di esel convencional, especialment la preparaci o de la c arrega premesclada amb injecci o pilot avan cada. Per eixa ra o, l'estudi es divideix en dos parts principals: primer es revisa la bibliogra a sobre el tema, centrant l'atenci o en dos estrat egies que permeten evitar els principals problemes evocats en la literatura, determinant el seu potencial per a la reducci o de les emissions contaminants. En un segon lloc, es realitza un estudi m es profund dels processos de combusti o i de formaci o de contaminants, centrant-se unicament en les estrat egies de combusti o parcialment premesclada que si que tenen el potencial per a reduir les emissions contaminants. En la segona part de l'estudi, s'aborda l'associaci o de combustions premesclada i per difusi o junt amb la variaci o de par ametres de calibratge convencionals com la concentraci o d'oxigen en l'admissi o (per mitj a de recirculaci o dels gasos d'escapament), la pressi o de sobrealimentaci o i l'inici de la injecci o principal, en diferents condicions de r egim i de c arrega del motor. L'an alisi creuat dels resultats es realitza amb l'afany d'entendre les raons claus dels processos que permeten la reducci o de les emissions contaminants amb esta estrat egia. Com a etapa final d'esta tesi, es confronten les estrat egies de combusti o parcialment premesclada estudiades amb els problemes als quals podrien portar si realment es consideraria la seua implementaci o en un motor de s erie (diluci o d'oli, soroll...) per a finalment concloure sobre el seu potencial tecnol ogic.
Arthozoul, SJL. (2016). Study of the association of premixed and diffusive combustion processes on the combustion and pollutant emissions in a mid-size Diesel engine [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63262
TESIS

Many serious illnesses are linked to everyday exposures to toxic chemicals. In the U.S., most chemical exposure comes from common consumer products such as pesticides, fragranced products, cleaning supplies, and building materials--products so widely used that people consider them "safe." As the links between everyday toxic exposures and potential health effects become better understood, evidence increasingly shows that reducing exposures can create a healthier society. Although some individuals may choose to build a healthy home and maintain a healthy household, they are still exposed to pollutants at their residences from the actions of others, such as to pesticides that are used by neighbors, businesses, and governments. They need healthy residential developments in environmentally healthy communities. This research investigates "healthy residential developments," defined as a property that aims to reduce pollutant exposures to the extent required by vulnerable populations, which for this research are individuals with multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS). Through a case study approach, this research investigates two exemplars of healthy residential developments, and explains how and why they form and continue. It also examines their implementation methods, and implications for planning and policy. Primary data collection methods included in-person interviews, telephone interviews, and site visits. Research strategies included the analysis of interview data, and categorical aggregation using thematic categories within and across cases. The categories focused on factors of formation and continuation for the two healthy residential developments. Findings include the challenges of people disabled with MCS to find safe housing; the importance of planning to address these challenges; the role of individuals, funding, and zoning in the formation of healthy residential developments; the role of funding, safe maintenance, and property management in their continuation; and, the need for affordable and safe housing for vulnerable populations. Future research can address the need to develop methods to create and sustain healthy residential developments, understand and reduce sources of exposure that initiate and trigger chemical sensitivity, and investigate experiences and implementation strategies in other countries.

The potential of porous pavement to meet the key stormwater management objectives of peak discharge control, pollutant removal and runoff volume reduction has been recognised for several decades. However, concerns over maintenance and the structural inferiority of porous pavements have led to interest in pavement systems that utilize both porous and impervious pavements. In such systems the porous pavement may act as a treatment device for impervious area runoff. This study examines the extent to which such combined pavement systems are capable of reducing the impacts of urbanisation on downstream hydrology and water quality. To achieve this objective, experimental and numerical investigations were undertaken to quantify the hydrologic, hydraulic and pollutant removal characteristics of modular, lattice pavement, constructed on an impermeable membrane. This type of construction eliminates the potential for differential settlement associated with variations in sub-grade moisture content and avoids the migration of dissolved pollutants to groundwater. Using design scenarios, the numerical models of component processes are combined to investigate the performance of pervious/impervious pavement systems for effective stormwater treatment. A plot-scale field experiment was undertaken to quantify evaporative water loss from this type of pavement. The potential to increase evaporation by incorporating extended detention within the pavement structure was also investigated. Conceptual and numerical models of evaporative water loss from coarse granular media were developed and successfully applied to the experimental data. It is shown that, even without infiltration, this type of porous pavement can substantially reduce runoff volume. However, under subtropical conditions, increasing the amount of water available within the pavement has only a small effect on evaporation. The hydraulic characteristics of porous pavement treating runoff from an impervious area were investigated in an experimental pavement flume. A numerical model was developed to simulate the coupled surface and subsurface flow interactions through the experimental porous pavement. With increasing discharge, surface water runs further onto the porous pavement surface, while the infiltration rate increases sharply towards the leading edge of surface flow. It was found that combined pavement systems can substantially reduce peak stormwater discharges, although the relationships between attenuation, rainfall intensity, rainfall volume and pavement detention time are complex. In general terms, the attenuation provided by porous pavement increases as rainfall intensity becomes larger. However, storm volume has an overriding effect on this relationship. For very short or very long detention times, storms greater than the pavement voids volume receive little attenuation. An intermediate detention time, of the order of 1 to 6 hours, is likely to result in the best average attenuation over the widest range of rainfall intensities and storm volumes. The results of water quality experiments in the experimental pavement flume demonstrate that the experimental pavement can remove inorganic particulate contaminants, down to approximately 5 microns. The particulate removal performance can be improved by increasing the detention time within the porous pavement. However, little benefit is obtained by increasing detention time beyond about 1 hour. An exponential decay model with only one calibration parameter, adapted from filtration theory for wastewater treatment, is used to predict particulate removal efficiency. This model overcomes some of the deficiencies of the k-C* model, widely employed in the analysis of stormwater treatment. The new model predicts the variation in total concentration and particle size distribution through the pavement, as well as incorporating the effects of varying hydraulic conditions on particulate removal.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental Engineering
Full Text

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo realizado com uma mistura asfáltica morna utilizando ligante aditivado com agente surfactante e borracha moída de pneus inservíveis. Um trecho experimental foi executado com a mistura asfáltica morna, localizado na SPA-248-055, Pista Oeste, entre os quilômetros 3+000 e 6+000 e comparado ao trecho de referência, localizado na mesma rodovia, entre os quilômetros 1+000 e 3+000. Foram feitos também ensaios fundamentais para caracterização do ligante modificado com borracha e com aditivo químico para mistura morna e também ensaios para verificar o comportamento mecânico da mistura de usina, de modo que possibilitou comparar seus resultados com uma mistura de referência, com produção na temperatura a quente. Os ensaios realizados para verificação do comportamento mecânico foram: resistência à tração, módulo de resiliência, fadiga e resistência à formação de trilha de roda no simulador de tráfego francês do LCPC. Comparando a mistura asfáltica morna com uma mistura de referencia, os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios. Além destes experimentos também foram realizados ensaios de resistência ao dano por umidade induzida (DUI). No caso deste estudo, os resultados foram satisfatórios. Durante a produção da mistura asfáltica, foi realizada a análise da redução de emissões de poluentes, no momento da produção da mistura. Os resultados indicaram que há redução de poluentes como fumos totais, fumos solúveis e compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOC). Tanto o trecho experimental quanto o trecho de referência foram avaliados durante 3 anos quanto aos parâmetros de desempenho do pavimento, como irregularidade e condição de superfície. Os resultados obtidos mostram o comportamento positivo da mistura asfáltica morna, quando comparado ao pavimento do trecho de referência, ao longo de dois anos de observação.
This paper presents a study of a warm asphalt mix using binder additive with surfactant agent and tire crumb rubber. A test section was performed with the warm asphalt mixture, located in SPA-248-055, West Lane, between kilometers 3+00 to 6+000 and compared to the reference section, a hot mix section, located on the same highway, between kilometers 1 + 000 and 3 + 000. Basic tests were also made to characterize the rubber-modified binder and to verify the mechanical behavior of the plant mixture, than compared to results of a reference hot mixture. The tests performed to check the mechanical behavior were: tensile strength, resilient modulus, fatigue and rooting in French LCPC traffic simulator. Comparing the warm asphalt mixture with a mixture of reference, the results achieved were satisfactory. In addiction, in this research were also performed induced moisture damage, and check the adhesion of the binder to the aggregate. In the case of this study, the results were acceptable. During warm asphalt mix and hot mix production, analysis of reducing pollutant emissions were recorded. The results indicated that there is a reduction of pollutants such as total smoke, fumes soluble and organic volatile compounds. Both the experimental section and the reference section were evaluated for 3 years for pavement performance parameters such as roughness and surface condition. The results show a positive behavior of warm asphalt mix compared to the reference pavement section over two years of observation.

Metal nanoparticle catalysts have in the last decades been extensively researched for their enhanced performance compared to their bulk counterpart. Properties of nanoparticles can be controlled by modifying their size and shape as well as adding a support and stabilizing agent. In this study, preformed colloidal gold nanoparticles supported on activated carbon were tested on the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by NaBH4, a model reaction for evaluating catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles and one with high significance in the remediation of industrial wastewaters. Methods of wastewater remediation are reviewed, with case studies from literature on two major reactions, ozonation and reduction, displaying the synergistic effects observed with bimetallic and trimetallic catalysts, as well as the effects of differences in metal and support. Several methods of preparation of nanoparticles are discussed, in particular, the sol immobilization technique, which was used to prepare the supported nanoparticles in this study. Different characterization techniques used in this study to evaluate the materials and spectroscopic techniques to analyze catalytic activities of the catalyst are reviewed: ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. Optimization of catalytic parameters was carried out through modifications in the reaction setup. The effects of the molar ratio of reactants, stirring, type and amount of stabilizing agent are explored. Another important factor of an effective catalyst is its reusability and long-term stability, which was examined with suggestions for further studies. Lastly, a biochar support was newly tested for its potential as a replacement for activated carbon.

