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Journal articles on the topic 'Pollutant load estimation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Purwanto, Christine Prita. "INVENTARISASI EMISI SUMBER BERGERAK DI JALAN (ON ROAD) KOTA DENPASAR." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2015.v09.i01.p01.

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The growth of population in Denpasar City followed by increasing of transportation facilities that potentially cause pollution by vehicle emissions and cause serious environmental problems and which has adverse effect to the human health. The research aimed to estimate the number and distribution of emission gases on air pollutants, such as: PM10, NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 and HC. The calculation of estimated based on road mobile sources (On Road) in Denpasar City, includes all known sources such as the highway, small roads, terminals, and parking lots. The calculation of emissions is calculated by using the approach of emission estimation method. The total load of emissions by moving source on the street in Denpasar for each pollutant gases are: value of NOx is 3765.89 tons/year , value of SO2 is 212.34 tons/year, value of HC is 20049.87 tons/year, value of PM10 is 444.16 tons/year, value of CO2 is 984,280.21 tons/ year, and value of CO is 55432.04 tons/year. Overall, the total load of pollutant emissions gases of Denpasar City is greater than the total load of pollutant emissions gases in Palembang city. Spatially, the distribution of pollutant gas emissions are not spread evenly. The pollutants emissions of NOx, CO2, and HC for each gases have the highest values are about 115 – 239 tons/year, 26.944 – 4.735 tons/year, and 471 – 954 tons/year distributed at West Denpasar District and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest pollutans emission of SO2 is about 15,5-44 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District. The highest pollutans emission of PM10 is about 11,5-21 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest CO pollutant emission is about 1277-1912 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, Niti Mandala Renon area, and Udayana University area.
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2

Song, Lin Xu, and Ping Liu. "Study on Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Based on SWAT." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.390.

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Nonpoint source pollution, especially agriculture nonpoint source pollution is the major reason resulting in eutrophication in many receiving water bodies. At first, agriculture nonpoint source pollution and the harm pollutants bring is analyzed. Then around the questions about how the nonpoint source pollutants export from the soil and how much pollutant import into the receiving water, my study provide an overview of the progress of research on pollution forming mechanism, pollutants leaching from soil and pollutants migrating with streamflow into water body, and briefly summarizes the history of nonpoint source load estimation include model developing and application, and introduce the SWAT model which will be applied in my study. At last, I look forward to some important research direction in pollution mechanism and load estimation.
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3

Segarra-García, R., and G. V. Loganathan. "A Stochastic Pollutant Load Model for the Design of Stormwater Detention Facilities." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0680.

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A set of equations dependent on specified pollutant trap efficiency for computing storage capacity-treatment rate combinations of a stormwater detention system is provided. The equations are expressed in terms of the statistics of the runoff event variables: mean depth, duration, and interevent time. The hydrologic random variables are assumed to be independent and exponentially distributed. A mass balance equation is derived for the detention unit based on a first-order pollutant load model. With the aid of statistical derived distribution techniques, an expression for the expected pollutant washoff load is derived, which is further used to develop analytical storage/treatment isoquants for specified levels of pollutant trap efficiency. The isoquants are defined in terms of the design storage capacity, the treatment rate, the pollutant trap efficiency, and the runoff process statistics. A further extension of the model allows the derivation of equations for the estimation of the settling efficiency of pollutants of stored stormwater. The estimators for storage capacity-treatment rate are obtained from closed form expressions that, in addition, yield lower and upper bound estimates of the design variables. Illustrative examples using data for catchments in Minneapolis and Denver are provided.
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4

Liu, Y., W. Che, and J. Li. "Monitor-based evaluation of pollutant load from urban stormwater runoff in Beijing." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 9 (November 1, 2005): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0317.

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As a major pollutant source to urban receiving waters, the non-point source pollution from urban runoff needs to be well studied and effectively controlled. Based on monitoring data from urban runoff pollutant sources, this article describes a systematic estimation of total pollutant loads from the urban areas of Beijing. A numerical model was developed to quantify main pollutant loads of urban runoff in Beijing. A sub-procedure is involved in this method, in which the flush process influences both the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff. A statistics-based method was applied in computing the annual pollutant load as an output of the runoff. The proportions of pollutant from point-source and non-point sources were compared. This provides a scientific basis for proper environmental input assessment of urban stormwater pollution to receiving waters, improvement of infrastructure performance, implementation of urban stormwater management, and utilization of stormwater.
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5

YUASA, Takashi, Ryo MATSUMARU, Toshiya ARAMAKI, Gaku MANAGO, Kyoko SHIBATA, Sai Tun Aye, and Akari SUZUKI. "APPLYING POLLUTANT LOAD FACTOR METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF POLLUTION LOAD AND EVALUATION OF POLLUTANT FACTORS IN INLE LAKE, MYANMAR." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. G (Environmental Research) 76, no. 5 (2020): I_9—I_18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejer.76.5_i_9.

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6

Lee, Eun-Hyong, and Dong-Il Seo. "Estimation of Pollutant Load to Yongdam Reservoir Considering Rainfall Effect." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 36, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2003.36.4.521.

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7

Gray, Stephanie Shamblin, Clem Brown, Richard Haimann, and Adam Quinn. "Non-Structural Best Management Practice Pollutant Load Reduction Estimation Method." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2015, no. 17 (January 1, 2015): 5193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864715819539380.

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8

Park, Youn Shik. "Estimation of Pollutant Load Using Genetic-algorithm and Regression Model." Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2014.33.1.37.

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9

Kumar, Sumant, Bhanu P. Vellanki, Shafeeque P. K. Rahman, Absar A. Kazmi, and Narayan C. Ghosh. "Runoff characterization and pollutant load estimation of Nainital lake, India." Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 10 (December 2018): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2018.09.005.

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10

Gamerith, V., D. Muschalla, P. Könemann, and G. Gruber. "Pollution load modelling in sewer systems: an approach of combining long term online sensor data with multi-objective auto-calibration schemes." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.772.

