Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polluants organiques – Identification – Analyse'
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Blondel, Alodie. "Identification des sources intérieures de composés organiques volatils et estimation de leur contribution aux teneurs observées dans les logements français." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10171/document.
Indoor atmospheres appear very rich in volatile organic compounds (VOC). These substances form a “dangerous mix” whose composition and effects on health remain still unknown. This complexity makes difficult the identification and the quantification of indoor sources on the indoor air quality. The purpose of this thesis is to establish qualitative and quantitative relationship between VOC indoor sources and the concentrations observed in French dwellings. The first axis of this work deals with the development of passive measurement to determine the formaldehyde (FA) and acetaldehyde emission rates of materials. This sampler was validated in laboratory, then used in-situ, in a batch of measurements carried out in student rooms. This diagnosis on site shows that the furniture and the building materials contribute equally to the indoor concentration in FA. The increase of the emissions is clearly influenced by the rise in the temperature. A balance mass model based on the measured emission rates led to a satisfying prediction of the FA concentrations in the 24 sampled rooms. The second axis deals with the analysis of the chemical profiles of 60 residences. From a “screening” of the VOC; homogeneous classes of chemical profiles associated with the dwellings could be established. Assumptions on the potential sources of these compounds were formulated and examined on the basis of the bibliography, the descriptive questionnaires of the dwellings and the emissions of materials and products present in indoor environment
Caria, Giovanni. "Développement d'une stratégie de caractérisation de l'état de contamination organique des sols par criblage en masse ciblé et non ciblé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR060.
The environmental pollution by multiple organic compounds linked to human activities is a recurring problem. Environmental compartments are subject to continuous monitoring such as surface and human supply waters and outdoor and indoor air. On the other hand, agricultural soils are only controlled in the case of the spreading of organic amendments, which could contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorobiphenyls. Research work has been carried out for several years to assess the fate of organic pollutants in agricultural soils using more efficient and sensitive analysis methods increases to the development of quadrupole mass spectrometry coupled with gas or liquid chromatography. Nevertheless, many methods are used only to a selection of a few dozen organic molecules. In addition, the possible implementation of monitoring of organic pollutants in environmental matrices requires making choices and does not allow having a very broad knowledge about all the organic pollutants.The objective of this work is to propose a methodological strategy in order to approach the organic composition of soils by target and non-target screening analysis. The methodological development, carried out in non-target analysis, can contribute to the reflection of monitoring the quality of soils. Non-target analysis can make it possible to direct the target analysis towards a selection of organic compounds of interest and to determine environmental markers.The thesis report includes the development of target analysis methods in soils on a selection of pesticides, drugs and hormones extracted by pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE) and analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution time-of-flight quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-QTOF-MS). The target analysis method has been validated for pesticides in agricultural soils, and applied to a selection of forty French agricultural soils from Centre-Val de Loire region. Non-target analyses were carried out too for these 40 soils by LC-QTOF-MS after two different PLE extractions, one with acetonitrile and the other with ultrapure water. Each soil extract was injected sequentially in positive, then negative ionization according to two mass settings, one in Full scan MS and bbCID MS (suspect screening) and the other one in Full scan MS and auto MS/MS (non-target screening or NTS). The final dataset is then very substantial with 8 different data for each soil sample, of which 4 used in suspect mode and 4 in NTS mode. 825 organic compounds were detected and identified by suspect screening analysis using the TargetScreener database backed by the LC-QTOF-MS. A classification of these compounds according to the value of identification quality criteria could be established and allowed a prioritization of the study of a few dozen compounds of interest. The non-target screening analysis was carried out for the « acetonitrile » soil extracts ionized by positive and negative modes using the Metaboscape chemometric software and by querying multiple databases independent of the analysis tool. The identification could be confirmed or reinforced in NTS mode for organic compounds already identified in suspect mode.The distribution of the 40 soils in groups of homogeneous agricultural use made it possible to highlight the presence of organic compounds exclusively in one group, thus constituting a sample group marker. The work of the thesis opens up many perspectives for the exploitation of non-target analysis data obtained for the 40 French agricultural soils, studies on the quality of French soils and pharmacovigilance of representative soils of the French national territory
Boucharat, Cécile. "Méthodologie d'analyse d'acides organiques à l'état de traces dans les eaux de surface et les eaux destinées à la consommation humaine." Pau, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PAUU3008.
Elmanfe, Galal. "Coadsorption de polluants organiques et de métaux lourds : analyse fondamentale d'un mécanisme de physisorption." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2013.
