Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polluants primaires et secondaires'
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Sarica, Thibaud. "Modélisation de l'impact du trafic routier sur les concentrations de polluants en zone urbaine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2023. https://these.univ-paris-est.fr/intranet/2023/TH2023ENPC0020.pdf.
Full textIn urban areas and in particular in the streets, populations are exposed to high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter including organic aerosols (OM) and black carbon (BC). In order to better understand the sources and to represent the evolution of the concentrations in the streets, a multiscale modeling is used, with the street-network model MUNICH coupled to the regional chemistry-transport model Polair3D, and to the chemical module SSH-aerosol to represent the formation of the secondary compounds at the different scales.The influence of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from road traffic, non-exhaust emissions due to tire wear and asphalt emissions are studied with sensitivity scenarios. The reference simulation uses standard emission factors obtained from the COPERT methodology. The use of recent speciation measurement data allows for a better characterization of the emitted VOCs, in particular intermediate, semi and low volatile organic compounds (I/S/LVOC), resulting in a reduction of OM concentrations of up to 27%. A 219% increase in BC emissions from tire wear, consistent with the literature, doubles BC concentrations. Asphalt emissions strongly increase I/S/LVOC emissions. The simulated PM concentrations taking into account these emissions compare well with observations, highlighting the importance of better characterizing this missing source in the models.Simulations are then performed for the year 2030 to assess the future impacts of traffic emissions on concentrations. The introduction of ultra-low emission vehicles, compliant with future European emission standards, results in a large reduction in emissions compared to a representative fleet of 2014. NO2 and BC emissions are reduced by 70%, resulting in a decrease in concentrations of 52% for NO2, 42% for BC, and 20% for PM. Emissions from a fleet of only ultra-low emission vehicles are 99% and 80% lower for NO2 and BC respectively, reducing NO2 concentrations by 80% and BC concentrations by 45%.To represent the concentration gradients in the streets and to better estimate the population exposure, a new version of MUNICH is developed. Instead of considering homogeneous concentrations in each street segment, the street volume is discretized with three vertical levels. A horizontal discretization into two zones is also introduced under specific conditions with a parameterization from the OSPM model. The concentrations simulated in the streets of Copenhagen and eastern Paris with this discretized version of MUNICH compare better with observations than those simulated with the homogeneous version, and the concentrations of NO2, BC and OM are higher at the bottom of the streets
BOURUMEAU, KARINE. "Synthese et reactivite de phosphine-boranes primaires et secondaires." Rennes 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996REN10193.
Full textTanguy, Franck. "Effets du Guidage sur l’apprentissage de connaissances primaires et de connaissances secondaires." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21866/document.
Full textThis study deals with the role of instruction in learning scientific knowledge. In science as in other fields, two types of knowledge can be distinguished (Geary, 2007): on the one hand, primary knowledge, which is adaptative knowledge; on the other hand, secondary knowledge which depends on culture and which evolves according to this culture’s successive changes. For Geary (2007), primary knowledge can be acquired incidentally or from implicit learning whereas secondary knowledge requires some explicit learning, and often formal instruction.These two knowledge types also differ in terms of cognitive cost. Sweller’s load theory (2008) shows that the learning process depends on the amount of attentional resources of working memory required by the activity and on the structuring of this information in the long-term memory. While primary knowledge can be learnt with a low cognitive load, learning secondary knowledge will require a high cognitive load. Some types of explicit instruction, such as guidance (e.g., worked examples) have proven effective in the learning process (Renkl, 1997). Indeed, instructional guidance would facilitate knowledge acquisition as it would reduce the amount of cognitive resources involved in the learning process. Thus, instructional guidance to help young learners would be ineffective for primary knowledge and necessary for secondary knowledge. This study also aims at examining the effect of instructional guidance in Biology. Five experiments have been conducted with 420 students in 6th grade. Three guidance methods have been compared: strong guidance, adaptative guidance and no guidance. The first three experiments dealt with the primary knowledge of categorization of living species: living beings (Study I), plants (Study II) and animals (Study III). These experiments, of increasing difficulty, have shown that explicit instruction was not effective in learning this type of knowledge.. The other two experiments dealt with the secondary knowledge of the phylogenetic categorization of plants (Study IV) and animals (Study V). These studies have shown that secondary knowledge needs to be taught
Chaabani, Emna. "Eco-extraction et valorisation des métabolites primaires et secondaires des différentes parties de Pistacia lentiscus." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0714.