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Pollutant load modelling for sewer systems is state-of-the-art, especially for the estimation of discharged pollutant loads and development of sewer management strategies. However, conventionally obtained calibration data sets are often not exhaustive and have significant drawbacks. In the Graz West catchment area (Graz, Austria), continuous high-resolution long-term online measurements for discharge and pollutant concentration have been carried out since 2002. In this paper, the application of single- and multi-objective auto-calibration schemes based on evolution strategies for a deterministic hydrological pollutant load model will be discussed. Three approaches for pollutant load modelling are examined and compared: using a constant storm weather concentration and two surface accumulation–wash-off approaches with basic respectively extended wash-off equations. It is shown that the applied auto-calibration method leads to very satisfying results for both the calibration and the validation data set, and also for the dry and the storm weather runoff. Results from multi-objective calibration show better robustness in validation events than single-objective calibration. The build-up wash-off approach using the basic wash-off equation gives the best correlations between measured data and simulation results.
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11

Park, Youn, and Bernie Engel. "Use of Pollutant Load Regression Models with Various Sampling Frequencies for Annual Load Estimation." Water 6, no. 6 (June 12, 2014): 1685–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w6061685.

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12

Gutiérrez-Romero, José Enrique, and Jerónimo Esteve-Pérez. "Assessment of the Influence of Added Resistance on Ship Pollutant Emissions and Freight Throughput Using High-Fidelity Numerical Tools." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010088.

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The reduction of ship pollutants is a key issue in the international agenda. Emissions estimation is usually based on standard calculations that consider the different scenarios of ships. This work presents research on the influence of added resistance on ship emissions and freight throughput. First, a methodology to assess the added resistance influence is shown. The procedure is applied to a roll on-roll off ship under two load conditions. Analyses are computed to value wind- and wave-added resistances for different seasons. An investigation on ship pollutant emissions for a whole route is performed. Moreover, the influence of added resistance on the ship freight throughput is analyzed. Finally, some relevant information is concluded. For instance, a difference of up to 53% in pollutant emission estimation is observed if added resistance is considered. Additionally, the navigation in added resistance conditions could lead to a freight loss of 18% per operational year.
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13

ICHIKI, Atsushi, Toshiyuki OHNISHI, and Kiyoshi YAMADA. "ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF POLLUTANT LOAD FROM NONPOINT SOURCE IN URBAN AREAS." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 23 (1995): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer1988.23.12.

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14

Järveläinen, Juhani, Nora Sillanpää, and Harri Koivusalo. "Land-use based stormwater pollutant load estimation and monitoring system design." Urban Water Journal 14, no. 3 (October 7, 2015): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2015.1086005.

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15

Muschalla, D., S. Schneider, K. Schröter, V. Gamerith, and G. Gruber. "Sewer modelling based on highly distributed calibration data sets and multi-objective auto-calibration schemes." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 10 (May 1, 2008): 1547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.305.

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Pollutant load modelling for sewer systems is state-of-the-art, especially for the estimation of discharged pollutant loads and development of sewer management strategies. However, conventionally obtained calibration data sets are often not exhaustive and have significant drawbacks. In the Graz West catchment area (Graz, Austria), continuous high-resolution long-term online measurements for discharge and pollutant concentration have been carried out since 2002. In this paper, the application of single- and multi-objective auto-calibration schemes based on evolution strategies for a deterministic hydrological pollutant load model will be discussed. Three approaches for pollutant load modelling are examined and compared: using a constant storm weather concentration and two build-up wash-off approaches with basic respectively extended wash-off equations. It is shown that the applied auto-calibration method leads to very satisfying results for both the calibration and the validation data set, and also for the dry and the storm weather runoff. However, until now, convective storms have not been convincingly represented. The build-up wash-off approach using the basic wash-off equation shows the best correlations between measured data and simulation results. As one of the chosen objectives for the multi-objective optimisation reacted highly sensitively to measurement errors, additional improvements can be expected after refining the criteria used in this algorithm.
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16

Lindblom, E., S. Ahlman, and P. S. Mikkelsen. "How uncertain is model-based prediction of copper loads in stormwater runoff?" Water Science and Technology 56, no. 11 (December 1, 2007): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.748.

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In this paper, we conduct a systematic analysis of the uncertainty related with estimating the total load of pollution (copper) from a separate stormwater drainage system, conditioned on a specific combination of input data, a dynamic conceptual pollutant accumulation-washout model and measurements (runoff volumes and pollutant masses). We use the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) methodology and generate posterior parameter distributions that result in model outputs encompassing a significant number of the highly variable measurements. Given the applied pollution accumulation-washout model and a total of 57 measurements during one month, the total predicted copper masses can be predicted within a range of ±50% of the median value. The message is that this relatively large uncertainty should be acknowledged in connection with posting statements about micropollutant loads as estimated from dynamic models, even when calibrated with on-site concentration data.
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17

Budai, P., and A. Clement. "Estimation of nutrient load from urban diffuse sources: experiments with runoff sampling at pilot catchments of Lake Balaton, Hungary." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.464.

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About a quarter of the total nutrient loading of Lake Balaton (Hungary) originates from urban diffuse sources, mostly from direct shoreline watersheds. This load cannot be measured directly. Sampling of urban runoff can help improving load estimations. The dynamic processes characterizing the accumulation and washoff of contaminants suggest that randomly observed concentrations are likely under- or overestimated. The results of two recent pilot programs aimed towards achieving continuous measurement of nutrient load carried by urban runoff are introduced. Stations were implemented in two pilot catchments located on the shore of Lake Balaton. Storm event runoff was sampled automatically and manually. Discharge, precipitation and rainfall intensities were also recorded. Results proved that the more a specific pollutant is associated with solid particles, the more of its load comes from a few but large storm events, nevertheless the cumulative effect of small rainfall events is not negligible, either. Event mean concentrations of solid-related pollutants were found to be dependent on rainfall intensity. The derived empirical relationships for SS, TP and TN event mean concentrations were indeed found to be applicable for reducing the uncertainty of load estimations of these pollutants significantly, as compared to using long-time average (i.e. annual mean) concentration values.
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18

Zeng, Zhi, Yufang Wu, Zhijie Chen, Quanjia Huang, Yinghui Wang, and Yang Luo. "Runoff Estimation of Jiulong River Based on Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Online Monitoring Data and Its Implication for Pollutant Flux Estimation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 16363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316363.