This study was aimed at evidencing the role of non-reactive interactions between ions and organic molecules in the primary adsorption mechanism, constituted by physi-sorption. The chosen conditions allow one, however, to roughly simulate some environniental situations where silica suspensions, e. G. Grains of sand, can exchange adsorbed pollutants with interstitial waters in sous or within a water sheet. Experiments were made on silica suspensions with, at first, lead nitrate and carbofuran solutions, then lead nitrate and naphthalene solutions and finally naphthalene and carbofuransolutions. One should note that the adsorption of one of the components is usually favoured by the presence of the other one and conversely. However, the water lying at the silica surface leads to non-straightforward effects: organic molecules have a far much lower affinity with this interface than with the water/air interface. Addition of a second organic molecule, i. E. Carbofuran, to the lead nitrate-naphthalene mixture apparently induced no drastic change in the position or richness of the naphthalene layer; on the other hand, carbofuran adsorption was greater than previously, and ionic adsorption was strongly enhanced. A rough application of the fundamental ideas developed in the Wagner-Onsager-Samaras model to these interfaces showed that electrostatic effects are responsible for this greater ionic adsorption and suggested that the structure of the inner organic double layer plays a major role in this result
Debevec, Cécile. "Identification des déterminants de la concentration en polluants organiques gazeux dans le bassin méditerranéen Est." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10138/document.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role within the atmospheric system acting as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (OA). In the Mediterranean region, particulate and gaseous concentrations are usually higher than in most continental European regions especially during summertime. However, air pollution in this region remains difficult to characterize because of a lack of atmospheric measurements. This thesis provides a better understanding of the sources and fate of VOCs in the Eastern Mediterranean region. During the intensive field campaign held in March 2015 at a background site of Cyprus, real-time measurements of a large number of VOCs have been performed, allowing the evaluation of their concentration levels in ambient air, improving the understanding of their major sources in the area, and describing their variabilities and their potential origins. A factorial analysis (PMF) showed that the local biogenic sources and the regional background were found to be the largest contributors to the VOC concentrations observed at this site. Benefiting from real-time OA measurements, a parallel between organic aerosol and gas phase composition was conducted. Biogenic VOC interactions with anthropogenic compounds can influence formation and growth of newly particles, inducing a reinforcement of secondary OA fraction. Finally, on-line measurements of primary VOCs were performed from January 2015 to February 2016 to provide a better characterization of the seasonal variation in VOCs and their sources impacting the Eastern Mediterranean region
Debevec, Cécile. "Identification des déterminants de la concentration en polluants organiques gazeux dans le bassin méditerranéen Est." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10138.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role within the atmospheric system acting as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (OA). In the Mediterranean region, particulate and gaseous concentrations are usually higher than in most continental European regions especially during summertime. However, air pollution in this region remains difficult to characterize because of a lack of atmospheric measurements. This thesis provides a better understanding of the sources and fate of VOCs in the Eastern Mediterranean region. During the intensive field campaign held in March 2015 at a background site of Cyprus, real-time measurements of a large number of VOCs have been performed, allowing the evaluation of their concentration levels in ambient air, improving the understanding of their major sources in the area, and describing their variabilities and their potential origins. A factorial analysis (PMF) showed that the local biogenic sources and the regional background were found to be the largest contributors to the VOC concentrations observed at this site. Benefiting from real-time OA measurements, a parallel between organic aerosol and gas phase composition was conducted. Biogenic VOC interactions with anthropogenic compounds can influence formation and growth of newly particles, inducing a reinforcement of secondary OA fraction. Finally, on-line measurements of primary VOCs were performed from January 2015 to February 2016 to provide a better characterization of the seasonal variation in VOCs and their sources impacting the Eastern Mediterranean region
Mai, Anh Tuan. "Développement des biocapteurs électrochimiques à base de tyrosinase pour la détection des polluants organiques en phase aqueuse." Lyon 1, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/04/73/40/PDF/tel-00007508.pdf.
Al-Alam, Joséphine. "Polluants organiques : analyse, application au « biomonitoring » environnemental et introduction des biopesticides (algues marines) comme alternative." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF019.
In a context where environmental concerns due to pollution are growing on a global scale, monitoring of environmental pollution is a major research challenge in order to preserve as much as possible a healthy and sustainable environment. Indeed, the responsible and continuous monitoring of the environment escorted by the development of "green" pest control alternatives could certainly decelerate or even inhibit the spread of harmful pollutants into the entire biosphere. In this context, the main objectives of this thesis are intended firstly to characterize air quality by a biomonitoring-based approach and, secondly, to develop a biopesticide of algal origin, that allows the protection of post-harvested citrus fruit, as an alternative to the use of conventional chemical treatments. In order to answer the first objective, multi-residues extraction methods were developed. These methods were either specific to a family of pesticides such as dithiocarbamates or wider and more general regarding numerous pollutants such as pesticides, PAHs and PCBs. The latter were based either on the ASE-SPE-SPME, or on the QuEChERS-SPME, and formed the base of environmental biomonitoring studies undertaken. These monitoring studies allowed the assessment of spatial and temporal changes in air quality through natural species acting as biological sensors of environmental pollution and subsequently allowing the estimation of pollution in well-defined areas. To answer the second objective aqueous extracts of green algae, Ulva linza and Ulva lactuca, were prepared and tested as in vivo and in vitro antifungal agents, in order to study their ability to inhibit the development of Penicillium digitatum on post-harvested citrus fruits. A potential of post-harvested citrus fruits’ protection against this fungus was proved, giving hope to the reliability of this approach as a biological alternative for the replacement of potentially toxic chemical pesticides
Braun, Florence. "Identification et évaluation de critères pertinents de la disponibilité de polluants organiques au travers de l'observation multi-échelle des relations matrices-polluants-microorganismes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20124/document.
Due to anthropogenic activity the sludge of wastewater treatment plants are contaminated by organic micropollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls and nonylphenol. This study focuses on the influence of microbial communities on the fate of these three micropollutant families during the anaerobic digestion process. A specific protocol was developed to extract microorganisms from their native ecosystem while maintaining their structural and functional singularity. Three communities, with different pollution history, were thus extracted and subjected to the same selection pressure (availability of substrate and micropollutant) in continuous anaerobic digesters. These three ecosystems can be perfectly identified through the characteristics of their microbial communities and their global metabolism. However, our results show also that the degradation of micropollutant converged in these 3 systems, demonstrating no direct link between methanogenesis and micropollutant degradation and no specialization of the microbial communities toward this degradation. In addition, the distribution of micropollutants in sludge is influenced by the metabolic pathways of those communities. The more the digestion is advanced, the greater the micropollutants are abundant in the aqueous compartment and adsorbed to the dissolved and colloidal matter. Specific functions for micropollutant degradation were studied (i) by following the 13C-labeled phenanthrene assimilation as main carbon source, which did not allow observing its mineralization and (ii) by exploring the presence of functional genes, which did not allow the detection of the targeted functions. Among the estrogenic, androgenic, dioxin-like and PAH-like activities, PAH-like activity is more expressed in all reactors at the steady state. The different degrees of digestion, through a change in PAH distribution, explain the increase in PAH-like activity in the aqueous compartment of the most digested sludge (and its decrease in the particulate compartment). PAH-like activity is not fully explained by PAH quantification, suggesting the presence of by-products with biological activity and which could be different depending on the metabolic pathway of the microbial communities
Robillot, Cédric. "Etude de la complémentarité des méthodes analytiques et bioanalytiques pour la détermination des contaminants organiques environnementaux : Application aux toxines de cyanobactéries et aux xéno-oestrogènes." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MNHN0027.
Scheifler, Renaud. "Evaluation de la biodisponibilité et des transferts de polluants métalliques et organiques dans les réseaux trophiques "sols-plantes-invertébrés"." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA2022.