Full textThe development of Green chemistry, the depletion of petroleum resources and the awareness of the risks associated to the use of petroleum solvents have led to search a new alternatives to reduce the use of non-renewable petrochemical harmful solvents such as hexane. The objective of this thesis has consisted in the research of alternative solvents more respectful of health and environment for the eco-extraction of fatty acids and phenolic compounds from Pistacia lentiscus fruits and aromas from these leaves. A first in silico approach using the COSMO-RS predictions was supplemented by an experimental approach paired with chemometrics analysis. This led to selection of four alternative solvents, MeTHF for oil extraction, EtOAc for aromas extraction, EtOH/H2O (70/30) for polyphenols and flavonoids extraction and EtOH/H2O (80/20) for anthocyanins extraction. Subsequently, the anti-inflammatory activity of MeTHF lipid extract and the antioxidant activity of aromatic and phenolic extracts of P. lentiscus were evaluated in vitro. Results showed that vegetable oil exhibited a potential anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting by 91.9% the release of (nitric oxide) NO in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, results highlighted the richness of the fruits in antioxidants. In fact, EtOH/H2O (80/20) extract showed a good antiradical activity (IC50 = 2.39 μg/ml) comparable to that of the synthetic antioxidant Trolox (IC50 = 2.56 μg / ml). In addition, the aromatic extract obtained with EtOAc showed an interesting anti-radical activity against DPPH (IC50 = 5.82 μg/ml)
Abdelouahab, Hadjer. "Etude des mécanismes impliqués dans l'hématopoièse extra-médullaire dans les myélofibroses primaires et secondaires." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077212.
Full textPrimary and secondary myelofibrosis (MF) are rare and complex myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). They are characterized by medullary fibrosis and constitutive mobilization of stem cells and hematopoietic progenitors (HSPC), associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen. MF are also characterized by a complex mutational profile with JAK2V617F and MPLW515 being the main mutations in signaling molecules, leading to constitutive activation of signaling pathways. During this work, we have studied the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 in the constitutive HSPC mobilization and in the progression of the EMH in MF. Our results have shown that CD34+ MF patient cells are characterized by a strong chemotactic response to CXCL12 in vitro. This strong migration did not correlate with a high CXCR4 membrane expression, but seems correlated with activation of signaling pathways. Our results further demonstrated that the signaling pathways of CXCL12/CXCR4 and cytokines/cytokine receptors were synergistic in the chemotactic responses of cells to CXCL12. Furthermore, treatment MF patients with JAK2 inhibitors mobilizes CD34+ cells in peripheral blood. Finally, CXCR4 inhibition reduced the migration of MF CD34 cells in response to CXCL12 and induced a decrease in EMH in two mouse models of MF. Altogether, these resulb suggest that the constitutive HSPC mobilization and EMH in MF depend on CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling
Palacin-Saubadu, Chantal. "Photosensibilisation medicamenteuse : étude photochimique et spectroscopique (photo-cidnp) des processus primaires lors de photoréactions de sulfamides." Lille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL10014.
Full textEibner, Simon. "Pyrolyse flash de biomasse lignocellulosique : comment catalyser la désoxygénation au cours des mécanismes primaires et secondaires ?" Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0026.
Full textFlash pyrolysis of biomass is seen as a new way to produce bio-oils which can be converted to biofuels and chemicals. However, development of such pyrolysis processes requires implementation of an efficient and innovative catalytic strategy to deoxygenate bio-oils. Pyrolysis mechanisms involve both biomass degradation reactions - primary mechanisms - and gas phase reactions - secondary mechanisms -. As a consequence, our work has been directed along two research lines. First, we tested whether impregnating a catalyst precursor in the biomass can act on the primary pyrolysis mechanisms in order to promote deoxygenation. Then we sought to enhance the catalytic cracking of pyrolysis vapours using a heterogeneous catalyst.Pyrolysis experiments of impregnated biomass show that metal nitrate salts - Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ce – mainly enhance cellulose depolymerisation at the expense of its fragmentation. Moreover, nitrate anions inserted in biomass promote the production of dehydrated anhydrosugars which can be used to synthesize value-added molecules. Pyrolysis of impregnated biomass also results in the formation of a catalytically active charcoal containing metal nanoparticles. Those charcoals were successfully employed to catalyse the deoxygenation of model vapour phase compounds. However, it was found that the catalytic activity of these charcoals was limited by their low specific surface area, in comparison with the measured performance measured for commercially available activated charcoal containing metal nanoparticles. Among the tested metals, the ceria-based catalyst was found both to efficiently reduce bio-oil acidity and to enhance phenol yields. Additionally, this catalytic cracking catalyst reduces the oxygen content in the pyrolysis bio-oil and increases its heating value. This encouraging result suggests that catalytic vapour cracking could be integrated in a hydrodeoxygenation-based process to produce biofuels. This option should reduce the cost of hydrodeoxygenation and in particular the hydrogen consumption
Hadchiti, Roula, and Roula Hadchiti. "Élaboration d’un questionnaire sur le mentorat reçu par les directeurs d’établissements scolaires primaires et secondaires au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25865.