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The runoff of the Jiulong River (JLR) is a key parameter that affects the estimation of pollutant flux into Xiamen Bay (XMB). The precise runoff estimation of the JLR can be used to determine the accuracy of the pollutant flux estimation flowing into XMB. In this study, to analyze the hydrological dynamic characteristics and identify the correlation between fixed-site real-time ocean current observations and cross-sectional navigation flow observations, we conducted six navigation observations on two cross-sections of the JLR estuary during the spring tide and neap tide in the normal season, wet season, and dry season in 2020. Simultaneously, we measured hydrological observation data by a fixed-site buoy located in the JLR estuary and collected runoff data that were measured upstream of the JLR. The results showed that the average correlation coefficient between the average velocity of the fixed-point buoy and average velocity of the section was more than 0.90, higher than expected, the minimum average deviation was 4%, and the minimum sample standard error was 5.7%, which was a good result. In this study, we constructed a model for estimating the runoff of the JLR into the sea. The findings demonstrated that Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) online monitoring data were useful to estimate runoff of the JLR with high accuracy, could promote the accuracy of estimated pollutant flux of the JLR’s discharge into XMB, and could provide more scientific and reliable basic data for future load flux estimation research.
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19

Earles, Andrew, Barbara Chongtoua, Jane Clary, and Brik Zivkovich. "Estimation of Pollutant Load Reductions from Restoration of Cherry Creek in Denver." Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 6, no. 3 (August 2020): 02520002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jswbay.0000918.

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20

Tsuzuki, Yoshiaki, Thammarat Koottatep, Thitiphon Sinsupan, Supattra Jiawkok, Chira Wongburana, Suraphong Wattanachira, and Yuttachai Sarathai. "A concept for planning and management of on-site and centralised municipal wastewater treatment systems, a case study in Bangkok, Thailand. I: Pollutant discharge indicators and pollutant removal efficiency functions." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 9 (May 1, 2013): 1923–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.053.

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The concept of pollution load indicators for planning and management of the mixture conditions of centralised and on-site wastewater treatment systems has not been discussed in detail so far. In this paper, pollutant discharge (load) indicators and pollutant removal efficiencies were quantitatively analysed to develop a part of a strategy for planning and management of municipal wastewater treatment systems (WWTSs) under the mixture conditions in Bangkok, Thailand, as a case study. Pollutant discharge indicators of on-site WWTSs were estimated based on the relevant literature. Three kinds of pollutant removal efficiency function at centralised wastewater treatment plants (CWWTPs) were empirically developed for biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total coliforms and faecal coliforms based on the existing CWWTP management data. These results will be integrated into the scenario-based analysis in the second paper in the series. The results will be base datasets, and the concept and estimation methods can be applied for wastewater treatment planning and management in other areas.
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21

Park, Youn Shik, and Bernie A. Engel. "Analysis for Regression Model Behavior by Sampling Strategy for Annual Pollutant Load Estimation." Journal of Environmental Quality 44, no. 6 (November 2015): 1843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.03.0137.

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22

Uddin, Md Zamil, Khokan Kumar Saha, Md Moniruzzaman, Md Mostafizar Rahman, Minhaz Ahmed, and Md Moinul Hosain Oliver. "Estimation of Subsurface Pollutant Load and Its Seasonal Variation in an Irrigation Channel." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 4, no. 6 (December 19, 2022): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2022.4.6.606.

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Concentrations of heavy metals in irrigation water and soil were examined to determine the level of contamination in a particular irrigation channel in Gazipur, Bangladesh. In this conduit, effluent from households, industries, and municipalities was combined with irrigation water. The study was carried out in order to estimate pollutant loads along a wastewater irrigation channel and to conceptualize seasonal changes in composite wastewaters. A total of six wastewater and nine contaminated soil samples were collected directly from the study area and analyzed for this project. From February to March, before the monsoon, the pH of the water is too low for this channel to be used for irrigation. At the end of the monsoon season, from April through May, all wastewater tests were within these parameters, making them suitable for irrigation. Considering the standard limits, Pb, Cr, and Cu concentrations in all wastewater samples were found unsuitable for irrigation and thus problematic for soils and crops. The concentration of Cd in the wastewater samples ranged from 27.82 to 88.36 mg/L, whereas the tolerance limit for Cd in irrigation water is 0.01 mg/L. In soil samples from the three places chosen, the levels of Pb were below the safe limit and the levels of Cr were above the safe limit. The heavy metal pollution index of all the sites crossed the safe limit. On the basis of the geo-accumulation index and the pollution index, Pb indicates no pollution and Cd indicates very high levels of pollution in all locations. The maximum enrichment factor was found for Cd, Pb, and Cu, which have minor enrichment, Ni, which has no enrichment, and Cr, which has moderate enrichment. The study also tried to link heavy metals in wastewater to their deposition in soil and seasonal and temporal variations. The study revealed that industrial effluent utilized for irrigation was closely related to the accumulation of heavy metals in soils. Since irrigated agricultural soils are likely to be exposed to harmful wastes, it is crucial that the effluents from the industrial region of Gazipur are appropriately controlled.
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23

Kumokawa, S., Y. Shirakawa, and P. Flamand. "Characteristics of domestic wastewater and estimation of required johkasou capacity for buildings in Japan." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 738–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.061.

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Abstract Quantity and quality of raw domestic wastewater are reviewed and discussed for packaged plants, known as johkasou, in Japan. A method for the estimation of johkasou capacity in terms of population equivalent, or PE, was introduced and discussed in this paper. It was found that the pollutant loads of domestic wastewater were respectively BOD 45 g, CODMn 23 g, SS 37 g, TN 9.3 g and TP 1.1 g per capita per day on average. It shows that the BOD load of wastewater from kitchens is higher than that of black water. The estimation of the johkasou capacity needed for buildings can be done using a series of formulas, which forms an important estimation method for the implementation of on-site wastewater treatment.
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24

Kauppila, Pirkko, and Jari Koskiaho. "Evaluation of Annual Loads of Nutrients and Suspended Solids in Baltic Rivers." Hydrology Research 34, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2003.0004.

