Journal articles on the topic 'Pollination monitoring'
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1
Wu, Shuo, Jizhan Liu, Xiaojie Lei, Shengyi Zhao, Jiajun Lu, Yingxing Jiang, Binbin Xie, and Ming Wang. "Research Progress on Efficient Pollination Technology of Crops." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 2872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112872.
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Pollination is essential to maintain ecosystem balance and agricultural production. Domesticated bee pollination, which is easy to feed and manage, and mechanized pollination, which is not restricted by the environment, are considered the main technical means to alleviate the “pollinating insect crisis”. By analyzing differences in pollination methods for different crops, this review summarizes the research progress for efficient pollination technology from the perspectives of bee pollination and mechanized pollination in fields, orchards, and greenhouses. The selection of pollination method should be based on the physiological characteristics of crops and the actual environmental conditions of natural pollination. The pollination ability of bees is closely related to the status of the bees. Maintaining the pollination ability of bees in a reasonable range is the goal of bee pollination services. Colony state control technology needs to develop in two directions. First, there is a need to develop colony state monitoring technology based on multi-feature information fusion and to explore the self-regulation mechanisms of the colony in response to various factors. Second, based on these self-regulation mechanisms, there is a need to develop a low-cost and non-invasive bee colony state and pollination capacity estimation model, monitoring technology, and equipment based on single feature information. The goals of mechanized pollination are “efficiency” and “precision”. Mechanized pollination technology needs to be developed in two directions. First, the mechanisms of pollen abscission, transport, and sedimentation in different crops and mechanized pollination conditions should be explored. Second, research and development of efficient and accurate pollination equipment and technology based on the integration of multiple technologies such as pneumatic assistance, auxiliaries, static electricity, target, variables, and navigation, are needed.
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McGrady, C. M., R. Troyer, and S. J. Fleischer. "Wild Bee Visitation Rates Exceed Pollination Thresholds in Commercial Cucurbita Agroecosystems." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 562–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz295.
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Abstract Wild bees supply sufficient pollination in Cucurbita agroecosystems in certain settings; however, some growers continue to stock fields with managed pollinators due to uncertainties of temporal and spatial variation on pollination services supplied by wild bees. Here, we evaluate wild bee pollination activity in wholesale, commercial pumpkin fields over 3 yr. We identified 37 species of bees foraging in commercial pumpkin fields. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L. [Hymenoptera: Apidae]), squash bees (Eucera (Peponapis) Say, Dorchin [Hymenoptera: Apidae]), and bumble bees (Bombus spp., primarily B. impatiens Cresson [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) were the most active pollinator taxa, responsible for over 95% of all pollination visits. Preference for female flowers decreased as distance from field edge increased for several bee taxa. Visitation rates from one key pollinator was negatively affected by field size. Visitation rates for multiple taxa exhibited a curvilinear response as the growing season progressed and responded positively to increasing floral density. We synthesized existing literature to estimate minimum ‘pollination thresholds’ per taxa and determined that each of the most active pollinator taxa exceeded these thresholds independently. Under current conditions, renting honey bee hives may be superfluous in this system. These results can aid growers when executing pollination management strategies and further highlights the importance of monitoring and conserving wild pollinator populations.
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Nuortila, Carolin, Juha Tuomi, and Kari Laine. "Inter-parent distance affects reproductive success in two clonal dwarf shrubs, Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Ericaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-079.
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Clonal propagation and limited dispersal of seeds lead to genetic population structures in which most potential mates are relatives. If the species suffers from inbreeding depression or is self-incompatible, the number of seeds matured per fruit may be limited by the lack of outcrossing by unrelated pollen. We tested for distance-related genetic structure by hand-pollinating plants at increasing distances and measuring fruit set (berries/pollinated flowers) and seed number per fruit in natural populations of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.). Bagging of the flower buds without natural (pollination by insects) or hand-pollination yielded almost no fruit or seed, suggesting that the species are obligately insect pollinated. Self-pollination led to a significant reduction in seed number per fruit and increased seed abortion compared with cross-pollination. Moreover, seed number increased with increasing distance between the pollen donor and pollen recipient. Flight distances of bumblebees were estimated for bilberry by monitoring between-flower and, for lingonberry, between-inflorescence flight distances. About 90% of all flights were at distances of less than 1 m. At this distance, we observed less than the maximum seed number per fruit in hand-pollinations in both study species. Consequently, clonal growth is likely to be an important factor that constrains fruit and seed number in these species.Key words: bumblebee forage distance, clonal, hand-pollination, inter-parent distance, reproductive success, Vaccinium.
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Giovanetti, Manuela, Sergio Albertazzi, Simone Flaminio, Rosa Ranalli, Laura Bortolotti, and Marino Quaranta. "Pollination in Agroecosystems: A Review of the Conceptual Framework with a View to Sound Monitoring." Land 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050540.
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The pollination ecology in agroecosystems tackles a landscape in which plants and pollinators need to adjust, or be adjusted, to human intervention. A valid, widely applied approach is to regard pollination as a link between specific plants and their pollinators. However, recent evidence has added landscape features for a wider ecological perspective. Are we going in the right direction? Are existing methods providing pollinator monitoring tools suitable for understanding agroecosystems? In Italy, we needed to address these questions to respond to government pressure to implement pollinator monitoring in agroecosystems. We therefore surveyed the literature, grouped methods and findings, and evaluated approaches. We selected studies that may contain directions and tools directly linked to pollinators and agroecosystems. Our analysis revealed four main paths that must come together at some point: (i) the research question perspective, (ii) the advances of landscape analysis, (iii) the role of vegetation, and (iv) the gaps in our knowledge of pollinators taxonomy and behavior. An important conclusion is that the pollinator scale is alarmingly disregarded. Debate continues about what features to include in pollinator monitoring and the appropriate level of detail: we suggest that the pollinator scale should be the main driver.
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Markov, Zlata, Snezana Popov, Sonja Mudri-Stojnic, Snezana Radenkovic, and Ante Vujic. "Hoverfly diversity assesment in grassland and forest habitats in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina based on a recent monitoring study." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 135 (2018): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1835093m.
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Pollination is a required process for survival of numerous plant species and crops. Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) play a significant role in this phenomenon. Due to raising environmental pressures, pollinator diversity and pollination services are at risk. Faunistic studies and biodiversity research are the essential elements and steps in the process of species preservation. This study aimed to analyze diversity of hoverflies in two CORINE land cover types (Broad-leaved forest and Natural grasslands), based on a recent one-year study. To achieve this goal, Shannon?s diversity index (H), Shannon?s equitability (EH), and Jaccard similarity coefficient (Jt) were calculated. Values of indices and coefficients indicate which parts of Vojvodina and what land cover types can be considered as hoverfly reservoirs.
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Howard, Scarlett R., Malika Nisal Ratnayake, Adrian G. Dyer, Jair E. Garcia, and Alan Dorin. "Towards precision apiculture: Traditional and technological insect monitoring methods in strawberry and raspberry crop polytunnels tell different pollination stories." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): e0251572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251572.
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Over one third of crops are animal pollinated, with insects being the largest group. In some crops, including strawberries, fruit yield, weight, quality, aesthetics and shelf life increase with insect pollination. Many crops are protected from extreme weather in polytunnels, but the impacts of polytunnels on insects are poorly understood. Polytunnels could reduce pollination services, especially if insects have access issues. Here we examine the distribution and activity of honeybees and non-honeybee wild insects on a commercial fruit farm. We evaluated whether insect distributions are impacted by flower type (strawberry; raspberry; weed), or distance from polytunnel edges. We compared passive pan-trapping and active quadrat observations to establish their suitability for monitoring insect distribution and behaviour on a farm. To understand the relative value of honeybees compared to other insects for strawberry pollination, the primary crop at the site, we enhanced our observations with video data analysed using insect tracking software to document the time spent by insects on flowers. The results show honeybees strongly prefer raspberry and weed flowers over strawberry flowers and that location within the polytunnel impacts insect distributions. Consistent with recent studies, we also show that pan-traps are ineffective to sample honeybee numbers. While the pan-traps and quadrat observations tend to suggest that investment in managed honeybees for strawberry pollination might be ineffective due to consistent low numbers within the crop, the camera data provides contrary evidence. Although honeybees were relatively scarce among strawberry crops, camera data shows they spent more time visiting flowers than other insects. Our results demonstrate that a commercial fruit farm is a complex ecosystem influencing pollinator diversity and abundance through a range of factors. We show that monitoring methods may differ in their valuation of relative contributions of insects to crop pollination.