Although wood floor production does not use water in the production process, water consumptionis related to cleaning and washing of floor and machineries in different steps of the process line,which generate a number of small flows that are highly polluted.Besides this, the industry has a need to store large amounts of wood outside to be able to havecontinuity in the production. This takes up a lot of space outdoors and once it rains the water thathas been in contact with wood, oil and metals forms stormwater, which transports pollutants.Stormwater has for a long time not been seen as a problem and has often been discharged intorecipient water bodies without any treatment. During cold seasons, this also involves snowmelt thatcan transport high concentrations of different pollutants.This report describes the composition of process- and stormwater from a wood floor industry inNybro, Sweden regarding parameters such as COD, phenol, tannin and lignin. The concentrationsof phenols in the stormwater were found in a range considered toxic to marine life.Regarding the process water, high values was found for COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and forother substances and elements potentially toxic (e.g. formaldehyde, wood resins, detergents andmetals). If these waters are directly released to a sewage treatment plant without any pre-treatmentprocess it can disturb the plant treatment efficiency; if released to a recipient water body, it cancause oxygen deficiency and consequently, death to marine life.The possibility of reducing the levels of pollutants through the use of electrocoagulation has beenexamined in this study. This has been done both for process water and stormwater from the woodfloor industry. A 250 ml batch unit for electrocoagulation EC was setup with iron (Fe) andaluminium (Al) electrodes for treating process water and stormwater. The results show that the ECprocess can reduce COD concentration from stormwater at least 70%. On the other hand, lessefficiency of EC for treating process water was observed.A method for simulating a snowmelt period in lab scale was also developed. Snow collected from awood floor industry was melted according to real temperature and the quality of these samples hasthen been compared to on-site samples of stormwater

Development of an integrated approach for industrial wastewater and stormwater management in the wood-industry sector

The main topic of the thesis is the analysis and evolution of the environmental issue in China. In the past, China has been characterized by a strong and rapid economic development. This has brought greater prosperity and higher living standards to many. However, it has also created problems in the environmental sphere, it has brought a high level of pollution and it has increased pressure on ecosystems and affected health outcomes. For this reason, the Chinese government has decided to introduce, within its Five-Year Plan, a section dedicated to the actions and measures that the country intends to take towards environmental protection and sustainable growth. This dissertation will be structured in three chapters. The first chapter will introduce China’s Five-Year Plan system by describing the historical evolution of these plans. Moreover, the chapter will concentrate on environmental projects and the objectives that China wants to achieve through the implementation of the 11th, 12th, and 13th Five-Year Plan, with a focus on reducing emissions of major pollutants which represents the main topic investigated in this study. The second chapter will examine the literature which is divided into theoretical and empirical studies. The literature review helps understand the effectiveness of a planned system in reducing environmental deterioration and the results that China has achieved against pollutants abatement. The third chapter constitutes the operational part of this thesis. The main purpose is to understand if China has reached the targets set in the plans regarding the reduction of the main pollutants. The temporal analysis of controlled pollutants during the 11th and 12th Five-Year Plan period is examined first. Data used in this part are collected from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. As for the 13th Five-Year Plan, expectations are provided due to a lack of data. In conclusion, the chapter will analyze the relationship between results obtained and investments made.

Municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4) permittees face costly obligations to reduce pollutant loadings needed to achieve waste load allocations (WLAs) and meet total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). Street sweeping is potentially an effective BMP since streets exist throughout urban watersheds, often are directly connected to the storm sewer, and are found to contain an abundance of contaminants. Although pollutant removal from street sweeping has been evaluated for decades, an understanding of the impact on water quality in receiving streams is elusive. Due to numerous variables, the large number of samples necessary to measure impact in receiving streams may never be obtained. In response, modeled pollutant removal efficiencies based on frequency of sweeping have been recommended to the Chesapeake Bay Program, but these results are suspect. Alternatively, the amount of swept material has emerged as a method to quantify reductions. A sampling study was conducted to measure pollutants in swept material. The study identified the fraction of material susceptible to transport in runoff based on timing of sweeping in relation to runoff events. Based on observed pollutant concentration associations with particle size, the study results in estimates of pollutant concentrations for the fraction of material susceptible to downstream transport, dependent on duration since the last rainfall and type of surface swept, whether the area is a streets or a parking lot. Pollutant loadings and required reductions to achieve the Chesapeake Bay WLAs for various land use sample areas are computed for an average year. Modeled removal efficiencies and results from the sampling study were employed to assess impacts from street sweeping. Modeled efficiencies predict significantly lower impact than measurements of pollutants susceptible to runoff in swept material. Modeled loadings are inconsistent with measurements of swept materials and the rigorous sweeping frequency required for modeled removal efficiency credit appears to be unnecessary.
Doctor of Philosophy

Hamrebäcken rinner genom östra delen av Västerås och har Mälaren som recipient. Under bäckens flödesväg tillkommer dagvatten och föroreningar i form av näringsämnen och tungmetaller från dess avrinningsområde. Bäcken utgör ett av de mest prioriterade vattendragen i Västerås gällande utsläpp av dagvatten. Detta examensarbete har utförts med syftet att utreda föroreningssituationen för Hamrebäcken och hur dess recipient Mälaren påverkas. Examensarbetet syftade även till att undersöka reningseffekten för en befintlig dagvattendamm samt att utifrån ett kostnads- och reningsperspektiv beskriva ett antal åtgärdsförslag för att uppnå en förbättring av bäckens ekologiska och kemiska status. Utvärdering av Hamrebäckens föroreningsbelastning samt reningseffekt för befintlig dagvattendamm och åtgärdsförslag utfördes med hjälp av den Excelbaserade dagvatten- och recipientmodellen StormTac.   Resultatet från studien visade att den modellerade belastningen från flera av bäckens delavrinningsområden överskrider föreslagna riktvärden för mindre vattendrag. Den totala belastningen från Hamrebäckens avrinningsområde överskrider i fallet för föroreningarna bly och suspenderat material även föreslagna riktvärden för Mälaren. Modellering av den befintliga dammen indikerar att anläggningen är underdimensionerad i förhållande till dess belastningsyta. Dammens reningseffekt uppnår inte heller effektmålen i Västerås stads handlingsplan för dagvatten. Ett förslag om utbyggnation av dammen har tagits fram utifrån litteraturstudie och tillgänglig yta för åtgärden. Den simulerade ombyggnationen uppnådde inte uppsatta effektmål men gav en betydande ökning i reningseffekt. Åtgärder som syftar till att öka dammens avskiljningsförmåga bör därför utredas ytterligare.   Fyra ytterligare åtgärdsförslag togs fram och reningseffekten av dessa modellerades i StormTac. Detta inkluderade två olika placeringar av dagvattendammar, en skärmbassäng med flytande våtmark, samt en konstruerad våtmark. Från genomförd modellering rekommenderas vidare utredning av åtgärdsförslagen inkluderande ett anläggande av en skärmbassäng med flytande våtmark, alternativt en konstruerad våtmark. Detta då dessa åtgärdsförslag uppnådde effektmålen för rening enligt Västerås stads handlingsplan för dagvatten. Åtgärdsförslagen skilde sig något åt gällande kostnadseffektivitet. Detta ansågs dock inte ensamt vara argument nog för att motivera anläggning av något åtgärdsförslag till följd av osäkerheter i det beräknade resultatet. Att en skärmbassäng kan utföras i närtid och inte kräver några ingrepp i avrinningsområdet kan anses som ytterligare argument för installation av anläggningen. En konstruerad våtmark kan i sin tur motiveras med att anläggningen bidrar till att höja det estetiska och ekologiska värdet av området. Dessa argument bör beaktas i valet av metod och det fortsatta arbetet med att minska områdets föroreningsbelastning och förbättra bäckens ekologiska och kemiska status.
Hamrebäcken is a small stream in Västerås, which flows through the eastern part of the city. Along it’s course to Lake Mälaren, the stream receives polluted stormwater containing such as heavy metals and nutrients. The primary objective of this master thesis was to investigate the level of pollutants in Hamrebäcken. A secondary objective was to study the reduction efficiency of an existing wet stormwater treatment pond in the area, and propose ways in which to achieve a higher ecological and chemical status for the stream. The stormwater and recipient software model StormTac was used to estimate the level of pollutants and to investigate the reduction efficiencies of different stormwater treatment facilities.   The study revealed that pollutant levels were too high for several of the subwatersheds, based on the recommended guidance for small streams. The pollutant load for the total watershed exceeded the guidance levels for Lake Mälaren for lead and suspended solids. Modelling the reduction efficiency of the existing wet pond indicated that the pond’s size was inadequate to cater for the quantity of incoming stormwater in need of treatment. Subsequently, the pollution reduction efficiency of the pond was not meeting those objectives set out in the Stormwater Action Plan developed by Västerås municipality. A proposal for rebuilding the pond was therefore developed, taking into account the existing conditions of the area and using recommendations from literature. When modeled in StormTac, the modified pond showed a substantial increase in reduction efficiency compared to that of the existing pond. Despite not reaching the objectives of the Action Plan, this suggested that it would be beneficial to investigate measures that increase the reduction efficiency of the existing wet pond further. As a result, an additional four alternatives for reducing the pollutant load of Hamrebäcken were developed using StormTac. These consisted of two wet stormwater treatment ponds at different locations within the watershed, a screen basin with floating treatment wetlands, and a constructed wetland.   The modeling revealed that the most feasible of the investigated measures was an installation of either a screen basin with floating treatment wetlands or a constructed wetland, both measures adjacent to the outlet of Hamrebäcken. This was mainly due to the modeled reduction capacity of these measures where the reduction objectives of the Action Plan were reached. A difference in cost effectiveness was found between the different measures. This was however not considered to solely be argument to justify the implementation of a certain measure due to uncertainties in the modelled result. The fact that a screen basin can be installed in the near future and without occupying space in the watershed are additional arguments for the use of this measure. A constructed wetland can in return be motivated by a potential increase in esthetic and ecological value of the area. These arguments should be considered in the continued investigation of choosing a measure for reducing the pollutant load of Hamrebäcken and to achieve a higher ecological and chemical status for the stream.