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Estimation of pollutant fluxes through river systems calls for accurate and precise load estimation. However, considerable uncertainty is associated with these estimates due to diffuse loading, which sets high requirements not only on sampling frequencies but also on calculation methods. The aim was to examine the variation in load calculations and the reliability of the load estimates of total phosphorus, total nitrogen and suspended solids in 24 Baltic rivers varying in size and land-use characteristics. Reliability of the load estimates was tested by simulation experiments in the river Paimionjoki using a Monte Carlo procedure. The estimates calculated by the most reliable method were compared to the loads estimated by five other methods. The general reliability (RMSE) for P and SS was best by the correlation method and for N by the periodic method. Load calculations varied greatly depending both on the characteristics of the rivers and the calculation method. The flow-stratified method overestimated the P and SS loads by about 20% in large low-lake rivers. In small low-lake rivers, the overestimation was 10% and over 14% for P and SS, respectively. By contrast, the averaging method underestimated P and SS loads by 10% and 21% in small agricultural low-lake rivers. All the methods produced rather similar results for N in each of the river types.
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Carvalho, Daniela Junqueira, Maria Elisa Leite Costa, and Sergio Koide. "Assessment of Diffuse Pollution Loads in Peri-Urban Rivers—Analysis of the Accuracy of Estimation Based on Monthly Monitoring Data." Water 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152354.

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Diffuse pollution loads are crucial information for water resource management, and yet field data are often scarce, implying questionable accuracy in load estimates made from low-frequency water quality monitoring. This paper aimed to characterize diffuse pollution in a stream of a mixed-land-cover watershed with a significant portion of urbanized areas through intensive monitoring and to perform a comparative analysis between the loads estimated by pollutant rating curves obtained by regression and the estimates using monthly water quality data, which is the method currently used. Continuous rainfall and flow monitoring was conducted between 2019 and 2021, and samples were collected during flood events and the dry period for water quality analysis. Flood events were found to induce an increase in suspended solids (TSS) and COD concentrations, while inorganic nitrogen (Inorg-N) concentrations were higher in the dry season. Flood characteristics showed a positive correlation with solids and COD event mean concentrations (EMCs) and negative with Inorg-N EMCs, while rainfall characteristics, such as antecedent dry days and intensity, correlate positively with all these pollutants. The rating curves performed well for total load estimation in low discharge events (R2 and NSE > 0.8), except for total phosphorus (TP) loads. Estimated annual unit loads found for the watershed were 2 ton TSS/ha.year, 300 kg COD/ha.year, 5 kg Inorg-N/ha.year, and 0.5 kg TP/ha.year, showing high pollution generated in the watershed. Finally, a comparison with estimates based on monthly monitoring data indicated that this method is sufficient for accurate nutrient loads, but not for TSS and COD loads, which require continuous monitoring to improve the accuracy of estimation.
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Itahashi, S., M. C. Seo, and M. Takeuchi. "Estimation and comparison of nitrogen loads and attenuation in agricultural catchments of Japan and Korea." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.441.

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To help in clarifying the relationship between the time lag and attenuation of nitrogen (N) loads generated in agricultural catchments, long-term trends in activities that generate N loads and in environmental N loads were estimated in catchments in Japan and Korea dominated by non-point-source emissions. Our approach used statistical data and geographical information system software to analyze pollutant loads. The method was successful in both countries because of the availability of well-developed statistics, geographical information, and weather and water quality monitoring systems, and the accumulation of research data concerning the generation of N loads and the fate of N in soils. Comparison of environmental loads with the loads observed in river water at the outlet of each catchment revealed that: (1) the effect of changes in the environmental load in a catchment appeared almost immediately in the river water quality in Korea, but did not appear clearly even 10 years later in Japan; and (2) the strength of the attenuation appeared to be much lower in Korea than in Japan. These findings suggest that regional characteristics play important roles in the sensitivity of water quality to load-generating activities.
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Choi, Dong-Ho, Kwang-Sik Yoon, Woo-Jung Choi, and Seung-Hwan Yoo. "Estimation of pollutant unit load of paddy fields with and without a rainfall factor." Irrigation and Drainage 65 (May 24, 2016): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.2027.

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Mouri, Goro, Seirou Shinoda, and Taikan Oki. "Estimation of total nitrogen transport and retention during flow in a catchment using a mass balance model incorporating the effects of land cover distribution and human activity information." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1837–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.208.

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The load of total nitrogen (TN) in stream water was surveyed in the Nagara River Basin (2,000 km2), central Japan. Multivariate analysis placed the TN data in an environmental and social context, relating TN to land use conditions such as geologic features, population density, and percentage of the population using the sewer system. Multivariate analysis was used to examine relationships among the land use distribution with and without human activity and the amount of pollution effluent from waste water treatment plants (WWTP). The pollution load in stream water is related to characteristics of the land cover in the river basin, so the influence of land use on the pollutant load was investigated. However, key factors affecting the pollutant load are human activities associated with the land use. In this study, a relationship between pollutant load, land use, and human activity is developed. Land use was estimated from Landsat data using ISODATA clustering. The distribution of the land cover factors was related to human activities, i.e. population density, agricultural production, industrial wastewater discharge, percentage of sewered population, and stock breeding in the catchment. Multivariate analysis related the TN data to land use and human activities. However, the types of land use were found to be insufficient to evaluate the TN, which appeared to be largely governed by other human-related factors such as industrial wastewater discharge, agricultural production, population density, and livestock density. Socioeconomic data, were obtained from government agencies. The results indicate that the TN load outflow characteristics of the study catchment were affected not only by outside human activity, but also largely by the various human activities in the small drainage basin. Industrial waste water contributed as much to the pollution load outflow as did human activity. This is shown quantitatively in that land use information collected at the same time as that collected on human activities provides effective baseline data. The model proposed here is suitable for evaluating best management practices.
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Han, Kuk-Heon, Jin-Ho Kim, Jong-Sik Lee, Jeong-Taek Lee, Jae-Young Cho, and Kwang-Sik Yoon. "Effect of Sampling Frequency During Storm Period on Estimation of Pollutant Load from Paddy Field." Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2005): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2005.24.1.017.