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Blackmore, Stephen, See-Chung Chin, Lindsay Chong Seng, Frieda Christie, Fiona Inches, Putri Winda Utami, Neil Watherston, and Alexandra H. Wortley. "Observations on the Morphology, Pollination and Cultivation of Coco de Mer (Lodoicea maldivica (J F Gmel.) Pers., Palmae)." Journal of Botany 2012 (March 14, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/687832.
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We present a range of observations on the reproductive morphology, pollination biology and cultivation of Lodoicea maldivica (coco de mer), an endangered species with great ecological, economic and cultural importance. We review the history of study of this charismatic species. Morphological studies of the male inflorescence indicate its importance as a year-round food source to the Seychelles fauna. In situ observations suggest a number of potential biotic and abiotic pollination mechanisms including bees, flies, slugs, and geckos; trigonid bees are identified as the most likely potential natural pollinator. We outline a successful programme for ex situ pollination, germination, and cultivation of the coco de mer, highlighting the importance of temperature, humidity and light levels as well as maintaining an undisturbed environment. In combination with continued protection and monitoring, this advice may aid the future in situ and ex situ conservation of the coco de mer.
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Nakamura, Shoko, Shunsuke Yamamoto, Nobuo Sawamura, Aoi Nikkeshi, Shigeki Kishi, and Tsunashi Kamo. "Pollination effectiveness of European honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in an Oriental persimmon, Diospyros kaki (Ericales: Ebenaceae), orchard." Applied Entomology and Zoology 55, no. 4 (September 5, 2020): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13355-020-00696-5.
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Abstract Most common cultivars of Oriental (or Japanese) persimmon, Diospyros kaki Thunb. (Ericales: Ebenaceae), set mostly female flowers and require pollen from male flowers of other cultivars for pollination. Growers often introduce the European honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), into their orchards to promote pollination. Here, we investigated the pollination effectiveness of A. mellifera for D. kaki ‘Saijo,’ by monitoring flower visitors, analyzing pollen grains on bees’ body surfaces, and comparing the number of mature seeds in fruits among years with different pollinator availabilities. Apis mellifera and the bumblebee Bombus ardens ardens Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were the major visitors for 3 years, although their dominance varied among years. The number of mature seeds was positively correlated with the number of B. ardens ardens visiting D. kaki flowers, but not with that of A. mellifera. Apis mellifera might be less efficient because visitors to female flowers carried significantly fewer pollen grains on their body surfaces than those of B. ardens ardens. Analysis of pollen loads of honeybees captured at their nest entrance suggested their preference for red clover, Trifolium pratense L. (Fabales: Fabaceae), and Toxicodendron spp. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), over D. kaki as a pollen source in our study site. The effectiveness of A. mellifera on D. kaki pollination should be carefully evaluated considering the effects of coexisting floral and pollinator species.
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Aripin, Ipin, Topik Hidayat, Nuryani Y. Rustaman, and Riandi Riandi. "Monitoring of insect pollinators of mango (Mangifera indica L.) inflorescence based on citizen science." Biogenesis: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/bio.v9i2.23509.
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Mango cross-pollination can be encouraged through the presence of pollinating insects, which can be investigated and observed through citizen science activities. This study aims to monitor the presence of insect pollinators of mango (Mangifera indica L.) inflorescence through citizen science activities. The data generated in the study can be used as a reference to determine population trends and the biodiversity of mango insect pollinators. A citizen science approach in participatory research was used to collect and identify the data. A total of 68 volunteer participants from two universities in west Java were involved in this study. The participants had to meet the requirements to have contracted ecology courses. Smartphones and insect identification guidelines and databases at https://www.discoverlife.org/ and https://www.inaturalist.org/ were used as a tool in this research. The identified data were submitted via google form (www.bit.ly/csmangga) and the Inaturalist application for publication. It was discovered that mango inflorescence insect pollinators comprised five orders, 26 families, and 39 species. Diptera and Hymenoptera orders are insects that have the biggest role in mango pollination, and Chrysomya sp. is an insect species found in almost all mango cultivars.
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Courtice, Ben, Susan E. Hoebee, Steve Sinclair, and John W. Morgan. "Local population density affects pollinator visitation in the endangered grassland daisy Rutidosis leptorhynchoides (Asteraceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 8 (2019): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18243.
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The spatial arrangement of plants has implications for their pollination. Dense patches of flowering plants can result in increased pollinator attraction and, consequently, higher pollination and seed set per flower. We investigated this effect in the endangered, self-incompatible Australian daisy Rutidosis leptorhynchoides F.Muell. (Asteraceae) by quantifying the effect of plant density on pollinator visitation and seed set in a wild population. Pollinator activity was investigated by direct observation of insect behaviour, by examining the pollen carried on candidate insect species, by video monitoring of visitation, and by tracking the movement of dye as a pollen analogue. Two native Lasioglossum species (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) were identified as the most frequent pollen-carrying visitors to inflorescences. Their visitation was significantly higher where plants were dense, but no statistical correlation between seed set and plant density was found. Florivory was identified as potentially having a substantial negative influence on seed set, but without any clear relationship to plant density. Given that R. leptorhynchoides has declined substantially across its range, and previous reintroduction attempts have often failed, our findings provide key information pertaining to knowledge of pollinator and florivore behaviour in relation to plant density. To maximise success of future management strategies, these animal-plant interactions should be captured in species recovery designs.
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Veena, V., and Santhosh Nampy. "Induced cleistogamy: A strategy for reproductive assurance in Murdannia nudiflora (Commelinaceae)." Botany 97, no. 10 (October 2019): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0007.
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Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan is a day flower that is dependent on entomophilous pollination. Despite the lack of pollinator attractants and its short flower longevity, M. nudiflora shows high rates of fecundity, which lead to their rapid dispersal. In addition to monitoring the vegetative reproductive methods and the effect of select environmental parameters (atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation rates) in M. nudiflora, we evaluated mating systems in this species via artificial crosses. This species has evolved to undergo autogamy to ensure reproductive success when pollinators are insufficient; cleistogamous flowers are produced for optimal pollinator activity when environmental conditions are unfavorable. The number of cleistogamous flowers produced was found to be positively correlated with humidity and precipitation rates, and negatively correlated with temperature. In addition, it was found that high humidity and precipitation always hinder insect pollinators. Therefore, the combination of vegetative reproduction, entomophily, and cleistogamous self-pollination helps this weedy species to propagate with maximum efficiency. Murdannia nudiflora employs pre-anthesis cleistogamy as a mating strategy for reproductive assurance while retaining mechanisms that promote out-crossing.
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Kudo, Gaku, and Elisabeth J. Cooper. "When spring ephemerals fail to meet pollinators: mechanism of phenological mismatch and its impact on plant reproduction." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1904 (June 12, 2019): 20190573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0573.
