Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pollutant load estimation

Academic literature on the topic 'Pollutant load estimation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pollutant load estimation"

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Purwanto, Christine Prita. "INVENTARISASI EMISI SUMBER BERGERAK DI JALAN (ON ROAD) KOTA DENPASAR." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2015.v09.i01.p01.

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The growth of population in Denpasar City followed by increasing of transportation facilities that potentially cause pollution by vehicle emissions and cause serious environmental problems and which has adverse effect to the human health. The research aimed to estimate the number and distribution of emission gases on air pollutants, such as: PM10, NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 and HC. The calculation of estimated based on road mobile sources (On Road) in Denpasar City, includes all known sources such as the highway, small roads, terminals, and parking lots. The calculation of emissions is calculated by using the approach of emission estimation method. The total load of emissions by moving source on the street in Denpasar for each pollutant gases are: value of NOx is 3765.89 tons/year , value of SO2 is 212.34 tons/year, value of HC is 20049.87 tons/year, value of PM10 is 444.16 tons/year, value of CO2 is 984,280.21 tons/ year, and value of CO is 55432.04 tons/year. Overall, the total load of pollutant emissions gases of Denpasar City is greater than the total load of pollutant emissions gases in Palembang city. Spatially, the distribution of pollutant gas emissions are not spread evenly. The pollutants emissions of NOx, CO2, and HC for each gases have the highest values are about 115 – 239 tons/year, 26.944 – 4.735 tons/year, and 471 – 954 tons/year distributed at West Denpasar District and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest pollutans emission of SO2 is about 15,5-44 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District. The highest pollutans emission of PM10 is about 11,5-21 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, and Niti Mandala Renon area. The highest CO pollutant emission is about 1277-1912 tons/year, distributed at West Denpasar District, Badung Market area, Puputan Square area, Niti Mandala Renon area, and Udayana University area.
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Song, Lin Xu, and Ping Liu. "Study on Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Based on SWAT." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.390.

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Nonpoint source pollution, especially agriculture nonpoint source pollution is the major reason resulting in eutrophication in many receiving water bodies. At first, agriculture nonpoint source pollution and the harm pollutants bring is analyzed. Then around the questions about how the nonpoint source pollutants export from the soil and how much pollutant import into the receiving water, my study provide an overview of the progress of research on pollution forming mechanism, pollutants leaching from soil and pollutants migrating with streamflow into water body, and briefly summarizes the history of nonpoint source load estimation include model developing and application, and introduce the SWAT model which will be applied in my study. At last, I look forward to some important research direction in pollution mechanism and load estimation.
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Segarra-García, R., and G. V. Loganathan. "A Stochastic Pollutant Load Model for the Design of Stormwater Detention Facilities." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0680.

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A set of equations dependent on specified pollutant trap efficiency for computing storage capacity-treatment rate combinations of a stormwater detention system is provided. The equations are expressed in terms of the statistics of the runoff event variables: mean depth, duration, and interevent time. The hydrologic random variables are assumed to be independent and exponentially distributed. A mass balance equation is derived for the detention unit based on a first-order pollutant load model. With the aid of statistical derived distribution techniques, an expression for the expected pollutant washoff load is derived, which is further used to develop analytical storage/treatment isoquants for specified levels of pollutant trap efficiency. The isoquants are defined in terms of the design storage capacity, the treatment rate, the pollutant trap efficiency, and the runoff process statistics. A further extension of the model allows the derivation of equations for the estimation of the settling efficiency of pollutants of stored stormwater. The estimators for storage capacity-treatment rate are obtained from closed form expressions that, in addition, yield lower and upper bound estimates of the design variables. Illustrative examples using data for catchments in Minneapolis and Denver are provided.
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Liu, Y., W. Che, and J. Li. "Monitor-based evaluation of pollutant load from urban stormwater runoff in Beijing." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 9 (November 1, 2005): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0317.