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Tsuzuki, Yoshiaki, Thammarat Koottatep, Thitiphon Sinsupan, Supattra Jiawkok, Chira Wongburana, Suraphong Wattanachira, and Yuttachai Sarathai. "A concept for planning and management of on-site and centralised municipal wastewater treatment systems, a case study in Bangkok, Thailand. II: Scenario-based pollutant load analysis." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 9 (May 1, 2013): 1934–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.024.

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Scenario-based pollutant load analysis was conducted to develop a part of a concept for planning and management of wastewater treatment systems (WWTSs) under the mixture conditions of centralised and on-site WWTSs. Pollutant discharge indicators and pollutant removal efficiency functions were applied from another paper in the series, which were developed based on the existing conditions in urban and peri-urban areas of Bangkok, Thailand. Two scenarios were developed to describe development directions of the mixture conditions. Scenario 1 involves keeping the on-site wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) within the areas of centralised WWTSs. Scenario 2 is dividing the centralised and on-site WWTS areas. Comparison of the smallest values of total pollutant discharge per capita (PDCtotal) between Scenarios 1 and 2 showed that the smallest PDCtotal in Scenario 1 was smaller than that in Scenario 2 for biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus whereas the smallest PDCtotal in Scenario 2 was smaller than that in Scenario 1 for total nitrogen, total coliforms and faecal coliforms. The results suggest that the mixture conditions could be a possible reason for smaller pollutant concentrations at centralised WWTPs. Quantitative scenario-based estimation of PDCtotal is useful and a prerequisite in planning and management of WWTSs.
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Kim, J., Y. Nagano, and H. Furumai. "Runoff load estimation of particulate and dissolved nitrogen in Lake Inba watershed using continuous monitoring data on turbidity and electric conductivity." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.275.

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Easy-to-measure surrogate parameters for water quality indicators are needed for real time monitoring as well as for generating data for model calibration and validation. In this study, a novel linear regression model for estimating total nitrogen (TN) based on two surrogate parameters is proposed based on evaluation of pollutant loads flowing into a eutrophic lake. Based on their runoff characteristics during wet weather, electric conductivity (EC) and turbidity were selected as surrogates for particulate nitrogen (PN) and dissolved nitrogen (DN), respectively. Strong linear relationships were established between PN and turbidity and DN and EC, and both models subsequently combined for estimation of TN. This model was evaluated by comparison of estimated and observed TN runoff loads during rainfall events. This analysis showed that turbidity and EC are viable surrogates for PN and DN, respectively, and that the linear regression model for TN concentration was successful in estimating TN runoff loads during rainfall events and also under dry weather conditions.
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32

Serrano, Ligia de Oliveira, Alisson Carraro Borges, Fernando Falco Pruski, and Marília Carvalho de Melo. "A New Approach to Use Load Duration Curves to Evaluate Water Quality: A Study in the Doce River Basin, Brazil." Water 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2020): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030811.

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Although water availability depends both on qualitative and quantitative aspects, most studies focus only on one of these. Therefore, the goal here is to relate water quality and quantity with the construction of Load Duration Curves (LDC) and to estimate E. coli load patterns in different flow conditions, seasons, and positions of two sub-basins of the Doce watershed (Brazil): Piracicaba and Piranga. A novel methodology is proposed in which the Burr XII distribution is adjusted to the LDC to compare all observed loads to their respective Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), allowing the estimation of the relative difference (RD) between these. Higher values of RD were observed for low flows for the Piracicaba basin, more urbanized, where point sources of pollution are the primary concern, reaching up to 99% of needed load reduction. In the Piranga basin, more agricultural, there was a broader RD variation, from 9% to 97% load reduction needed, which is an evidence of point sources of pollution combined with non-point sources. The new methodology can be used to estimate the load reduction of any pollutant and can be used by environmental agencies to identify effective practices to minimize and control pollution in different locations of the basins.
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Ryu, Jichul, Eunjung Kim, Mideok Han, Young Seok Kim, Donghyuk Kum, Kyoung Jae Lim, and Bae Kyung Park. "Enhancement of Estimation Method on the Land T-P Pollutant Load in TMDLs Using L-THIA." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 36, no. 3 (March 31, 2014): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2014.36.3.162.

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34

Mignosa, Paolo, and Alessandro Paoletti. "Pollution Loads Discharged from Combined Sewer Overflows: Theoretical Approach and Long Term Numerical Assessment." Hydrology Research 23, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1992.0003.

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The paper describes a theoretical analysis and a numerical assessment of pollutant loads discharged from Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) - with or without stormwater tanks – into the environment. The theoretical approach was based on certain simple assumptions, reasonably valid if the time scale of the problem involved is long enough (month/ year), in that single-event simulation is not interesting at all. Two main parameters related to the rainfall regime were found to be significant: the total volume of water discharged from the structure and the effective mixing factor between sanitary sewage and storm runoff. A numerical assessment of these two parameters was then made, on an annual basis, by means of a long-term rainfall series recorded in Milan, Italy. Both the “simple” CSO structure and the CSO coupled with stormwater tanks (on-line or off-line) were considered. The resulting graphs make it possible to evaluate the total annual load discharged from CSOs into the environment and the potential reduction obtained by adding a storage capacity to the overflow. This estimation could be of interest for persistent pollutants (phosphorus, heavy metals) discharged into low-recirculation bodies (lakes, estuaries, lagoons, closed seas).
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35

Angello, Zelalem Abera, Beshah M. Behailu, and Jens Tränckner. "Integral Application of Chemical Mass Balance and Watershed Model to Estimate Point and Nonpoint Source Pollutant Loads in Data-Scarce Little Akaki River, Ethiopia." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 7084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177084.