Pollution of ecosystems by metallic trace elements (MTEs) and organic compounds may lead to pollutant transfer in food webs. The aim of this work was to improve the assessment of bioavailability, transfer and effects of various MTEs (mainly cadmium (Cd) but also copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)) and an organic pollutant, the herbicide isoproturon. The food webs studied in this work were made up of 2 or 3 compartments among the following: soil - primary producer (lettuce Lactuca sativa, colza Brassica napus and maize Zea mays) - primary consumer (snail Helix aspersa) - secondary consumer (carabid beetle Chrysocarabus splendens). Three complementary approaches using food webs of increasing complexity were exploited in laboratory experiments, under semi-field conditions and in situ
Auvray, Isabelle. "Biodégradabilité - stabilité des matières organiques des sédiments de rivières : caractérisation et dynamique des fractions extractibles et des nutriments et polluants associés." Nancy 1, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2007_0135_AUVRAY.pdf.
River sediments of Moselle catchment area (Moselle, Madon and Fensch) have been studied to improve the knowledge about this compartment of major interest for environmental questions (drinking water, transfer of pollutants and nutriments. . . ). The studies were focused on organic matter which represents a major reactive pool. The characterization of 15 sediments by measurements of abiotic parameters (physical, chemical and physico-chemical) allows proposing a first typology related to human activities. Some sedimentation sites were defined, accumulating fine particles rich in organic matter and associated to anthropic modifications of the river bed (dam, channel, pollution). By studying the organic matter biodegradation, criteria of bioavailability could be defined on one hand, and evolution of extractable fraction of organic matter based on their physico-chemical properties (water soluble, lipidic, acid soluble, alkaline soluble) was assessed on the other hand in two selected sediments, polluted and unpolluted. Depending on the type of sediment and the conditions of incubation (aerobic vs. Anaerobic), models of evolution of the organic fractions are observed either qualitatively and quantitatively. Specific or not microbial communities were numbered from field and laboratory experiments in relation with the presence of two model substrates: cellulose and phenanthrene
Dagois, Robin. "Vers une modélisation du statut de polluants organiques de Technosols sous influences climatiques contrastées." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0333/document.
Technosols linked with the end of industrial activities depict contrasted properties from those of natural soils and may contain high concentration of organic pollutants (e.g. polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC)). Their neglect led to the apparition of pedogenetic processes particularly under the influence of climate which potentially contribute to the natural attenuation phenomenon. Hence, we suggest a new method to predict the evolution of PACs’ availability over time and under the influence of climate. The first step was to build a transcription model to predict the pedoclimate evolution derived from weather datasets and under the influence of climate location, climate change scenarios (IPCC), soil properties and depth. The effect of pedoclimatic events on the evolution of PAC availability was then tested in controlled conditions and on 11 contrasted industrial soils (coking plant and gas plant). This allowed predicting the frequency and occurrence of major pedoclimatic events (e.g. freeze-thaw, wetting-drying cycles and periods of high temperature) that drive pedogenesis. The consequence of these availability variation on toxicity were then tested using a growth test of Zea mays L. on aged soils, confirming that PAC availability and soil phytotoxicity are linked. The aging results were then incremented into the pedoclimate model to predict the evolution of PAC availability over time. As the current climatic conditions lead to a decrease in PAC availability (natural attenuation), the opposite effect is observed under the warmer climate of 2100. We described this phenomenon as natural amplification which underlines the upcoming threat of climate change on soils
Chottier, Claire. "Composés Organiques Volatils du Silicium et sulfure d'hydrogène - Analyse - Traitement - Impact sur la valorisation des biogaz." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00715818.
Vassalli, Corinne. "Concentration, separation et identification des polluants organiques des eaux de surface par chromatographie en phase liquide avec absorptiometrie a barrette de diodes." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066580.
Vassalli, Corinne. "Concentration, séparation et identification des polluants organiques des eaux de surface par chromatographie en phase liquide avec absorptiométrie à barette de diodes." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37619027s.
Bouslamti, Mohamed Amine. "Identification et évaluation des différents types et niveaux des contaminants chimiques dans le bois recyclé." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDN0023.
The first part of this thesis is a market study of the availability of recycled wood. Each year, in France, 16 million tons of wood waste are collected by specialist companies and waste reception centres. Less than 14% of this is recycled, partially because regulations do not allow highly contaminated wood resources and also because of inadequate sorting techniques, which are often limited to visual assessment. Clearly, recycled wood should be analysed chemically. European standards DD CEN/TS 14778-1:2005 and DD CEN/TS 14780:2005 describe how to obtain samples weighing tens of kg from stockpiles of hundreds of tons. The particles in the sample, often with a top size of several centimetres, must be ground to a fine flour of less than 500 µm. It is impractical to grind the whole sample and so a robust protocol which permits sub-sampling without introducing bias is necessary. A model sample of recycled wood was created using clean particles impregnated with different metals. Different sub-sampling protocols were applied to this model. The samples were analysed chemically in order to see differences via statistical analysis. Standard wet chemistry methods and analyses (ICP-AES and AAS) were used to measure metal contents. In addition, a potentially non-destructive technique based on Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) was used to characterize and to predict the presence of metals in wood samples. Multivariate statistical techniques permit the discrimination between particles containing different metals or organic preservatives. It is demonstrated that the level of contamination, particularly with copper slats, can be determined by comparing observations with a database of spectra obtained from known samples (PLS modelling)
Badol, Caroline. "Caractérisation des composés organiques volatils dans une atmosphère urbaine sous influence industrielle : de l'identification à la contribution des sources." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Badol.pdf.
Lamaison, Laure. "Caractérisation des particules atmosphériques et identification de leurs sources dans une atmosphère urbaine sous influence industrielle." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_156.pdf.
Gyuran-Humbert, Nathalie. "Mise au point de méthodes pour l'analyse de micropolluants organiques dans des matrices liquides ou solides en provenance de la filière cuir." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10056.
Loizeau, Vincent. "Prise en compte d'un modèle de sol multi-couches pour la simulation multi-milieux à l'échelle européenne des polluants organiques persistants." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1168/document.
