Journal articles: 'Pollination ecology'

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Snow, Allison A. "Pollination Ecology." Ecology 72, no. 2 (April 1991): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2937221.

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Cooley, Hazel, and Mario Vallejo-Marín. "Buzz-Pollinated Crops: A Global Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Supplemental Bee Pollination in Tomato." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab009.

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Abstract Buzz-pollinated plants require visitation from vibration producing bee species to elicit full pollen release. Several important food crops are buzz-pollinated including tomato, eggplant, kiwi, and blueberry. Although more than half of all bee species can buzz pollinate, the most commonly deployed supplemental pollinator, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae; honey bees), cannot produce vibrations to remove pollen. Here, we provide a list of buzz-pollinated food crops and discuss the extent to which they rely on pollination by vibration-producing bees. We then use the most commonly cultivated of these crops, the tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), as a case study to investigate the effect of different pollination treatments on aspects of fruit quality. Following a systematic review of the literature, we statistically analyzed 71 experiments from 24 studies across different geopolitical regions and conducted a meta-analysis on a subset of 21 of these experiments. Our results show that both supplemental pollination by buzz-pollinating bees and open pollination by assemblages of bees, which include buzz pollinators, significantly increase tomato fruit weight compared to a no-pollination control. In contrast, auxin treatment, artificial mechanical vibrations, or supplemental pollination by non-buzz-pollinating bees (including Apis spp.), do not significantly increase fruit weight. Finally, we compare strategies for providing bee pollination in tomato cultivation around the globe and highlight how using buzz-pollinating bees might improve tomato yield, particularly in some geographic regions. We conclude that employing native, wild buzz pollinators can deliver important economic benefits with reduced environmental risks and increased advantages for both developed and emerging economies.

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Micheneau, Claire, Jacques Fournel, Laurence Humeau, and Thierry Pailler. "Orchid–bird interactions: a case study from Angraecum (Vandeae, Angraecinae) and Zosterops (white-eyes, Zosteropidae) on Reunion Island." Botany 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-068.

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Although angraecoid orchids are famous for their spectacular flowers, pollinated by hawkmoths in Madagascar, two species of Angraecum endemic to the Mascarenes (sect. Hadrangis ) have atypical unscented and short-spurred flowers that are pollinated by birds. We focused on the pollination and reproductive success of Angraecum bracteosum Balf.f. & S.Moore, a member of sect. Hadrangis. We investigated the breeding system by performing a set of hand-pollination experiments and by observing natural pollinators using video-captures. Pollinator efficiency (pollen removal and deposition) and reproductive success (fruit set) were quantified once a week in two natural island populations during three consecutive flowering seasons (2003–2005). The orchid is self-compatible but requires pollinator services to achieve reproduction. The two white-eye song-bird species (Zosteropidae) that occur on Reunion, Zosterops borbonicus Boddaert and Zosterops olivaceus L., were recorded as pollinators. However, while pollination events were rare and occasional following flower visits by Z. borbonicus, foraging of Z. oliveaceus resulted in a high frequency of successful pollinations. White-eyes typically perched on inflorescences, and probed most of the “fresh-looking” flowers for nectar. This study documents a probable case of bird-pollination specialization within Angraecum section Hadrangis, and sheds light on the role played by pollinators during the radiation of section Hadrangis in the Mascarene Archipelago.

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Ellstrand, Norman C. "Evolutionary Pollination Ecology." Ecology 66, no. 4 (August 1985): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939194.

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Corbet, Sarah A. "Applied pollination ecology." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6, no. 1 (January 1991): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(91)90138-n.

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Cézar, Kelve, Elizabeth Franklin, and Carlos Eduardo Pinto. "Temporal Variation in Pollinators’ Visitation of Lantana camara in a Tropical Urban Landscape: Does Butterfly Abundance and Richness Drive the Fruit Set?" Ekológia (Bratislava) 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2022-0006.

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Abstract Pollinator richness, abundance and visitation frequency may be affected by the abundance of floral resources and abiotic factors, influencing plant reproductive success. We analysed whether the diversity, abundance and frequency of butterfly visitation on Lantana camara vary across the year in a tropical urban landscape and whether this variation in butterfly community influences plant’s reproductive success. A two-period survey, referred to here as rainier and drier seasons, was carried out in 12 spatially independent plants. Five pollination treatments were applied: single visit, hand cross-pollination, hand self-pollination, spontaneous self-pollination and open pollination (control). A total of 15,749 flowers were used for fruit production analysis. Butterfly richness, abundance and the reproductive success of L. camara increased in the drier season. Open pollination was ninefold more reproductively successful during the drier season. Fruit production of hand cross-pollinated plants was threefold higher than open-pollinated plants during the rainier season. No significant difference was found between these treatments in the drier season, attesting the highest abundance of pollination during this period. We provide evidence that changes in the pollinator community affect fruit production. The increase in pollinator diversity allows different visitors to pollinate the plant, increasing fruit set through functional complementarity. This effort establishes baseline data of plant–pollinator interactions for further long-term investigations across different weather seasons. The understanding of L. camara and butterflies’ synergism will support conservation measures of pollinator populations.