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The quality of Little Akaki River in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) is deteriorating significantly due to uncontrolled waste released from point and diffuse sources. In this study, pollution load from these sources was quantified by integrating chemical mass balance analysis (CMB) and the watershed model of pollution load (PLOAD) for chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solid, total nitrogen, nitrate, and phosphate. Water samples monitored bimonthly at 15 main channel monitoring stations and 11-point sources were used for estimation of pollutant load using FLUX32 software in which the flow from the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model calibration, measured instantaneous flow, and constituent concentration were used as input. The SWAT simulated the flow quite well with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.78 and 0.82 and Nash-Sutcliff (NSE) of 0.76 and 0.80 during calibration and validation, respectively. The uncharacterized nonpoint source load calculated by integrating CMB and PLOAD showed that the contribution of nonpoint source prevails at the middle and downstream segments of the river. Maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) load from uncharacterized nonpoint sources was calculated at the monitoring station located below the confluence of two rivers (near German Square). On the other hand, high organic pollution load, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) load, was calculated at a station upstream of Aba Samuel Lake, whereas annual maximum total dissolved solid (TDS), total nitrogen (TN), and phosphate load (PO4-P) from the nonpoint source in Little Akaki River (LAR) were found at a river section near Kality Bridge and maximum NOX load was calculated at station near German Square. The integration of the CMB and PLOAD model in this study revealed that the use of area-specific pollutant export coefficients would give relatively accurate results than the use of mean and median ECf values of each land use.
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Acharya, Prasenjit, S. Sreekesh, and Umesh Kulshrestha. "GHG AND AEROSOL EMISSION FROM FIRE PIXEL DURING CROP RESIDUE BURNING UNDER RICE AND WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEMS IN NORTH-WEST INDIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (October 12, 2016): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b2-753-2016.

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Emission of smoke and aerosol from open field burning of crop residue is a long-standing subject matter of atmospheric pollution. In this study, we proposed a new approach of estimating fuel load in the fire pixels and corresponding emissions of selected GHGs and aerosols i.e. CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and total particulate matter (TPM) due to burning of crop residue under rice and wheat cropping systems in Punjab in north-west India from 2002 to 2012. In contrasts to the conventional method that uses RPR ratio to estimate the biomass, fuel load in the fire pixels was estimated as a function of enhanced vegetation index (EVI). MODIS fire products were used to detect the fire pixels during harvesting seasons of rice and wheat. Based on the field measurements, fuel load in the fire pixels were modelled as a function of average EVI using second order polynomial regression. Average EVI for rice and wheat crops that were extracted through Fourier transformation were computed from MODIS time series 16 day EVI composites. About 23&amp;thinsp;% of net shown area (NSA) during rice and 11&amp;thinsp;% during wheat harvesting seasons are affected by field burning. The computed average fuel loads are 11.32&amp;thinsp;t/ha (±17.4) during rice and 10.89&amp;thinsp;t/ha (±8.7) during wheat harvesting seasons. Calculated average total emissions of CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> and TPM were 8108.41, 657.85, 8.10, 4.10, and 133.21&amp;thinsp;Gg during rice straw burning and 6896.85, 625.09, 1.42, 1.77, and 57.55&amp;thinsp;Gg during wheat burning. Comparison of estimated values shows better agreement with the previous concurrent estimations. The method, however, shows its efficiency parallel to the conventional method of estimation of fuel load and related pollutant emissions.
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37

Seong, Chounghyun, Syewoon Hwang, Chansung Oh, and Jaepil Cho. "Developing Surface Water Quality Modeling Framework Considering Spatial Resolution of Pollutant Load Estimation for Saemangeum Using HSPF." Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 59, no. 3 (May 31, 2017): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5389/ksae.2017.59.3.083.

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38

Orozco-Montoya, Ricardo A., Helga Madrigal-Solís, Christian Vargas-Bolaños, and Lidia Orias-Arguedas. "Analysis of the threat of groundwater contamination in the Jacó aquifer, Central Pacific, Costa Rica." Revista de Ciencias Ambientales 55, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rca.55-2.3.

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[Introduction]: In Costa Rica, more than 70 % of the public drinking water supply comes from groundwater sources. In the coastal city of Jacó, on the Central Pacific Coast of Costa Rica, tourism activity is essential for economic development and groundwater represents a source for supplying tourists and residents. [Objective]: This research aims to characterize the threats of groundwater contamination to the coastal aquifer of Jacó due to human activities, based on land use analysis, characterization of potential pollution sources and, estimation of the floating population related to tourist activity. [Methodology]: An inventory of potential pollution sources was carried out through the location of human/anthropogenic activities. Potential point, diffuse and linear sources were classified based on the Pollutant Origin Surcharge Hydraulically (POSH) method, as activities with high, medium and low potential generating pollutant load (threat) [Results]: Of the total potential sources, 0.5 % correspond to activities with high potential, 14.0 % medium potential and 23.5 % low potential, and 62.0 % null potential. Out of 129 point pollution sources, 64.3 % were classified as medium threat activities due to the storage and handling of potentially polluting chemicals. Although the sources of high threat are those of lesser occurrence in the study area, they can generate greater negative impacts on groundwater resources. These are located mainly in the urban area of the city where the floating population reaches more than 12 000 people during the holidays, so their potential for pollutant loading could rise during this period. [Conclusions]: The results will be considered in territory planning, which seeks to reduce the probability of groundwater contamination in Jacó.
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39

Lukman, L., R. Dina, A. Ibrahim, and A. Waluyo. "Phosphorus load base carrying capacity estimation for fish culture in Lake Ranau in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 919, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/919/1/012020.

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Abstract Carrying capacity is the ability of waters to accommodate pollutant load inputs without reducing the water quality. For aquaculture in floating net cages (FNC), the carrying capacity is a criterion to achieve the maximum fish production based on the level of total phosphorus (TP) released from the activity, which is still acceptable according to utilisation purposes. Lake Ranau in Sumatra is essential in supporting the socio-economic needs of the people in the surrounding areas, including FNC activities. The development of FNC as an aquaculture model in open waters will have a positive value as long as it is within the limits of water carrying capacity. Thus, the carrying capacity of Lake Ranau waters needs to be estimated to provide optimal direction for FNC development in line with other activities such as tourism. The carrying capacity was estimated using the Beveridge (1987) formulation that has also been adopted into the Ministry Regulation of Environment number 28/2009. As a limiting factor for tourism purposes, the status trophic of waters should be oligotrophic or oligo-mesotrophic. Therefore, the fish production that can be achieved is between 0 tons/year (oligotrophic scale) to 1,662 tons/year (oligo-mesotrophic scale).
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40

Ha, S. R., S. Y. Park, and D. H. Park. "Estimation of urban runoff and water quality using remote sensing and artificial intelligence." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0705.