Persitent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are toxic substances that bioaccumulate in the food chain. Once emitted in the atmosphere, they are transported by the wind and deposited on soil. Since they are persistent, they can be reemited from soil to atmosphere by volatilization and travel over very long distances. This process is called grasshopper effect. Thus, POPs may be found at significant levels far from their emission source. It is necessary to understand the transport and fate of these pollutants in order to support the decision making process and reduce human exposure to POPs. Regulations over the last decades lead to a decrease of anthropogenic emissions and subsequent decrease of atmospheric concentration. In this context, the soil is no longer a sink of POPs but can be a source to the atmosphere. Many numeric models aim to study the behavior of POPs in the environment. Most of them consider soil compartment as a homogeneous box, leading to an underestimation of reemissions. Then, it appears of great importance to develop more realistic soil models. The objective of my thesis was to develop such a model, with vertical transport within the soil. This model was evaluated against measured concentration soil profile. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis to identify the key parameters involved in the process of reemissions. Then, the soil model was coupled with an atmospheric transport model. A case study was finally undertaken to estimate the impacts of reemissions on global-mass balance of POPs at European scale
NAVARRO, MENDOZA RICARDO. "Analyse et identification de polluants phenoliques. Application a des eaux de surface en aval d'industries de fabrication de pate a papier." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066206.
Kanan, Rami. "Développements méthodologiques pour l’extraction et l’analyse des polluants organiques d’intérêt pour l’environnement marin : application aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14731/document.
The presence of hydrocarbons in the environment either as a result of oil spills at sea or due to chronic discharge is a major concern because of their ecotoxicity and their potential to bioaccumulate and thus enter the food chain. Therefore, these molecules are closely monitored and reliable analytical methods are required to identify and quantify them, for concentrations ranging from mg/L to ng/L. However, in most cases, laboratory analyses of hydrocarbons, especially aromatic hydrocarbons, are limited to the quantification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) as hazardous to the environment due to their carcinogenic nature. However, polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles (PASHs) and their substituted homologs are, in chemical terms, structurally similar to PAHs, and therefore can pose similar environmental risks, i.e. they can be carcinogenic or mutagenic. In this context, the research work carried out aims to develop methodologies for the extraction and analysis of a wider range of PAHs, PASHs and their alkyl derivatives directly in oil or dissolved in the aqueous phase. Extraction protocols by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME), and methods of analysis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) have been developed. The results argue in favor of these methodologies both in terms of linearity of the response and in terms of sensitivity. These methodologies that have been successfully applied for the determination of analytes of interest in the water accommodated fraction and water soluble fraction prepared in the laboratory (WAF and WSF). For GC-MS-MS, while it is particularly suitable because it provides an additional level of selectivity, it is a difficult technique to implement, in particular in the case of molecules for which no calibration solutions are available. To overcome this difficulty, a reference oil containing all the target molecules was characterized. For alkylated compounds that are not commercially available, approximations were made by simple MS, based on comparative analysis of response coefficients in MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) and SIM (Single Ion Monitoring) modes. The finalized method was used to characterize the Erika fuel oil, with low variability in the results. This product can be used as a reference for the quantitative analysis of all the families of molecules identified in this study
Tastet, Laure. "Identification des protéines séléniées dans une levure enrichie en sélénium par une approche protéomique assistée de la spectrométrie de masse atomique." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3021.
Selenium is an essential trace element in the human body. There is a narrow range between the beneficial and toxic levels of selenium and, in both cases the biological effects are dependent on the actual chemical form of the element. Excessive selenium intake may cause a moderate to high health risk. Eating a healthy and nutritionally balanced diet is an important step towards achieving body’s nutritional requirements. Within this context, appropriate doses of supplemental selenium not only enhance cellular defence against oxidative damage but also may prevent certain types of cancers, according to human nutritional studies. The array of commercial selenium-fortified products has increased significantly in recent years, yet in most of the cases the exact composition as well as nutritional and toxicological data of these food supplements are not available or only partially known. The most popular of these products is yeast grown on selenium rich media which leads to the incorporation of selenium into proteins and other species. Despite a rich analytical literature on the characterization of selenium-rich yeast, the speciation of this element in yeast is amazingly poorly understood. Only few work, and only recently, appeared to allow an insight into the Se-containing protein fraction. New methodological advances allowed the analysis of the complete selenium-containing proteome in selenized yeast by atomic mass spectrometry coupled to a proteomic approach. 17 selenium-containing proteins in selenium-rich yeast were identified as the selenized phosphoglycerate kinase
Sicard, Pierre Coddeville Patrice. "Caractérisation des retombées atmosphériques en France en zone rurale sous forme de précipitations, gaz et aérosols analyse des tendances spatio-temporelles et des séries chronologiques /." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/1039.
N° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3846. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 309-329. Liste des publications et des communications.
Biapo, Fankep Dorianne Urelle. "Nanostructuration et fonctionnalisation de microleviers pour la détection d’agents organophosphorés." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF044.
The detection of organophosphorous compounds remains one of the major issues to be addressed in order to prevent chemical threats. For that purpose, the need of sensitive and selective sensor is of great importance. In this study, we decided to use microcantilevers whose principle is based on the modification of their resonance frequency due to molecule adsorption onto their surface. The idea of this project is to combine the nanostructuration and functionalization to improve cantilevers performances. Thus, the microcantilevers surface was nanostructured using solvothermal method with TiO2 nanorods to increase their adsorption capacity and then, cantilevers sensibility. Those nanostructured cantilevers was then functionalized by molecules able to specifically bind OPs molecules to improve sensors selectivity. The nanostructuration and functionalization were first optimized on silicon substrates before being transferred onto cantilevers. A parametric study was performed to evaluate the impact of synthesis conditions on the nanostructures morphology. The molecules loading on TiO2 nanorods was evaluated and the best nanostructure was reproduced on cantilevers to carry out detection tests of an OPs simulant. Specific investigation was also performed to understand the interaction mechanism between OPs and TiO2
Crumeyrolle, Suzanne. "Impact des systèmes convectifs sur les propriétés hygroscopiques des aérosols : analyse de deux cas d'étude durant la campagne AMMA." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/320/.