Full textSachant l’importance du mentorat dans le domaine entrepreneurial et ses retombées sur l’entrepreneur novice, il est primordial de comprendre en quoi consiste cette forme d’accompagnement dans le domaine de la gestion scolaire. Le mentorat est défini comme un moyen de consolidation de l’identité professionnelle du mentoré et de son intégration dans le milieu du travail (Guay, 2002). Plusieurs programmes ont été conçus pour soutenir les directeurs d’établissements scolaires, y compris ceux portant sur le mentorat (Hansford & Ehrich, 2006). Cependant, à la connaissance des auteurs, aucun questionnaire ne permet à ce jour de mesurer les formes de mentorat recensées dans la littérature (coaching, supervision, tutorat, counseling, encadrement professionnel) auprès des directeurs d’établissements scolaires. L’objectif de cette recherche consiste à élaborer un questionnaire portant sur le mentorat reçu par les directeurs des établissements scolaires primaires et secondaires au Québec en se basant sur les sept étapes proposées par Dussault, Valois et Frenette (2007). Suite à une revue de littérature, des analyses d’items et des analyses factorielles confirmatoires (au prétest et auprès de la population cible), une version finale du questionnaire de 31 énoncés a été élaborée représentant un facteur de deuxième ordre (mentorat) expliquant les cinq formes de mentorat : coaching, supervision, tutorat, counseling, encadrement professionnel. Chacune de ces formes présente un bon niveau de consistance interne. Le questionnaire permet d’évaluer les pratiques actuelles du mentorat reçus par les directeurs d’établissements scolaires primaires et secondaires au Québec.
Castagnié, Jean-Paul. "Tétralogie de Fallot : étude rétrospective de 96 corrections primaires et de 32 corrections secondaires après anastomose de Blalock-Taussig." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M063.
Full textRoyer, Mathilde. "Étude des relations entre croissance, concentrations en métabolites primaires et secondaires et disponibilité en ressources chez la tomate avec ou sans bioagresseurs." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0058/document.
Full textNowadays, limiting the use of pesticides is mandatory. A promising way for research deals with the environmental determinism of plant defence mechanisms, among others, production of secondary metabolites. The aim of my PhD work was to study the trade-off between growth and defence (primary vs. secondary metabolism) in healthy plant tissues or attacked by different pests, under different conditions of resources availabilities. We measured different growth parameters, C:N ratios of tissue, concentrations of main primary metabolites (simple carbohydrates, starch) and defence metabolites (chlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferol-rutinoside and tomatine) on healthy or attacked tomato plant grown in hydroponic culture in greenhouse or phytotron. We observed that variations of total and resources C:N ratios were positively correlated to that of several defence compounds whatever their composition in carbon and nitrogen. Moreover, we showed that, during pests attack, concentrations of primary and secondary metabolites did not follow the same evolution, depending on their nature. Caffeoyl putrescine synthesis was strongly induced by P. syringae inoculation whereas chlorogenic acid concentration decreased. Inoculation of P. syringae induced a strong decrease of concentration of glucose and fructose whereas inoculation of P. corrugata enhanced their synthesis. We observed that a low N availability alters the development of P. syringae, P. corrugata and Tuta absoluta but promotes the development of B. cinerea. Our results showed that C:N ratio is a reliable indicator of the trade-off between growth and defence in the case of healthy plant. In attacked plant, the resources allocation between different metabolites varies with pests. And each pests reacts specifically to changes of N availability for the plant. Control of culture conditions appears to be a relevant agronomic tool to monitor the control of pests even if it is difficult to apply general rules to the interaction plant/environment/pests
Kerdivel, Gwenolé. "Occupation de l'espace et gestion des ressources à l'interface entre massifs primaires et bassins secondaires et tertiaires : l'exemple du Massif armoricain et de ses marges au Néolithique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482886.
Full textKerdivel, Gwenolé. "Occupation de l'espace et gestion des ressources à l'interface entre massifs primaires et bassins secondaires et tertiaires : l'exemple du Massif armoricain et de ses marges au Néolitihique." Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482886.
Full textThis work approaches the question of the occupation of the space and the management of the resources between Armorican Massif and Paris or Aquitain Basin. It postulates that the characteristics of these two geologic entities were relevant as regards human settlement, which changed a lot during the Neolithic period. To achieve this study, I used methodological and statistical tools as for geography studies. After discussing the archaeological research, listing, observing and analysing the settlements, period after period, I will enhance the role of the cultural factors. Then, the relation of these settlements according to several physical criteria (topographical, hydrographical, geological, pedological) will be discussed, in particular to show various ways to manage resources unevenly distributed. As the study covers a huge territory (more than 62 000 km²), we can demonstrate that now the spatial distribution of the sample of available data (4201 settlements), although for a long time considered as only dependent on a state of the research, is also significant henceforth of a reality in prehistoric past. A proposition of model of populating for the whole Neolithic in the interface Armorican Massif / Paris or Aquitain Basin, is formulated. This one shows the acquisition of new strategies of subsistence, which would have become a reality by a progressive adaptation to environments more and more varied from the Early Neolithic to the Final Neolithic
Louis, Cédric. "Impacts des technologies de dépollution et des conditions de conduites sur les émissions primaires des véhicules et leur évolution dans l'atmosphère." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSET013/document.