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Bumrungsri, Sara, Ekapong Sripaoraya, Thanongsak Chongsiri, Kitichate Sridith, and Paul A. Racey. "The pollination ecology of durian (Durio zibethinus, Bombacaceae) in southern Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 1 (January 2009): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408005531.

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Abstract:The floral biology and pollination ecology of durian, Durio zibethinus, were determined in eight semi-wild trees in mixed-fruit orchards in southern Thailand during April-May 2003 and 2005. Flowers open fully at 16h00–16h30 and most androecia drop around 01h00. Anthers dehisce at 19h30–20h00 when the stigmata are already receptive. In a series of pollination experiments, fruit was set in all treatments within 10 d. The greatest pollination success occurred after hand-crossed (76.6%), open (54.4%) and emasculation pollination (53.3%). Consistently, hand-crossed (12.2%), emasculation (8.7%) and open pollination (5.1%) yielded a substantial fruit set 2 mo after the pollination experiments. Very low pollination success in facilitated autogamy suggests that most durian trees are highly self incompatible. No mature fruit was found after insect pollination and automatic autogamy. Fruit bats, especially Eonycteris spelaea, are the major pollinators of this durian although the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata) was the most frequent visitor to the flowers. Bats visited durian flowers at the rate of 26.1 (SD = 20.7) visits per inflorescence per night. Since this semi-wild durian depends on fruit bats as its pollinator, protecting fruit bat populations and their roosts is vital for the production of the durian fruit crop.

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Srithongchuay, Tuanjit, Sara Bumrungsri, and Ekapong Sripao-raya. "The pollination ecology of the late-successional tree, Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) in Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, no. 05 (September 2008): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740800521x.

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Abstract:Although plant species that attract multiple species of pollinators predominate in tropical plant communities, pollination specialists appear to be at a greater advantage in tropical ecosystems in which pollinators are numerous and many plants flower synchronously. The present study determined the breeding system and legitimate pollinators ofOroxylum indicumVent. in Songkhla and Patthalung Provinces, Thailand.Oroxylum indicumexhibits steady-state flowering, with one or two flowers per inflorescence opening each night. Flowers open in the evening and drop off shortly after midnight, while its bilabiate stigma is highly sensitive, and quickly close upon being touched.Oroxylum indicumis self-incompatible. Hand-cross pollination and open pollination yielded the highest pollination success (47.7% and 31.2% respectively, n = 7 trees). About 900 pollen grains are needed for initiating fruit set. It is confirmed that a fruit bat,Eonycteris spelaea, is the legitimate pollinator. Bats are responsible for all pollen load and the pollen load from only one visit is generally sufficient to initiate fruit set. AlthoughEonycteris spelaeais effective, it is an inefficient pollinator. Compared with plant species pollinated by multiple animal species, the likelihood of pollination failure resulting from the decline in populations ofEonycteris spelaeawill be much more intense inOroxylum indicum.

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Sinu, Palatty Allesh, and K. R. Shivanna. "Pollination ecology of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) in the Western Ghats, India." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 4 (July 2007): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004191.

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Heterogeneous agroforestry systems play an important role in maintaining animal pollinator diversity (Klein et al. 2003, Perfecto et al. 1996), most likely by extending floral resources in lean periods. An understanding of the mutualistic relationship between flower-visiting insects and crop species in such agroforestry systems (Kearns et al. 1998), particularly on the diversity of pollinator species, their spatio-temporal variations, foraging behaviour (Cunningham 2000, Greenleaf & Kremen 2006, Klein et al. 2003) and their pollination efficiency (Motten et al. 1981), is important as they are some of the crucial biological predictors of pollination success.

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Jiang, Nan, Wen-Bin Yu, Hong-Zhe Li, and Kai-Yun Guan. "Floral traits, pollination ecology and breeding system of three Clematis species (Ranunculaceae) in Yunnan province, southwestern China." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 2 (2010): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09163.

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Flowers of Clematis display showy corollas and diversified shapes. This diversity motivates study of adaptive evolution of flower–pollinator interactions and the functional association between floral traits and plant mating strategies. An integrative study was undertaken, which focused on pollination and reproductive biology of three species representing all three floral types of Clematis. Floral traits were measured, and pollinator assemblages were observed in the field. Bagging, hand-pollination and removal treatments were used to examine breeding systems. The inbreeding depression and pollen limitation were estimated by fruit-set and seed production obtained from pollination treatments. Their floral traits are distinctly different, but are highly associated with pollination syndrome and breeding system. Among them, Clematis akebioides and C. rehderiana may be facultative autogamy (the former was delayed selfing, and the later competing selfing), and C. chrysocoma may be nearly obligate outcrossing. These conclusions are reflected in their stamen-pistil ratios. The levels of inbreeding depression are negatively associated with autonomous self-pollination. Evolution of self-pollination in C. akebioides and C. rehderiana, and pollen limitation in reproduction of the three Clematis species are discussed. This present study, integrating with previous results, will help us to comprehensively recognise and understand the pollination system and reproductive characteristics of Clematis.

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Marques, Isabel, David Draper, and José María Iriondo. "Costs and benefits of the mixed-mating system of Narcissus serotinus (Amaryllidaceae) in the conservation of small fragmented populations." Botany 92, no. 2 (February 2014): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0197.