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The flowering phenology of early-blooming plants is largely determined by snowmelt timing in high-latitude and high-altitude ecosystems. When the synchrony of flowering and pollinator emergence is disturbed by climate change, seed production may be restricted due to insufficient pollination success. We revealed the mechanism of phenological mismatch between a spring ephemeral ( Corydalis ambigua ) and its pollinator (overwintered bumblebees), and its impact on plant reproduction, based on 19 years of monitoring and a snow removal experiment in a cool-temperate forest in northern Japan. Early snowmelt increased the risk of phenological mismatch under natural conditions. Seed production was limited by pollination success over the 3 years of the pollination experiment and decreased when flowering occurred prior to bee emergence. Similar trends were detected on modification of flowering phenology through snow removal. Following snowmelt, the length of the pre-flowering period strongly depended on the ambient surface temperature, ranging from 4 days (at greater than 7°C) to 26 days (at 2.5°C). Flowering onset was explained with an accumulated surface degree-day model. Bumblebees emerged when soil temperature reached 6°C, which was predictable by an accumulated soil degree-day model, although foraging activity after emergence might depend on air temperature. These results indicate that phenological mismatch tends to occur when snow melts early but subsequent soil warming progresses slowly. Thus, modification of the snowmelt regime could be a major driver disturbing spring phenology in northern ecosystems.
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Doyle, Toby, Will L. S. Hawkes, Richard Massy, Gary D. Powney, Myles H. M. Menz, and Karl R. Wotton. "Pollination by hoverflies in the Anthropocene." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1927 (May 20, 2020): 20200508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0508.
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Pollinator declines, changes in land use and climate-induced shifts in phenology have the potential to seriously affect ecosystem function and food security by disrupting pollination services provided by insects. Much of the current research focuses on bees, or groups other insects together as ‘non-bee pollinators’, obscuring the relative contribution of this diverse group of organisms. Prominent among the ‘non-bee pollinators’ are the hoverflies, known to visit at least 72% of global food crops, which we estimate to be worth around US$300 billion per year, together with over 70% of animal pollinated wildflowers. In addition, hoverflies provide ecosystem functions not seen in bees, such as crop protection from pests, recycling of organic matter and long-distance pollen transfer. Migratory species, in particular, can be hugely abundant and unlike many insect pollinators, do not yet appear to be in serious decline. In this review, we contrast the roles of hoverflies and bees as pollinators, discuss the need for research and monitoring of different pollinator responses to anthropogenic change and examine emerging research into large populations of migratory hoverflies, the threats they face and how they might be used to improve sustainable agriculture.
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P. Suvarna Raju, A.J. Solomon Raju, C. Venkateswara Reddy, and G. Nagaraju. "Nectar robbing by bees on the flowers of Volkameria inermis (Lamiaceae) in Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 10 (October 26, 2022): 22001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8023.14.10.22001-22007.
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Floral traits that shape the floral architecture are important to allow or disallow flower visitors to access nectar and effect pollination. Specialization in floral architecture is vulnerable to flower visitors that exploit nectar by robbery without effecting pollination. In Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh, India, studies on the exploitation of nectar by robbery in plant species with specialized flowers are completely lacking. We carried out a study on the foraging activity of insect foragers and nectar robbing by bees on the specialized nectariferous flowers of an evergreen shrub, Volkameria inermis growing in the landward side of this sanctuary. Field observations indicated that the flowers of this species facilitate legitimate probing only by butterflies and diurnal moths which while seeking nectar effect pollination. However, two bee species Anthophora dizona and Xylocopa pubescens seek nectar illegitimately as primary nectar robbers by making a slit/hole into the corolla tube from outside bypassing the flower front. Additionally, A. dizona gathers pollen legitimately from the stamens which are exposed and placed outside the corolla tube. The stigma is also placed outside the corolla tube but this bee indiscriminately makes attempts to collect pollen from the stigma, as a result of which pollination occurs. Nectar robbing by these bees leads to a reduction in nectar volume in robbed flowers and brings about variability in the standing crop of nectar. As a result, the pollinating butterflies increase the number of nectar foraging visits and shuttle between populations of V. inermis in quest of more nectar to meet their daily metabolic requirements. Such a foraging behavior increases pollination rate in general and cross-pollination in particular, which in turn increases plant fitness in V. inermis. Therefore, the nectar robbing by bees appears to have a positive effect on plant fitness through change in seed set rates.
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Garibaldi, Lucas A., Agustín Sáez, Marcelo A. Aizen, Thijs Fijen, and Ignasi Bartomeus. "Crop pollination management needs flower‐visitor monitoring and target values." Journal of Applied Ecology 57, no. 4 (April 2020): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13574.
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Stenchly, Kathrin, Marc Hansen, Katharina Stein, Andreas Buerkert, and Wilhelm Loewenstein. "Income Vulnerability of West African Farming Households to Losses in Pollination Services: A Case Study from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2018): 4253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114253.
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Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in West African countries is developing rapidly in response to population growth and changing consumer preferences. Furthermore, UPA offers opportunities to secure income and social integration for the urban poor. However, little is known about household (HH) income security effects of the ongoing shift in UPA land use from crops that do not rely on insect pollinators for fruit development (e.g., sorghum and millet) to pollinator-dependent crops. In our study we developed a Household Vulnerability Index (HVI) for 224 HHs along a rural–urban gradient of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The HVI indicates to which degree total HH revenue could be affected by a decline in insect pollinators. HH specific relative reduction of agricultural revenue ranged from 0 to −0.83, a reduction in HHs’ revenue of up to 83%, depending on the crops’ level of pollinator dependency. Half of the studied HHs (n = 108) showed an HVI of 0 and remained unaffected by a decline in pollinators. Nevertheless, mean HVI was highest for urban HHs; making these HHs most vulnerable for loss of pollination services. As in urban areas changes in insect-mediated pollination services are expected, the development of resilient UPA systems must consider “pollinator-friendly” landscape management.
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Owens, John N., Jordan Bennett, and Sylvia L'Hirondelle. "Pollination and cone morphology affect cone and seed production in lodgepole pine seed orchards." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-176.
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We describe the phenology and mechanisms of pollen-cone and seed-cone development in lodgepole pine in the interior of British Columbia and the methods for monitoring cone phenology, pollination, seed production, and causes of seed and cone losses in seed orchards over the 15-month reproductive cycle. Pollination lasted about 2 weeks, between mid-May and mid-June. Pollen shedding and female receptivity showed homogamy, protandry, or protogyny depending on weather, site, and year. Morphological and developmental features explain why pollination as early as stage 3 was most successful and why self-pollination led to a seriously reduced production of filled seed. Early pollination increased the seed potential per cone and consequently the filled seed per cone. Cone drop occurred when less than 80% of ovules were pollinated per cone and was higher in trees from Prince George than those in the Okanagan Valley. Misting of trees and mechanical blowing of pollen in the orchards did not increase filled seed per cone. Clonal effect was the most important factor in all trials and has implications for orchard management.
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Pegoraro, Luca, Oriane Hidalgo, Ilia J. Leitch, Jaume Pellicer, and Sarah E. Barlow. "Automated video monitoring of insect pollinators in the field." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20190074.
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Ecosystems are at increasing risk from the global pollination crisis. Gaining better knowledge about pollinators and their interactions with plants is an urgent need. However, conventional methods of manually recording pollinator activity in the field can be time- and cost-consuming in terms of labour. Field-deployable video recording systems have become more common in ecological studies as they enable the capture of plant-insect interactions in fine detail. Standard video recording can be effective, although there are issues with hardware reliability under field-conditions (e.g. weatherproofing), and reviewing raw video manually is a time-consuming task. Automated video monitoring systems based on motion detection partly overcome these issues by only recording when activity occurs hence reducing the time needed to review footage during post-processing. Another advantage of these systems is that the hardware has relatively low power requirements. A few systems have been tested in the field which permit the collection of large datasets. Compared with other systems, automated monitoring allows vast increases in sampling at broad spatiotemporal scales. Some tools such as post-recording computer vision software and data-import scripts exist, further reducing users’ time spent processing and analysing the data. Integrated computer vision and automated species recognition using machine learning models have great potential to further the study of pollinators in the field. Together, it is predicted that future advances in technology-based field monitoring methods will contribute significantly to understanding the causes underpinning pollinator declines and, hence, developing effective solutions for dealing with this global challenge.