Full textAir pollution is a major urban issue, with pollutant concentrations frequently exceeding health recommendations. Vehicles are highly involved in air pollution despite the integration of pollution control systems. The objective of this research is to characterise the primary exhaust emissions of vehicles and their physical evolution in the near field to better understand the impact of primary emissions related to traffic on urban air pollution. Emissions evolution was studied in an atmospheric simulation chamber with controlled atmospheric conditions. The first part of this work aims to determine the exhaust emissions of recent vehicles that are or will be major in the French car fleet in the coming years. A sample of vehicles grouping the main commercialised depollution technologies was tested on a chassis dynamometer according to different driving conditions and the emissions from their exhaust gas were analysed. The pollutants subject to European regulations were taken into account, as well as compounds not regulated by European standards but whose toxicity has been highlighted by the scientific community.The second part of this work focuses on the near-field evolution of particulate pollutants in the hours following their release into the atmosphere. The effect of the abrupt gas dilution at the end of the exhaust has been studied using an innovative sampling methodology directly at the exhaust of the vehicles. Then the evolution of the particles in the first hours after their rejection was studied in an atmospheric simulation chamber of 8 m3, built specifically within the framework of this thesis to be coupled with the dynamometer
Vaillant, Nathalie. "Effet du zinc sur la croissance, l'activité photosynthétique et la synthèse de métabolites secondaires chez différentes espèces de Datura : développement d'un procédé d'épuration des effluents urbains couplé à la production de plantes à intérêt pharmaceutique." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF1MM01.
Full textSILVA, DEL POZO XAVIER. "Les insectes et autres arthropodes du sol en foret mesothermique intertropicale (equateur) : etude comparative de la structure spatio-temporelle des peuplements dans des formations primaires et secondaires." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066798.
Full textNtiyibagiruwayo, Firmin. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la politique éducative burundaise à travers l'étude du phénomène de la déperdition scolaire dans les écoles primaires et secondaires publiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/253099.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
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Malinvaud, David. "Rôle du controle inhibiteur dans le traitement des informations sensorielles vestibulaires au niveau des voies primaires afférentes et au niveau des voies secondaires commisurales." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066730.
Full textGouret, Oriane Liger-Angot Annie Huet Annick. "La compétence pragmatique lors du bilan orthophonique investigation auprès d'enfants avec troubles langagiers primaires et troubles langagiers secondaires à un trouble envahissant du développement /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=58551.
Full textLespiau, Florence. "Logique sans peine ? : comment nous sommes plus performants et motivés pour raisonner logiquement à propos des connaissances primaires." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20101/document.
Full textLearning often gives the impression of being a long and difficult process, especially when it reminds us of school and the difficulty that everyone has already experienced in maintaining motivation for a particular subject. Yet there are things we learn without teaching. For example, learning to speak one’s mother tongue is a natural process without conscious effort. Primary and secondary knowledge is a way of distinguishing what is easy or difficult to learn. Primary knowledge is the knowledge for which our cognitive mechanisms have evolved, allowing effortless, intuitive and rapid acquisition, whereas secondary knowledge has recently emerged: it is the knowledge for which we would not have had time to evolve and for which acquisition would be long and costly. Schools focus mainly on this second type of knowledge. Their challenge is to enable this lengthy and costly learning, and to do so, to maintain the motivation of learners. A research path is based on the fact that secondary knowledge is built on the basis of primary knowledge. Indeed, no one is able to teach a mother tongue “initially”, whereas foreign language learning is based on that first language. This work explores the motivational and inexpensive nature of primary knowledge to facilitate the learning of logic as secondary knowledge. By varying the content of logical problems with primary (e.g., food and animals’ features) or secondary knowledge (e.g., grammar rules, mathematics), the first eight experiments highlighted the positive effects of primary knowledge, whether or not the content was familiar. The results showed that primary knowledge promoted performance, emotional investment, confidence in responses and decreased perceived cognitive load. Secondary knowledge seemed to undermine participants’ motivation and generated a feeling of parasitic conflict. In addition, presenting primary knowledge content first reduced the deleterious effects of secondary knowledge presented second and would have an overall positive impact. Three other experiments then tested these results on learning tasks in order to propose an approach that fosters learners’ engagement and learning. These findings tend to show that research about learning would benefit from taking primary knowledge into account rather than neglecting it because it is “already learned”
Alaphilippe, Aude. "Effets secondaires de l'utilisation d'un agent de lutte biologique : rôle des metabolites primaires de surfaces des feuilles dans l'interaction entre l'agent de lutte biologique et Cydia pomonella L." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0039.
Full textAshouri, Ahmad. "Interactions de la résistance aux ravageurs primaires avec les ravageurs secondaires et leurs ennemis naturels, le cas des pucerons (Homoptera: Aphididae) sur la pomme de terre (Solanaceae)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ47550.pdf.
Full textBeltz, Hervé. "Etude par fluorescence de l'importance des structures primaires et secondaires de la séquence cTAR et de la protéine NCp7 lors du premier saut de brin de la transcription inverse de VIH-1." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007730.
Full textLanversin, Guy de. "Etude des gènes des ARN ribosomiques chez le chloroplaste de Glycine max et chez Drosophilia melanogaster : approche évolutive des structures primaires et secondaires de régions des précurseurs contenant des séquences matures et des séquences éliminées." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22035.
Full textLanversin, Guy de. "Etude des gènes des ARN ribosomiques chez le chloroplaste de Glycine max et chez Drosophilia melanogaster approche évolutive des structures primaires et secondaires de régions des précurseurs contenant des séquences matures et des séquences éliminées /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376149617.
