Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pollinisation par les insectes – Société'
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Uwingabire, Zafarani. "Evaluating the impacts of pollinators decline on social welfare at different spatial scales : economic and nutritional aspects." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU20103.
Full textPollinators are threatened in many parts of the world. This alarming phenomenon; for which Human is mainly responsible, raises the following questions: what are the consequences of this decline for society? Should we take action? This thesis proposes economic valuation as a decision-making tool. It evaluates the impacts of the decline of pollinators on human well-being through economic and nutritional perspectives. The focus is on marketed and non-marketed benefits for the economic aspects and the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of nutrient intake for the nutritional aspects. The contribution of pollinators to a global food market, territories, and local landscapes in different contexts is examined alternately. More specifically, three case studies were treated each on different spatial scales: the international trade, the Comminges territory, in southwestern France, and the Huye District, in southern Rwanda. Inspired by welfare economics, our analysis builds on the production function approach, which integrates the dependence ratio of agricultural production on pollinators, the nutrients contained in crops, and the stated preferences approach. The proposed methods combine analytical approaches, field surveys, and simulations. Chapter 1 reviews the existing economic valuation approaches of the benefits of pollinators, highlights the need to consider various spatial scales of causes and impacts of pollinator decline, and reviews the existing policy responses regarding pollinator degradation. Chapter 2 analyzes global agricultural markets as a whole and shows the implications of pollinators' decline in international food trade and their impacts on global social welfare. Chapter 3 analyzes the importance people place on pollinators and their concerns about their decline by assessing the general public’s willingness to pay for the marketed and non-marketed benefits of pollinators. Chapter 4 values the contribution of insect pollination on the quantity of production and nutritional quality of consumption in the case of smallholder farm households where subsistence agriculture remains dominant. The thesis shows that the decline of insect pollinators could have significant consequences on human well-being at local and global scales. Under defined assumptions, results show that an average world price of crops will be 186% higher if pollinators are extinct on a global scale. They show that the decline of insect pollinators can induce a decrease in consumer surplus, producer profit, and trade balance value, thus an overall loss of human well-being on a global scale. In particular, these results draw attention to a loss of global nutrient intake, especially in regions where food scarcity is already present. The general public in the Comminges is willing to pay about €516 per household per year to avoid pollinator decline scenarios in order to maintain the diversity of local food, flora, and fauna. In smallholder households in the Huye District, pollinator-dependent crops account for about 20% of the total production value and have a significant share in the self-supply of micronutrients. This thesis argues that all countries can be impacted by this decline either as exporters or as importers of pollinator-dependent crops even if the impacts of this decline may be heterogeneous across countries due to differences in initial endowments. In fine, the decline of pollinators threatens the diversity and food security of worldwide consumers, the livelihoods of farm households, and local biodiversity. Therefore, arbitration among local decision-makers, national and international governmental bodies, and the general public is necessary to mitigate the decline of pollinators. In conclusion, this thesis points to the need to combine economic and nutritional aspects in shaping economic valuation literature and public policies and initiatives regarding ecosystem services and pollinators
Proffit, Magali. "Médiation chimique et structuration des communautés d'hyménoptères parasites du mutualisme figuier / pollinisateur." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20026.
Full textAbed, Tammam. "Étude de quelques interférences biologiques entre la vie de la ruche et Varroa jocobsoni oudemans, 1904 fléau de l'apiculture : application à la lutte." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT003A.
Full textGeslin, Benoît. "Etude multi-échelles de l’effet des perturbations anthropiques sur l’écologie des insectes pollinisateurs : du comportement individuel à la structure des communautés." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066082.