In West Africa, three types of aerosols prevail: desert dusts, biomass burning particles and sea salts. The mixing of these three types of particles may have consequences on atmospheric radiative properties and on cloud formation and precipitation. Within the framework of AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses) and to better characterize these particles, an isokinetic inlet as well as an instrumental platform were developed and deployed in the French research aircraft (ATR-42). Two study cases (July SOP1 and August SOP2 2006) illustrate the impact of the meso-scale convective systems (MCS) on the hygroscopic properties of particles. The observed results show an increase of particle hygroscopic properties due to the coating of soluble elements (sulfate, nitrate and chloride). Then, the simulation of the first study case shows the mixing of soluble elements and desert dusts in aqueous phase (i. E. Cloud droplets). After evaporation, dust particles coated with soluble elements are released in the atmosphere
Sauvage, Stéphane. "Origine et comportement des composés hydrocarbonés non méthaniques (HCMN) en zone rurale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10098.
Non-methane hydrocarbons (HCNM) play a key role in atmosphere chemistry as precursors of secondary pollutants formation like ozone or secondary organic aerosols. This works presents the analysis of an important datas et of 46 HCNM measured in three rural sites belonging to the French network (MERA). Statistical tools are used and adapted in order to study the spatial and temporal behaviour ofthese species in rural area. The research approach combined three steps: (1) univariate and bivariate analysis to a spatial and a temporal studies of the concentrations, (2) the used of the source receptor model PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) to identity and apport ion the source of HCNM in rural area, (3) the adaptation of the oriented receptor model CF (Concentration Fields) in order to localise the main areas which influence the studied sites. Five common profiles have been identified for the three sites: "residential heating", "vehicle exhaust"; "fuel evaporation", "biogenic", and "remote sources". The relative contributions are in good accordance with the emissions inventory data and with results of other studies. These contributions allowed distinguishing local and remote influences. The ozone formation contributions of the modelled factors show that biogenic sources trend to significantly increase while anthropogenic sources decrease. That may explain that background levels of ozone do not decrease in Europe despite the anthropogenic emission reduction. Large urban areas (South of Germany and North of Italy) have been identitied as potentially at the origin of anthropogenic NMHC measured on the three French sites
Piroelle, Aurélien. "Identification de mécanismes d'apparition de défauts olfactifs dans un emballage alimentaire rigide à base de polylactide : effet de la mise en forme et de l'utilisation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10169.
The work aimed at studying the formation risk of olfactive defects [Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) or odour emission] along the process and use of PLA-based rigid thermoformed food packaging. Consequently, the polymer was first extruded into sheets, and then thermoformed. Modification of the polymer from pellets, extruded sheets, to thermoformed trays was assessed according to two complementary approaches: (i) evaluation of PLA degradation by different physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical analyses; (ii) analysis of the emitted VOC by HS-SPME trapping method and identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This approach was additionally completed by gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis, in order to confirm the sensorial effect of the volatile compounds on PLA odour. Moreover, PLA trays were tested according to EU normalized tests to prove that it can be used as a Food Contact Material This work showed that even a low level of degradation, which is almost undetectable by physico-chemical analyses, could lead to emission of potentially odorous VOCs, mainly lactides, acetaldehyde and 2,3-pentanedione. For a given PLA, the nature and the quantity of VOCs depend on the degradation level induced along the entire life-cycle of the polymer, but also on the thermal and processing history
Berrandou, Takiy Eddine. "Gènes du métabolisme des xénobiotiques : rôle prédictif dans les niveaux de contamination biologique par les polluants environnementaux et implication dans le risque de cancer du sein. Analyse de l’étude CECILE." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS598.
The xenobiotic metabolism (XM) genes involved in the activation and elimination of environmental carcinogens may modulate breast cancer risk, but their effects in breast cancer have been little studied and are poorly understood. The objectives of the PhD were to study the role of XM genes in breast cancer on the one hand, and in the biological levels of suspected breast carcinogens on the other. The analyses were based on a population-based case-control study on breast cancer (CECILE study). We investigated the association of breast cancer (1) with NAT2 gene variants that determine the type of slow or rapid acetylator in each individual; (2) with polymorphisms of XM genes that were studied jointly at the gene and at the XM pathway level using a gene set method. In each of these approaches, interactions with tobacco consumption were studied. In a final section, we sought to identify polymorphisms of XM genes that predict blood concentrations of persistent organochlorine pollutants (p,p'-DDE and PCB153) among the controls of the CECILE study.The risk of breast cancer was increased in women with a NAT2 genetic profile of rapid acetylators compared to women with a profile of slow acetylators. Among slow acetylators, current smokers had an increased risk of breast cancer compared to non-smokers, indicating an interaction between tobacco smoking and NAT2 genotype. The gene set approach showed that polymorphisms at the level of some XM genes and at the level of the entire pathway were collectively associated with breast cancer. The association between breast cancer and all pathway XM polymorphisms was observed in female smokers, indicating a role for tobacco smoking in this association. Finally, we have shown that CYP2B6 gene was a determinant of blood levels of p,p'-DDE and PCB153. Our results highlight a role of XM genes in breast cancer that is explained by their function in the metabolism and elimination of environmental carcinogens
Sicard, Pierre. "Caractérisation des retombées atmosphériques en France en zone rurale sous forme de précipitations, gaz et aérosols : analyse des tendances spatio-temporelles et des séries chronologiques." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Sicard.pdf.
Azis, Muhammad Yudhistira. "Analyse des micropolluants organiques dans les sédiments et le biota (Perna viridis et Polymesoda erosa) de la baie de Jakarta et de la lagune de Segara Anakan, Indonésie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4715.