Full textUkelo'Wang, Wo-nya-tho Hyacinthe. "Compétences langagières et écriture romanesque de Massa Massa Makan Diabate: Contribution à une didactique de la littérature et du français langue étrangère dans les écoles primaires et secondaires du KASAÏ-CENTRAL, en République Démocratique du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/241461.
Full textDoctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie
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Mazille, Clémentine. "L’Union européenne et la Suisse : recherches sur l’institutionnalisation d’une relation entre l’UE et un État tiers." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0386/document.
Full textThe relationship between Switzerland and the European Union can bedescribed as a tension between the interiority and the exteriority of the former to the latter.This ambivalence is emphasised by the effect of the passage of time. The interactionbetween objectivism and subjectivism can explain both the legal analysis of this tension asthe evolution of the relationship. One can point to the existence of a legal objectivizationphenomenon linked to the use of European Union law in order to determine the applicablelaw between the two parties. This phenomenon extends to the institutional part of therelationship as well: the ongoing negotiations are to strengthen the homogeneity of the lawapplied in the EU-Switzerland relationship by aligning it on European Union law. However,the evolution of this objectivization phenomenon is limited. The evolution of thegroup/ensemble formed by the European Union and Switzerland has an innate boundaryas it is lacking its own “idée d’oeuvre”, thus following that of the European Union. Thetension between the ongoing objectivization phenomenon and its innate limits seems toreflect the issue of political liberty. As the group/ensemble is still evolving and raisespolitically related issues, political liberty cannot unfold
BOULANGER, BERTRAND BOLLAERT PIERRE-EDOUARD. "ANALYSE DE L'ACTIVITE HELIPORTEE AU PROFIT DU SAMU 88 DURANT LA PERIODE DE SEPTEMBRE 1999 A MARS 2001 COMPRENANT LES MISSIONS PRIMAIRES ET SECONDAIRES DES TROIS HELICOPTERES DISPONIBLES DANS LE DEPARTEMENT DES VOSGES." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_T_2001_BOULANGER_BERTRAND.pdf.
Full textVestalys, Ialy Rojo. "Recherche de marqueurs biochimiques et génétiques de l'adaptation des caféiers cultivés aux variations climatiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG054/document.
Full textThe decline in production and the proliferation of diseases caused by climate change in coffee growing, especially for Coffea arabica, leads to search new cultural practices and to study the adaptive response of coffee trees to environmental changes. Based on the importance of phenolic compounds in the response of plants to stress and the richness of coffee in these antioxidant compounds, the adaptive response of coffee grown in the field was studied by looking at the evolution of the leaf content in these compounds under different culture conditions simulated by an altitudinal gradient, shaded cultures or obtaining grafted plants. Biochemical analyzes show that certain phenolic compounds accumulate in the leaves in response to the modification of a specific meteorological parameter. Thus, chlorogenic acids and flavanols are more accumulated in case of drought while glycosylated flavonols accumulate under strong solar radiation. The comparison with C. canephora validates these markers. Transcriptomic analyzes indicate a difference in expression of the biosynthesis genes of these compounds according to the stage of growth of the leaf. They also show that the response to light is the overexpression of many genes encoding HSPs as well as those involved in photosynthesis and flavonoid glycosylation. Finally, these results show the interest, according to altitude, of shading and grafting for the cultivation of C. arabica
Brouard, Eloïse. "Effet de l'adaptation des pratiques culturales de la vigne en réponse au changement climatique (manipulation de la canopée, utilisation d'acide abscissique) sur le potentiel qualitatif de la baie de raisin : approches agronomique, analytique et transcriptomique : & Caractérisation fonctionnelle de VviAKR, enzyme potentiellement impliquée dans la voie de biosynthèse des méthoxypyrazines." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0408.
Full textGlobal climate changes have already affected and will continue to affect the physiology of grapevine, in particular the yield and berry composition at harvest, and thus ultimately the quality and typicality of the wines produced. Among the different possible strategies of adapting viticulture to climate change (changes varieties, creation of new varieties better adapted to future conditions,...), modulating berry composition at harvest through changing cultural practices, such as manipulations of the canopy (leaf / fruit ratio, grape exposure), may be a fast and efficient option as a short-term adaptation strategy.My thesis aims to find the best point of compromise between reducing the sugar level and, maintaining the acidity, phenolic compounds, and the aromatic complexity by the canopy manipulations (leaves / fruits ratio, secondary shoot removal), coupled or not with the application of abscisic acid.Different leaf / fruit ratios were studied on the Cabernet-Sauvignon cultivar in greenhouse and in vineyard within a plot of production. The berry composition analysis of primary and secondary metabolites, performed in these two experiments, made it possibleto determine that the ratio of 6 leaves remaining per cluster was the threshold value below which an effect on the primary metabolites is visible. A decrease in the sugar content was especially observed, also associated with a decrease in the concentration of total anthocyanins which are particularly important in the definition of the typicality of Bordeaux wines. The application of exogenous abscisic acid to the berries before veraison permitted to reduce the negative effects of the modification of the leaf-to-fruit ratio on the accumulation of anthocyanins and did not affect the typicality of the wines during the tastings of the microvinifications carried out during this study. These analytical results were coupled with transcriptomic analyses of RNAseq and real-time quantitative PCR (Fluidigm) to identify key genes associated with the primary and secondary metabolic pathways reacting to modulations of leaf-to-fruit ratio coupled or not with the addition of abscisic acid.Thus, the coupling modulation of the leaf-to-fruit ratio to the application of exogenous abscisic acid on the berries would be a usable method to reduce the sugar content and maintain a typicality of Bordeaux wines close to the current one.The functional characterization of a gene potentially associated with the biosynthetic pathway of methoxypyrazines, which are involved in vegetable character of grapes and wine, was also conducted. Different approaches have been tested and provided useful clues but the conclusive results are still under further confirmation
Fayad, Layal. "Caractérisation de la nouvelle chambre de simulation atmosphérique CHARME et étude de la réaction d’ozonolyse d’un COV biogénique, le γ-terpinène." Thesis, Littoral, 2019. https://documents.univ-littoral.fr/access/content/group/50b76a52-4e4b-4ade-a198-f84bc4e1bc3c/BULCO/Th%C3%A8ses/LPCA/These_Fayad_Layal.pdf.