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Small fragmented populations often exhibit reduced plant–pollinator interactions and scarce outcrossing opportunities. In this context, mixed-mating systems can be advantageous since selfing can provide reproductive assurance, but they may also carry relevant costs such as those involved in inbreeding depression. This study examines the advantages and costs of selfing in Narcissus serotinus L., a mixed-mating geophyte that currently occurs in several fragmented populations in Portugal, that resulted from the construction of the largest European dam. Observation of pollinators revealed that cross-pollination is less frequent in small than in large populations. Manual self-pollinations significantly increased fruit and seed set in small-size populations, also suggesting limited insect pollination. The existence of selfing may provide reproductive assurance in small-size populations of N. serotinus where outcrossing pollination is reduced. Although floral biology and experimental pollinations showed that N. serotinus is capable of autonomous selfing, four of the six fitness traits studied showed significant inbreeding depression in all populations. The high levels of inbreeding depression found in N. serotinus suggest that the initial reproductive assurance advantage of selfing may be counterbalanced by lower survival of the resulting individuals and a decrease in the evolutionary potential of the populations.

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B. Heenan, Peter, and Peter J. De Lange. "Reproductive biology, ecology and conservation of Carmichaelia williamsii (Fabaceae), a vulnerable legume from New Zealand." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 3 (1999): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990179.

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Carmichaelia williamsii is a threatened leguminous shrub that is most common on the Poor Knights Islands and Aldermen Islands, northern New Zealand. Flower morphology and structure of C. williamsii is suited to a bird pollination syndrome as the floral parts are stout, the petals yellow, the nectar source is distant from the stigma, and the flowers lack scent. The stigma is covered by a protective cuticle that prevents pollination until it is ruptured, which would usually be by foraging birds. Experimental self- and cross-pollinations demonstrated that if the cuticle is not ruptured fertilization will not occur, and that the species is self-compatible. Field observations on Aorangi Island, Poor Knights Islands, confirmed that C. williamsii is probably bird pollinated as plants in full flower were being systematically worked by the native passerine honeyeater the Bellbird (Anthornis me/anura; Meliphagidae). C. williamsii mainly grows in seral habitats, and populations often comprise plants of a similar height class. Introduced rats and the loss of pollinating birds could pose conservation and management problems for the species.

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Bumrungsri, Sara, Andrew Harbit, Charles Benzie, Kristine Carmouche, Kitichate Sridith, and Paul Racey. "The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, no. 05 (September 2008): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408005191.

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Abstract:Although the floral traits ofParkiaconform to the bat-pollination syndrome, many visitors other than bats have been observed at their flowers. Some chiropterophilous plants are also pollinated by other animals; the syndrome is therefore best regarded as a hypothesis for which field observations and pollination experiments are required. The present study aimed, for the first time, to determine the breeding system of the economically important canopy trees,Parkia speciosaandP. timoriana, and to identify their pollinators. Pollination experiments carried out in Trang and Songkhla Provinces, in 28 trees ofP. speciosaand fourP. timorianaindicated that they are self incompatible. Open pollination resulted in the highest fruit set (average 60–67% of inflorescences per tree) although this was not significantly different from hand-crossed pollination (48–60%). Insect pollination resulted in fruit set in only 12% ofP. speciosainflorescences. Fruit bats, mainlyEonycteris spelaea, visit flowering plants continuously from dusk till after midnight. Nocturnal and diurnal insects (moths and stingless bees respectively) visit capitula, mostly at the nectar zone. Nectarivorous bats are the most effective pollinator forP. speciosaandP. timoriana. The fact that populations ofE. spelaeaappear to be declining throughout their distribution is therefore a matter of increasing concern.

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Castro, Helena, Catarina Siopa, Vinícius Casais, Mariana Castro, João Loureiro, Hugo Gaspar, Maria Celeste Dias, and Sílvia Castro. "Spatiotemporal Variation in Pollination Deficits in an Insect-Pollinated Dioecious Crop." Plants 10, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071273.

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Inadequate quantity and quality of pollen reaching the stigmas decreases the sexual reproductive output of plants, compromising yield. Still, the current extent of pollen limitation affecting yield (i.e., pollination deficits) is poorly quantified. This study is aimed at quantifying pollination deficits in kiwifruit orchards, a dioecious plant with a fruit caliber and market value largely dependent on pollination services. For that, we set up a pollination experiment and quantified services and yield provided by current pollination vectors, and under optimal pollination, over two years in a total of twenty-three orchards covering the kiwifruit production range in Portugal. We characterized nine fruit traits and used: (1) fruit weight to calculate pollination deficits and relate them with pollinator diversity and abundance, and environmental variables; and (2) production values, fruit caliber, and market values to calculate economic impact of pollination deficits. Results showed that pollination deficits were variable in time and space and were significantly and negatively correlated with pollinator abundance, while the opposite pattern was obtained for production, supporting the notion that a higher pollinator’s abundance is related to lower pollination deficits and higher yields. Understanding the factors affecting pollination deficits is crucial to depict the need for nature-based solutions promoting pollinators and to resort to management practices assisting pollination.

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McLaughlin, Steven P. "Advances in Pollination Ecology." Journal of Arid Environments 19, no. 3 (November 1990): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)30808-5.