Récemment, les nanostructures de polymères conjuguées π (CPN) ont émergé comme une nouvelle classe de catalyseurs pour diverses applications photocatalytiques comme le fractionnement de (ou photosplitting) de l’eau, la réduction du CO2, le traitement de l’eau (dégradation des polluants organiques et réduction de métaux lourds). Parmi la famille des polymères conjugués, le polypyrrole (PPy) a été le plus étudié en raison de sa stabilité environnementale, de sa synthèse facile, de son excellente stabilité. Dans cette thèse, les nanostructures PPy ont été synthétisées par différentes méthodes : polymérisation chimique dans des matrices souples (mésophases hexagonales ou lamellaires) et polymérisation par radiolyse. Ces nanostructures PPy présentent une activité photocatalytique prometteuse pour la dégradation de polluants organiques (phénol et méthylorgange) sous lumière visible et leurs activités sont supérieures à celle du PPy-bulk (PPy massif). De plus, nous avons modifié TiO2 avec du PPy nanostructuré pour la photodégradation de polluants organiques.Le nanocomposite montre une augmentation importante des performances photocatalytiques sous UV et lumière visible par rapport au TiO2 et PPy seuls pour le traitement de l’eau et de l’air. La production d'hydrogène vert par fractionnement photocatalytique de l'eau offre un moyen prometteur pour résoudre les problèmes d'environnement et d'énergie. Dans cette thèse, nous avons montré que les nanostructures depolypyrrole modifiées avec des nanoparticules mono et bimétalliques (Pt, Ni, Pt-Ni) sont très actives pour la génération d'hydrogène et qu'un effet de synergie est obtenu en alliant Pt avec Ni. Enfin, différentes nanostructures ternaires à base du composite PPy-TiO2 modifié de manière contrôlée avec des nanoparticules de platine ont été développées ((Pt-PPy) -TiO2, (Pt-TiO2)-PPy et Pt-(PPy-TiO2)). L'activité photocatalytique de Pt-(PPy-TiO2) pour la génération d'hydrogène sous UV et lumière visible est très élevée
Recently, π-conjugated polymer nanostructures (CPNs) emerge as a new class of catalysts for various photocatalytic applications such as water splitting, CO2 reduction, water treatment (degradation of organic pollutants and heavy metals reduction). Among the family of CPs, polypyrrole PPy has been the most extensively investigated owing to its environmental stability, facile synthesis, excellent stability. In this thesis, PPy nanostructures were synthesized by different methods: chemical polymerization by soft templates (hexagonal or lamellar mesophases) and polymerization by radiolysis. These PPy nanostructures exhibit promising photocatalytic activity for organic pollutants (phenol and methyl organge) degradation under visible light and their activities are higher than that of PPy- bulk.Besides, we modified TiO2 with nanostructured PPy for photodegradation of organic pollutants (methy orange and phenol as model water pollutants and toluene as air pollutant). The nanocomposite shows an important increase of the photocatalytic performance under UV and visible light compared to bare TiO2 and PPy. This work offers a facile and cheap way to fabricate the heterojunction in organic-inorganic hybrid materials interface and the composite nanomaterials represents a promising photocatalyst for water treatment and indoor application. In another hand, green hydrogen production by photocatalytic water splitting offers a promising way to solve environment and energy issues. In this thesis, we have shown that modified conjugated polymer polypyrrole nanostructures with mono- and bimetallic (Pt, Ni, Pt-Ni) nanoparticles are very active for hydrogen generation, and that a synergistic effect is obtained by alloying Pt with Ni. Lastly, different ternary nanostructures based on PPy-TiO2 composites with controlled active sites modification with Pt nanoparticles were developed ((Pt-PPy)-TiO2, (Pt-TiO2)-PPy and Pt-(PPy-TiO2)). The photocatalytic activity of Pt-(PPy-TiO2) for hydrogen generation under UV and visible light is very high and drastically surpasses those of (Pt-PPy)-TiO2 and (Pt-TiO2)-PPy

Inhalation risks on human health for hazardous air pollutants emitted from MACT I petroleum refining industry were determined using EPA HEM-3 Program. Methodology included compiling vertical and fugitive emissions from 2002 National Emissions Inventory for sources inside two facilities in Louisiana, 'Motiva Norco' and 'Valero St. Charles' refineries. Six cases were modeled applying EPA criteria, where cancer risks are 'low' if the probability is. 1/1, 000, 000, and non-cancer risks are harmful when hazard quotient is > 1. It was demonstrated that fugitive emissions have more impact on human health than the verticals because of their significant portion of the total refining emissions. HAPs can cause moderate adverse effects in humans living nearby refineries, as 113 people resulted in high risk of respiratory problems with Valero emissions, 4571 people resulted in 'moderate' risk of getting cancer with Motiva emissions, 2702 people with Valero emissions, and 11, 282 people with both refineries' emissions.

L’hybridation électrique de la chaîne de traction automobile est l’une des solutions adoptées pour respecter les règlementations futures sur ses émissions. La stratégie de supervision de la chaîne de traction hybride répartit la puissance produite par le moteur à combustion interne et la machine électrique. Elle répond habituellement à un problème d’optimisation où l’objectif est de réduire la consommation de carburant mais nécessite à présent d’y ajouter les émissions polluantes. La chaîne de dépollution, placée à l’échappement du moteur, permet de diminuer la quantité de polluants émise dans l’atmosphère. Cependant, elle n’est efficace qu’à partir d’un seuil de température, et dépend de la chaleur apportée par les gaz d’échappement du moteur thermique. La première partie de ce travail est donc consacrée à la modélisation de la consommation énergétique et des émissions polluantes de la chaine de traction hybride. La modélisation de l’efficacité de la chaîne de dépollution est réalisée selon deux contextes. Le modèle zéro-dimensionnel est adapté aux contraintes de calcul de la commande optimale. Le modèle unidimensionnel associé à un estimateur d’état permet d’être embarqué et calculé en temps réel. À partir de ces travaux, la seconde partie de cette thèse déduit des stratégies de supervision à l’aide de la théorie de la commande optimale. Dans un premier cas, le principe de Bellman permet de calculer la commande optimale d’un véhicule hybride Diesel selon des critères de supervision ayant plus ou moins connaissance de l’efficacité de la chaîne de dépollution des émissions de NOX. Dans un second cas, une stratégie issue du Principe du Minimum de Pontryagin, embarquée sur un véhicule hybride essence, fonctionnant en temps réel et calibrée selon deux paramètres est proposée. L’ensemble de ces travaux est validé expérimentalement au banc moteur et montre une réduction significative des émissions polluantes pour une faible pénalité de carburant
Powertrain hybridization is a solution that has been adopted in order to conform to future standards for emissions regulations. The supervisory strategy of the hybrid powertrain divides the power emitted between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine. In past studies, this strategy has typically responded to an optimization problem with the objective of reducing consumption. However, in addition to this, it is now necessary to take pollutant emissions into account as well. The after-treatment system, placed in the exhaust of the engine, is able to reduce pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. It is efficient from a certain temperature threshold, and the temperature of the system is dependent on the heat brought by the exhaust gas of the engine. The first part of this dissertation is aimed at modelling the energy consumption and pollutant emissions of the hybrid powertrain. The efficiency model of the after-treatment system is adapted for use in two different contexts. The zero-dimensional model conforms to the constraints of the optimal control calculation. The one-dimensional model associated with a state estimator can be embedded in a vehicle and calculated in real time. From this work, the second part of this dissertation deduces supervisory strategies from the optimal control theory. On the one hand, Bellman’s principle is used to calculate the optimal control of a Diesel hybrid vehicle using different supervisory criteria, each having more or less information about the after-treatment system efficiency over NOX emissions. On the other hand, a strategy from Pontryagin’s minimum principle, embedded in a gasoline hybrid vehicle, running in real time and calibrated with two parameters, is proposed. The whole of this work is validated experimentally on an engine test bed and shows a significant reduction in pollutant emissions for a slight fuel consumption penalty

Le projet présenté dans ce mémoire a pour objectif de développer un système de récupération d'énergie des gaz d'échappement d'un véhicule à essence. Constitué de piles à combustible à oxyde solide (SOFC) en configuration monochambre, le dispositif doit convertir l'énergie chimique des gaz imbrûlés en électricité. Son fonctionnement en aval du catalyseur trois voies permettrait de compléter son action dépolluante tout en améliorant l'efficacité énergétique du véhicule. Par opposition aux piles SOFC dites conventionnelles, les piles SOFC monochambres ne nécessitent pas de scellement étanche entre les compartiments et fonctionnent sous un mélange gazeux composé d'hydrocarbures et d'oxygène. L'empilement en stack de plusieurs cellules est simplifié et plus compact, son intégration au cœur du pot d'échappement est donc plus simple. Ce concept a été précédemment étudié dans la littérature et le présent projet a pour but d'améliorer les performances délivrées en optimisant certains paramètres : la géométrie de pile et les matériaux d'électrodes et d'électrolyte. De plus, un mélange gazeux plus représentatif des conditions réelles a été défini et utilisé tout au long du projet. Une étude préliminaire sur les matériaux sous forme de poudre a permis de réaliser un premier choix parmi quatre matériaux de cathode et de définir les conditions de fonctionnement théoriques des cellules. Ensuite, les cellules complètes ont été mises en forme puis étudiées sous mélange gazeux. Une densité maximale de puissance de 25 mW.cm-2 à 550°C pour une cellule Ni-CGO/CGO/LSCF-CGO a ainsi pu être obtenue.