Full textMore than 80% of wild plants and 70% of crops depend on pollinators for reproduction and food production. However, there is growing evidences that wild pollinators are declining worldwide. One of the major causes of this decline is the expansion of agricultural areas and urbanisation at the cost of natural habitats. This loss of natural habitats is likely to impact pollinator species abundance and richness, and thus the structure of pollinator communities, their interactions with flowering plants and the individual behaviour of foraging insects. In this thesis, we analyzed how anthropogenic disturbances may modify pollinator foraging behaviour, at the patch scale. Then, at the landscape scale, we tested if increasing levels of urbanisation can impact plant-pollinator interaction webs and on flower-visitor community composition and structure. At the patch scale, we found that the foraging behaviour of Bombus terrestris individuals was modified by the loss of conspecifics density. When foraging on an experimental plant community at low conspecific density, fewer visits were carried out on the most-well known plant species, resulting in a lower potential reproductive success for this plant. At the landscape scale, increased levels of urbanisation also led to a decrease in the number of interactions between wild pollinators and plants of an experimental plant community. The diversity and density of the wild pollinating fauna also decreased along this urbanisation gradient located in the Île-de-France region (France). In particular, small specialists insects such as Syrphidae and solitary bees were more impacted by urbanisation than large generalist species such as bumblebees. Finally, these variations had an impact on the reproductive success of the experimental plant community. This work illustrates how anthropogenic perturbations affect pollinating insects in several aspects of their ecology, from their foraging behaviour to the structure of their communities. In a global context characterised by incresing losses of natural habitats at the expense of urbanisation, these results should help designing conservation practices to promote ecological continuities in urban habitats, through the increase of flowered and green roof surfaces. Overall, these measures might help preserving pollinating faunas that will sustain the pollination ecological service
Gallai, Nicola. "Evaluation économique de l'impact des insectes pollinisateurs sur l'agriculture européenne." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON10036.
Full textInsect pollination is an ecosystem service that is threatened, though it contributes to the sexual reproduction of most of the wild and cultivated flora. This work aims to assess the impact of this service on agriculture. Fom a literature review, we identified three major questions related to this issue: What is the contribution of pollinators to agricultural production worldwide? How will the vulnerability of agriculture change during the coming century? What will be the impact of a pollinator decline on social welfare? Using a technical-economic approach, we valued the contribution of this service to world agriculture at 153 billion euros in 2005, which represented 10% of the total value of world agricultural production used for human food. The consequences of a pollinator loss on social welfare were modeled using a partial equilibrium and estimated between 228 and 310 billion euros based upon a price elasticity of demand of -1. 2 and -0. 8, respectively. To assess future trends, we simulated the evolution of European agriculture under several land use scenarios, and found that the contribution of pollinators will not diminish in the next century even under the most extreme scenarios. Finally, we analyzed the impact of pollinator loss in the framework of a general equilibrium with two consumers who share two goods, each produced by a single firm with one good dependent on insect pollination and the other not. This analysis indicated that the substitutability between the two markets enabled to reduce the welfare loss. It also showed that when the income distribution is linked to the different goods, the relative importance given in the society to industries related to these goods affects the welfare loss resulting from pollinator decline and it could even become nil
Lefebvre, Diane. "Approvisionnement en pollen et en nectar des colonies de bourdons Bombus terrestris. Ecologie comportementale et modélisation. Implications pour la pollinisation des fleurs de tomate en serre." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10068.
Full textRodet, Guy. "La pollinisation par l'abeille domestique (Apis mellifica L. ) des lignées mâles stériles de carotte (Daucus carota L. ) en enceintes grillagées pour la production de semences hybrides." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112302.
Full textMoisan-De, Serres Joseph. "Influence du paysage de bleuetières sur les communautés de pollinisateurs indigènes du Lac-St-Jean et évaluation du potentiel de pollinisation des pollinisateurs du bleuet nain." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29330/29330.pdf.
Full textFlacher, Floriane. "Influence des interactions entre espèces végétales sur les relations plantes-pollinisateurs : cas de la compétition induite par la présence d'espèces anémophiles sur l'attractivité aux pollinisateurs d'espèces entomophiles." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066017/document.
Full textAttractiveness traits of insect-pollinated plants to pollinators (i.e. flowers and associated rewards) can be sensitive to variations of resources (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorous). As competition between plants can modify resource availability, we studied its effect on insect-pollinated plants and their floral traits involved in attractiveness to pollinators, especially in presence of wind-pollinated plants. We showed that the presence of a competitive wind-pollinated species could reduce total flower production, floral display size and total sucrose allocated to nectar of insect-pollinated species. Especially, the stronger the competitor, the stronger is the effect on floral traits. The study of wild pollinators’ visits on an insect-pollinated plant in competition with a wind-pollinated plant revealed a decrease in the number of visits associated to the decrease of floral display size and total flower production. Therefore, even though they do not interact directly with pollinators, wind-pollinated plant species can modulate plant-pollinator interactions through competitive interactions. This thesis raises new perspectives for the study of plant-pollinator networks, which are generally focused on insect-pollinated plants, by opening them up to the whole plant community
Anstett, Marie-Charlotte. "Contraintes et libertés dans l'évolution des mutualismes figuiers." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20184.