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Sawe, Thomas, Anders Nielsen, and Katrine Eldegard. "Crop Pollination in Small-Scale Agriculture in Tanzania: Household Dependence, Awareness and Conservation." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062228.
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Global economic value of agriculture production resulting from animal pollination services has been estimated to be $235–$577 billion. This estimate is based on quantification of crops that are available at the global markets, and mainly originates from countries with precise information about quantities of agriculture production, exports, and imports. In contrast, knowledge about the contribution of pollinators to household food and income in small-scale farming at local and regional scales is still lacking, especially for developing countries where the availability of agricultural statistics is limited. Although the global decline in pollinator diversity and abundance has received much attention, relatively little effort has been directed towards understanding the role of pollinators in small-scale farming systems, which feed a substantial part of the world’s population. Here, we have assessed how local farmers in northern Tanzania depend on insect-pollinated crops for household food and income, and to what extent farmers are aware of the importance of insect pollinators and how they can conserve them. Our results show that local farmers in northern Tanzania derived their food and income from a wide range of crop plants, and that 67% of these crops depend on animal pollination to a moderate to essential degree. We also found that watermelon—for which pollination by insects is essential for yield—on average contributed nearly 25% of household income, and that watermelons were grown by 63% of the farmers. Our findings indicate that local farmers can increase their yields from animal pollinated crops by adopting more pollinator-friendly farming practices. Yet, we found that local farmers’ awareness of pollinators, and the ecosystem service they provide, was extremely low, and intentional actions to conserve or manage them were generally lacking. We therefore urge agriculture authorities in Tanzania to act to ensure that local farmers become aware of insect pollinators and their important role in agriculture production.
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Umoh, Uduak, Imo Eyoh, Vadivel S. Murugesan, Abdultaofeek Abayomi, and Samuel Udoh. "Hybrid intelligent telemedical monitoring and predictive systems." International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems 17, no. 1-2 (July 13, 2021): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/his-210005.
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Healthcare systems need to overcome the high mortality rate associated with cardiovascular disease and improve patients’ health by using decision support models that are both quantitative and qualitative. However, existing models emphasize mathematical procedures, which are only good for analyzing quantitative decision variables and have failed to consider several relevant qualitative decision variables which cannot be simply quantified. In solving this problem, some models such as interval type-2 fuzzy logic (IT2FL) and flower pollination algorithm (FPA) have been used in isolation. IT2FL is a simplified version of T2FL, with a reduced computation complexity and additional design degrees of freedom, but it cannot naturally achieve the rules it uses in making decisions. FPA is a bio-inspired method based on the process of pollination, executed by the flowering plants, with the ability to learn, generalize and process numerous measurable data, but it is not able to describe how it reaches its decisions. The hybrid intelligent IT2FL-FPA system can conquer the constraints of individual approaches and strengthens their robustness to cope with healthcare data. This work develops a hybrid intelligent telemedical monitoring and predictive system using IT2FL and FPA. The main objective of this paper is to find the best membership functions (MFs) parameters of the IT2FL for an optimal solution. The FPA technique is employed to find the optimal parameters of the MFs used for IT2FLSs. The authors tested two data sets for the monitoring and prediction problems, namely: cardiovascular disease patients’ clinical and real-time datasets for shock-level monitoring and prediction.
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Babic, Z., R. Pilipovic, V. Risojevic, and G. Mirjanic. "POLLEN BEARING HONEY BEE DETECTION IN HIVE ENTRANCE VIDEO RECORDED BY REMOTE EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR POLLINATION MONITORING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-7 (June 7, 2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-7-51-2016.
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Honey bees have crucial role in pollination across the world. This paper presents a simple, non-invasive, system for pollen bearing honey bee detection in surveillance video obtained at the entrance of a hive. The proposed system can be used as a part of a more complex system for tracking and counting of honey bees with remote pollination monitoring as a final goal. The proposed method is executed in real time on embedded systems co-located with a hive. Background subtraction, color segmentation and morphology methods are used for segmentation of honey bees. Classification in two classes, pollen bearing honey bees and honey bees that do not have pollen load, is performed using nearest mean classifier, with a simple descriptor consisting of color variance and eccentricity features. On in-house data set we achieved correct classification rate of 88.7% with 50 training images per class. We show that the obtained classification results are not far behind from the results of state-of-the-art image classification methods. That favors the proposed method, particularly having in mind that real time video transmission to remote high performance computing workstation is still an issue, and transfer of obtained parameters of pollination process is much easier.
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Babic, Z., R. Pilipovic, V. Risojevic, and G. Mirjanic. "POLLEN BEARING HONEY BEE DETECTION IN HIVE ENTRANCE VIDEO RECORDED BY REMOTE EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR POLLINATION MONITORING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-7 (June 7, 2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-7-51-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Honey bees have crucial role in pollination across the world. This paper presents a simple, non-invasive, system for pollen bearing honey bee detection in surveillance video obtained at the entrance of a hive. The proposed system can be used as a part of a more complex system for tracking and counting of honey bees with remote pollination monitoring as a final goal. The proposed method is executed in real time on embedded systems co-located with a hive. Background subtraction, color segmentation and morphology methods are used for segmentation of honey bees. Classification in two classes, pollen bearing honey bees and honey bees that do not have pollen load, is performed using nearest mean classifier, with a simple descriptor consisting of color variance and eccentricity features. On in-house data set we achieved correct classification rate of 88.7% with 50 training images per class. We show that the obtained classification results are not far behind from the results of state-of-the-art image classification methods. That favors the proposed method, particularly having in mind that real time video transmission to remote high performance computing workstation is still an issue, and transfer of obtained parameters of pollination process is much easier.
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McKinnon, Aimee C., Luke Collins, Jennifer L. Wood, Nick Murphy, Ashley E. Franks, and Martin J. Steinbauer. "Precision Monitoring of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Activity and Pollen Diversity during Pollination to Evaluate Colony Health." Insects 14, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14010095.
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Certain crops depend upon pollination services for fruit set, and, of these, almonds are of high value for Australia. Stressors, such as diseases, parasites, pesticides, and nutrition, can contribute to honey bee Apis mellifera L. colony decline, thereby reducing bee activity and pollination efficiency. In Australia, field studies are required to monitor honey bee health and to ascertain whether factors associated with colony decline are impacting hives. We monitored honey bee colonies during and after pollination services of almond. Video surveillance technology was used to quantify bee activity, and bee-collected pollen was periodically tested for pesticide residues. Plant species diversity was also assessed using DNA metabarcoding of the pollen. Results showed that bee activity increased in almond but not in bushland. Residues detected included four fungicides, although the quantities were of low risk of oral toxicity to bees. Floral diversity was lower in the pollen collected by bees from almonds compared to bushland. However, diversity was higher at the onset and conclusion of the almond bloom, suggesting that bees foraged more widely when availability was low. Our findings suggest that commercial almond orchards may sustain healthier bee colonies compared to bushland in early spring, although the magnitude of the benefit is likely landscape-dependent.
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Hanes, Samuel P., Kourtney K. Collum, Aaron K. Hoshide, and Eric Asare. "Grower perceptions of native pollinators and pollination strategies in the lowbush blueberry industry." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 2 (September 19, 2013): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000331.