[ES] Los objetivos son 2: 1- Determinar el efecto de la dispersión de la recirculación de gases de escape de alta presión (HP EGR) en las emisiones de NOx y humos en motores diésel de automoción en operaciones de funcionamiento constantes. La investigación cuantifica las emisiones de NOx y humos en función del nivel de dispersión de EGR de alta presión entre cilindros. 2- Explorar los límites del modelado 1D para predecir el movimiento del flujo de los gases en la compleja situación en la que estos entran en los cilindros desde el colector de admisión. Los experimentos se realizaron en un banco de pruebas con un motor diésel de 1.6 litros. Para detectar la dispersión de EGR de alta presión se instaló un sistema de válvulas en los conductos de admisión de cada cilindro para medir la concentración de CO2, por tanto la tasa de EGR, en cada conducto. Se instaló también un sistema de válvulas en el escape para medir las emisiones de NOx en cada cilindro. Se instaló un sensor de humos en la línea de escape, aguas abajo de la turbina, para medir el efecto de la dispersión de EGR de alta presión en las emisiones de humos además del sensor para medir el resto de las emisiones contaminantes aguas abajo de la turbina. Se han estudiado 9 puntos de funcionamiento diferentes con distintas velocidades y niveles de carga. El mapa motor se ha estudiado en profundidad, desde 1250 hasta 3000 rpm y entre 3 y 20 bar de presión media efectiva (BMEP). La tasa de EGR varía entre 5 y 42%, dependiendo del punto de funcionamiento. La geometría del modelo reproduce la del motor diésel de automoción de 1.6 litros en el que se realizaron los ensayos experimentales. Incluyendo la línea de EGR de alta presión que fue instalada para controlar los niveles de dispersión durante los ensayos experimentales. La metodología centrada en las herramientas experimentales combina aparatos de medida tradicional con un sistema de válvulas específico que ofrecen una información precisa en cuanto a la concentración de especies tanto en el colector de admisión como en el de escape. El estudio se realizó a emisiones de NOx constantes para observar el efecto de la dispersión de EGR en los valores de opacidad. La metodología está centrada en las herramientas de modelado, las condiciones de contorno y toda la información necesaria para poner en marcha el modelo proviene de los resultados de los ensayos experimentales medidos con los diferentes sensores y aparatos mencionados anteriormente. Muchos de ellos necesarios para ajustar el modelo. La parte más importante para estudiar la capacidad de predicción del modelo es el diseño del colector de admisión. Es necesario poner especial atención en la orientación de los conductos, y en la estructura interna y la superficie para tratar de ser muy fiel a la geometría real, ya que ello determina la predicción de la dispersión. Esta aproximación de modelado cuasi tridimensional (3D) es posible gracias a un programa específico que importa la información necesaria desde un archivo CAD al programa de modelado 1D. Respecto a la parte experimental, el estudio concluye que cuando la dispersión de EGR es baja, los niveles de opacidad se reducen en todos los puntos de funcionamiento. Sin embargo, por encima de ciertos niveles de dispersión de EGR, la opacidad crece seriamente con diferentes pendientes según el punto de operación. El estudio permite cuantificar este límite de dispersión de EGR. La dispersión de EGR incrementa el consumo de combustible por encima del 6.9%. Respecto a la parte de modelado, el estudio concluye que cuando la distribución de EGR entre conductos medida experimentalmente es asimétrica y presenta un alto patrón de concavidad o convexidad, el modelo no predice adecuadamente la distribución del EGR. El estudio concluye que, aunque en los ensayos experimentales la tasa de EGR afecta a la dispersión de EGR, el modelo 1D no es tan sensible como para predecir esta influencia cuando la tasa de EGR está por debajo del 10%.
[CA] L'objectiu de l'estudi és doble. Per una banda, determinar l'efecte de la dispersió de la recirculació de gasos d'escapament d'alta pressió (HP EGR per les seues sigles en anglès) en les emissions d'òxids de nitrogen (NOx) i fums en motors dièsel d'automoció en operacions de funcionament constants. La investigació quantifica les emissions de NOx i fums en funció del nivell de dispersió d'EGR d'alta pressió entre cilindres. Per una altra banda, l'objectiu és explorar els límits del modelatge unidimensional (1D) per predir el moviment del flux dels gasos en la complexa situació en què aquests entren als cilindres des del col·lector d'admissió. Els experiments van ser realitzats en un banc de proves amb un motor dièsel de 1.6 litres. Per detectar la dispersió d'EGR d'alta pressió es va instal·lar un sistema de vàlvules en els conductes d'admissió de cada cilindre per mesurar el percentatge de CO2 i per tant la taxa d'EGR. De la mateixa manera es va instal·lar també un sistema de vàlvules d'escapament, cilindre a cilindre, per mesurar les emissions de NOx. A més també es va instal·lar un sensor de fums en la línia d'escapament, aigües avall de la turbina, per mesurar l'efecte de la dispersió d'EGR d'alta pressió en les emissions de fums, així com el sensor de mesura de la resta d'emissions aigües avall de la turbina. S'han estudiat 9 punts de funcionament diferents amb distintes velocitats i nivells de càrrega, per la qual cosa el mapa motor s'ha estudiat en profunditat, des de 1250 fins a 3000 rpm i entre 3 i 20 bar de pressió mitjana efectiva (BMEP per les seues sigles en anglès). La taxa d'EGR varia entre 5 i 42 %, depenent del punt de funcionament. La geometria del model reprodueix la geometria del motor dièsel d'automoció d'1.6 litres en el qual es van realitzar tots els assajos experimentals. La metodologia centrada en les ferramentes experimentals combina aparells de mesura tradicional amb un sistema de vàlvules específic que ofereixen una informació precisa quant a la concentració d'espècies tant al col·lector d'admissió com al d'escapament. L'estudi es va realitzar a emissions de NOx constants per observar l'efecte de la dispersió d'EGR en els valors d'opacitat. Quant a la metodologia centrada en les ferramentes de modelatge, les condicions de contorn i tota la informació necessària per posar en marxa el model prové dels resultats dels assajos experimentals mesurats amb els diferents sensors i aparells mencionats anteriorment, molts d'ells necessaris per ajustar el model. La part més important per estudiar la capacitat de predicció del model és el disseny del col·lector d'admissió. És necessari posar especial atenció a l'orientació dels conductes, i a l'estructura interna i la superfície per tractar de ser molt fidel a la geometria real, ja que determina la predicció de la dispersió. Esta aproximació del model quasi-tridimensional (3D) és possible gràcies a un programa específic que importa la informació necessària des d'un arxiu de disseny assistit per ordinador (CAD) al programa de modelat 1D. Respecte a la part experimental, l'estudi conclou que quan la dispersió d'EGR és baixa, els nivells d'opacitat es redueixen en tots els punts de funcionament. Tanmateix, per damunt de certs nivells de dispersió d'EGR, l'opacitat creix seriosament amb diferents pendents segons el punt d'operació. L'estudi permet quantificar aquest límit de dispersió d'EGR. A més, la dispersió d'EGR podria contribuir a incrementar el consum de combustible per damunt del 6.9%. Respecte a la part de modelatge, l'estudi conclou que quan la distribució d'EGR entre conductes mesurada experimentalment és asimètrica i presenta un alt patró de concavitat o convexitat, el model no prediu adequadament la distribució d'EGR. A més, l'estudi conclou que, tot i que en els assajos experimentals la taxa d'EGR afecta a la dispersió d'EGR, el model 1D no és tan sensible com per predir aquesta influència quan la taxa d’EGR està per baix del 10%.
[EN] The objective of the study is twofold. On the one hand, it is to determine the effect of the high pressure (HP) exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) dispersion in automotive diesel engines on NOx and smoke emissions in steady engine operation. The investigation quantifies the smoke emissions as a function of the dispersion of the HP EGR among cylinders. On the other hand, it is to explore the limits of the one-dimensional (1D) modeling to predict the movement of the flow in a complex situation as the gases get into the cylinders from the intake manifold. The experiments are performed on a test bench with a 1.6 liter automotive diesel engine. In order to track the HP EGR dispersion in the intake pipes, a valves system to measure CO2, hence EGR rate, pipe to pipe was installed. In the same way, a valves device to measure NOx emissions cylinder to cylinder in the exhaust was installed too. Moreover a smoke meter device was installed in the exhaust line, downstream the turbine, to measure the effect of the HP EGR dispersion on smoke emissions. A probe to measure the other raw emissions was installed downstream the turbine, too. Nine different engine running conditions were studied at different speed and load, thus the engine map was widely studied, from 1250 rpm to 3000 rpm and between 3 and 20 bar of BMEP. The EGR rate variates between 5 and 42 % depending on the working operation point. The geometry of the model reproduces the geometry of a 1.6 liter diesel automotive engine where the tests were performed. It includes an HP-EGR line and the device that was installed to perform the experiments to control the dispersion. The methodology focused on experimental tools combining traditional measuring devices with a specific valves system which offers accurate information about species concentration in both the intake and the exhaust manifolds. The study was performed at constant raw NOx emissions to observe the effect of the EGR dispersion in the opacity values. Regarding the methodology focused on modeling tools, the boundary conditions and all the necessary information to run the model comes from experimental results measured with the different sensors and devices mentioned before. Much of them were needed to adjust the model. The most important part of the modeling to study the capacity of the prediction of the EGR dispersion is the layout of the intake manifold. It is necessary put special attention to the orientation of the pipes, and the internal structure and surface trying to mimic the real geometry because it determinates the prediction of the dispersion. This approximation to quasi-three-dimensional (3D) modeling is possible thanks to a specific software that imports the necessary information from a computer-aided design (CAD) file to the 1D modeling software. Concerning the experimental results, the study leads to conclude that when the EGR dispersion is low, the opacity presents reduced values in all operation points. However, above a certain level of EGR dispersion, the opacity increases dramatically with different slopes depending on the engine running condition. This study allows quantifying this EGR dispersion threshold. In addition, the EGR dispersion could contribute to an increase in the engine fuel consumption up to 6.9%. Regarding to the modeling part, the study concludes that when the experimental EGR distribution among pipes is asymmetric and presents high concavity or convexity spatial pattern, the model does not predict properly the EGR distribution. In addition, the study concludes that, although in the experimental tests the EGR rate affects to the EGR dispersion, the 1D model is not too sensitive to predict this influence when the EGR rate is lower than 10%.
The respondent wishes to acknowledge the financial support received by contract FPI 2015 S2 3101 of Programa de Apoyo a la Investigación y Desarrollo (PAID) from Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV).
Miguel García, J. (2021). Analysis of the high pressure EGR dispersion among cylinders in automotive diesel engines [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/161889
TESIS

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Although the problem related to the weather change has been widespread only in the last decades, it is not recent the concern of the international community in the adoption of measures for the mitigation of this change in the ecosystem balance. The Kyoto Protocol, however, comes as the concrete awareness of the need of acting towards the reduction of the greenhouse effect, which causes such changes in our weather, noticed, mainly, through the global warming. The main means designed by that international treaty is the possibility of compensating the emissions of the gases accountable for the greenhouse effect (GEG Greenhouse Effect Gases), which is possible only through the transaction of the Credits of Emission Reduction - CERs, commonly known as Carbon Credits. Its example was followed, individually, by several other countries, being its idea adopted, even by Brazil, most accurately by São Paulo Estate, which improved its concept in the reduction of the concentration in the atmosphere of some polluting gases and of particulated material. However, a lot is asked about the compatibility of the above mentioned Protocol inside the principles and main regulations of our Environmental Law, and also, about what would be the environmental civil responsibility of the people engaged in the projects, related to a possible not fulfilling of the reduction of the emissions, as declared in each case. In this paper, we will demonstrate the perfect compatibility among the projects that give rise to the getting of the Credits of Reduced Atmospheric Emissions and our main laws related to the environment protection, as well as to the Environmental Law Principles. Finally, we will also, as an important part of this paper, analyses the environmental civil responsibility of the people in charge of keeping the commitments made when a project is implemented, aiming at obtaining the Credits of the Reduced Atmospheric Emissions
Apesar de somente nas últimas décadas o problema relativo às mudanças climáticas ter ganhado a repercussão que lhe é devida, não é de agora a preocupação da Comunidade Internacional na adoção de medidas para mitigação dessa alteração ao equilíbrio ecossistêmico. O Protocolo de Quioto representa a concretização da necessidade de se agir de modo a reduzir o chamado efeito estufa, causador de tais mudanças em nosso clima, sentidas, principalmente, com o aquecimento global. O principal instrumento idealizado por este Tratado Internacional encontra-se na possibilidade de se compensar as emissões dos gases responsáveis pelo efeito estufa (GEE Gases de Efeito Estufa), ato que é possível apenas via transação das Certidões de Redução de Emissões - RCEs, popularmente conhecidas como Créditos de Carbono. Seu exemplo foi seguido ainda individualmente, por outros diversos países, chegando sua idéia a ser adotada inclusive pelo Brasil, mais precisamente pelo Estado de São Paulo, que aprimorou seu conceito na redução da concentração na atmosfera de alguns gases poluentes e de material particulado. Entretanto, muito se questiona doutrinariamente acerca da compatibilidade do referido instrumento com nosso Direito Ambiental, princípios e principais normas, e ainda sobre qual seria a responsabilidade civil ambiental daqueles envolvidos nos projetos, frente a um eventual não cumprimento da redução das emissões, conforme declarado em cada caso. Demonstrar-se-á, ao longo do texto, a perfeita compatibilidade entre os projetos que dão ensejo à obtenção dos Créditos de Emissões Atmosféricas Reduzidas e as nossas principais leis relativas à proteção do meio ambiente, bem como aos princípios de Direito Ambiental. Por fim, sendo ainda o foco principal do presente estudo, será analisada a responsabilidade civil ambiental dos responsáveis pela manutenção dos compromissos acordados quando da implementação de um projeto visando à obtenção dos Créditos de Emissões Atmosféricas Reduzidas