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Willcox, Bryony K., Andrew J. Robson, Brad G. Howlett, and Romina Rader. "Toward an integrated approach to crop production and pollination ecology through the application of remote sensing." PeerJ 6 (October 19, 2018): e5806. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5806.

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Insect pollinators provide an essential ecosystem service by transferring pollen to crops and native vegetation. The extent to which pollinator communities vary both spatially and temporally has important implications for ecology, conservation and agricultural production. However, understanding the complex interactions that determine pollination service provisioning and production measures over space and time has remained a major challenge. Remote sensing technologies (RST), including satellite, airborne and ground based sensors, are effective tools for measuring the spatial and temporal variability of vegetation health, diversity and productivity within natural and modified systems. Yet while there are synergies between remote sensing science, pollination ecology and agricultural production, research communities have only recently begun to actively connect these research areas. Here, we review the utility of RST in advancing crop pollination research and highlight knowledge gaps and future research priorities. We found that RST are currently used across many different research fields to assess changes in plant health and production (agricultural production) and to monitor and evaluate changes in biodiversity across multiple landscape types (ecology and conservation). In crop pollination research, the use of RST are limited and largely restricted to quantifying remnant habitat use by pollinators by ascertaining the proportion of, and/or isolation from, a given land use type or local variable. Synchronization between research fields is essential to better understand the spatial and temporal variability in pollinator dependent crop production. RST enable these applications to be scaled across much larger areas than is possible with field-based methods and will facilitate large scale ecological changes to be detected and monitored. We advocate greater use of RST to better understand interactions between pollination, plant health and yield spatial variation in pollinator dependent crops. This more holistic approach is necessary for decision-makers to improve strategies toward managing multiple land use types and ecosystem services.

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Fidalgo, Adriana de Oliveira, Débora Marcouizos Guimarães, Gabriela Toledo Caldiron, and José Marcos Barbosa. "Reproductive ecology of two pioneer legumes in a coastal plain degraded by sand mining." Hoehnea 45, no. 1 (January 2018): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-53/2017.

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ABSTRACT The present study evaluates and compares the phenology, pollination biology and breeding systems of Chamaecrista desvauxii (Collad.) Killip.and Clitoria laurifolia Poir. in a coastal plain degraded by sand mining in São Paulo State, Brazil, from January 2006 to May 2008. Flowering and fruiting events occurred in the warm and rainy season. Both species are self-compatible but only C. desvauxii was pollinator-dependent to set fruits. A small group of bees, comprising Eufrisea sp., Eulaema (Apeulaema) cingulata and Bombus morio, accessed the male and female floral structures and moved among individuals resulting in cross-pollinations. However, only B. morio was a frequent visitor and an effective pollinator. Although recruitment and survival of population in the study area are high for both species, we observed lower abundance and richness of visitors suggesting the possible lack of pollinators and pollen limitation.

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Wayo, Kanuengnit, Chama Phankaew, Alyssa B. Stewart, and Sara Bumrungsri. "Bees are supplementary pollinators of self-compatible chiropterophilous durian." Journal of Tropical Ecology 34, no. 1 (January 2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000019.

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Abstract:Nocturnally foraging insects may be supplementary pollinators to chiropterophilous plant species when bats are scarce. Given that insects are much smaller than bats, they may be more effective at transferring pollen for plant species with similar stamen and pistil lengths, such as the ‘Monthong’ durian cultivar. The present study clarifies the role of insects in pollinating the ‘Monthong’ cultivar by examining the floral biology, conducting pollination treatments on 19 trees and observing floral visitors in southern Thailand. Stigmas were receptive by 17h00, and over 50% of ‘Monthong’ anthers had dehisced by 17h30. Several bee species began foraging on flowers during the late afternoon, and the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata) continued to visit throughout the night. Our results show that at 4 wk after pollination, the highest fruit set occurred from hand-crossed pollination (13.5%), followed by open pollination (5.5%), insect pollination (3.3%) and automatic autogamy (2.0%), indicating that this cultivar is highly self-incompatible. Moreover, insects appear to be important pollinators of ‘Monthong’ durian in areas where nectar bats visit infrequently. One bee species in particular,Apis dorsata, commonly foraged on flowers at dusk and appears to be the most effective insect pollinator of durian. Our findings highlight that nocturnally foraging bees are capable of securing pollination for night-blooming plant taxa, even those typically considered to be bat-pollinated.

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Mangla, Yash, and Rajesh Tandon. "Insects facilitate wind pollination in pollen-limited Crateva adansonii (Capparaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 1 (2011): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10174.

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Low fruit-set in obligately outbreeding plant species is attributed to a variety of reasons that can be ascertained from reproductive studies. In the present work, the causes of poor natural fruit-set in Crateva adansonii DC. were investigated. Floral biology, the role of wind and insects in pollination and the breeding system of the species were studied in two natural populations for three consecutive seasons (2006–08). The flowers exhibited traits conducive to a mixture of wind and insect pollination (ambophily). Although a variety of insects visited the flowers, they were ineffective in pollinating. Nevertheless, active foraging by the honeybees (Apis dorsata, A. mellifera and A. cerana indica) facilitated enhanced pollen dispersal in the air and resulted in indirect pollination by wind. Airborne pollen grains pollinated the plants only up to 10 m. Fruit-set from open pollination was comparable to wind-pollinated flowers. Supplemental pollination treatments established the occurrence of strong self-incompatibility (SI) (index of SI = 0.14). Spontaneous autogamy was prevented by pronounced herkogamy. Low natural fecundity in C. adansonii is due to pollination failure, pollen limitation (pollen limitation index = 0.98) and the sparse distribution of the conspecifics; partial SI may partly ensure reproductive assurance through geitonogamy. In the absence of a pollinator wind appears to act as a secondary mode of pollination.