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AbstractPollinator declines and dependence on insect pollination, particularly in fruit and vegetable crops, creates a pressing need to understand growers' interactions with pollinators and factors affecting pollination strategies. At present, many growers are dependent on commercial honey bees (Apis mellifera), but diversified strategies may be necessary to secure adequate crop pollination in the future. As of yet, little social science research exists on pollination practices. This article presents the results of a survey of lowbush blueberry growers in Maine. The survey was part of a five-year pollination security study focusing on four fruit and vegetables crops in the Northeast US. The survey assesses grower perceptions of native pollinators' effectiveness and their perceptions of native pollinators' contribution to fruit set. Results indicate a widespread perception among growers of native pollinators' importance. While native pollinators are not effective enough to replace rented honey bees for three-quarters of the industry, they are broadly seen as an important form of insurance in poor weather when honey bees' effectiveness is reduced. The main obstacle to greater utilization of native pollinators found in this study was uncertainty over native pollinators' contribution to yield and the associated difficulty monitoring native pollinators' population size. Scientists and extension experts must work to reduce these obstacles before more widespread use of native pollinators will occur.
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Petit, Sophie, Annette T. Scanlon, Alivereti Naikatini, Tara Pukala, and Russell Schumann. "A novel bat pollination system involving obligate flower corolla removal has implications for global Dillenia conservation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): e0262985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262985.
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The Dilleniaceae is known to produce nectarless flowers pollinated by bees, but the fact that bats ingest Dillenia biflora pollen led us to question pollination assumptions for these trees. We aimed to identify the pollinators of D. biflora, check for nectar presence, and investigate potential for cleistogamy and global prevalence of this pollination system. We examined aspects of the pollination of D. biflora on two Fijian islands using video recordings, direct observations, hand pollination, measurements (flowers, bite marks, nectar), and monitoring. The flowers, receptive for one night, contained copious nectar and had permanently closed globose corollas that required removal by bats for pollination. All the 101 flowers that retained their corolla died and did not produce seeds by cleistogamy. The bat Notopteris macdonaldi was well adapted to corolla removal. Keeping corollas closed until bats manipulate the nectar-rich flowers is a beneficial strategy in high-rainfall environments with many flower parasites. We propose to name a pollination system reliant exclusively on bats “chiropteropisteusis.” From clues in the literature, other species in the geographical range of Dillenia are probably chiropteropisunous. Chiropteropisteusis should be investigated in the Old-World range of Dillenia, many species of which are threatened. The remarkable “fall” of the entire corolla observed by an earlier botanist for several species in the genus is most likely attributable to bats. This discovery has important implications for the conservation of bat-dependent trees and their associated fauna, particularly considering the high level of threat faced by flying-foxes globally.
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Salim, José Augusto, Antonio Saraiva, Kayna Agostini, Marina Wolowski, Allan Veiga, Juliana Silva, and Luisa Carvalheiro. "Brazilian Network on Plant-Pollinator Interactions: an update on the initiative of a standard for plant-pollinator interactions data." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (May 21, 2018): e25343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25343.
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The Brazilian Plant-Pollinator Interactions Network*1 (REBIPP) aims to develop scientific and teaching activities in plant-pollinator interaction. The main goals of the network are to: generate a diagnosis of plant-pollinator interactions in Brazil; integrate knowledge in pollination of natural, agricultural, urban and restored areas; identify knowledge gaps; support public policy guidelines aimed at the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services for pollination and food production; and encourage collaborative studies among REBIPP participants. To achieve these goals the group has resumed and built on previous works in data standard definition done under the auspices of the IABIN-PTN (Etienne Américo et al. 2007) and FAO (Saraiva et al. 2010) projects (Saraiva et al. 2017). The ultimate goal is to standardize the ways data on plant-pollinator interactions are digitized, to facilitate data sharing and aggregation. A database will be built with standardized data from Brazilian researchers members of the network to be used by the national community, and to allow sharing data with data aggregators. To achieve those goals three task groups of specialists with similar interests and background (e.g botanists, zoologists, pollination biologists) have been created. Each group is working on the definition of the terms to describe plants, pollinators and their interactions. The glossary created explains their meaning, trying to map the suggested terms into Darwin Core (DwC) terms, and following the TDWG Standards Documentation Standard*2 in definition. Reaching a consensus on terms and their meaning among members of each group is challenging, since researchers have different views and concerns about which data are important to be included into a standard. That reflects the variety of research questions that underlie different projects and the data they collect. Thus, we ended up having a long list of terms, many of them useful only in very specialized research protocols and experiments, sometimes rarely collected or measured. Nevertheless we opted to maintain a very comprehensive set of terms, so that a large number of researchers feel that the standard meets their needs and that the databases based on it are a suitable place to store their data, thus encouraging the adoption of the data standard. An update of the work will soon be available at REBIPP website and will be open for comments and contributions. This proposal of a data standard is also being discussed within the TDWG Biological Interaction Data Interest Group*3 in order to propose an international standard for species interaction data. The importance of interaction data for guiding conservation practices and ecosystem services provision management has led to the proposal of defining Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) related to biological interactions. Essential Biodiversity Variables (Pereira et al. 2013) were developed to identify key measurements that are required to monitoring biodiversity change. EBVs act as intermediate abstract layer between primary observations (raw data) and indicators (Niemeijer 2002). Five EBV classes have been defined in an initial stage: genetic composition, species populations, species traits, community composition, ecosystem function and ecosystem structure. Each EBV class defines a list of candidate EBVs for biodiversity change monitoring (Fig. 1). Consequently, digitalization of such data and making them available online are essential. Differences in sampling protocols may affect data scalability across space and time, hence imposing barriers to the full use of primary data and EBVs calculation (Henry et al. 2008). Thus, common protocols and methods should be adopted as the most straightforward approach to promote integration of collected data and to allow calculation of EBVs (Jürgens et al. 2011). Recently a Workshop was held by GLOBIS B*4 (GLOBal Infrastructures for Supporting Biodiversity research) to discuss Species Interactions EBVs (February, 26-28, Bari, Italy). Plant-pollinator interactions deserved a lot of attention and REBIPP's work was presented there. As an outcome we expect to define specific EBVs for interactions, and use plant-pollinators as an example, considering pairwise interactions as well as interaction network related variables. The terms in the plant-pollinator data standard under discussion at REBIPP will provide information not only on EBV related with interactions, but also on other four EBV classes: species populations, species traits, community composition, ecosystem function and ecosystem structure. As we said, some EBVs for specific ecosystem functions (e.g. pollination) lay beyond interactions network structures. The EBV 'Species interactions' (EBV class 'Community composition') should incorporate other aspects such as frequency (Vázquez et al. 2005), duration and empirical estimates of interaction strengths (Berlow et al. 2004). Overall, we think the proposed plant-pollinator interaction data standard which is currently being developed by REBIPP will contribute to data aggregation, filling many data gaps and can also provide indicators for long-term monitoring, being an essential source of data for EBVs.
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Lomov, Boris, David A. Keith, and Dieter F. Hochuli. "Pollination and plant reproductive success in restored urban landscapes dominated by a pervasive exotic pollinator." Landscape and Urban Planning 96, no. 4 (June 2010): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.03.009.
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McCallum, Kimberly P., Martin F. Breed, Andrew J. Lowe, and David C. Paton. "Plants, position and pollination: Planting arrangement and pollination limitation in a revegetated eucalypt woodland." Ecological Management & Restoration 20, no. 3 (July 5, 2019): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12382.
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Radičević, Sanja, Radosav Cerović, and Milena Đorđević. "Ovule senescence and unusual pollen tube growth in the ovary of sweet cherry as affected by pistilar genotype and temperature." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 4 (January 8, 2019): e0704. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018164-13094.