碩士
國立臺灣大學
化學工程學研究所
96
Photo-assisted selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide (NO) was studied over a series of metal-loaded P25 at room temperature. Propane was used as a reducing agent. The activities of metal-loaded M (Pd, Rh)/TiO2 photocatalysts, prepared via the incipient wetness impregnation method, were compared using a continuous flow reactor. Under UV (350-500nm) irradiation, Pd/TiO2 showed superior photo activity when compared to PdRh/TiO2 and Rh/TiO2. Propane adsorption on the photocatalyst plays a significant role in photo-SCR reaction to react with adsorbed NO. The activity of the Pd/TiO2 catalyst could be significantly increased after reduction with hydrogen at 500°C for 2hr. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed based on the product species found from IR spectroscopy. Nitrous oxide (N2O) was observed on the surface of catalysts loaded with palladium and could be a reaction intermediate or by-product. However N2O was either not present in the gas phase or its concentration was below the detection limit of gas chromatography. The results indicate that Pd/TiO2 under UV irradiation using propane reducing agent can effectively reduce NO pollutant at room temperature to harmless N2.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
96
In this study, we used the TEDS 6.1 database to calculate the emissions of PM10 concentration (base on 2003). From the of atmosphere pollution database, it showed that the atmosphere suspended particulate concentrations were about 75 % of fugitive source emission in Taiwan. These results indicated that Particulate matter(PM10）and ozone were primary air pollution index in the monitor station of Environmental Protection Administration(EPA)at Chang-hua County. In the Chang-hua County, the problems of construction engineering pollution was seriously. That affected air quality and impact the life of resident. The Chang-hua County environmental protection bureau put into many manpower and material resources to execute about pollution control project for fugitive sources to solve the problems of particle pollution. We hope to improve the air quality and let resident will conform it. From the monitoring data of Department of environmental monitoring ＆ information management shows that, the air Quality “Unhealthy “day (cause by PM10) have already from the highest 19 stations day (2002) decreased to 6 station day (2007). The particulate matter reduction ratio were 32.1 % (2004) and 40.2 % (2007) from construction site of Changhua County, respectively. The atmosphere suspended particulates of averaged PM10 concentrations were from 72.5 μg/m3 (2004) decreased to 57.7 μg/m3 (2007) in Changhua County. As result, the key issues addressed to the Environmental Protection Bureau of Changhua County (CHEPB) to manage and regulate the air pollution emission of civil construction sites, is to realize the regulations, and to improve the regulation compliance, so that the pollution abatement can be improved significantly.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
107
This study aims to develop high-gravity technologies for carbon capture utilization and air pollutant reduction by alkaline waste by-products. High gravity technology using in carbon capture process have advantages of high mass transfer coefficient, operating in atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, small space requirements. In the on-site experiments, high gravity technology applied to reduce CO2, NOx, SOx and particle matters simultaneously. In addition, the electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) used in carbon capture process can be reused to substitute Portland cement after stabilization. The research objectives included investigating the effects of operating conditions on the carbonization behavior of rotating packed bed (RPB): The effect of two operation parameters including rotating speed and liquid-to-solid ratio on the carbon capture capacity of EAFS were investigated for both direct and indirect carbonation processes. The results showed that rotating speed of RPB can increase reaction rate and the carbonation efficiency significantly. Several models are developed to describe the reaction kinetics and mass transfer, during the leaching and carbonation process. A shrinking core model was used to describe the leaching process of alkaline waste. process of alkaline waste. The comparison results among models showed that the process was mainly controlled by fill diffusion effect. In the carbonation process, a surface coverage model was used for the description of calcium conversion and a calcium concentration model was used for the prediction of calcium concentration in solution; the performance of high gravity technology was demonstrated on air emission control via on-site experiments: The feasibility to use stabilized electric arc furnace slag for substituting Portland cement in making concreate was investigated: Fresh EAFS and carbonated EAFS are all feasible for Portland cement substitution according to their similar constitutions with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Besides, to ensure the safety of using such substitution materials, the process must proceed by the TCLP test. The performance test in workability, durability and compressive strength shows that carbonated EAFS has a better performance comparing with other materials. Besides, a comprehensively evaluation of the process from the perspective of environmental, economic and engineering aspects. The following optimized operation conditions were obtained by the 3E (environmental, economic and engineering) analysis for the on-site operation.

碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系暨研究所
94
The performance of an indigenous Dry Low NOx (DLN) burner was examined in the ASTRC B-3 combustion facility that has already been tuned all operating parameter settings for testing lean-premixed combustion employed in the present DLN designed. In order to help the industry to expand the international market. The study conducts that combustion and pollution characteristics of this pilot DLN provide as the guideline for designing a low-emission (NOx< 20 ppm) and high combustion efficiency gas-turbine power plant. The Lean Direct Injector was used as a mixer that consisted internal and external flow channels. Propane gas was firstly premixed with limited air inside the internal channel formed as fuel rich gas that was injected radially into external channel and then mixed with 80% of the airflow passed through an outer ring of six mixing holes that would form jet shear layer. Rapid mixing of the fuel-rich radial jets and the axial air jets produces a well fuel/air mixture at the flame front for combustion. Two configurations premixed mechanism were employed to study the effect of the unmixedness on the flame stability. The lower flame limit was compared favorably with Zabetakis’s empirical equation for the better mixing case. The performance of the pilot DLN burner was characterized by the measuring data of pollutant emissions and temperature distribution in the combustor. An air-cooled periscope was employed to visualize the flame pattern to assist the judgment of the stable combustion region. A stable flame could be maintained down to =0.268 although both pollutants of UHC and CO were presented at =0.31. After passing a long time testing（over 2000 sec）, a uniform temperature distribution could be obtained at the value near to CHEMKIN’s adiabatic temperature. The lower efficiency of lean combustion caused lower but uniform combustor temperature measured as ＜0.35. As compared with diffusion flame combustion that was also conducted in the present study, NOxC (corrected to 15% O2) emitted from the indigenous DLN burner was measured at 32 ppm which showed about 50% reduction at the 1000℃ combustor temperature. Techniques of designing the pilot DLN burner developed in the present study would provide as the guideline for the scale-up application. Some specialists on lean premixed combustion can also be trained.

碩士
明新科技大學
化學工程與材料科技系碩士班
103
A bamboo activated carbon is made from the waste bamboo chopsticks in this study. The bamboo chopsticks are carbonized in 400℃ at the beginning, then followed by activated in 750℃ at the atmosphere of CO2 to prepare the bamboo activated carbon (BAC). Followed, the BAC is acid treated by 6N hydrogen chloride. After that, the BACs will be impregnated separately in KOH solutions of 0, 3, 6, 10 and 20wt% for one hour. Finally, after filtration, the BACs doping with KOH are dried in conditions of 30, 60 and 105℃ separately. The prepared BAC catalysts will be used for the NO conversion reaction. The function groups on the surfaces of the BAC catalysts are also measured by FT-IR. The surface properties of the BAC catalysts are also analyzed by SEM and BET. The elemental analysis of the BAC catalysts is analyzed by EDS. After all, the NO conversion characteristics of the BAC catalysts are tested in the conditions with 3%O2 and without O2 at the temperature range 30-180℃ to investigate the effects of doping KOH. The BAC catalysts are also tested through the thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) to study the interrelations between the reaction temperature and thermal gravity. The FT-IR tests show that the intensity of function groups is decreased in the surface of BAC catalysts which are doping with KOH. The BET tests of the BAC catalysts adding KOH indicate that the specific surface areas are also decreased significantly. Both of the above two effects revealing that there exist the competitions between the NO oxidation reaction by KOH and the NO reduction reaction by activated carbon. The NO conversion experiments in the atmosphere of 3% O2 and the temperature above 90℃ show that the NO conversion of BAC(30℃, 6%KOH) is higher than the BAC without KOH. The NO conversion of BAC(30℃, 6%KOH) reaches 80% in the atmosphere of 3%O2 and 60℃. But, under the atmosphere without oxidation, all the experiments of the BAC catalysts with KOH indicate that the NO conversions are lower than that without KOH. Finally, the 36hrs life duration tests in 3%O2 and 180℃ show that the NO conversions of the BAC catalyst with KOH is very close to that without KOH.

碩士
國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
104
Recently, the Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan has strengthened the regulation on air pollution emissions of stationary source, 100 mg/Nm3, to improve environmental quality. Under the current strengthened emission regulation, industries which employ heavy oil boiler will have biggest impact since most of these factories do not install any air pollution prevention and control equipment. In this study, four heavy oil boilers in different factories with installment of particulate pollutants collector including cyclone separator, scrubber and bag filter, and additional three heavy oil boilers being converted to natural gas boiler were selected for cost-benefit analysis, assessment of pollution reduction and difference on air pollution charges. Furthermore, in the case of Nantou county, the benefit of reduction as the heavy oil boilers being substituted for natural gas boilers was studied as well. Results indicate that the small-scale heavy oil boiler with cyclone separator, scrubber and bag filter or natural gas boiler are all possible control technology for particulate pollutant control. Among these, bag filter and natural gas boiler were confirmed to be the best available control technology. Without considering the fuel cost, heavy oil boiler installed with cyclone separator will produce highest operational cost and the lowest operational cost is from cyclone separator and bag filter installed in series. However, when fuel cost was considered, the natural gas boiler has the highest cost for dealing with particulate removal per kilogram. In the case of Nantou county, if all the heavy oil boilers are being substituted by natural gas boilers, particulate pollutant contributed by manufacturing industry could reduce about 4%, the emission of SOx could reduce about 57.8%, NOx could reduce about 35.7%, VOCs could reduce about 0.1%. Although the replacement of natural gas boilers could potentially increase the fuel cost, it (1) does not have secondary pollution, (2) could fit under BACT, (3) has noticeable pollutant reduction, (4) has less impact from strengthened regulation, also (5) could lower air pollution control fee. In conclusion, natural gas boiler should have the highest installment priority in related factory.