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Tetreault, Troy, and Ken Aho. "An updated insect exclosure design for pollination ecology." Journal of Pollination Ecology 29 (October 15, 2021): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2021)651.

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Exclosures are a common method for quantifying the effects of animal pollinators on flowering plant species. However, a lack of standardized designs or clear descriptions of previously implemented exclosure designs decreases replicability in pollination studies and reduces scientific rigor. We summarized previous descriptions of pollination exclosure designs, and developed/tested a novel exclosure design in alpine environments on the Beartooth Plateau in northern Wyoming, USA. This exclosure design consists of a cylindrical internal wire frame, integrated ground stakes, and various mesh materials attached to the exterior. Exclosures on the plateau showed high efficacy in inhibiting insects from pollinating flowering plants, and nearly all of these exclosures remained functional throughout the time they were in place. Our updated exclosure design is effective, inexpensive, easy to produce, and widely applicable across differing ecosystems and experimental design types.

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Hall, John A., Gimme H. Walter, Dana M. Bergstrom, and Peter Machin. "Pollination ecology of the Australian cycad Lepidozamia peroffskyana (Zamiaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 3 (2004): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03159.

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Experiments carried out to investigate the reproductive ecology of the Australian cycad Lepidozamia peroffskyana (Regal, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1857, 1: 184) revealed that this species is pollinated exclusively by host-specific Tranes weevils (Pascoe 1875). The weevils carry out their life cycle within the tissues of the male cones but also visit the female cones in large numbers. Female cones from which insects (but not wind) was excluded had a pollination rate that was essentially zero. In contrast, female cones from which wind (but not insects) were excluded had a pollination rate comparable with naturally pollinated cones. Assessment of Tranes weevil pollen load indicated that they are effective pollen-carriers. No other potential insect pollinators were observed on cones of L. peroffskyana. Sampling of airborne loads of cycad pollen indicated that wind-dispersed grains were not consistently recorded beyond a 2-m radius surrounding pollen-shedding male cones. The airborne load of cycad pollen in the vicinity of pollination-receptive female cones was minimal, and the spatial distribution of the coning population indicated that receptive female cones did not usually occur close enough to pollen-shedding male cones for airborne transfer of pollen to explain observed natural rates of seed set. These multiple lines of evidence suggest that wind–once considered the only pollination vector for cycads and other gymnosperms–plays only a minimal role in the pollination of L. peroffskyana, if any at all. The global diversity of insects associated with cycads suggests that some lineages of pollinating beetles may have been associated with cycad cones since Mesozoic times.

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Albrecht, Matthias, Bernhard Schmid, Yann Hautier, and Christine B. Müller. "Diverse pollinator communities enhance plant reproductive success." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1748 (October 3, 2012): 4845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1621.

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Understanding the functional consequences of biodiversity loss is a major goal of ecology. Animal-mediated pollination is an essential ecosystem function and service provided to mankind. However, little is known how pollinator diversity could affect pollination services. Using a substitutive design, we experimentally manipulated functional group (FG) and species richness of pollinator communities to investigate their consequences on the reproductive success of an obligate out-crossing model plant species, Raphanus sativus . Both fruit and seed set increased with pollinator FG richness. Furthermore, seed set increased with species richness in pollinator communities composed of a single FG. However, in multiple-FG communities, highest species richness resulted in slightly reduced pollination services compared with intermediate species richness. Our analysis indicates that the presence of social bees, which showed roughly four times higher visitation rates than solitary bees or hoverflies, was an important factor contributing to the positive pollinator diversity–pollination service relationship, in particular, for fruit set. Visitation rate at different daytimes, and less so among flower heights, varied among social bees, solitary bees and hoverflies, indicating a niche complementarity among these pollinator groups. Our study demonstrates enhanced pollination services of diverse pollinator communities at the plant population level and suggests that both the niche complementarity and the presence of specific taxa in a pollinator community drive this positive relationship.

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Silveira, Rodrigo Santtanna, Rodrigo Bustos Singer, and Viviane Gianluppi Ferro. "Pollination in Epidendrum densiflorum Hook. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae): Fraudulent Trap-Flowers, Self-Incompatibility, and a Possible New Type of Mimicry." Plants 12, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030679.

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The pollination and the breeding system of Epidendrum densiflorum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) were studied through fieldwork and controlled pollinations in cultivated plants. Pollination is exclusively promoted by males of diurnal Lepidoptera: five species of Arctiinae and four of Ithomiinae were recorded as pollinators. These male insects are known to obtain alkaloids (through the nectar) in flowers of Asteraceae and Boraginaceae. However, the flowers of E. densiflorum are nectarless, despite presenting a cuniculus (a likely nectariferous cavity). Pollinators insert their proboscides into the flowers and remove or deposit the pollinaria while searching for nectar. The floral tube is very narrow, and insects struggle for up to 75 min to get rid of the flowers. Plants are pollinator-dependent and nearly fully self-incompatible. Pollinarium removal, pollination, and fruiting success (2.85%) were very low; facts that are consistent with the patterns globally observed in deceptive (rewardless) orchids. Nilsson’s male efficiency factor (0.245) was also low, indicating pollen loss in the system. Based on our field observations, we suggest that the fragrance of E. densiflorum likely mimics these plants that are normally used as a source of alkaloids by male Lepidoptera, a hypothesis that we intend to test in the future.