Environmental problems can increase due to anthropogenic activities or natural phenomena. Indonesia is an archipelagic country that consists of many islands and coastal regions, where the growth of anthrophogenic and natural activities has exhibited severe environmental degradation in the past few decades. This study aims to explore (both qualitatively and quantitatively) the extent and sources of organic contaminants, i.e., n-alkanes in surface sediments; PAHs, PCBs and OCs in sediments and mussels, P. viridis from Jakarta Bay, North Jakarta, and P. erosa from the Segara Anakan Lagoon. Each protocol was continued with qualitative and quantitative analysis by GC-QQQ(triple-quadropole)/MS. Matrix interferences have been evaluated with proper samples with suitable yield of extraction and analysis. The n-alkanes, PAHs, PCBs and Organochlorin pesticides are detected in the highest levels in sediments, respectively 1935 µg/kg dw, 916 µg/kg dw, 116,49 µg/kg dw, and 16,70 µg/kg dw. In addition, the highest levels of PAHs (1739 µg/kg dw) and OCs levels (24,79 µg/kg dw) were found in biota. The source of hydrocarbons source, such the PAHs were generalelly petroleum source (transport utilization) although the pyrolytic are still present in sediments and biota. Environmental risk assessment from sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) were used to evaluate the probability risk in marine environments. Besides SQGs, sediments and mussels also in regard to the extent of the PAHs, PCBs and OCs (i.e. pp’-DDE) have been compared to other studies conducted at some polluted sites
Sauvage, Stéphane. "Origine et comportement des composés hydrocarbonés non méthaniques (HCMN) en zone rurale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10098/document.
Non-methane hydrocarbons (HCNM) play a key role in atmosphere chemistry as precursors of secondary pollutants formation like ozone or secondary organic aerosols. This works presents the analysis of an important datas et of 46 HCNM measured in three rural sites belonging to the French network (MERA). Statistical tools are used and adapted in order to study the spatial and temporal behaviour ofthese species in rural area. The research approach combined three steps: (1) univariate and bivariate analysis to a spatial and a temporal studies of the concentrations, (2) the used of the source receptor model PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) to identity and apport ion the source of HCNM in rural area, (3) the adaptation of the oriented receptor model CF (Concentration Fields) in order to localise the main areas which influence the studied sites. Five common profiles have been identified for the three sites: "residential heating", "vehicle exhaust"; "fuel evaporation", "biogenic", and "remote sources". The relative contributions are in good accordance with the emissions inventory data and with results of other studies. These contributions allowed distinguishing local and remote influences. The ozone formation contributions of the modelled factors show that biogenic sources trend to significantly increase while anthropogenic sources decrease. That may explain that background levels of ozone do not decrease in Europe despite the anthropogenic emission reduction. Large urban areas (South of Germany and North of Italy) have been identitied as potentially at the origin of anthropogenic NMHC measured on the three French sites
Saint-Hilaire, Maïlie. "Toxicocinétique de la chlordécone chez la brebis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0256.
In the French West Indies (FWI), farming animals can be exposed to CLD, a persistent organic pollutant (POP) bound to soil in contaminated areas. In order to produce safe animal products, this thesis was focused on the CLD’s fate in ewes. The aims were to determine by which way(s), in which form(s), in how much time, in which quantities and by which mechanisms, CLD would be eliminated from the animal body. In this thesis, two complementary approaches were followed. First it was necessary to improve the analytical methods especially for the metabolites in order to obtain more sensitive and reliable methods than the actual ones. In the analytical approach, methods for CLD and its metabolites were developed in various animal matrices suitable for the toxicokinetic studies. The extraction method was based on the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) methodology and the analysis was performed with a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Isotopic Standards were also used. Thanks to this work, sensitive, quick and reliable methods were obtained in animal matrices. The set-up methods in liver, feces and urine were validated with accuracy profiles according to the French Standard NF V03-110 and European Union guidelines. Limits of quantifications of 1.36 μg kg−1 and 2.50 μg kg−1 of fresh liver were respectively found for chlordecone and chlordecol (the CLD’s metabolite). Secondly, and thanks to the analytical development, in vivo toxicokinetic studies were performed to determine the fate of CLD in ewes. The second approach of this thesis was based on two toxicokinetic protocols realized in ewes. The results revealed that CLD is partially metabolized in chlordecol (CLDOH) by the chlordecone reductase in ewe’s liver. Then, CLD and CLDOH can be conjugated by UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases and sulfo-transferases in conjugated metabolites (CLD-C and CLDOH-C). It appeared that CLDOH is only an intermediate metabolite which is almost never quantified in the organism except in fat tissue. The major route of CLD elimination is in feces: 1/3 of the molecule is eliminated in its CLD’s form and 1/6 in its CLDOH’s form. The urinary way of CLD elimination is minor. Based on the obtained results, a compartmental model was proposed. It will allow to propose and to establish ovine decontamination strategies in the FWI
Zam, Edwin. "Identification et quantification des composés nitrés dans les gaz d'échappement des véhicules : développement d'outils analytiques performants et de systèmes de prélèvements adaptés." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF052/document.
SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) reduces nitrous oxides (NOx) in the exhaust line of a Diesel vehicle using a reducing solution containing urea injected upstream of a catalyst. Urea is converted by pyrolysis and hydrolysis in NH3, NH3 reduces NOx in N2 on the catalyst. However, as this technique involves a very complex set of reactions, many side reactions can lead to the formation of secondary products containing nitrogen and disturb the process. Therefore, the study of the measurement of these secondary products and the conditions of their formation is essential for the proper calibration of the SCR technology. If for some compounds, the measurement techniques are already on the market, for other devices they are still developing, but in all cases, we are faced with problems related to the collection of species that disturb measurement. The objective of this thesis is to identify, understandand quantify the phenomena that disturb the analysis of nitrogen compounds in the exhaust and the sampling line. The work was carried out in different areas of research: comparison of methods for measuring nitrogen compounds in real situations in the exhaust gas of a Diesel engine equipped with an SCR catalyst, study of the sampling of nitrogen compounds and particularly NH3 in a standard sampling line and modelling of losses in the sampling line. At the end of this work, we evaluated the impact of sampling conditions: temperature, gas composition and / or length of the sample lines on the measurement results. This work allows us to make suggestions to improve the sampling and the measurement of nitrogen compounds present in the exhaust of a Diesel vehicle equipped with an SCR
Chmayssem, Ayman. "Développement d'un procédé électrochimique et de capteurs associés pour le traitement de perturbateurs endocriniens phénoliques dans les eaux." Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENCR0033.