碩士
逢甲大學
環境工程與科學所
99
The CALINE-4 model simulations with four air pollutants was performed to compare of the air pollutant emission amounts after the Freeway No. 6 open to vehicular traffic with before. The field measurements of the vehicle volume at Caotun and Puli ramps were carried out in holidays and weekdays during 2~6 and 10~12 April, 2010. The field measurement results of the vehicle volume at the Caotun ramp all are higher than at the Puli ramp, which indicated the Ailan ramp is the main entrance and exit for the vehicular traffic bound for the Sun Moon Lake. The simulation results of CALINE-4 model indicated that the air pollutants were easy accumulating at Tucheng, Gantzlin, and Ailan sections due to near to the mountains. The simulation results shown that the emission reduction amounts of CO, NOx, NMHC, and PM10 were 2,656, 192, 307, and 23 ton year-1 in 2009; 3,203, 216, 340, and 19 ton year-1 in 2010, respectively, even though the freeway open lead more sightseeing traffic volume, increasing about 3,800 PCU day-1, to bound for a national scenic area in 2010. Comparison of the observed data at a local and an upwind air quality monitoring stations from 2007 to 2010 revealed that local air quality was improved observably after the freeway open.

博士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
94
The recent energy crisis caused the cost of fuel to rise dramatically. Thus, some people have used fishing boat fuel oil (FBFO) instead of premium diesel fuel (PDF) because of the price difference between FBFO and PDF, despite the increased risk of environmental pollution. Light cycle oil (LCO) can be added to PDF to reduce the consumption of diesel, but the sulfur and aromatic content in LCO are higher than those of PDF. The fraction of LCO being added in the PDF should be strictly regulated due to the maximum allowed sulfur (0.035wt%) and total aromatic contents (35wt%) in diesel fuel in Taiwan. A proper alternative energy source can slow down the impact of the energy crisis and alternative fuels such as biodiesel are being considered in many countries owing to increased environmental awareness and the rising price of diesel. Developing alternative diesel fuels is driven by the necessity to reduce the environmental impact of emissions without modifying engines. Biodiesel is produced from animal fats or vegetable oils with methanol or ethanol as the catalyst by transesterification reaction. Using biodiesel instead of diesel reduces fuel consumption. Recently, studies of water-in-oil emulsions in conventional liquid fuel engines have confirmed that the water in emulsified diesel plays an important role in the combustion process. Water emulsification has a potential to slightly improve the brake efficiency and to significantly reduce the formation of thermal NO, soot, hydrocarbons and PM in diesel engines with no worsening of specific fuel consumption. Besides, emulsified diesel also reduces the heat flux, the metal temperatures, thermal loading and the wear-metal debris in the crankcase oil of emulsified diesel. The characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the exhaust of diesel engines fueled with fishing boat fuel oil, light cycle oil, palmbiodiesel, paraffinic biodiesel and emulsified diesel were investigated. PAHs samples including both gas- and particle-phases were collected and twenty one individual PAHs were analyzed primarily by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The objective of this study is to set up the data bank for the calculation of total amount of PAHs emission, the PAHs dispersion modeling and the assessment of PAHs control. The major conclusions of this study are as follows : 1.TDVs (traveling diesel vehicles) illegally using FBFO had a significant impact on the total amounts of PAHs emissions from mobile sources and hence deserve more attention. 2.If the maximum percentage of LCO being added to PDF was 3.5% in Taiwan, it would result in an 80.4 % and a 201 % increase in emissions of total PAHs and total BaPeq, respectively. These results strongly suggest that LCO used in traveling diesel vehicles significantly influences PAHs emissions. Therefore, the fraction of LCO being added in the PDF should be strictly regulated. 3. Palm-biodiesel is such an oxygenated fuel that can improve combustion efficiency in diesel engines, but adding more than 50% palm-biodiesel fraction to premium diesel fuel causes incomplete combustion in the diesel-engine generator and impedes the release of energy from the fuel. The modification of diesel engines is needed for high fraction of biodiesel blends in the future. 4.There was no significant difference in unusual operations and damage from deposits inside the chamber or in the inferior condition of the engine oil after 300 hrs (18,000 km) operation of engines by using palmbiodiesel-PDF blends or paraffinic-palmbiodiesel blends instead of PDF fueled on HDDEs. 5.Emulsified diesel and bio-solution did decrease PAHs, PM and SOF emissions from the exhaust of diesel generators and improve combustion efficiency and save energy effectively via adding bio-solution. With the increasing price of diesel, emulsified diesel containing NOE-7F has the potential for commercial application.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系
93
The main purpose of this study is to proceed to air quality characteristic analysis for the BOF slag dumping plant before improving the air quality situation in China Steel Corporation. In addition, we proceed to air quality analysis that the slag dumping Plant is stimulated when its air quality has already been improved. The analysis items include total suspended particulates (TSP), PM10, dusts in atmosphere, heavy metal concentrations in TSP, anion and cation concentration in TSP, and particulate size analysis, etc. We can compare with the air quality condition for the slag dumping plant before improving and after improving the environment of assignment. In addition, we estimate the emission quantity of particulates before improving and the reduction quantity of particulates after improving for the slag dumping plant. The results show that no matter TSP, PM10 and dusts, there is extremely high concentration when the hot slag is put off before improving in the slag dumping plant. In distribution characteristic of suspended particulates, the thick particulates are dominant of which the size is higher than 10 μm in the slag dumping plant. In element identification analysis, there are 17 kinds of elements identified. This indicates that the pollutant of slag dumpling plant is multiplicitied. In heavy metal concentration in TSP, Zn concentration is the highest, secondly is Pb and total Cr. In anion and cation concentration in TSP, Ca2+has the highest concentration, secondly is SO42-.The above results about heavy metal and anion and cation concentration in TSP conform the outcome that Zn and Ca has quite proportion about the distribution range of particulate size in element identification analysis. When the assigned environment is improved, there is pretty good reduction rate no matter TSP, PM10 and dusts concentration in slag dumping plant. The reduction rate about TSP is 85.3%, PM10 is 70%, and dusts is 94.2%. In heavy metal concentration in TSP, Zn concentration is the highest, secondly is Pb and total Cr. In anion and cation concentration in TSP, SO42- has the highest concentration, secondly is Ca2+, NO2-, and Cl-. There is good reduction rate in heavy metal and anion and cation concentration in TSP, too. In the distribution range of particulate size, there is the same result with the first stage that the thick particulates are dominant of which the size is higher than 10 μm.

A busca pela economia no abastecimento de máquinas e equipamentos móveis e ao mesmo tempo, a diminuição dos gases tóxicos ao meio ambiente, tem sido uma preocupação de muitas empresas que utilizam o combustível Diesel. Diante disso, essa investigação surge com o objetivo de investigar os efeitos da utilização de um aditivo ao combustível – aditivo Dienitro - na redução do consumo de combustível e, consequentemente, no custo operacional das operações portuárias, bem como na redução das emissões de poluentes e no custo de manutenção de máquinas e veículos. Essa investigação foi feita através de um estudo de caso relativo ao Grupo MS e às suas operações no Porto de Barcarena, Brasil. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo geral analisar os impactos operacionais, económicos e ambientais da utilização do aditivo Dienitro nas atividades portuárias do Grupo MS. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi o estudo exploratório, com o viés qualitativo e quantitativo, suportada por pesquisa bibliográfica nos temas relevantes. Comparando o desempenho de dois veículos, um com o uso apenas de Diesel e o outro com o Diesel e o aditivo, foi possível verificar experimentalmente que o aditivo teve um efeito significativo na redução do consumo de combustível, e também na redução dos poluentes gasosos emitidos pelo motor. Numa segunda fase de testes, foi utilizado Diesel aditivado com Dienitro em mais dois veículos, e os resultados foram consistentes com os testes anteriores, revelando novamente uma redução significativa do consumo de combustível. Espera-se com essa investigação contribuir com informações que venham proporcionar às empresas que utilizam o Diesel em seus equipamentos uma contribuição efetiva para a Sustentabilidade, nas suas dimensões económica e ambiental.
The search for savings in the supply of mobile machinery and equipment and, at the same time, the reduction of toxic gases to the environment, has been a concern of many companies that use diesel fuel. Therefore, this investigation arises with the objective of investigating the effects of the use of a fuel additive - Dienitro – regarding the reduction of fuel consumption and, consequently, in the operational cost of port operations, as well as in reducing pollutant emissions and maintenance costs for machines and vehicles. This investigation was carried out through a case study concerning the MS Group and its operations in the Port of Barcarena, in Brazil. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the operational, economic and environmental impacts of the use of the additive Dienitro in the port activities of the MS Group. The research methodology used was the exploratory study, with a qualitative and quantitative bias, supported by bibliographic research on relevant topics. Comparing the performance of two vehicles, one using only Diesel and the other using Diesel and the additive, it was possible to verify experimentally that the additive had a significant effect in reducing fuel consumption, and also in reducing the gaseous pollutants emitted by the engine. In a second phase of tests, Diesel fuel was used, with Dienitro, in two other vehicles, and the results obtained were consistent with the previous tests – a significant reduction in fuel consumption was obtained. This investigation expects to contribute with information that can provide companies that use Diesel in their equipment an effective contribution to Sustainability, in its economic and environmental dimensions.