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Plebani, Marco, Olive Imanizabayo, Dennis M. Hansen, and W. Scott Armbruster. "Pollination ecology and circadian patterns of inflorescence opening of the Madagascan climber Dalechampia aff. bernieri (Euphorbiaceae)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 31, no. 1 (December 8, 2014): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467414000637.

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Abstract:Floral morphology often directly influences interactions with pollinators, but less is known about the role of extrafloral structures. We studied the relationship between bract motility, floral structural specialization and pollination in Dalechampia aff. bernieri, an endemic Madagascan species with floral structures indicating specialized buzz-pollination. We measured circadian bract angles in 47 inflorescences from 11 plants of D. aff. bernieri; in addition, we recorded any flower-visiting insects observed. The inflorescences had motile bracts with mean angles varying from ~50° at 00h00 to ~90° at 10h45. They were visited by buzz-pollinating Nomia viridilimbata bees (Halictidae), but also by non-buzz-pollinating Liotrigona bees (Apidae). The temporal pattern of bract motility observed in D. aff. bernieri may represent an extra-floral specialization to reduce visitation by non-pollinating visitors while maximizing visitation by diurnal buzz-pollinating bees.

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Simla, Pattraporn, Thotsapol Chaianunporn, Wangworn Sankamethawee, Alice C. Hughes, and Tuanjit Sritongchuay. "Effect of Landscape Composition and Invasive Plants on Pollination Networks of Smallholder Orchards in Northeastern Thailand." Plants 11, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11151976.

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Destruction of natural habitat, land-use changes and biological invasion are some of the major threats to biodiversity. Both habitat alteration and biological invasions can have impacts on pollinator communities and pollination network structures. This study aims to examine the effect of an invasive plant, praxelis (Praxelis clematidea; Asteraceae), and land-use types on pollinator communities and the structure of pollination networks. We conducted the study in smallholder orchards which are either invaded or non-invaded by P. clematidea. We estimated the pollinator richness, visitation rates, and pollinator diversity and evaluated the network structures from 18 smallholder orchards in Northeastern Thailand. The effect of landscape structure in the vicinity of the orchards was investigated, with the proportion of agricultural, forest, and urban landscape within a 3 km radius analyzed. The invasive species and land-use disturbance influence the pollinator communities and pollination network structure at species level was affected by the presence of P. clematidea. Bees were the most important pollinator group for pollinator communities and pollination networks of both invaded or non-invaded plots, as bees are a generalist species, they provide the coherence of both the network and its own module. The urban landscape had a strong negative influence on pollinator richness, while the proportions of agriculture and forest landscape positively affected the pollinator community.

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Mashilingi, Shibonage K., Hong Zhang, Wenfeng Chen, Bernard E. Vaissière, Lucas A. Garibaldi, and Jiandong An. "Temporal Trends in Pollination Deficits and Its Potential Impacts on Chinese Agriculture." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 4 (May 29, 2021): 1431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab100.

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Abstract Worldwide, there is increasing evidence that shows a decline in pollinators, limiting crop pollination and production. However, it is unclear to what extent Chinese agriculture could be impacted by pollinator deficits. Data for 84 major crops in China between 1961 and 2018 were analyzed for the temporal trends in crop area and production, agricultural economic contribution of pollination, crop yield deficits, and honey bee pollination demand. We found a rapid increase in agricultural dependence on insect pollinators: both the cultivated area and total production of pollinator-dependent crops increased faster than those of pollinator-independent crops during 1961–2018. The total economic value of pollination amounted to US$ 106.08 billion in 2010, representing 19.12% of the total production value of Chinese agriculture, approximately twice the 9.5% value estimated for global agriculture. Crops with higher pollinator dependence showed greater mean growth in cultivated area than those with lower dependence, but lower mean growth of crop production and yield. Crop yield growth was also more unstable with increasing pollinator dependence. The minimum pollination demand for honey bee colonies was about three times the stock of honey bee colonies available in 2018. Furthermore, we found a decline in crop yield deficit with the increase in honey bee colony pollination service capacity. We considered that the shortage of pollinators resulted in the yield deficits for pollinator-dependent crops. Future increase in the area of pollinator-dependent crops will increase the need for more pollinators, suggesting the importance of implementing measures to protect pollinators to ensure a better-secured future for agricultural production in China.

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McGrady, C. M., R. Troyer, and S. J. Fleischer. "Wild Bee Visitation Rates Exceed Pollination Thresholds in Commercial Cucurbita Agroecosystems." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 562–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz295.