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The study of ovule senescence in the ovaries of four sweet cherry cultivars (‘Karina᾿, ‘Kordia᾿, ‘Regina᾿ and ‘Summit᾿) in the environmental conditions of West Serbia was carried out. Monitoring of ovaries was performed using the fluorescence microscopy method, on emasculated and pollinated flowers (cross-pollination variant), non-emasculated open-pollinated flowers (open pollination variant), and emasculated unpollinated flowers (unpollinated variant). In cross- and open pollination variants, the rate of unusual pollen tube growth in the ovary, fertilization percentage and fruit set were determined. The tendency in the appearance of fluorescence, as an indicator of ovule senescence, showed strong genotypic dependence ‒ it was the most and the least pronounced in the ovaries of ‘Kordia’ and ‘Regina’, respectively, in all the flower categories. Investigation of unusual pollen tube growth, fertilization percentage and fruit set, considered from the aspect of ovule senescence and cultivars’ behaviour as female (pollinated), pointed to their specific relations and complex dependence on the air temperature before and during the flowering. Flower emasculation and pollination also influenced ovule senescence, and this impact was unequal by genotypes, i.e. those having better ovule vitality in general, had also better ovule vitality in the conditions of emasculation, and pollination absence. The results imply different adaptation of cultivars to higher temperatures before and during the flowering, pointing to the further investigation related to the good adaptability of genotypes to air temperatures in reproductive sense, which is a basic indicator of good adaptability in general.
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Churyukina, Ella V., Olga P. Ukhanova, and Elena А. Goloshubova. "Aeropalynologic monitoring of air pollution in the Rostov region: the results of the 2019 season." Russian Journal of Allergy 17, no. 4 (January 29, 2021): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja1387.
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BACKGROUND: There is an increase in the proportion of patients suffering from allergic diseases caused by the plant pollen. Aeropalinologic monitoring of the air environment allows us to study the composition of aeroallergens and their role in the formation of pollen allergies. Features of the formation of aerial pollen spectra are closely related to the botanical-geographical and natural-climatic conditions of the region. The Rostov region has its own specific features, which is reflected in the qualitative and quantitative composition of pollen rain.
AIM: To study the dynamics of pollination of allergenic plants in Rostov-on-Don, identify the prevailing taxa and create a calendar of pollination of plants for this region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aeroallergens were detected by using a volumetric Burkard trap. The identification of plant pollen and fungal spores was performed by microscopy of colored slides obtained from a sticky tape covered with a special mixture.
RESULTS: In 2019, 21 taxa were registered in the air environment of Rostov-on-don (trees, meadows, haze, cereals, weeds), fungal spores were found in the air, represented by the mold fungi Cladosporium herbarum and Alternaria alternata in high growing concentrations. An increase in the vegetation period of pollination of trees (07.03.31.06), mares (02.0503.10), cereals (02.0414.09), weeds (18.0728.10) was detected According to the dynamics of pollen concentration, three periods of its growth were registered: spring-summer, summer and summer-autumn. The presence of birch pollen grains in a clinically significant concentration (36 pollen grain (PG)/m3) in this steppe region, an increase in the peak concentration of ragweed (393 PG/m3) in comparison with the same data for 1971 (265 PG/m3) was found.
CONCLUSION: Regional features of the spectrum of air allergens were identified, and a dusting calendar was compiled for Rostov-on-Don.
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Vesterlund, Salla-Riikka, Maria Kakko, Anti Vasemägi, and Jouni Sorvari. "Status and monitoring of the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Finland." Entomologica Fennica 25, no. 2 (August 19, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84618.
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Bombus terrestris can cause pollination disturbance in native plants and compete with native bumblebees and other pollinators. The accompanying non-native parasites may also threaten native bees. We report new observations of the commercially used Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) using trapping data and sporadic samples identified with a PCR–RFLP-method for degraded DNA. A total of 863 individuals (355 queens, 442 workers, 66 drones) of Bombus sensu stricto were collected during the years 2008–9, of which, 642 were B. lucorum, ten B. cryptarum, four B. terrestris and none were B. magnus. Three trap types were compared in two modified transects near areas that use the commercial B. terrestris for pollination in Southern Finland: the tree trap that was hung at approximately 3 metres height was the most effective. Regular monitoring is important in the risk assessment of B. terrestris, and for correct species identification, molecular methods are recommended.
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Nik Hassan, Nik Zuraila, Siti Zaharah Sakimin, Noraini Md Jaafar, and Illani Zuraihah Ibrahim. "Pollination Methods and Integrated Fertilizer Influenced the Pollination Rate, Fruit Development, and Quality of Cucumis melo L. under Greenhouse Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 13300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313300.
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This study was conducted to determine the effect of pollination methods (PMs) and integrated fertilizer (IF) application on the pollination rate, yield, and fruit quality of rockmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. Reticulatus cv. Glamour). This factorial experiment was arranged in a split plot design with four replications. Two rates of IF between chemical (CF) and organic (OF) fertilizer were investigated, namely, T1 (100% CF), which served as a control, and T2 (75% CF + 25% OF). The three PMs used in this study were natural (NP), bee (BP), and human (HP) pollination. Data collection included the pollination rate, yield, postharvest quality (soluble solids content, color, firmness, sugar, and organic acid), and macronutrient content in leaf tissue. The results of this study showed that there was an interaction of the pollination rate between PM and IF; however, the number of bees that survived decreased over time. The yield quality showed an interaction between PM and IF for both the fruit diameter and weight, while no interaction between PM and IF for the organic acid and sugar contents was observed. In conclusion, T2 application combined with BP reduced CF utilization, which benefits the development of a sustainable rockmelon production system.
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Meissle, Michael, Mario Waldburger, Philippe Jeanneret, Giovanni A. L. Broggini, Andrea Patocchi, and Jörg Romeis. "Insect Pollinator Monitoring in and around a Netted Plot of Apple Trees—Biosafety Implications for Genetically Engineered Fruit Trees." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010084.
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The complete netting of orchards is one strategy to protect fruit trees from pest and pathogen damage by reducing insect movement. When the cultivated trees were derived from genetic engineering (GE), reduced pollinator movement may also reduce outcrossing to cultivated or wild non-GE trees. We report on a field study over four years in a plot of apple tress supplied with insect side nets and covered with hail nets that were closed from shortly before flowering to harvest. A reduced number of arthropods in general, and large bees in particular, were recorded inside the netted plot compared with outside. However, wild bees colonized the plot before the net was closed and built up populations inside. An additional experiment demonstrated that small bees were able to cross the hail net. While the nets were effective in excluding large bees as active pollen vectors, the proportion of small bees acting as such remained unquantified. Furthermore, a companion study showed occasional cross-pollination events through the netting. For the field release of GE apple trees, acceptable levels of outcrossing thus need to be defined.
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Orlandi, F., B. Romano, and M. Fornaciari. "Effective pollination period estimation in olive (Olea europaea L.): a pollen monitoring application." Scientia Horticulturae 105, no. 3 (July 2005): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2005.01.012.
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Frimpong, E. A., I. Gordon, P. K. Kwapong, and B. Gemmill-Herren. "Dynamics of cocoa pollination: tools and applications for surveying and monitoring cocoa pollinators." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 29, no. 02 (June 2009): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758409990117.
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Denisow, Bożena, Sebastian Antoń, and Małgorzata Wrzesień. "Morphology of Anemone sylvestris L. flower (Ranunculaceae)." Acta Botanica Croatica 75, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2016-0009.
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Abstract During the monitoring of populations of Anemone sylvestris L. (Ranunculaceae), a protected species in Poland, we found that the seed set is impaired. The flower is considered an adaptation that has coevolved to achieve effective pollination and successful fertilization. Therefore we have focused on the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the flowers of A. sylvestris L. as a prelude to the study of the species’ pollination biology and plant breeding system. The large size of the flower (50.6 ± 16.4 mm in dimensions) and its bowl shape fulfil both the biotic pollination syndrome and the aerodynamic requirements for pollen dispersal and capture. The opening and closing of the perianth provide a shelter for beetles. The odourless perianth, absence of nectar, scarcity of pollen (approximately 200 000 pollen grains per flower) and its traits - small size (axis P = 18.52 ± 1.0 μm; E = 16.59 ± 0.9 μm), lack of balsam on the exine surface, starch accumulation in more than 95% of pollen grains correspond to the specialization in anemophily. The stigma is papillous, the dense hairs are situated between single carpels indicating adaptation to capturing dry pollen and specialization in the wind pollination syndrome. The flower of A. sylvestris is an example for an intermediate form between entomophily and anemophily, i.e. a secondary and more advanced feature among Ranunculaceae.