In the recent years, phenolic endocrine disruptors are found in the outflow of wastewater treatment plants. This problem is related to the resistance of these compounds towards biological treatment which causes their input and accumulation in the environment. Bisphenol A and alkylphenols (4-NP, 4-OP and 4- tert-OP) are part of the recalcitrant substances list. Therefore, a new treatment process associated to sensors is really needed. The first part of the thesis is corresponding to the development of new electrochemical sensors of bisphenol A and alkylphenols for continuous detection of these pollutants in trace levels. Two types of electrochemical sensors have been developed and implanted in flow cells: the cavity-carbon paste-microelectrode and a screen printed electrode modified by a graphene layer. The results are conclusive regarding the detection limits (10-100 nM) pour the both sensors and concerning the possibility of measurements directly in water for the cavity microelectrode. The second part is concerned to the development of an electro- Fenton process dedicated to treat these pollutants in water with plug-flow electrochemical reactors with fixed bed threedimensional cathode. The operating of the reactors was investigated at two scales (laboratory and semi-pilot scale) in order to determinate optimal operating conditions to obtain biodegradability of the treated effluents by examining the. The metabolites by-products of degradation were also monitored and characterized allowing the proposition of a degradation mechanism of bisphenol A. The scale-up of the reactor was studied and an efficiently treatment for low concentrations considered with an estimation of treatment costs. The third part of the thesis concerns the identification and the characterization of a new polymer material containing iron, solid by-product issued from the treatment by the electro-Fenton process of high concentration of bisphenol A
Bonvalot, Lise. "Etudes préalables à l'adsorption en phase gazeuse dynamique de dioxines sur une zéolithe pour la mesure à l'émission." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4714/document.
The waste incineration leads to the formation of dioxins. These compounds are known to be toxic, even carcinogenic. Therefore, the emitted amounts have to be monitored.This work is part of a comprehensive study of a device for the online analysis of dioxins by means of a pre-concentrator using selective adsorption of toxic congener upon zeolites, allowing thermal desorption and a mass spectrometer.At first, the stakes are exposed. Then a study of flow in porous media aims to determine the best shape of zeolites to promote dynamic gas-phase adsorption. Then the establishment and characterization of a system for gas phase dioxins generation are detailed. This source is adjustable both in concentration and flow, allowing laboratory adsorption studies.The first gas phase adsorption tests show, in agreement with the predictions of the first study, the importance of a regular-shaped adsorbent with small particle sizes. The analysis by thermal desorption of dioxins trapped on grains FAU [NaX] is carried out in a few hours.The ease of use of zeolites in sampling train as adsorbent and their analysis according to EN 1948 standards has been proved during two campaigns at a waste incinerator facility
Jacquet, Pauline. "Amélioration d'une enzyme hyperthermostable pour la dégradation des organophosphorés." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0618/document.
Organophosphates (OPs) are neurotoxic compounds widely used as pesticides. Over the years, utilization of OP led to a considerable environmental contamination of soils and agricultural wastewaters, this pollution is furthermore a major health issue as these insecticides can be found in food. OP are highly toxic and are responsible for 300,000 deaths in the world every year. OPs were also developed as chemical warfare nerve agents such as sarin. Currently, no satisfying method for external decontamination is available, therefore bioremediation with enzymes is highly appealing. Among OP degrading enzymes, phosphotriesterases (PTEs) are the most active biocatalysts but are poorly stable what hinders their potential for bioremediation. Hyperthermostable enzymes from extreme environments were thus considered to circumvent this limitation. In particular, SsoPox isolated from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, displaying a lactonase activity and a promiscuous phosphotriesterase activity was deeply investigated. SsoPox is extremely robust but its activity for OP degradation is from far lower. A protein engineering strategy was started in order to reach a compromise between PTE activity and SsoPox robustness. Using structural similarities between PTEs and SsoPox, a mutational database was designed in order to transfer the highly performant active site of PTE into the hyperstable scaffold of SsoPox. This strategy led to variants displaying up to 2,000-fold increase against OPs as compared to wild-type enzyme. The variants efficiency was demonstrated in vivo using an original animal model planarian, allowed to enhance survival rate as well as mobility and regeneration capacity
Saint-Hilaire, Maïlie. "Toxicocinétique de la chlordécone chez la brebis." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0256.
In the French West Indies (FWI), farming animals can be exposed to CLD, a persistent organic pollutant (POP) bound to soil in contaminated areas. In order to produce safe animal products, this thesis was focused on the CLD’s fate in ewes. The aims were to determine by which way(s), in which form(s), in how much time, in which quantities and by which mechanisms, CLD would be eliminated from the animal body. In this thesis, two complementary approaches were followed. First it was necessary to improve the analytical methods especially for the metabolites in order to obtain more sensitive and reliable methods than the actual ones. In the analytical approach, methods for CLD and its metabolites were developed in various animal matrices suitable for the toxicokinetic studies. The extraction method was based on the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) methodology and the analysis was performed with a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Isotopic Standards were also used. Thanks to this work, sensitive, quick and reliable methods were obtained in animal matrices. The set-up methods in liver, feces and urine were validated with accuracy profiles according to the French Standard NF V03-110 and European Union guidelines. Limits of quantifications of 1.36 μg kg−1 and 2.50 μg kg−1 of fresh liver were respectively found for chlordecone and chlordecol (the CLD’s metabolite). Secondly, and thanks to the analytical development, in vivo toxicokinetic studies were performed to determine the fate of CLD in ewes. The second approach of this thesis was based on two toxicokinetic protocols realized in ewes. The results revealed that CLD is partially metabolized in chlordecol (CLDOH) by the chlordecone reductase in ewe’s liver. Then, CLD and CLDOH can be conjugated by UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases and sulfo-transferases in conjugated metabolites (CLD-C and CLDOH-C). It appeared that CLDOH is only an intermediate metabolite which is almost never quantified in the organism except in fat tissue. The major route of CLD elimination is in feces: 1/3 of the molecule is eliminated in its CLD’s form and 1/6 in its CLDOH’s form. The urinary way of CLD elimination is minor. Based on the obtained results, a compartmental model was proposed. It will allow to propose and to establish ovine decontamination strategies in the FWI
Puentes, Mancipe Cristian. "Modélisation des équilibres entre phases et simulation de la distillation des eaux-de-vie en vue d’une meilleure compréhension du comportement des composés volatils d’arôme." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA041/document.