Full textMeekijjaroenroj, Aroonrat. "Intéractions palmiers (Arecaceae) / pollinisateurs : cas de deux espèces de palmiers Calamus castaneus, Phoenix canariensis et chimie des parfums floraux." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20078.
Full textRagué, Maxime. "Dynamiques spatiale et temporelle des paysages agricoles : conséquences sur les interactions plantes-pollinisateurs et la pollinisation." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS033.
Full textMaintaining insect pollinators in farmland is essential for ensuring the pollination of crops and wild plants. This partly relies on the increase of floral resource availability. Mass flowering crops (MFC) provide a high amount of resources, but on a short period of time contrary to grasslands or weeds sheltered in fields. This temporal aspect is rarely studied, although it might be crucial in the maintenance of pollinators and insect pollination over the season. The aim of the thesis is to understand how the spatial and temporal distribution of the floral resources in farmland influence plant-pollinator interactions and pollination. Our results indicate that MFC at their peak flowering period, attract wild pollinators from grasslands and the honeybee; thus, supporting the pollination function. Within MFC, the honeybee preferentially consumes floral resources provided by crops, and may exclude wild pollinators from crop flowers which therefore foraged on weeds. After MFC flowering, pollinator insects spillover to grasslands and cereals which support pollination. Weeds, through their diversity in grasslands, and through their abundance in cereals support wild pollinators at this time period. The persistence of pollinators and pollination in farmland landscapes is based on (i) the maintenance of grasslands and weeds that ensure the spatio-temporal continuity of floral resources, (ii) MFC that supplement the landscapes in floral resources, and (iii) the reduction of field size that facilitates the access to the floral resources. Such measures appear to be compatible with crop production
Malaboeuf, Frédéric. "Flux polliniques et pollinisation chez une espèce fonctionnellement dioi͏̈que, le kiwi, "Actinidia deliciosa" (A. Chev. ) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20119.
Full textKobbi, May. "Développement et phénologie de "Ficus microcarpa L;f. " en Tunisie : impact sur la biologie de la reproduction." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20239.
Full textMichaloud, Georges. "Aspects de la reproduction des figuiers monoi͏̈ques en forêt équatoriale africaine." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20215.
Full textDoublet, Violette. "Interactions biotiques et dynamiques des populations : approches empiriques et théoriques de la prédation pré-dispersion des graines par les insectes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG007.
Full textBiotic interactions are among key processes in population dynamics and critical issues for the renewal and persistence of species within ecosystems. In particular, herbivory by pre-dispersal seed insect predators is a major ecological process in forest dynamics due to its impact on tree reproductive success and on natural regeneration. However, its consequence on tree population dynamics and evolution remain poorly documented. This thesis contributed to fill this gap as an integrative combination of empirical and theoretical approaches. The empirical approach aimed to characterize the drivers of the spatio-temporal dynamics of seed predation rates in natural forest. We used a system of tree-insect interactions involving seed predators (Megastigmus spp., Hymenoptera: Torymidae) and their obligate host, the Atlas Cedar (Cedrus atlantica, Pinaceae), located in south-eastern France. At the host population scale, our results revealed that the transient pattern of the spatial distribution of insects was primarily explained by spatiotemporal variations in seed density. Thus, Cedar masting appeared to be a major driving force of the insects’ spatial and temporal dynamics. We have also highlighted the existence of an inter-individual variation in the sensitivity of trees to seed predation. A preliminary analysis has suggested that such variation is partly under genetic control and we propose further analyses to be carried out in such perspective. The theoretical approach aimed to analyse the joint effects of masting and the spatial distribution of pre-dispersal seed predation by insects on demographic processes and genetic diversity in an expanding tree population. The analytical modelling of these interactions revealed on the one hand that pre-dispersal seed predation induce Allee effects that may affect the spatial structure of genetic diversity in the expanding tree population, and on the other hand, that masting was likely to buffer such demogenetic impact of seed predation. This work has shed new light on the possible implications of pre-dispersal predation by insects in the dynamics and evolution of forests
Gibernau, Marc. "Odeurs et spécificité dans les mutualismes figuier-pollinisateur : le cas de "Ficus carica L." et de "Blastophaga psenes L."." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20227.