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As a major pollutant source to urban receiving waters, the non-point source pollution from urban runoff needs to be well studied and effectively controlled. Based on monitoring data from urban runoff pollutant sources, this article describes a systematic estimation of total pollutant loads from the urban areas of Beijing. A numerical model was developed to quantify main pollutant loads of urban runoff in Beijing. A sub-procedure is involved in this method, in which the flush process influences both the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff. A statistics-based method was applied in computing the annual pollutant load as an output of the runoff. The proportions of pollutant from point-source and non-point sources were compared. This provides a scientific basis for proper environmental input assessment of urban stormwater pollution to receiving waters, improvement of infrastructure performance, implementation of urban stormwater management, and utilization of stormwater.
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YUASA, Takashi, Ryo MATSUMARU, Toshiya ARAMAKI, Gaku MANAGO, Kyoko SHIBATA, Sai Tun Aye, and Akari SUZUKI. "APPLYING POLLUTANT LOAD FACTOR METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF POLLUTION LOAD AND EVALUATION OF POLLUTANT FACTORS IN INLE LAKE, MYANMAR." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. G (Environmental Research) 76, no. 5 (2020): I_9—I_18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejer.76.5_i_9.

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Lee, Eun-Hyong, and Dong-Il Seo. "Estimation of Pollutant Load to Yongdam Reservoir Considering Rainfall Effect." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 36, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2003.36.4.521.

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Gray, Stephanie Shamblin, Clem Brown, Richard Haimann, and Adam Quinn. "Non-Structural Best Management Practice Pollutant Load Reduction Estimation Method." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2015, no. 17 (January 1, 2015): 5193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864715819539380.

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Park, Youn Shik. "Estimation of Pollutant Load Using Genetic-algorithm and Regression Model." Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2014.33.1.37.

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Kumar, Sumant, Bhanu P. Vellanki, Shafeeque P. K. Rahman, Absar A. Kazmi, and Narayan C. Ghosh. "Runoff characterization and pollutant load estimation of Nainital lake, India." Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 10 (December 2018): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2018.09.005.

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Gamerith, V., D. Muschalla, P. Könemann, and G. Gruber. "Pollution load modelling in sewer systems: an approach of combining long term online sensor data with multi-objective auto-calibration schemes." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.772.

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Pollutant load modelling for sewer systems is state-of-the-art, especially for the estimation of discharged pollutant loads and development of sewer management strategies. However, conventionally obtained calibration data sets are often not exhaustive and have significant drawbacks. In the Graz West catchment area (Graz, Austria), continuous high-resolution long-term online measurements for discharge and pollutant concentration have been carried out since 2002. In this paper, the application of single- and multi-objective auto-calibration schemes based on evolution strategies for a deterministic hydrological pollutant load model will be discussed. Three approaches for pollutant load modelling are examined and compared: using a constant storm weather concentration and two surface accumulation–wash-off approaches with basic respectively extended wash-off equations. It is shown that the applied auto-calibration method leads to very satisfying results for both the calibration and the validation data set, and also for the dry and the storm weather runoff. Results from multi-objective calibration show better robustness in validation events than single-objective calibration. The build-up wash-off approach using the basic wash-off equation gives the best correlations between measured data and simulation results.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pollutant load estimation"

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Newham, Lachlan Thomas Hopkins, and lachlan newham@anu edu au. "Catchment Scale Modelling of Water Quality and Quantity." The Australian National University. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050919.144548.

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Appropriately constructed pollutant export models can help set management priorities for catchments, identify critical pollutant source areas, and are important tools for developing and evaluating economically viable ways of minimising surface water pollution.¶ This thesis presents a comparison, an evaluation and an integration of models for predicting the export of environmental pollutants, in particular sediment, through river systems. A review of the capabilities and limitations of current water quality modelling approaches is made. Several water quality and quantity modelling approaches are applied and evaluated in the catchment of the upper Murrumbidgee River.¶ The IHACRES rainfall-runoff model and a simple hydrologic routing model are applied with the aim of developing a capacity to predict streamflow at various catchment scales and to enable integration with other pollutant load estimation techniques. Methods for calculating pollutant loads from observed pollutant concentration and modelled streamflow data are also investigated. Sediment export is estimated using these methods over a 10-year period for two case study subcatchments. Approaches for water quality sampling are discussed and a novel monitoring program using rising stage siphon samplers is presented. Results from a refinement of the Sediment River Network model in the upper Murrumbidgee catchment (SedNet-UM) are presented. The model provides a capacity to quantify sediment source, transport and to simulate the effects of management change in the catchment. The investigation of the model includes rigorous examination of the behaviour of the model through sensitivity assessment and comparison with other sediment modelling studies. The major conclusion reached through sensitivity assessment was that the outputs of the model are most sensitive to perturbation of the hydrologic parameters of the model.¶ The SedNet-UM application demonstrates that it is possible to construct stream pollutant models that assist in prioritising management across catchment scales. It can be concluded that SedNet and similar variants have much potential to address common resource management issues requiring the identification of the source, propagation and fate of environmental pollutants. In addition, incorporating the strengths of a conceptual rainfall-runoff model and the semi-distributed SedNet model has been identified as very useful for the future prediction of environmental pollutant export.
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Zak, Susan K. "Estimating uncertainty of critical load models." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274231.