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Abstract Wild bees supply sufficient pollination in Cucurbita agroecosystems in certain settings; however, some growers continue to stock fields with managed pollinators due to uncertainties of temporal and spatial variation on pollination services supplied by wild bees. Here, we evaluate wild bee pollination activity in wholesale, commercial pumpkin fields over 3 yr. We identified 37 species of bees foraging in commercial pumpkin fields. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L. [Hymenoptera: Apidae]), squash bees (Eucera (Peponapis) Say, Dorchin [Hymenoptera: Apidae]), and bumble bees (Bombus spp., primarily B. impatiens Cresson [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) were the most active pollinator taxa, responsible for over 95% of all pollination visits. Preference for female flowers decreased as distance from field edge increased for several bee taxa. Visitation rates from one key pollinator was negatively affected by field size. Visitation rates for multiple taxa exhibited a curvilinear response as the growing season progressed and responded positively to increasing floral density. We synthesized existing literature to estimate minimum ‘pollination thresholds’ per taxa and determined that each of the most active pollinator taxa exceeded these thresholds independently. Under current conditions, renting honey bee hives may be superfluous in this system. These results can aid growers when executing pollination management strategies and further highlights the importance of monitoring and conserving wild pollinator populations.

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Travers, Steven E., Kirk Anderson, Pati Vitt, and Marion O. Harris. "Breeding system and inbreeding depression in the rare orchid, Platanthera praeclara, in a fragmented grassland landscape." Botany 96, no. 3 (March 2018): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0104.

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An important consequence of self-compatibility in plants is that self-pollination can have deleterious effects on plant fitness because of inbreeding. We conducted a hand pollination experiment under field conditions to measure the magnitude of inbreeding depression associated with self-pollination in the rare western prairie fringed-orchid Platanthera praeclara Sheviak and Bowles. By comparing capsules and seeds resulting from cross versus self-pollination treatments, we determined that self-pollination reduces seed quality while having no detectable effect on capsule production or seed numbers. A smaller percentage of seeds resulting from self-pollination contained an embryo (18%) relative to seeds from cross-pollination (46%). Seeds that had an embryo were scored for the size of the embryo, small or large. A smaller proportion of seeds from self-pollination contained a large embryo (75%) relative to seeds from cross-pollination (92%). These results suggest that sexual reproduction and recruitment in this rare plant are dependent on the frequency of pollinator visitations that result in outcrossing.

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Barrionuevo, Camila N., Santiago Benitez-Vieyra, and Federico Sazatornil. "Floral biology of Salvia stachydifolia, a species visited by bees and birds: connecting sexual phases, nectar dynamics and breeding system to visitors’ behaviour." Journal of Plant Ecology 14, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtab012.

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Abstract Aims Adaptive convergence in floral phenotype among plants sharing a pollinator guild has been acknowledged in the concept of pollination syndrome. However, many plants display traits associated with a given syndrome, but are visited by multiple pollinators. This situation may indicate the beginning of a pollinator shift or may result in a stable situation with adaptations to different pollinators. In Salvia stachydifolia, a previous study suggested that flower shape is optimized to maximize the contribution to pollination of bees and hummingbirds. Here, we studied three additional aspects of its floral biology: sexual phases, nectar dynamics and breeding system, and examined their connection with pollinators’ behaviour to explore the presence of adaptations to bee and/or hummingbird pollination. Methods Using a greenhouse population, we applied five pollination treatments to characterize breeding system. To determine sexual phases, we recorded flower opening, anther dehiscence, corolla fall and stigma receptivity. Additionally, we characterized nectar volume and concentration dynamics along the day. Finally, to determine pollinator assemblage and visitation patterns, we performed field observations and recorded pollinators’ behaviour. Important Findings Salvia stachydifolia was partially protandrous and self-compatible, but open-pollinated plants attained the highest reproductive success, suggesting that reproduction is mainly dependent on pollinator activity. Bombus opifex bumblebees were the most frequent visitors, but Sappho sparganura hummingbirds dominated visits early in the morning and at dusk. Nectar was typical of bumblebee pollination. We suggest that the bee–hummingbird mixed visitation constitutes an unstable evolutionary situation, making S. stachydifolia an ideal system to understand the ecological circumstances in which pollination shifts occur.

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Pound, L. M., B. Patterson, M. A. B. Wallwork, B. M. Potts, and M. Sedgley. "Pollen competition does not affect the success of self-pollination in Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 2 (2003): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02082.

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This study investigated whether pollen competition favours cross- over self-pollination in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp. globulus. Controlled pollinations with self-pollen, cross-pollen and a mixture of self- and cross-pollen were conducted on three partially self-incompatible trees. The paternity of individual seeds resulting from mixed pollination was determined by isozyme analysis. No evidence for pollen competition was found. Instead, seed paternity reflected the level of self-incompatibility of each tree as determined by separate self- and cross-pollinations. Furthermore, the number of seeds set per capsule following mixed pollination was significantly less than that following cross-pollination in the two least self-compatible trees. These results suggest that both self- and cross-pollen tubes reach ovules following mixed pollination and that a late-acting self-incompatibility mechanism operates to abort a certain proportion of self-penetrated ovules.

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Finatto, Taciane, Karine L. Dos Santos, Neusa Steiner, Leon Bizzocchi, Daniel F. Holderbaum, Jean P. H. J. Ducroquet, Miguel P. Guerra, and Rubens O. Nodari. "Late-acting self-incompatibility in Acca sellowiana (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 1 (2011): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10152.