The quality of spirits is a parameter related to the composition of volatile aroma compounds. This composition results from the combined production process of raw material extraction, subsequent fermentation, distillation and, in many cases, ageing.Distillation is a very old and the most important industrial separation technology. However, in spirits production, this operation relies essentially on empirical knowledge. The aim of this PhD was to contribute to a better understanding of the volatile aroma compounds behaviour in spirits distillation and to provide a scientific basis for the process through computer simulation. The study was focused on Armagnac and Calvados production by continuous multistage distillation.The simulation modules were built using the software ProSimPlus®. The first part of this research was dedicated to the acquisition of vapor-liquid equilibrium data of the volatile aroma compounds in ethanol-water solutions, in order to estimate the binary interaction parameters of the NRTL model.Three complementary approaches of data acquisition were used: literature compilation, experimental measurements and predictions with UNIFAC and COSMO models.According to their relative volatilities with respect to ethanol and water, the volatile aroma compounds can be classified in three groups: light compounds, intermediary compounds and heavy compounds. The second part of this research dealt with the creation and validation of simulation modules, by using reconciled experimental data from the distillation units. The results prove that simulation is a powerful tool in spirits distillation. The simulation data enables a more precise classification of the intermediary compounds in three categories, by considering their composition profiles in the distillation column and their recovery ratios from feed to distillate. Finally, the analysis of some operating parameters, including ethanol concentration in the distillate as well as tails extractions, demonstrates that the distillate composition can be modified by virtue of a selective separation of intermediary and heavy compounds with respect to ethanol
Gardia-Parège, Caroline. "Développement et applications de l'analyse dirigée par l'effet pour la recherche et l'identification de contaminants à risque pour les écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0063/document.
To date, environmental risk assessment is based on targeted chemical analyses. These analyses allow the detection of known active compounds and this preselected set does not often explain the observed toxic effects in complex environmental samples (e.g. unknown compounds, transformation product, cocktail effect...). For an integrative contamination assessment, a multidisciplinary approach, Effect-Directed Analysis (EDA) was developed. This approach combining biological tools and chemical analyses allows determining active compounds and identitying them in such environmental complex mixtures. EDA aims at the establishment of cause-effect relationships by sequential reduction of the complexity of environmental mixtures, eventually to individual toxicants. The aims of this thesis were (1) to develop and to validate the EDA-based strategy on various environmental complex samples; (2) to set up an identification strategy for identifying non targeted or unknown molecules using high resolution mass spectrometry; (3) to prove the usefulness of EDA approach for the identification of active compounds in environnemental complex samples. This thesis work provides to a complet bio-analytical approach from the preparation step of samples to the identification of molecules. The potential of this tool was fully confirmed on various environmental studies. These investigations allowed establishing a list of non-target compounds which can represent a risk for the environment
Gardes, Thomas. "Reconstruction temporelle des contaminations métalliques et organiques particulaires dans le bassin versant de l'Eure et devenir des sédiments suite à l'arasement d'un barrage. Reconstruction of anthropogenic activities in legacy sediments from the Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine Estuary (France) Flux estimation, temporal trends and source determination of trace metal contamination in a major tributary of the Seine estuary, France Temporal trends, sources, and relationships between sediment characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment cores from the major Seine estuary tributary, France Impacts à court-terme de l’arasement d’un barrage sur la morphologie du cours d’eau et la remobilisation de sédiments contaminés par les métaux traces Bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, PCBs) and trace elements: Influencing factors and determination in a river sediment core." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR038.
The anthropogenic impact on rivers has significantly increased following the industrial revolutioninitiated by Western countries. Thus, changes in the geomorphology of rivers for water storage andnavigation, the conversion of land for agricultural, industrial and urbanization purposes illustrate thisenvironmental pressure, which results, among other things, in an increase in discharges of variouscontaminants into environmental compartments, particularly rivers. Therefore, part of these dischargescan end up in suspended particulate matter, which is then considered as storage wells, which transit inrivers. River development, particularly the construction of dams, encourages the sedimentation of these contaminated particles over time. These sediments of anthropogenic origin, also called legacy sediments, are therefore witnesses to human activities and make it possible to reconstruct the temporal trajectories of contamination within watersheds. The Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine estuary, has experienced significant anthropogenic pressures since the twentieth century. The temporal reconstruction of anthropogenic pressures has required the combination of different methodological approaches: (i) a diachronic analysis of the morphological modifications of the river was carried out, in conjunction with (ii) an analysis of the sedimentary dynamics and the nature of the sediment deposits by coupling geophysical, sedimentological and geochemical methods, and (iii) the setting up of a network for monitoring the hydro-sedimentary behaviour with continuous sampling of suspended particulate matter. Significant geomorphological changes have occurred in the lower reaches of the watershed, with the main consequences being an outlet moved some ten kilometres in the direction of a dam and the formation of hydraulic annexes favouring the accumulation of sediments as early as the 1940s. These made it possible to show that the Eure River watershed had experienced significant contamination, the consequences of which are still being recorded despite the cessation of activities or uses. The temporal trends of trace metal and metalloid elements showed strong contaminations in As in the 1940s and contaminations of industrial origin in Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag and Cd in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as contaminations in Sb and Pb in 1990–2000. The latter are still recorded despite the cessation of the activities responsible for the discharges, as evidenced by the results from the suspended particulate matter currently collected in the river. Like most trace metals, organic contaminants such as PAHs showed significant contamination during the 1940–1960s, with signatures indicating a predominantly pyrogenic origin. PCBs showed significant contamination during the period 1950–1970, in connection with the production and national uses of mixtures composed mainly of low chlorinated congeners. Finally, interest in a third family of persistent organic contaminants, organochlorine pesticides, showed the use of lindane and DDT, particularly during the 1940–1970 period, and highlighted the post-ban use of lindane and the presence of a metabolite of DDT several decades after the cessation of its use, in connection with the increase in erosion of cultivated soils