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Champetier, A., D. A. Sumner, and J. E. Wilen. "The Bioeconomics of Honey Bees and Pollination." Environmental and Resource Economics 60, no. 1 (February 5, 2014): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-014-9761-4.
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Krishnasamy, Venkateswaran, Ramakrishnan Sundaraguru, and U. Amala. "Emerging vistas of Remote Sensing Tools in Pollination Studies." Sociobiology 66, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i3.4266.
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With the growth of information and technology across the globe, remote sensing applications find a place in the ecological studies of pollinators. The utilization of remote sensing tools in understanding the ecosystem services rendered by the bee pollinators is reviewed here. We discussed how radar and radio telemetry techniques helps to track individual bees, their foraging behaviour and density in relation to altered phenology of flowering crops in a landscape. Role of satellite imagery tools in studying characterizing a landscape affected by anthropogenic factors was discussed. Monitoring invasive bee species that cause a threat to native bee fauna was explored. We explained the utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles to map the floral resource that influence the density and incidence of pollinators. Remote sensing tools used to measure sequence of pollination events was discussed.
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Melnychenko, Halyna, Viktoriia Hrushka, and Оlha Ivanova. "Dynamics of Ragweed Pollen Concentration in the Air of Ivano-Frankivsk." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 8, no. 4 (January 20, 2022): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.8.4.45-51.
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The article updates the conduct of aeropalynological monitoring in Ukraine because today, there are only a few studies in the country that cannot be automatically extrapolated to other regions, as the diversity of climatic zones affects the duration of pollination and pollen grains in the air. Furthermore, this type of research is needed due to the increasing number of people suffering from pollen allergies (hay fever).The research was conducted in the city of Ivano-Frankivsk (western Ukraine) from early February to mid-October 2019, using a gravimetric Durham pollen collector installed on the roof of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University (24 m from the ground). The pollen grains were counted using an Olympus CX-300 light microscope (magnification x 400). The main goal was to study the aeropalynological spectrum of the city and the dynamics of concentrations of ragweed pollen grains (the most important plant allergen).The study determined the aeropalynological spectrum of Ivano-Frankivsk and provided data on pollination of the following taxa: Betula, Quercus, Acer, Fraxinus, Pinus, Juglans, Carpinus, Alnus, Populus, Urticaceae, Poaceae, Artemisia, and Ambrosia; conducted a comparative characterization with the spectra of the cities of Vinnytsia (central Ukraine) and Zaporizhia (southern Ukraine); determined the beginning and end of pollination of ragweed and the peak of its flowering, as well as conducted a comparative description with last year's data.Seeing an alarming trend, there is a need to continue to conduct aeropalynological monitoring to create calendars of sawing and alleviate the course of allergies in people prone to it.
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Hipólito, Juliana, Jeferson Coutinho, Thiago Mahlmann, Thymon Brian Rocha Santana, and William E. Magnusson. "Legislation and pollination: Recommendations for policymakers and scientists." Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 19, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2021.01.003.
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Ratnayake, Malika Nisal, Adrian G. Dyer, and Alan Dorin. "Tracking individual honeybees among wildflower clusters with computer vision-facilitated pollinator monitoring." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): e0239504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239504.
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Monitoring animals in their natural habitat is essential for advancement of animal behavioural studies, especially in pollination studies. Non-invasive techniques are preferred for these purposes as they reduce opportunities for research apparatus to interfere with behaviour. One potentially valuable approach is image-based tracking. However, the complexity of tracking unmarked wild animals using video is challenging in uncontrolled outdoor environments. Out-of-the-box algorithms currently present several problems in this context that can compromise accuracy, especially in cases of occlusion in a 3D environment. To address the issue, we present a novel hybrid detection and tracking algorithm to monitor unmarked insects outdoors. Our software can detect an insect, identify when a tracked insect becomes occluded from view and when it re-emerges, determine when an insect exits the camera field of view, and our software assembles a series of insect locations into a coherent trajectory. The insect detecting component of the software uses background subtraction and deep learning-based detection together to accurately and efficiently locate the insect among a cluster of wildflowers. We applied our method to track honeybees foraging outdoors using a new dataset that includes complex background detail, wind-blown foliage, and insects moving into and out of occlusion beneath leaves and among three-dimensional plant structures. We evaluated our software against human observations and previous techniques. It tracked honeybees at a rate of 86.6% on our dataset, 43% higher than the computationally more expensive, standalone deep learning model YOLOv2. We illustrate the value of our approach to quantify fine-scale foraging of honeybees. The ability to track unmarked insect pollinators in this way will help researchers better understand pollination ecology. The increased efficiency of our hybrid approach paves the way for the application of deep learning-based techniques to animal tracking in real-time using low-powered devices suitable for continuous monitoring.
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Vieli, Lorena, Maureen M. Murúa, Luis Flores-Prado, Gastón O. Carvallo, Carlos E. Valdivia, Giselle Muschett, Manuel López-Aliste, Constanza Andía, Christian Jofré-Pérez, and Francisco E. Fontúrbel. "Local Actions to Tackle a Global Problem: A Multidimensional Assessment of the Pollination Crisis in Chile." Diversity 13, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13110571.
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In the last decades, pollinators have drastically declined as a consequence of anthropogenic activities that have local and global impacts. The food industry has been expanding intensive agriculture crops, many of them dependent on animal pollination, but simultaneously reducing native pollinator habitats. Chile is a good example of this situation. Chile is becoming an agro-alimentary powerhouse in Latin America, where intensive agriculture expansion is performed at the expense of natural lands, posing a major threat to biodiversity. Here, we discussed the drivers responsible for the decline of pollinators (including habitat loss, pesticides, invasive species, and climate change) and its synergistic effects. This is particularly critical considering that Chile is a hotspot of endemic bee species locally adapted to specific habitats (e.g., Mediterranean-type ecosystems). However, there is a lack of data and monitoring programs that can provide evidence of their conservation status and contribution to crop yields. Based on our analysis, we identified information gaps to be filled and key threats to be addressed to reconcile crop production and biodiversity conservation. Addressing the local context is fundamental to undertake management and conservation actions with global impact.
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McCravy, Kenneth. "A Review of Sampling and Monitoring Methods for Beneficial Arthropods in Agroecosystems." Insects 9, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040170.
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Beneficial arthropods provide many important ecosystem services. In agroecosystems, pollination and control of crop pests provide benefits worth billions of dollars annually. Effective sampling and monitoring of these beneficial arthropods is essential for ensuring their short- and long-term viability and effectiveness. There are numerous methods available for sampling beneficial arthropods in a variety of habitats, and these methods can vary in efficiency and effectiveness. In this paper I review active and passive sampling methods for non-Apis bees and arthropod natural enemies of agricultural pests, including methods for sampling flying insects, arthropods on vegetation and in soil and litter environments, and estimation of predation and parasitism rates. Sample sizes, lethal sampling, and the potential usefulness of bycatch are also discussed.
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Steen, J. J. M. Van der, M. Bergsma-Vlami, and M. Wenneker. "The Perfect Match: Simultaneous Strawberry Pollination and Bio-Sampling of the Plant Pathogenic Bacterium Erwinia pyrifoliae by Honey Bees Apis mellifera." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 1 (October 24, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n1p25.