Full textPerrot, Thomas. "Contribution des pollinisateurs dans la production de colza et de tournesol en zone atelier « Plaine et Val de Sèvre »." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK023/document.
Full textInsect pollination is essential for over 70% of crops around the world. However, the contribution of pollinators to crop production and the insects involved in crop pollination have rarely been studied. Moreover, assessments of pollinator contributions have mostly been conducted on a small scale or under simplified conditions, which do not represent the real contributions at the field scale and do not take into account possible interactions between pollinators and farming practices. The aim of this study is to quantify directly under field conditions, the contribution of pollinators in two crops frequently cultivated in Europe: oilseed rape and sunflower. Estimations are realized both at the plant and at the field scale to understand mechanisms that increase crop production. Our studies identify also these crops’ pollinators.In a first step, we quantified the contributions of pollinators to oilseed rape and sunflower yield. Oilseed rape and sunflower share a pollinator guild - the honeybee. Wild bees also increase oilseed rape yield. Pollinators increase the yield of oilseed rape by up to 35% and of sunflower by up to 40%. At the plant scale, pollinators increase pollination success and consequently the number of seeds per plant.In a second step, we compared for oilseed rape the yield and the monetary contributions of pollinators and farming practices by taking their potential interactions more accurately into account. We show that the benefits of pollinators and farming practices on yield were additive except for insecticide use, which decreased the contribution of pollinators. In addition, we show that pollinators were important contributors to the farmers’ incomes by increasing gain by 250 € per hectare while some practices were very expensive for farmers.Finally, the effect of pollinators was studied on oilseed rape seed quality - another component of crop production. We show that honeybees improve seed quality by increasing the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds and decreasing trans-saturated and saturated fatty acids. In some years, honeybees increased also the percentage of lipids per seed.We conclude, pollinators are essential for crop production by increasing both yield, monetary gain and quality. Several measures must be taken to promote pollinators in agricultural land in order to conserve them and ensure sustainable crop production for these two crops
Dusza, Yann. "Toitures végétalisées et services écosystémiques : favoriser la multifonctionnalité via les interactions sols-plantes et la diversité végétale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066033/document.
Full textGreen roofs are urban constructed ecosystems, associated with multiple ecosystem services, such as urban heat island and stormwater runoff mitigation or support for biodiversity. Enhancing the quality and quantity of expected ecosystem services requires to understand how interactions between substrate composition, substrate depth and plant community affect multiple ecosystem functions. However, such interactions have never been studied on green roofs. Using experimental approaches under controlled and real conditions on a Parisian rooftop, we focused on the influence of soil-plant interactions on key ecosystem functions related to carbon, nitrogen and water cycles as well as pollination. We highlighted that interactions between substrate type, substrate depth, plant species and plant diversity affect (1) the level of ecosystem functions and (2) interactions between functions. We found that the choice of green roof components could lead to trade-offs between ecosystem services. We propose general guidelines for the conception and management of multifunctional green roofs
Gay, Claire. "Compréhension du rôle des pollinisateurs dans les paysages agricoles dans différents contextes de gestion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS021.
Full textThe conservation of pollinators is a major issue, especially in farmlands where they are essential for pollinating different crops. Here, we have decided to characterize these species and their floral resources in an intensive agricultural plain, using several years of data acquired thanks to several sampling protocols. This plain is characterized by a strong spatio-temporal dynamic, resulting from the massive but brief flowering of oleaginous plants crops. In this study site, we have sampled nearly a third of the bee species already found in France, some of them being rare, and have sought to better understand their ecology in order to help to maintain this species diversity. Bees co-occur with other pollinators (butterflies, hoverflies), among which some are little studied in previous literature: an analysis of the food habits of all of these pollinators has enabled to better understand their sharing of floral resources. The sunflower flowering, unlike that of oilseed rape, leads to a low niche overlap between pollinators but creates unbalanced interaction networks where almost all the links of the crop flower are established with a single pollinator species, the honeybee. Conversely, during oilseed rape flowering, the honeybee and the oilseed rape flower each have many interaction partners and are key species, maintaining a strong network stability. Introduce a dichotomy between these both mass-flowering crops – too often considered as monolithic – seems a wise advice for future research
Klein, Simon. "Causes and consequences of individual forager variability in social bees." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30099/document.