Full textThe study of atmospheric processes is among the central topics of current environmental research. The most direct and significant way to investigate the transformation of pollutants and the formation of aerosols in the atmosphere, is to simulate these processes under controlled and simplified conditions. In this regard, a new simulation chamber, CHARME (CHamber for the Atmospheric Reactivity and the Metrology of the Environment) has been designed in the Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of the Atmosphere (LPCA) in the University of Littoral Côte d’Opale (ULCO). CHAE is also dedicated to the development and validation of new spectroscopic approaches for the metrology of atmospheric species including gases, particles and radicals.The first aim of this research was to characterize all the technical, physical and chemical parameters of this new chamber and to optimize the methods for studying the atmospheric reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and simulating the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). The results of numerous experiments and tests show that CHARME is a convenient tool to reproduce chemical reactions occurring in the troposphere. The second research objective was to investigate the reaction of the biogenic VOC, γ-terpinene, with ozone. The rate coefficient at (294 ± 2) K and atmospheric pressure was determined and the gas-phase oxidation products were identified. The physical state and hygroscopicity of the secondary organic aerosols was also studied. To our knowledge, this work represents the first study on SOA formation from the ozonolysis of γ-terpinene
Wu, Junteng. "Theoretical and experimental studies on the hygroscopic properties of soot particles sampled from a kerosene diffusion flame : impact of the aging processes by O3 and SO2." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R035.
Full textFreshly emitted soot particles from combustion processes are hydrophobic. However, the aging process in the atmosphere can modify their size, morphology and surface chemistry and turn them into efficient cloud condensation (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN) that significantly contribute to the indirect radiative forcing of climate. For spherical and monodisperse aerosols, k-Köhler theory is often used in the literature to quantify the hygroscopic properties of aerosols. In this work, a combined theoretical and experimental approach is proposed to add to the theory the contributions of the particle size distribution and morphology. Hygroscopic properties of the particles are derived by measuring their activated fraction as a function of the water supersaturation using a CCN counter. The model developed in this work is first tested on dry ammonium sulfate particles (quasi spherical and non aggregating). Then, it is applied to soot particles that are complex aggregates of primary particles. Soot particles are generated from a laboratory diffusion jet flame supplied with kerosene, and aged with ozone and sulfur dioxide in controlled conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity to simulate their permanence in the atmosphere. The electrical mobility, morphology and chemical composition of fresh and aged soot are measured by scanning mobility particle sizing, electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry, respectively, before and after the aging and related to the activation process. From the comparison of the experimental activation curves and the model, the values of the hygroscopicity parameter k could be determined for a large variety of operating conditions
Bazan, Ariane. "Des fantômes dans la voix : une hypothèse neuropsychanalytique sur la structure de l’inconscient." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20024/document.
Full textThis study in the domain of « neuropsychoanalysis » proposes a theoretical speculation on the physiological structure of the psychoanalytic unconscious by cross-checking the experimental and clinical observations from both domains. Clinical listening indicates the insistence of recurring phonemes when it comes to conflictual topics, called “phonemic phantoms”. Indeed, as is the case in a phantom limb, the repressed signifier is invested by an intention while its articulation is blocked. However, due to the ambiguous structure of language, a same articulation movement can radically change signification. It is this mechanism that causes the return of the repressed in the signifier and allows for the survival of phonemic phantoms which are thought to weave the linguistic structure of the unconscious. The question of the signifier is presented as an instantiation of a more fundamental question, the emergence of the psychic realm in response to the constraint of the organism to distinguish interior from exterior. For this distinction, the existence of an accurate system of inhibition must be postulated since it has to be able to delineate precisely what in the way of apprehending the world was not anticipated by the organism. This precision is allowed by the sensorimotor model of efference copies, which presentifies the movement before its realisation and shows how inhibition is a condition for representation. For humans, the necessity of the interior-exterior distinction is imperious due to language which renders complex the identification of the locus from where speech is initiated (from where “id” speaks). This necessity leads to the movement of repression, which by inhibition induces phonemic phantoms in the form of negative representations of repressed speech. This work is preceded by an introduction which contextualises the theoretical reflexion in the sometimes controversial history and epistemology of neuropsychoanalysis and which claims a transcendental approach for its methodology
Srivastava, Deepchandra. "Improving the discrimination of primary and secondary sources of organic aerosol : use of molecular markers and different approaches." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0055/document.