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In this study we show that honey bee colonies placed in a greenhouse for pollination of strawberry can simultaneously be used to indicate the presence of the plant pathogenic bacterium Erwinia pyrifoliae. This was demonstrated by using two methods of qualitative sacrificial and non-sacrificial bio sampling of the honey bee colony. A novel method for non-sacrificial subsampling, named the Beehold device, was applied. Applying the Beehold device did not disturb or affect negatively the honey bee colony. The study demonstrated that the integration of pollination service and bio-sampling functioned. In the sacrificially derived honey bee subsamples, E. pyrifoliae was detected prior to any visible infection in the plant; however, E. pyrifoliae was detected via non-sacrificial sampling at the same time as plant infection was first observed. The Beehold device is a practical tool for monitoring plant pathogens via forager bees during flowering until fruit onset, but is not as sensitive as directly sampling honey bees.
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Strickler, K. "FLOWER PRODUCTION AND POLLINATION IN MEDICAGO SATIVA L. GROWN FOR SEED: MODEL AND MONITORING STUDIES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 437 (January 1997): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.437.9.
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Burczyk, Jarosław, Elżbieta Sandurska, and Andrzej Lewandowski. "Patterns of Effective Pollen Dispersal in Larch: Linking Levels of Background Pollination with Pollen Dispersal Kernels." Forests 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121139.
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Monitoring patterns of mating and pollen dispersal in forest tree populations subjected to nature conservation is essential to understanding the dynamics of their reproductive processes and might be helpful in making management decisions aimed at conserving genetic diversity and integrity over the long term. However, little is known about effective pollen dispersal in natural populations of conifers, particularly in subdominant species such as larch. We investigated patterns of pollen dispersal in the Polish larch population of Świętokrzyski National Park. The studied population was located on Chełmowa Mountain in a forest complex 160 ha in size, which is relatively isolated from other forest stands. We assessed if local pollen dispersal inferred from pollen dispersal kernels could provide indications of the level of background pollination from sources located outside of the forest complex. The analysis focused on two plots, each encompassing 126 adult trees, and seed samples (n = 600) collected from 20 trees. Using 11 nuclear microsatellites and spatially explicit mating models, we identified details of mating patterns. The rate of self-fertilization was low (0.0268). Background pollination was moderate (0.4058), and the mean pollen dispersal was found to be 167 m and 111 m, based on exponential-power and Weibull dispersal kernels, respectively. Specific simulations performed based on the estimated pollen dispersal kernels provided background pollination levels comparable to those observed for real data, suggesting that the pollen contributing to background pollination likely originated from the studied forest complex and not from other surrounding populations. These results confirm the high potential for maintaining the genetic integrity of the larch population and support efforts aimed at promoting regeneration of the stands, either natural or through the artificial planting of seedlings derived from trees growing in the core larch population of the protected area.
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Cusser, Sarah, and Shalene Jha. "No Tradeoff in Fiber Quality with Increased Cotton Yield Due to Outcross Pollination." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 6079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116079.
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The societal and economic benefits of ecosystem services are both immense and multi-faceted. To holistically quantify the contribution of pollinators to agriculture requires measuring multiple indices of crop production beyond crop yield. Here, we conduct a field-based hand pollination experiment to measure the effects of self and outcross pollen on fiber yield and quality in conventionally managed cotton crops. First, we determine how different pollination treatments affect specific indices of fiber yield and fiber quality, including fiber length and fineness. Second, we investigate the suggested tradeoff between fiber yield and quality. We find that flowers receiving outcross pollen produce larger, heavier bolls than either self-crossed or non-crossed flowers. However, contrary to expectation, flowers of different treatments are indistinguishable in terms of fiber quality. Overall, we find that pollination treatment has no discernable effect on either fiber length or fiber fineness. Understanding the contribution of ecosystem services across multiple axes provides growers with information concerning potential tradeoffs or synergies, and offers insight into management decisions.
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Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia A., Constanza Schapheer, Nicolas J. Vereecken, and Cristian Villagra. "Agroecological Strategies to Safeguard Insect Pollinators in Biodiversity Hotspots: Chile as a Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 6728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126728.
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Industrial agriculture (IA) has been recognized among the main drivers of biodiversity loss, climate change, and native pollinator decline. Here we summarize the known negative effects of IA on pollinator biodiversity and illustrate these problems by considering the case of Chile, a “world biodiversity hotspot” (WBH) where food exports account for a considerable share of the economy in this country. Most of Chile’s WBH area is currently being replaced by IA at a fast pace, threatening local biodiversity. We present an agroecological strategy for sustainable food production and pollinator conservation in food-producing WBHs. In this we recognize native pollinators as internal inputs that cannot be replaced by IA technological packages and support the development of agroecological and biodiversity restorative practices to protect biodiversity. We suggest four fundamental pillars for food production change based on: (1) sharing the land, restoring and protecting; (2) ecological intensification; (3) localized knowledge, research, and technological development; and (4) territorial planning and implementation of socio-agroecological policies. This approach does not need modification of native pollination services that sustain the world with food and basic subsistence goods, but a paradigm change where the interdependency of nature and human wellbeing must be recognized for ensuring the world’s food security and sovereignty.
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Bareille, Francois, Matteo Zavalloni, Meri Raggi, and Davide Viaggi. "Cooperative Management of Ecosystem Services: Coalition Formation, Landscape Structure and Policies." Environmental and Resource Economics 79, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 323–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00563-z.
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AbstractA growing body of literature shows that full-cooperation among farmers to manage productive ecosystem services would yield gains with respect to uncoordinated approaches. The public good feature of these ecosystem services may, however, hinder the emergence of a cooperative solution at the landscape scale. In this paper, we introduce in a coalition formation game a spatially-explicit bioeconomic model of fruit pollination, where pollinaton depends on the distance to the choosen location of natural habitats. We analyse: (i) which coalitions are stable; (ii) what benefits they provide; (iii) how cooperation depends on the initial landscape structure; and (iv) how policy instruments affect cooperation. The theoretical model presents the rationality of cooperation but, due to the detailed heterogeneity and complex spatial interactions among farms, we use a numerical example to determine the stable coalitions. We find that only small coalitions are stable and that the benefits of cooperation decrease when the spatial autocorrelation of fruit tree covers increase. Policy instruments can increase the interest for cooperation but per-hectare payments and minimum participation rules may reduce the habitat area at the margin (by decreasing the stability of coalitions). Price premium for the coalition members increase the habitat area but its budget-effectiveness decreases as the spatial autocorrelation of fruit tree covers increase.
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Dingha, Beatrice N., Paul C. Omaliko, Barbara A. Amoah, Louis E. Jackai, and Deepak Shrestha. "Evaluation of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in an Intercropping System as Pollinator Enhancer for Increased Crop Yield." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 9612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179612.
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Production of pollinator-dependent crops (PDCs) is increasing. However, pollinators are declining partly due to loss of floral resources. There is urgency to mitigate this decline and the potential risks to the production of PDCs and food security. One way is by promoting farming systems that enhance flower-rich habitats. In a two-year study, Pinkeye Purple Hull and Whippoorwill cowpea varieties attractive to pollinators were intercropped with three PDCs (squash, okra, and watermelon). We evaluated whether cowpea intercrop increases the abundance and diversity of pollinators, other beneficial insects, and crop yield, and decreases the abundance of the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB). Diverse pollinators were recorded in both years for a total of 80,379, representing seven pollinator families (Andrenidae, Apidae, Crabronidae, Formicidae, Halictidae, Tachinidae, and Vespidae) captured in pan traps, six families (Apidae, Crabronidae, Halictidae, Pyralidae, Tachinidae, and Vespidae) from sticky traps, and five pollinator types (bumble bees, carpenter bees, honeybees, butterflies and moths, and wasps) through direct visual count. Pollinator abundance and diversity was highest on the cowpea-intercropped treatments than controls. PDCs intercropped with cowpea recorded more beneficial insects than BMSB. Okra, squash, and watermelon intercrops produced 7%, 27%, and 54% more fruits than the control, respectively. Our findings indicate that intercropping cowpeas with PDCs attracted more and diverse pollinators and resulted in increased crop yield. However, to optimize pollination, factors such as planting dates to synchronize the flowering of both cowpeas and PDCs should be taken into consideration.