碩士
淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
101
The results show that the average inflow rate and hydraulic retention time were 3,712 CMD and 15.7 days, respectively. The influent (average) BOD and NH3-N ranged 1.4-54.5 mg/L (21.3 mg/L) and0.6-26.4 mg/L (13.6 mg/L), respectively. The effluent (average) BOD and NH3-N ranged 0.5-21.6 mg/L (8.0 mg/L) and 0.005-20.6 mg/L (13.6 mg/L). The removal rates of BOD, NH3-N, TN, TP and TC calculated by EPM were 60.5%, 88.1%, 69.1%, 79.4% and 99%, respectively. The removal rates calculated by the Box and whisker plot median were almost the same with that by EPM. Results indicated CWs could effectively remove BOD and nutrients nearly 60% and 70%-80%. Moreover, pollutant removal rate had a good linear relationship between inflow pollutant loading and correlation coefficient (R2) of BOD was 0.93. In contrast, correlation coefficient of TN and TP were lower as 0.43 and 0.52, respectively. And, the relationship for NH3-N was very poor with R2 value of 0.05. This might be due to the effects of nitrogen cycle and irregular harvest of the plants in CWs system. In summary, CWs could effectively remove BOD and nutrient（NH3-N, TN, TP）about 60% and 70%-80%, respectively. Therefore, CWs is an effective pretreatment of wastewater for reducing pollutants discharging into rivers.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
97
Many researches have identified cancer incidence among residents adjacent to petrochemical complexes is much higher than that of other communities. Yet, few studies have addressed the risk management of hot spots by controlling emissions of their industrial plant. However for any pollutantion control action, the economic impact on manufacturers is a major concern. This study conducts a risk assessment to understand the distribution of risk, and uses the linear programming to build a risk reduction model to explore possible control strategies the risk reduction with cost minimization consideration. The model developed is easily useful for decision makers concerning environment management. The model simulates a total of ten sources of the four pollutants in a case study area. The results show two of these ten sources of the pollution as reduction targets, one is the highest risk source, and the other the largest source emission. With a constraint on target maximum risk between 10-6 of 3.29×10-6, the shadow price of risk reduction is 24.For risk more than 3.29×10-6, the shadow price decreases to NT 6.Considering the large change in shadow price, 3.29×10-6 would be a plausible reference point for control.

碩士
國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
99
The formation of air pollutants are affected by meteorological factors and chemical reactions. Thus high concentration of air pollutants will be accumulated and transported across cities and counties. The mitigation of air pollutants in one city(one county) is thus not only limiting the emissions in just that city(county), the transport across city(county) boundaries should also be considered. The ozone formation potential should also be considered for some high potential species also. The study results showed that during spring and autumn season, air pollutants would largely disperse from northwest to southeast. And ozone formed in Kaohsiung area would disperse to southwest. Prevailing winds (mostly north and northwest winds) are the cause for this kind of dispersion. It is observed that at around 2 p.m. a high ozone cloud was formed around the near coast sea area in Yunlin. And this cloud will transport down south along the coast. This high ozone cloud remained on the sea surface instead moved inland. The simulation done in this study meets the maximum bias(MB), overall bias (OB)and gross error(GE) criteria proposed by the EPA, Taiwan. For spring simulation, the maximum OB is 12.16%, and maximum GE is 23.14%; maximum OB is 4.32% and maximum GE is 24.8% for autumn simulation. It is observed that VOC emission reduction decreases ozone concentration significantly, both in spring and autumn. Reduction of NOx emission can increase ozone concentration in some area. It is thus deduced that the air quality in Yulin-Chiayi-Tainan area is VOC-limited. The simulation showed that a reduction of VOC emission at 20%, a maximum ozone reduction occurred in Lunbei at 3.58% in spring; and 2.05% ozone reduction in Tainan in autumn. The effect of VOC emission reduction for each county is also studied. The effect of ozone reduction is ordered as Yunlin>Tainan>Chiayi>Kaohsiung in spring; and the order in autumn is Yunlin>Tainan=Kaohsiung>Chiayi.

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
99
The characteristic of toxic pollutants from the heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) on a dynamometer was investigated and evaluated the reduction rate of toxic pollutants with different control devices. The constant-volume sampler (CVS) was used to measure the toxic pollutants including PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs which were emitted from HDDE exhaust. Testing was used on retailed diesel (B1) to establish a baseline measurement and subjected to four additional test cycles; two were fueled with lower sulfur fuel (＜10 ppm) (S10), and high-biodiesel fuel (B10), the other two were installed with the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) (B1+DOC) and the diesel particle filter (DPF) (B1+DPF). The PAH emission factors of B1, B1+DOC, S10, B1+DPF and B10 were 672, 44.7, 87.1, 40.7 and 101μg/bhp-h, respectively. The PCDD/F I-TEQ emission factors of B1, B1+DOC, S10, B1+DPF and B10 were 24.0, 7.04, 13.4, 7.71 and 73.2 pg I-TEQ/bhp-h, respectively. The PCB TEQ emission factors of B1, B1+DOC, S10, B1+DPF and B10 were 2.68, 1.12, 2.47, 0.103 and 1.59 pg TEQ/bhp-h, respectively. The PBDE emission factors of B1, B1+DOC and S10 were 351, 146 and 55.0 ng/bhp-h, respectively. In particle/gas partition, PCDD/Fs in B1+DPF and B10 both primarily consist in particle phase and the range of them is between 65.2~97.3%. However, the particle/gas partition in the other test conditions and toxic pollutants that were mainly existing in gas phase; the total PAHs in gas phase were about 81.7~98.4%, PCDD/Fs in gas phase were 53.4~61.4%, PCBs in gas phase were 61.1~81.9%, and PBDEs in gas phase were 50.0~83.7%. After using DOC, the reduction rate of these gas-phase PAHs was 93.5%; for those of PCBs, the reduction rate were 72.5%, 59.6% for PBDEs, and 46.6% for PCDD/Fs. The reduction rate of PAHs was 93.9%, 73.4% for PCBs, and 19.1% for PCDD/Fs when DPF was added. After using low sulfur oil, the reduction rate of PAH was 85.4%, 87.2% for PCBs, 33.8% for PBDEs and 11.3% for PCDD/Fs. The reduction rates of PAHs were 85.0%, 69.7% for PCBs, and -1680% for PCDD/Fs when the B10 was used. In this study, DOC, DPF and low sulfur oil were effective control devices for toxic pollutants. On the other hand, B10 diesel enhanced the formation of PCDD/Fs, but it can still control the other toxic pollutants well.

博士
國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
98
How effective would the implementation of biodiesel fuel in reducing emissions caused by automobiles and motorcycles in the densely populated regions? The goal of this research is targeted at determining the most proficient methods in depleting the harmful substances emitted from refueling stations and the efficiency of biodiesel fuel in emissions reduction. The initial stages in the research involved the use of aluminum oxide and molecular sieve, which would act as active metals for copper and manganese. Impregnation and solgel method of catalytic production were utilized with 12 sets of oxidized copper, and molecular sieve catalysts, totaling at 24 sets. With results from the primary testing, initial selection of impregnation production methods based on its conversion rate had a carrying capacity of 20% CuMn/ oxidized copper catalyst (Cu: Mn ratio at 1:1), and a 20% CuMn/molecular sieve catalyst (Cu: Mn ratio of 1:1) with the solgel method. The two exogenous tests were not only found to be the most efficient rate of conversion as base standards, but were also found to be the most competent method to date. Approximate calculations from the two catalytic testing showed that CuMn/oxidized copper catalyst conversion are less affected by variation in concentration density. Furthermore, the CuMn/oxidized copper and CuMn/molecular sieve catalysts faced a positive conversion rate when reacted with a decreased space velocity, but leveled off once it reached a specific level. Moreover, the two catalysts also faced an increased conversion rate when conducted with an increase in oxygen concentration, and reached maximized efficiency at 30% concentration. Secondary stage of the research focuses on operational efficiency of the biodiesel fuel, with emphasis on its pollutant emissions and economical standpoint. The initial testing concluded that not only did the fuel has a lower cost in reducing greenhouse gas emission than alternative energy sources, but it can also reduce SOx emissions by 7,200kg, 23 metric tons of PM10, and 262,400 metric tons of CO2 annually when applied with B2 fuel. Pollution reduction assessment indicated that if all diesel powered automobiles utilized the B10 biodiesel fuel, then it’s estimated that it would have an annual THC reduction rate of 2.83x102 metric tons, 1.98x103 tons in COs, 4.56x103 in NOx, and 5.66x101 metric tons in PM gases. Furthermore, if the B20 fuel cells were incorporated, then it’s estimated to have an annual reduction rate of 2.83x102 metric tons in THC, 2.83x103 metric tons of CO, 1.14x103 metric tons of NOx, and 1.16x102 metric tons of PM. Results from the beta stage testing indicated that if B10 fuel were incorporated into all diesel powered automobiles, with a budget of NT$1million would result in an annual reduction rate of 0.57 metric tons of THC, 9.12 metric tons of NOx, 0.11 metric tons of PM and a totaled 9.8 metric tons of reduction. Furthermore, if B20 were implemented, again with NT$1 million budget, we would expect to see annual reductions of 0.06 metric tons of THC, 0.25 metric tons of NOx, 2.51 tons of PM gases, totaling at 2.81 metric tons of reductions.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
97
This research shows that the author uses systematic dynamic model software STELLA to construct Taiwan transportation, greenhouse gas of energy department and systematic dynamic models of five major air pollutants as nitrogen oxide (NOX), sulfur oxide compound (SOX), suspended particulate matter (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC). Among all, the maximum increase re activity of applies is to convert the density of O3 through the density of NMHC. The study aims at the discussion of the decrement difference of around conformation coupling by the system dynamic method software to put up transportation and reduction initiatives of energy department. In addition, the author tries to calculate that various reduction initiatives which is because of decrements of air pollutants result in health benefits situation by Air Resources Co-Benefits model. This study shows that the application of system dynamic method software conformity back coupling to estimate the synthesis transportations and the reduction initiatives of the energy department. Moreover, the author tries to use them to estimates Taiwan greenhouse gas and complete and main decrement proportion of the air pollutants. In 2030, if “Modest Policy Commitment Scenario” is applied, the total volume of greenhouse gas will reduce around 20.72 % compares to the withdrawal of BAU 525,164 Gg/a year to be possible to reduce approximately 108,830 Gg/a year. Moreover, compares the withdrawal of BAU, 19,502 Gg/years to be possible to reduce the approximately 4,132 Gg/years, the air pollutants will reducesthe approximately21.18% withdrawal. If “Major Policy Commitment Scenario” is applied, the total volume of greenhouse gas will reduce around 38.49 % compares to the withdrawal of BAU 525,164Gg/a year to be possible to reduce approximately 202,114Gg/a year. Besides, compares the withdrawal of BAU, 19,502 Gg/years to be possible to reduce the approximately 7,673Gg/years, the air pollutants will reduces the approximately39.34% withdrawal. If “Full Implementation Scenario” is applied, the total volume of greenhouse gas will reduce around 59.21 % compares to the withdrawal of BAU 525,164Gg/a year to be possible to reduce approximately 310,944Gg/a year. To compares the withdrawal of BAU, 19,502 Gg/years to be possible to reduce the approximately 11,805Gg/years, the air pollutants will reduces the approximately60.53 % withdrawal. However, considering the costs and social benefits relating Criteria air pollutants and the increase in living years, after all applicable initiatives upon Criteria air pollutants’ density are carried out, citizens in Taiwan could gain78.13 hours of life, with a cost of6.549,283thousand dollars per hour. If discussed various reduction initiatives base on have not back coupling conformity, withdrawal of the greenhouse gas and the main air pollutants will overestimate 143,824 Gg/years and 4,500 Gg/years, was equal in has overestimated 67.13% and 36.89% This study represents that the technology of present stage and completely execute transportation and decrement of two energy departments. Moreover, the further green science and technology such as fuel cell, solar energy electro-optic and hydrogen will be inducted. These new technologies would be possible to reduce the withdrawal of greenhouse gas and to achieve the goal quickly which is back to the withdrawal of 2000 (2.14 hundred million tons) when country in 2025. This research represents computed result by synthesizing the relevant data of transportation and every decrement motion of energy department Using LED lamp to replace tradition traffic light, the cost of benefit of applicable initiatives is the highest. Nevertheless, the transportation department would like to carry out applicable initiatives and encourage people to drive a vehicle which mix oil and electricity instead of common gasoline motorcar. Therefore, the cost of applicable initiatives is extremely high, but the benefit is the worse.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
101
This study used system dynamics software STELLA to develop a system dynamics model for dioxin flow, to estimate past and future trend dioxin level in each environment media. More than 95% of human exposure is through food intakes, so we simulated the dioxin level in each kind of foods and estimated the dioxin concentration in body blood, to calculate life time average daily dose (LADD) for human exposure. In addition , we also compared STELLA and RAIDAR model with measurement value and the error percentage between each other was approximately 63.92% and 49.78%., The result show the accuracy for STELLA model is better than RAIDAR model. The scope of this study was estimated the cost and benefits for reducing emissions of Criteria Air Pollutants(CAPs), Green House Gas(GHG) and Dioxin, which were assumed in two scenarios, Taiwan Energy Sector and Iron and Steel Industry. To achieve the policy in 2030, the additional internal costs (capital cost + fuel cost) in two scenarios was estimated to be NT$ 118.3 and 20.8 billion/yr, respectively. Based on two scenarios, the benefit for reducing GHG including agricultural economy, disaster death and medical expenses, were NT$ 208.4 and 2.7 billion/yr, respectively. And the benefit for reducing CAPs and Dioxin level, the Loss of Life Expectancy(LLE) and medical expenses in this two scenarios (Taiwan Energy Sector and Iron and Steel Industry) were 2.82 (day /person-year), 4.50 billion/yr and 0.85 (day /person-year), 0.57 billion/yr, respectively. The result show the cost-benefit analysis that the benefit-cost ratios were estimated to 6.43 and 9.07 in Taiwan energy sector and Iron and Steel Industry scenario, respectively.