Full textIn social insects, such as bees, different individuals specialise in the collection of different resources, and it is assumed that natural behavioural variability among foragers contributes to a self-organised optimisation of colony performance. Currently, bee populations are facing an increasing number of environmental stressors, known to disturb the behaviour of individuals, presumably upon their impact on cognitive capacities. Hence it is important to learn more about how stressors impact on individual foraging behaviour to understand how a colony maintains effective nutrition and development. In this thesis in cognitive ecology, I examined the different foraging strategies for the different macronutrient sources, pollen and nectar, and the inter-individual variation in bee foraging performance. I also looked at how stressors, such as pesticides, can impact on bee foraging efficiency. I compared two social Hymenoptera that vary in their level of social complexity: the European honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and the buffed-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.). I used Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to automatically track the foraging behaviour of bees throughout their life. I found that honey bee and bumblebee colonies rely on a subset of very active bees to supply the whole colony needs. In honey bees, these foragers are more efficient and collect more pollen. I also identified different strategies for pollen or nectar collection in both species. Using manipulative experiments, I then showed that bees exhibit consistent inter-individual different behaviours in a spatial learning task and that pesticides impair visual learning. My thesis aims at better explaining the causes of vulnerability of pollinators to sublethal pesticides and other environmental stressors. The results highlight the need for considering behavioural diversity as an adaptation for social insects, as well as a potential dimension of colony-level vulnerability to environmental stressors that can impair the whole colony nutritional balance
Chifflet, Rémy. "Faune pollinisatrice, paysage et échelle spatiale des flux de pollen chez brassica napus l. (brassicaceae)." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00633180.
Full textKleftodimos, Georgios. "Economic valuation of bees’ pollination services in arable crop farms : the role of Public Policy regulations towards the provision of pollination services." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20101.
Full textThe principal objective of the realized study is to evaluate the economic importance of the behavioral interactions which emerge from managed and wild bees, called bees’ complementarity in arable crop farms. A particular emphasis was placed on examining how the economic importance of bees’ complementarity should affect the public policy regulation in order to safeguard the provision of pollination services. The first Chapter of this Ph.D. thesis provides the theoretical framework on which this economic valuation is based. Chapter 2, provides an ecological-economic model displaying farmer’s decisions between two agricultural inputs, pollination services and pesticides, and two sources of pollination with different characteristics; managed bees, which can be replaced at a cost, and wild bees, which rely on a population being sustained within the farmland. Moreover, we take as a given that the services of wild and managed bees are in a complementary relationship. The third Chapter of this thesis, integrates the findings of Chapter 2 in a Mathematical-Programming territorial ecological-economic modeling in order to explore the potential impacts of policy changes on the provision of pollination services and on farmers’ incomes for different rates of farmers’ cooperation. Finally, Chapter 4, evaluates the effectiveness of French policy measures towards the provision of pollination services and it discusses how the results of our analyses may contribute towards the amelioration of the effectiveness of these measures. The major result of our research is twofold. Firstly, the knowledge of bees’ complementarity may offer to farmers an alternative optimum management strategy. Secondly, the inclusion of this knowledge in the implemented policy measures may facilitate farmers’ adoption process towards low-input practices and, consequently, increase their effectiveness towards the sustainability of pollination services for the agricultural and food systems
Dibos, Chloé. "Interactions plante - pollinisateur : caractérisation de la qualité du pollen de deux cucurbitacées durant son ontogenèse, sa présentation et son transport sur le corps de l'abeille domestique." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587581.
Full textRollin, Orianne. "Etude multi-échelle du patron de diversité des abeilles et utilisation des ressources fleuries dans un agrosystème intensif." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993034.
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