Full textOrganic aerosols (OAs), originating from a wide variety of sources and atmospheric processes, have strong impacts on air quality and climate change. The present PhD thesis aimed to get a better understanding of OA origins using specific organic molecular markers together with their input into source-receptor model such as positive matrix factorization (PMF). This experimental work was based on two field campaigns, conducted in Grenoble (urban site) over the 2013 year and in the Paris region (suburban site of SIRTA, 25 km southwest of Paris) during an intense PM pollution event in March 2015. Following an extended chemical characterization (from 139 to 216 species quantified), the use of key primary and secondary organic molecular markers within the standard filter-based PMF model allowed to deconvolve 9 and 11 PM10 sources (Grenoble and SIRTA, respectively). These included common ones (biomass burning, traffic, dust, sea salt, secondary inorganics and nitrate), as well as uncommon resolved sources such as primary biogenic OA (fungal spores and plant debris), biogenic secondary AO (SOA) (marine, isoprene oxidation) and anthropogenic SOA (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and/or phenolic compounds oxidation). In addition, high time-resolution filter dataset (4h-timebase) available for the Paris region also illustrated a better understanding of the diurnal profiles and the involved chemical processes. These results could be compared to outputs from other measurement techniques (online ACSM (aerosol chemical speciation monitor), offline AMS (aerosol mass spectrometer) analyses), and/or to other data treatment methodologies (EC (elemental carbon) tracer method and SOA tracer method). A good agreement was obtained between all the methods in terms of separation between primary and secondary OA fractions. Nevertheless, and whatever the method used, still about half of the SOA mass was not fully described. Therefore, a novel OA source apportionment approach has finally been developed by combining online (ACSM) and offline (organic molecular markers) measurements and using a time synchronization script. This combined PMF analysis was performed on the unified matrix. It revealed 10 OA factors, including 4 different biomass burning-related chemical profiles. Compared to conventional approaches, this new methodology provided a more comprehensive description of the atmospheric processes related to the different OA sources
Bligh, Grégory. "Les bases philosophiques du positivisme juridique de H.L.A. Hart." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020076.
Full textThis thesis bears on the implicit epistemology and methodological considerations underlying the legal philosophy of H.L.A. Hart (1907-1992), the major representative of XXth century legal positivism in the English speaking world, and Oxford chair of jurisprudence (1952-1968). His work remains little known in France.We will seek to answer the view that Hart might not really have been durably influenced by ordinary language philosophy. We will address these questions by examining a corpus of earlier (overlooked) articles which he published as a young Oxford linguistic philosopher. This “early work” consists of the articles which Hart published before he in was elected to the Oxford chair of jurisprudence. Our view is that the work in general philosophy which he did in this early period is crucial to understand some of the positions which he defends in his legal writings. This thesis will thus show that Hart was active in the epistemological debate opposing the Oxford philosophers and the British representatives of logical atomism and logical empiricism. It will also show that these early positions are carried over into his later jurisprudence, including his major work The Concept of Law (1961).Shedding light on these philosophical foundations of Hart’s legal theory will ultimately allow us to reconstruct the debate opposing his own “analytical positivism” and Continental forms of positivism, such as Hans Kelsen’s normativism or Alf Ross Scandinavian legal realism. It will also allow us to draw important parallels between Hartian legal theory and that of the francophone philosopher Chaïm Perelman
Zhang, Yunjiang. "Estimation multi-annuelle des sources d’aérosols organiques et de leurs propriétés d’absorption de la lumière en région Parisienne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV013.
Full textCarbonaceous aerosols, including organic aerosols (OA) and black carbon (BC), are playing important roles on air quality and climate change. Therefore, quantifying contribution of their emission sources, as well as the sources of their gaseous precursors, is needed to implement efficient mitigation measures. Investigating trends in atmospheric composition is also essential to a better knowledge of present and future impacts of airborne particles on global warming. This work aimed at investigating on-line and in situ carbonaceous aerosol measurements performed for more than 6 years at the SIRTA facility (Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique). This observatory platform is part of the ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, Trace gases Research InfraStructure). It is located 25 km southwest of Paris city center and is representative of background air quality in the Ile de France region. The main sources of submicron OA were discriminated through Positive Matrix Factorization applied to Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) data. Light absorption properties of BC and brown carbon (BrC) were obtained from multi-wavelength Aethalometer measurements. Converging results illustrated well-marked seasonal, weekly, and diel cycles of the various primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosol fractions. Primary OA (POA), mainly from wood burning and traffic emissions, were confirmed to dominate submicron OA concentrations during the coldest months (November to February), while Oxygenated OA (OOA) were shown as the major contributors during the rest of the year. Less Oxidized OOA (LO-OOA), possibly with predominant biogenic origins, were found to contribute up to about 60% of total submicron OA on average in summer. Trend analyses indicated slight decreasing features (in the range of 0.05-0.20 µg m-3 yr-1) for every OA fractions over the 6+-year investigated period, except for this LO-OOA factor which showed no significant trend. Regarding absorption properties, BrC - with overwhelming biomass burning origin - was found to have equivalent light absorption impact than BC at near-ultraviolet wavelengths during the winter season. In summer, a mean value of 1.6 was obtained for BC absorption enhancement (Eabs) due to secondary aerosol lensing effect, supporting possible higher BC-related radiative impact than currently expected. Last but not least, More Oxidized OOA (MO-OOA) were shown as the main agent for this Eabs and then appeared as one of the most critical aerosol fraction to be considered within near-future climate models
Lopez, Maria Margarita. "L'élaboration d'une politique publique : le cas de la décentralisation de l'enseignement primaire et secondaire en Colombie /." 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=765990471&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textGaron, Jean-Denis. "Retrait des subventions aux écoles primaires et secondaires privées : évaluation de l'effet financier net sur le trésor public québécois." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3163/1/M9414.pdf.