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Chen, Chien-hung, and 陳建宏. "Pollutant load estimation of reservoir inflow during the period of storms." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74975774382698111752.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學系研究所
86
Reservoir eutrophication in Taiwan is getting severe, due to the overdevelopm ent of catchment. Water quality data in Taiwan is evidently absent during peri ods of flooding and high flows. For the possible controlof water quality, an e fficient method of pollutant load estimation is needed to make water resource conservation and enduring use become possible.The study of pollutant load est imation was concentrated on the absorbable material, such as total phosphorus and toxic material. The charactericial of absorbability was used to develop th e estimation equation. The estimation equationwas applied to derive the equati on of total phosphorus load of reservoir inflow.The research applied Chiu''s v elocity distribution and sediment distributionequations. This study also made use of the efficient methods of discharge and sediment estimation developed by C.-L. Chiu. In additional, the water quality concentration distribution on t he vertical was simulated by binomial to estimate the total phosphorus load of reservoir inflow. The data of Song-mou Station was collected to verify the d erived equation.
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Newham, Lachlan Thomas Hopkins. "Catchment Scale Modelling of Water Quality and Quantity." Phd thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/47993.

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Appropriately constructed pollutant export models can help set management priorities for catchments, identify critical pollutant source areas, and are important tools for developing and evaluating economically viable ways of minimising surface water pollution.¶ This thesis presents a comparison, an evaluation and an integration of models for predicting the export of environmental pollutants, in particular sediment, through river systems. A review of the capabilities and limitations of current water quality modelling approaches is made. Several water quality and quantity modelling approaches are applied and evaluated in the catchment of the upper Murrumbidgee River.¶ ...
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Huang, Cheng-Lung, and 黃政龍. "The Method for Estimating Pollutant Phosphorus Loads in streams during rainstorms." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44122989737620496279.

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Books on the topic "Pollutant load estimation"

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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River, Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River, Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River, Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River, Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River, Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pollutant load estimation"

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Liu, Minghuan, Kenji Yoshimi, Tadaharu Ishikawa, and Kentaro Kudo. "New Approach for Estimation of Pollutant Load by Using Artificial Neural Network." In Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, 683–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89465-0_120.

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Aryblia, Maria, Lúcio Quintal, Μiguel Ribeiro, Nikolaos Sifakis, Stavroula Tournaki, and Theocharis Tsoutsos. "Climate Change Mitigation Through Smart Environmental Monitoring of the Urban Ecosystem in Insular Touristic Cities: Experience from Rethymno and Madeira." In Sustainable Mobility for Island Destinations, 129–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73715-3_8.

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AbstractCities, and general urban areas, contribute critically to climate change because of the GHGs related to traffic congestion, fossil fuel consumption, noise and air pollution. Air pollution, despite the noteworthy improvements during the last decades, still plays a significant role in the quality of living in European cities as it causes damages to health and ecosystems, thus making urgent the immoderate need of diminishing it. Within the Horizon 2020 CIVITAS DESTINATIONS project, six European island cities, which are highly attractive destinations for tourists worldwide, implemented various sustainable mobility measures. Among them, Funchal, Madeira-Portugal, and Rethymno, Crete-Greece, implemented two different environmental monitoring systems to measure and calculate a predetermined set of indicators, capable of estimating the environmental benefits in transport, economy, society, energy, and the environment. The monitoring systems were installed in specific sites all around these two cities, aiming, through the integrated sensors, to collect environmental data related to transport load, such as environmental indexes (temperature, humidity, noise) and air pollutants (CO2, CO, NOx, SO2, PM). The collection of critical and reliable data offers the opportunity for an effective evaluation of the overall performance of the implemented measures toward sustainable, environmentally friendly, and low-carbon mobility policies.
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Dauda Ahmed, Sani, Sampson Kwaku Agodzo, and Kwaku Amaning Adjei. "Designing River Diversion Constructed Wetland for Water Quality Improvement." In Inland Waters - Dynamics and Ecology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92119.