碩士
國立中央大學
環境工程研究所
101
Taoyuan County is going to be promoted to a province level city; therefore, the numbers of construction engineering were significantly increased in recent year. In order to maintain the air quality and reduce the emission of particulate pollutants from future construction projects, this study draw up the control strategies by reviewing and evaluating the modern techniques, related regulations and current policies concerning the environmental management of construction engineering in Taoyuan County. The results of this study found that the township with the heaviest load of particulate pollutant was Chungli City, which had a large number of reinforced concrete building under construction in past 6 years (2007-2012). In addition, the results indicated that the amount of particulate pollutants emission for the category of the first level of air pollution control fee occupied 77% of the total emission from all construction sites and the largest amount of particulate pollutants emission for a single engineering project was regional development. However, the emission reduction rate of particulate pollutants from construction engineering in Taoyuan County was gradually increased with years and reached 55.45% in year of 2012. It also found that the amounts of air pollution control fee collected from the owners of construction engineering were grew up year by year for the past 6 years, but the results of the number of violation ticket issued and the dollars of fine for auditing construction sites had no direct relationship with the reduction rate of particulate pollutant emission. The major items of often violating the Regulation of Air Pollution Control Facilities Management for Construction Engineering were improper materials pile, construction vehicle routes and exposure earth surface. For the strategies of reducing particulate pollutant emission from construction engineering, this study suggests that pollution prevention program should be planned through environmental impact assessment before starting a new large scale of construction project. During the construction engineering period, strictly monitoring and auditing the engineering project according to the related environmental regulations and standards should be performed and asking owners ought to follow their permits. Furthermore, if the owners and project managers of construction engineering violated the related regulations, they should be forced to attend the environmental and occupational training workshops in order to ask them to implement the corrective works. Additionally, adopting electronic operation procedures and setting up effective computer management system for enhancing the administration efficiency and dealing with the shortage of manpower for environmental management of construction engineering in Taoyuan County was recommended.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
96
This thesis aims at applying STELLA in constructing the systematic dynamic model of four kinds of Criteria air pollutants （NOX、SOX、PM10 and CO） in Taipei City’s residence business and transportation sectors. The relation between Criteria air pollutants and sectors, as well as health effects – including living years and expenditure needed – and related pollution reducing initiatives are showed with a systematic feedback method. This research could not only be served as a social benefits outcomes indicator of the mixture of greenhouse gases and Criteria air pollutants, but also a reference to related governmental authorities when forming policies. The outcomes indicate that the volume of Criteria air pollutants (PM10 + SOX + NOX + CO) would rise to 282,809 tons in 2030 from 181,168 tons in 2007 – a 64.06% growth rate. Among them, the transportation sector claims the largest part: 86%, while the residence business sector comes after: 14% of total volume. Combining the reduction ratio of Taipei City’s residence business and transportation sectors after conducting the reduction initiatives, if “Modest Policy Commitment Scenario” is applied, the total volume will reduce 50,255 tons (17.77%) in 2030, if “Major Policy Commitment Scenario” is applied, the total volume will reduce 84,308 tons (29.82%), or if “Full Implementation Scenario” is applied, then the total volume will reduce 110,045.48 tons (38.92%). If combined with equipments and policies relating pollutions in TEDs 6.1, in 2021, total volume of Criteria air pollutants vented would be 68,898 tons. However, considering the costs and social benefits relating Criteria air pollutants and the increase in living years, after all applicable initiatives upon Criteria air pollutants’ density are carried out, citizens in Taipei could gain 80.53 hours of life, with a cost of 15,261,356 thousand dollars per hour. The results of mixed greenhouse gases and Criteria air pollutants are showing a 39.762 cost-effect ratio. Compared with the average cost-effect ratio of 1.72 per year during 2007-2030 of Taipei City, the plans are showing social gains under applicable initiatives in residence business and transportation sectors.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
營建工程系
104
Abstract The merger of Taichung city and county was completed and had been upgraded to a municipal city officially. In Taichung administrative region, in addition to tourism, agriculture and fisheries resources, infrastructure aspects of the fairly complete includes transportation, port, electricity, water….etc. It goes without saying that there will be a mass of construction activities about housing, regional development, subway, railway and so on. It is obvious that will produce huge air pollutants, affecting air and environment. The necessary way to prevent pollution is controlling in advance. In the aggregate, the emissions of particulate pollutants to the regional construction sites through EPA Engineering Construction Air Pollution Control and Management Information System, the annual regional development work area reported as 1299.32 hectares in Taichung 2014.The ongoing construction areas were 975.22 hectares, not including those partial completed work areas and the areas have not started yet. The particulate pollutants of regional development projects were 23,098.45 tons, which captured 82.3 percent of all types of projects pollution emissions in Taichung. By analyzing the regulatory states, we can use the high-altitude surveillance countermeasures for controlling the wider range of construction sites, and the real-time monitoring system for supervising the working situations during construction. To ensuring the quality of the surrounding environment, and also suggest improvements. I expect that will be more effective to control and reduce the pollution in regional development works in the future. Keywords: regional development, construction engineering, particulate pollutants.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
98
This study shows that the author used system dynamics software STELLA to construct the transportation sector in Taiwan to execute the carbon reduction and mobile source control policies for greenhouse gas and air pollutants (carbon monoxide (CO), suspended particulate (PM10), sulfur oxides (SOx) , nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone(O3) emissions reduction. This study compared the policies independently and jointly implements the reductions after the difference by the system dynamics model, then used the Air Resources Co-Benefits, ARCoB model to evaluate the health benefits by reduction of the operation, including increasing the average life and save the amount of medical expenses. The results showed that it has the best result to have stricter vehicle emission standards and control of oil content when the reduction operations are not integrated (independently). Estimating to year 2025, if "the complete implementation of the simulated scenario" is applied, the air pollutants PM10, SOX, NOX, CO and NMHC will be reduced around 516, 361, 28,527, 137,046 and 18,139 tons per year. The optimum Greenhouse gas emissions reduction policy continue to promote high-speed railway construction, if "the complete implementation of the simulated scenario" is applied in 2025, the GHG will be reduced 6,137 thousand tons per year and the reduction rate is 11.63%. The cost-benefit analysis for public that the promotion of clean vehicles by EPA to promote the full replacement cab LPG vehicles (business cars) has the best cost-benefit ratio to 16.34 in 2025, and the external benefits for society as a whole could save 9,514,787 thousand NT$ of medical expenses, but also to enhance the average life 27.51 days of public. The cost-benefits ratio of LPG vehicle replacement personal car and electric motor vehicles for personal use is 5.08 and 1.46. Price of hybrid vehicles due to high cost of investment is much higher than its economic benefits, so its cost-benefits ratio is only 0.46. Comprehensive integration of the reduction operations (joint implementation), in 2025, the air pollutants PM10, SOX, NOX, CO and NMHC will be reduced 2,761, 502, 31,050, 172,374 and 33,630 tons per year, and GHG will be reduced 14,469 thousand tons per year, and without integration (independently) to 2025, air pollutants PM10, SOX, NOX, CO and NMHC will be reduced 2,957, 529, 35,005, 211,522 and 40,815 tons per year, the GHG will be reduced 15,237 thousand tons per year. In accordance with the "Energy Continuity Guidelines" set by the reduction target, greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector in 2016 and 2020, if the "major policy commitment scenario" and "complete implementation of the simulated scenario" are applied, GHG emissions could go back to 39,058 thousand tons per year in 2008.