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Water quality and quantity of runoff are strongly dependent on the landuse and landcover (LULC) criteria. In this study, we developed a more improved parameter estimation procedure for the environmental model using remote sensing (RS) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. Landsat TM multi-band (7bands) and Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite (KOMPSAT) panchromatic data were selected for input data processing. We employed two kinds of artificial intelligence techniques, RBF-NN (radial-basis-function neural network) and ANN (artificial neural network), to classify LULC of the study area. A bootstrap resampling method, a statistical technique, was employed to generate the confidence intervals and distribution of the unit load. SWMM was used to simulate the urban runoff and water quality and applied to the study watershed. The condition of urban flow and non-point contaminations was simulated with rainfall-runoff and measured water quality data. The estimated total runoff, peak time, and pollutant generation varied considerably according to the classification accuracy and percentile unit load applied. The proposed procedure would efficiently be applied to water quality and runoff simulation in a rapidly changing urban area.
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41

Jeon, J. H., C. G. Yoon, J. H. Ham, and K. W. Jung. "Evaluation of BASINS/WinHSPF applicability for pollutant loading estimation for a Korean watershed." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.004.

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Applicability of a widely accepted watershed-based water quality assessment tool (BASINS) and its associated watershed model (WinHSPF) was evaluated on the Seamangeum watershed in Korea. The study site is the largest polder project area in Korea and its environmental quality has been debated for the last five years. BASINS was found to be a convenient and powerful tool for assessment of watershed characteristics, and provided various tools to delineate the watershed into land segments and river reaches, reclassify land use, and parameterize for WinHSPF simulation. Calibration results were satisfactory showing model efficiency over 0.80 for stream flow, temperature, and dissolved oxygen simulation, and model output for water quality constituents also reasonably matched the observed data. It was demonstrated that calibration with dry-day data for a relatively long period might be adequate to simulate hydrologic characteristics and water quality of the watershed with WinHSPF, and using parameters generated with BASINS for nonpoint source pollution simulation is suggested when enough wet-day monitoring data are not available. The unit-area load of biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus was 27.8, 48.2, and 4.3 kg/ha/yr, respectively. These values are within the expected range but on the high side of the reported values, which implies that effective control measures are required to protect water quality of the downstream reservoir. Overall, BASINS/WinHSPF was applicable and found to be a powerful tool in pollutant loading estimation from the watershed, and its use in Korea is recommended.
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42

Bae, M. S., and S. R. Ha. "GIS-based influence analysis of geomorphological properties on pollutant wash-off in agricultural area." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 3-4 (February 1, 2005): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0604.

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This study improves the estimation of the self-purification coefficient for runoff analysis of pollution load using geomorphological factors. Formerly, the assimilative capacity, K, was estimated using a single geomorphological factor, Horton's form ratio, Sf. Here, K was divided into two factors, namely, a watershed self-purification coefficient (k) and a watershed form ratio (Sf). The watershed form ratio, Sf, is the equivalent stream density and is considered an index of accessibility of the pollution load to the water body. Even though Sf had shown a clear reciprocal relationship with k, in agricultural areas, there is a limitation that the k, estimated by using an Sf only can't reflect the variability of land coverage characteristics and/or land use. In this study, a new geo-characteristic index (GCI), SR, which is composed of Sf and weighted flow accumulation ratio (Fr), is suggested. GIS and remote sensing technique were used to calculate Sf and Fr. Interestingly, a clear reciprocal relationship exists between k and SR, and this relationship seems to be stronger for agricultural areas, as urbanized areas have easier wash off due to the sewer network or paved surfaces.
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43

Ryu, Jichul, Won Jang, Jonggun Kim, Younghun Jung, Bernard Engel, and Kyoung Lim. "Development of Field Pollutant Load Estimation Module and Linkage of QUAL2E with Watershed-Scale L-THIA ACN Model." Water 8, no. 7 (July 15, 2016): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w8070292.

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44

Suzuki, M., K. Chihara, M. Okada, H. Kawashima, and S. Hoshino. "Development of Dialog System Model for Eutrophication Control between Discharging River Basin and Receiving Water Body – Case Study of Lake Sagami (Japan)." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0178.

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A computer program based on expert system software was developed and proposed as a prototype model for water management to control eutrophication problems in receiving water bodies (Suzuki etal., 1988). The system has several expert functions: 1. data input and estimation of pollution load generated and discharged in the river watershed; 2. estimation of pollution load run-off entering rivers; 3. estimation of water quality of receiving water bodies, such as lakes; and 4. assisting man-machine dialog operation. The program can be used with MS-DOS BASIC and assembler in a 16 bit personal computer. Five spread sheets are utilized in calculation and summation of the pollutant load, using multi-windows. Partial differential equations for an ecological model for simulation of self-purification in shallow rivers and simulation of seasonal variations of water quality in a lake were converted to computer programs and included in the expert system. The simulated results of water quality are shown on the monitor graphically. In this study, the expert system thus developed was used to estimate the present state of one typical polluted river basin. The river was the Katsura, which flows into Lake Sagami, a lake dammed for water supply. Data which had been actually measured were compared with the simulated water quality data, and good agreement was found. This type of expert system is expected to be useful for water management of a closed water body.
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45

Zorpas, Antonis A., Lampis A. Ilia, Irene Voukkali, and Vassilis Inglezakis. "Micropollutants Identification Affecting the Nearby Environment from Highway Runoff: The Case Study of Cyprus Highway." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/301371.