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Constructed wetlands are recognized as viable potential technology for reducing pollution load and improving quality of water and wastewater. The use of river diversion wetlands is gaining place for improving quality of river and stream water. However, the design criterion for this category of wetlands has not been fully established, and there is a need to optimize existing approach to enhance operational performance. This chapter presents a step-by-step approach for the design of a typical river diversion constructed wetland intended to remove some pollutants and improve river water quality. The approach focused mainly on water quality objective and outlined simple criteria, guidelines, and model equations for the design procedure of a new river diversion constructed wetland. The design of constructed wetlands is generally an iterative process based on empirical equations. Thus, this approach combines simple equations and procedure for estimating the amount of river water to be diverted for treatment so as to assist the designer in sizing the wetland system. The novel approach presented may be useful to wetland experts as some of the procedures presented are not popular in wetland studies. However, this may improve existing river diversion wetlands’ design and development.
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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. "General introduction." In Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River, Ethiopia, 1–12. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429287299-1.

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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. "Impacts and policy implications of heavy metals effluent discharges into rivers within industrial Zones: A sub-Saharan perspective from Ethiopia." In Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River, Ethiopia, 13–38. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429287299-2.

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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. "Preventing sustainable development: policy and capacity gaps for monitoring heavy metals in riverine water and sediments within an industrialising catchment in Ethiopia." In Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River, Ethiopia, 39–62. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429287299-3.

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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. "Evaluating the effect of diffuse and point source nutrient transfers on water quality in the Kombolcha River Basin, an industrializing Ethiopian catchment." In Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River, Ethiopia, 63–84. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429287299-4.

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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. "Estimating total nitrogen and phosphorus losses in a data-poor Ethiopian catchment." In Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River, Ethiopia, 85–106. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429287299-5.

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Belachew, Eskinder Zinabu. "Synthesis and conclusions." In Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants into the Borkena River, Ethiopia, 107–18. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429287299-6.

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Kaimal, J. C., and J. J. Finnigan. "Flow Over Hills." In Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062397.003.0008.

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We now move on to the next obstacle to understanding how the boundary layer behaves in general through the study of flow over ridges and hills. In Chapter 4 we examined simple changes in surface conditions and showed how their effects extend upwards with increasing downwind distance. The distinguishing features of the flow over those changes were a small perturbation in the pressure field and an internal boundary layer, the depth of which was controlled by turbulent diffusion from the new surface. Here, we confront not a change in surface properties but a change in surface elevation that forces large-scale changes in the pressure field. The response to this forcing is more complicated than any we have tackled so far, but the work of many scientists over the past 25 years gives us a measure of understanding of the processes involved. In addition to extending to hillsides the kind of analyses of wind and turbulence we have already presented, there are new questions that only arise in the context of hill flows. One, with ramifications for large-scale prediction of the weather and climate, is how much drag hills exert on the atmosphere flowing over them. For large hills and mountains this problem is dominated by the behavior of the internal gravity waves initiated by hills; over lower topography, however, it involves a subtle balance between changes in the surface stress distribution and the pressure field. In questions of wind turbine siting, understanding the position and magnitude of accelerations in the mean wind becomes crucial, whereas changes to both the mean wind and turbulence are important when predicting the fate of atmospheric pollutants in hilly terrain or estimating wind loads on buildings. The pattern of airflow around a hill is determined not only by the hill shape but also by its size. A characteristic feature of the atmosphere as a whole is its static stability, extending all the way to the ground at night-time and down to zi during the day. As a result, the vertical movement of air parcels that must occur as the wind flows over a hill is accompanied by a gravitational restoring force.
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Conference papers on the topic "Pollutant load estimation"

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Ponti, Fabrizio, Vittorio Ravaglioli, and Gabriele Serra. "Optimal Combustion Positioning Methodology Based on MFB50 On-Board Estimation." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35166.

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As a result of the increasing request to reduce pollutant emissions and improve efficiency in modern Internal Combustion Engines, it is important to know a high number of quantities that are representative of the combustion process. One of the most important parameters to estimate on-board is the angular position where 50% of fuel mass injected over an engine cycle is burned (MFB50), because it provides information about the effectiveness of combustion (useful, for example, in HCCI combustion control). MFB50 can be evaluated using in-cylinder pressure sensors, nevertheless they would cause engine control systems cost to rise. The MFB50 estimation algorithm presented in this work is based on engine speed measurement, that can be performed using the same 60-2 toothed wheel already present on-board for other control purposes. For the above reason, this approach is not only compatible with on-board applications, it also requires no additional costs. The developed method mainly consists of 2 parts. The first one is to determine the relationship between the engine speed harmonic components and the corresponding indicated torque harmonic components, expressed as a Frequency Response Function representative of the engine-load system’s torsional behavior. After having estimated the indicated torque harmonic component, the following step is to estimate the value of MFB50 cycle by cycle. This is done analyzing the relationships between the indicated torque harmonic components phase and the angular position where 50% of the fuel injected over the engine cycle is burned. The procedure has been applied to an L4 turbocharged Diesel engine mounted on-board a vehicle, obtaining an estimation accuracy adequate enough to feedback a control algorithm for optimal combustion positioning over an engine cycle.
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Pandit, Ashok, Chi Hyueon Youn, and Whitney Green. "Estimation of Annual Non-Point Pollutant Loads Using CALSIM: A Case Study." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)104.