Full textPitre, Marie Hélène. "Le rôle des interventions préventives et de la qualité des relations interpersonnelles et du soutien du personnel scolaire dans la création d'un climat de sécurité dans les écoles primaires et secondaires." Thèse, 2019. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9273/1/eprint9273.pdf.
Full textDrouin, Huguette. "Les modes de coopération entre les services des ressources éducatives et les écoles dans deux commissions scolaires dans un contexte de fusion organisationnelle." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17819.
Full textClaveau, Maxime. "Bilan et perspectives de la mixité des genres dans les écoles primaires et secondaires du Québec dans les années 1960 et 1970 : le cas de la Commission scolaire des Rives-du-Saguenay." Thèse, 2009. http://constellation.uqac.ca/162/1/030112324.pdf.
Full textMichaud, Valérie. "L'intégration de l'éducation à la santé dans les programmes d'éducation physique du primaire et du secondaire /." 2002. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=764778351&sid=32&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textSoura, Biessé Diakaridja. "Étude d’évaluabilité et évaluation des processus et des effets d’un programme de prévention de l’usage de substances psychoactives lors de la transition primaire-secondaire." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16036.
Full textImplementation of school-based substance use prevention activities is a widespread strategy to reach out to a significant number of young people. These activities are based either on existing programs or innovations dictated by the context of implantation or the existence of research data. In one case or another, evaluation of these programs is the best way to measure their effectiveness and/or to know how they operate. It is this need that motivated a school board in Quebec to recommend the evaluation of the Intervention Network (IR), a program developed to delay the age of substance use onset and to reduce problematic use of substances among students. This program takes an innovative approach with a patient navigator (PN) as the main implementation actor who keeps track of students from grade 5th to 9th. Inspired by such models in the fields of health prevention and the Healthy Schools Approach (HSA), the role of the PN here differs from those fields. S/he serves as an interface between the various stakeholders and students but in the IR program, the PN is integrated in primary and secondary schools involved in the program. The PN is also the one who ensures mobilization of other actors for the implementation of the program activities. This thesis aims to provide an account of the evaluation process and the results obtained. The evaluation approach is participatory and collaborative and combines both quantitative and qualitative data collected through questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, a logbook and meeting notes. Data were analyzed in the framework of three articles, the first being an evaluability assessment (EA) of the program. Participants of this EA are key-informants involved in the program implementation (n=13). A document review (report, logbook) was also conducted. The EA was helpful to clarify the intentions and objectives of the initiators of the program. It helped provide explicit information on the program theory and develop the logic model, two elements that facilitated subsequent evaluation operations. The second article is a process evaluation that uses Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as analytical framework, through the four moments of innovation translation (problematization, interessment, enrollment and mobilization of allies), controversies analysis, and the role of human and non-human actors. After analysis of the 19 interviews and available documents, results showed that the program implementation phases adequately follow the four moments of the ANT, that management of controversies by negotiation and support was needed for the mobilization of some human actors. This process evaluation also highlighted the role of non-human actors in the implementation process. The last article is a combined evaluation of the effects (quantitative component) and the process (qualitative component) of the program. For the quantitative component, a quasi-experimental design was used and data were collected longitudinally by questionnaires from 901 students of 5th and 6th grades and their teachers from 2010 to 2014. Data analysis indicated that the program had no effect on the accessibility and perceived risk, problematic use of alcohol and use of both alcohol and cannabis among participants. On the other hand, results suggest that the program could help reduce the level of consumption and delay the age of onset of alcohol and cannabis. These results also suggest a potentially positive effect of the program on alcohol intoxication among students. As for the qualitative component, stakeholder interviews (N = 17) and focus groups with high school students (N = 10) were conducted. Program documents were also analyzed. Results of this second process evaluation showed that the program is highly viewed and positively appreciated by the different actors involved in the program. However, frequent staff turnover and the number of schools to follow can be obstacles to the smooth running of the program. Nevertheless, the leadership role and support from the principals, teacher’s collaboration, the quality of the PN and flexibility in the implementation process are identified as factors contributing to the success of the program. All the results and their implication for program implementation and evaluation are discussed. Finally, to ensure greater access to the results, this thesis concludes with a plan for transferring knowledge drawn from the evaluation research.