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Road/highway surfaces accumulate significant quantities of pollutants including nutrients, heavy metals, and polycyclic hydrocarbon aromatic (PHAs). Traffic characteristics (vehicle speed, traffic load, etc.), climate, long dry wet periods, and rainfall event intensity and duration are regarded as important factors in generating pollutants in high way runoff (HRO). Regarding rainfall control, most of the road is served by drainage ditches which collect the runoff and direct it to the nearest natural water courses. This paper focuses on the estimation of pollutant that is coming from two several highways (to the airport and to the biggest industrial area) in Cyprus. Overall, more than 100 different samples were collected and analysed over a period of two years. Several parameters were determined like PHA, COD, electronic conductivity (EC), total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, fats and oils (FOG), T. Coliforms, NO3, NO2, NH4, SO4, Cl, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn. The results indicated that the first flush consists of major pollution due to the fact that all parameters are in high levels. As the rainfall continues the pollution decreases but the influence to the nearby areas of the runoff is high.
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46

Galván, L., M. Olías, R. Fernandez de Villarán, J. M. Domingo Santos, J. M. Nieto, A. M. Sarmiento, and C. R. Cánovas. "Application of the SWAT model to an AMD-affected river (Meca River, SW Spain). Estimation of transported pollutant load." Journal of Hydrology 377, no. 3-4 (October 2009): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.09.002.

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47

Mohammed, Seddak, and Lakhdari A. Amina. "Real-time friction torque estimation on a diesel engine using the crankshaft speed fluctuation." Engineering review 41, no. 3 (2021): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30765/er.1515.

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Under the pressure of stricter regulations on pollutant emissions and the desire of users for lower fuel consumption and more comfortable driving, engine control based on torque has been developed. To provide an accurate estimate of effective torque, friction losses must be modeled. The details of a model that predicts the total instantaneous friction torque for compression ignition engines are described. The model is based on a combination of the dynamic model of the crankshaft and the thermodynamic model. The total instantaneous friction torque is determined using the instantaneous measurements or numerical predictions of the gas pressure in the combustion chamber, the rotational speed of the crankshaft and the load torque. The experimental data and the numerical simulation results were compared. The comparison between the different variables shows a good agreement between the simulation and the experimental results.
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48

Jin, Huiyu, Wanqi Chen, Zhenghong Zhao, Jiajia Wang, and Weichun Ma. "New Framework for Dynamic Water Environmental Capacity Estimation Integrating the Hydro-Environmental Model and Load–Duration Curve Method—A Case Study in Data-Scarce Luanhe River Basin." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 8389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148389.

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A better understanding of river capacity for contaminants (i.e., water environmental capacity, WEC) is essential for the reasonable utilization of water resources, providing government’s with guidance about sewage discharge management, and allocating investments for pollutant reduction. This paper applied a new framework integrating a modified hydro-environmental model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, and load–duration curve (LDC) method for the dynamic estimation of the NH3-N WEC of the data-scarce Luanhe River basin in China. The impact mechanisms of hydrological and temperature conditions on WEC are discussed. We found that 77% of the WEC was concentrated in 40% hydrological guarantee flow rates. While the increasing flow velocity promoted the pollutant decay rate, it shortened its traveling time in streams, eventually reducing the river WEC. The results suggest that the integrated framework combined the merits of the traditional LDC method and the mechanism model. Thus, the integrated framework dynamically presents the WEC’s spatiotemporal distribution under different hydrological regimes with fewer data. It can also be applied in multi-segment rivers to help managers identify hot spots for fragile water environmental regions and periods at the basin scale.
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49

Olivera Rodriguez, Paula, Mauro Ezequiel Holzman, Claudio Ramón Mujica, Raúl Eduardo Rivas, and Maite M. Aldaya. "Different Approaches to Assessing Pollution Load: The Case of Nitrogen-Related Grey Water Footprint of Barley and Soybean in Argentina." Water 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 3558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243558.

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Agriculture is among the main causes of water pollution. Currently, 75% of global anthropogenic nitrogen (N) loads come from leaching/runoff from cropland. The grey water footprint (GWF) is an indicator of water resource pollution, which allows for the evaluation and monitoring of pollutant loads (L) that can affect water. However, in the literature, there are different approaches to estimating L and thus contrasting GWF estimates: (A1) leaching/runoff fraction approach, (A2) surplus approach and (A3) soil nitrogen balance approach. This study compares these approaches for the first time to assess which one is best adapted to real crop production conditions and optimises GWF calculation. The three approaches are applied to assess N-related GWF in barley and soybean. For barley in 2019, A3 estimated a GWF value 285 to 196% higher than A1, while in 2020, the A3 estimate was 135 to 81% higher. Soybean did not produce a GWF due to the crop characteristics. A3 incorporated N partitioning within the agroecosystem and considered different N inputs beyond fertilization, improving the accuracy of L and GWF estimation. Providing robust GWF results to decision-makers may help to prevent or reduce the impacts of activities that threaten the world’s water ecosystems and supply.
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50

Yan, Zhongyue, Jing Xu, and Xiaohong Ruan. "An improved source apportionment mixing model combined with a Bayesian approach for nonpoint source pollution load estimation." Hydrology Research 50, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.076.

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Abstract A nonpoint source (NPS) loads evaluation method based on the Bayesian source apportionment mixing model was established in this research. The model assumed that (1) the pollutant concentration from each source mixed with the others in the monitoring section during transport, (2) transport only considered first-order attenuation, (3) point source pollution had relatively stable emissions, and (4) the measurement error was random, unrelated, and consistent with a normal distribution (mean of 0). All unknown parameters in the model were taken as random variables, and their posterior distributions were derived by Markov chain Monte Carlo procedures based on historical data, literature, and empirical information. The outflow system of the Huaihe River was adopted as a case study to verify the feasibility of the model. Gelman–Rubin, automatic frequency control statistics, and the determination coefficient (R2) verified the reliability. The results showed that the total loads of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+), chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus from NPSs accounted for 16.35–27.58%, 18.78–25.69%, 21.68–29.71%, and 42.11–52.09%, respectively. The parameter sensitivity analysis showed that prior distribution of NPS concentration was the most sensitive one, which should be determined reasonably based on the empirical or historical information.
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