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Zhang, Ru, Yahui Wan, and Hua Fan. "Estimating of non-point source pollutants load in runoff at small site." In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5775204.

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Le Gal, Jean-Hervé, Gérard Martin, and Daniel Durand. "Development of a Dual Fuel Catalytic Combustor for a 2.3 MWe Gas Turbine." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-294.

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Biomass derived fuels are an essential alternative for heat and energy production, in order to minimise environmental impact, since they make no net contribution to the increase of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. In certain countries, biofuels are also interesting since they are available as waste products from the agricultural or forestry industry. Unfortunately, combustion of biofuels often results in high emissions levels of pollutants such as NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbons. In gas turbines, catalytic combustion of biofuels has the potential to reduce emissions of these undesired species. The ULECAT project (Ultra Low Emissions CATalytic combustor) described in this paper is the first step of a program aiming at the development of an ultra-low emission gas turbine in the range of 1 to 5 MWe, able to run with both biomass-derived gases and liquid fuels. The objective of the project is to assess the feasibility of a dual fuel catalytic combustor. Combustor design issues are investigated at full and part load conditions. For the comparison of combustor configuration, modelling provides a useful help for catalytic section design, in particular for the estimation of catalytic activity and wall temperature which strongly influence catalyst life time. Catalyst development is one of the main topics of this project. It is mainly focused on high temperature catalyst durability and the reduction of NOx formation. This last point is of primary importance in biofuels combustion and certain catalysts have shown an important potential in reducing ammonia conversion into NOx in some operating conditions. Catalyst performances are evaluated at lab scale and also pilot scale in representative gas turbine combustor conditions with both Diesel fuel and biomass derived fuels.
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Andreini, Antonio, Riccardo Becchi, Bruno Facchini, Alessio Picchi, and Fabio Turrini. "Effect of Slot Injection and Effusion Array on the Liner Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Scaled Lean Burn Combustor With Representative Swirling Flow." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42587.

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International standards regarding polluting emissions from civil aircraft engines are becoming gradually even more stringent. Nowadays, the most prominent way to meet the target of reducing NOx emissions in modern aero-engine combustors is represented by lean burn technology. Swirl injectors are usually employed to provide the dominant flame stabilization mechanism coupled to high efficiency fuel atomization solutions. These systems generate very complex flow structures such as recirculations, vortex breakdown and processing vortex core, that affect the distribution and therefore the estimation of heat loads on the gas side of the liner as well as the interaction with the cooling system flows. The main purpose of the present work is to provide detailed measurements of Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) on the gas side of a scaled combustor liner highlighting the impact of the cooling flows injected through a slot system and an effusion array. Furthermore, for a deeper understanding of the interaction phenomena between gas and cooling flows, a standard 2D PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique has been employed to characterize the combustor flow field. The experimental arrangement has been developed within EU project LEMCOTEC and consists of a non-reactive three sectors planar rig installed in an open loop wind tunnel. Three swirlers, replicating the real geometry of a GE Avio PERM (Partially Evaporated and Rapid Mixing) injector technology, are used to achieve representative swirled flow conditions in the test section. The effusion geometry is composed by a staggered array of 1236 circular holes with an inclination of 30deg, while the slot exit has a constant height of 5mm. The experimental campaign has been carried out using a TLC (Thermochromic Liquid Crystals) steady state technique with a thin Inconel heating foil and imposing several cooling flow conditions in terms of slot coolant consumption and effusion pressure drop. A data reduction procedure has been developed to take into account the non-uniform heat generation and the heat loss across the liner plate. Results, in terms of 2D maps and averaged distributions of HTC have been supported by flow field measurements with 2D PIV technique focussed on the corner recirculation region.
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