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Acca sellowiana (Berg) Burret is a predominantly allogamous species with hermaphrodite flowers that has barriers to self-fertilisation such as dichogamy by protogyny and self-incompatibility. This study aimed to identify when self-incompatibility occurs in A. sellowiana flowers submitted to self-pollinations. Pollinations were made using nine known self-incompatible accessions in several treatments including manual cross-pollination, manual self-pollination, no pollination and natural pollination. Flowers were pollinated and pistils collected at times ranging from 1 to 30 days after pollination (DAP). In both cross- and self-pollinations the fertilisation occurred from 18 DAP and the zygote was visualised at 24 and 26 DAP, respectively. The abscission of the self-pollinated flowers increased from 26 DAP onwards, when significant differences (P < 0.05) were found for the percentage of abscission among self-pollinated and cross-pollinated flowers. At 30 DAP, 72% of self-pollinated flowers were abscised. The size of ovules and ovaries of self-pollinated flowers showed no significant difference from those of non-pollinated flowers throughout 30 DAP, while those from cross-pollinated flowers were significantly larger (P < 0.05) than the other treatments from 22 and 24 DAP, respectively. After 40 DAP, there was no fruit development in self-pollination and non-pollination treatments. Our study brings greater clarity to the mechanism of self-incompatibility in A. sellowiana, indicating late-acting self-incompatibility occurring through the rejection/abscission of self-pollinated flowers precisely after syngamy and zygote formation.

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Johnson, Steven D., Erica Torninger, and Jon Ågren. "Relationships between population size and pollen fates in a moth-pollinated orchid." Biology Letters 5, no. 2 (February 25, 2009): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0702.

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Management of small plant populations requires an understanding of their reproductive ecology, particularly in terms of sensitivity to Allee effects. To address this issue, we explored how components of pollen transfer and pollination success of individual plants varied among 36 populations of the self-compatible moth-pollinated orchid Satyrium longicauda in South Africa. Mean fruit set, seed production, proportion of flowers with pollen deposited or removed and proportion of removed pollen that reached stigmas (approx. 8% in this species) were not significantly related to population size (range: 1–450 flowering individuals), density or isolation. Plants in small populations did, however, have significantly higher levels of pollinator-mediated self-pollination (determined using colour-labelled pollen) than those in larger populations. Our results suggest that small populations of this orchid species are resilient to Allee effects in terms of overall pollination success, although the higher levels of pollinator-mediated self-pollination in small populations may lead to inbreeding depression and long-term erosion of genetic diversity.

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Gracie, Carol, and A. Dafni. "Pollination Ecology: A Practical Approach." Brittonia 46, no. 2 (April 1994): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807163.

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Sarat Babu, G. V., S. C. Bhatt, and S. C. Pandeya. "Pollination ecology ofSolanum sysimbrifolium Lamk." Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences 97, no. 4 (August 1987): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03053383.

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Jyothi, P. V., J. B. Atluri, and C. Subba Reddi. "Pollination ecology ofMoringa oleifera (Moringaceae)." Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences 100, no. 1 (February 1990): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03053466.

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Reddy, T. Byragi, and Ch Aruna. "Pollination ecology ofAlangium lamarkii (Alangiaceae)." Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences 100, no. 3 (June 1990): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03053449.

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Devi, K. Rama, J. B. Atluri, and C. Subba Reddi. "Pollination ecology ofZizyphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae)." Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences 99, no. 3 (June 1989): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03053596.

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Simpson, Beryl, and John Neff. "Pollination Ecology in the Southwest." Aliso 11, no. 4 (1987): 417–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/aliso.19871104.02.

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Cresswell, James, and A. Dafni. "Pollination Ecology: A Practical Approach." Journal of Ecology 83, no. 2 (April 1995): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261575.

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Moore, Peter D. "Plant ecology: Pesticides and pollination." Nature 321, no. 6071 (June 1986): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/321654a0.

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Renner, Susanne S. "Pollination Ecology - A Practical Approach." Nordic Journal of Botany 13, no. 5 (December 1993): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00094.x.

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Betts, Matthew G., Adam S. Hadley, and Urs Kormann. "The landscape ecology of pollination." Landscape Ecology 34, no. 5 (May 2019): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00845-4.

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James, Craig D., M. Timm Hoffman, David C. Lightfoot, Gregory S. Forbes, and Walter G. Whitford. "Pollination ecology of Yucca elata." Oecologia 93, no. 4 (April 1993): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00328959.

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Chouteau, Mathieu, Melanie McClure, and Marc Gibernau. "Pollination ecology of Monstera obliqua (Araceae) in French Guiana." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 5 (August 16, 2007): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004427.

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Data on pollination ecology of Araceae are still scarce and most concern species belonging to the subfamily Aroideae (García-Robledo et al. 2004, Gibernau 2003, Ivancic et al. 2004, 2005; Maia & Schlindwein 2006). In this subfamily, inflorescences consist of unisexual flowers: female flowers are located in the lower portion and the male flowers are in the upper portion of the inflorescence (Mayo et al. 1997). In the documented neotropical Aroideae, pollinators are nocturnal beetles and pollination mechanisms take place within a floral chamber during a short flowering cycle (generally 24–48 h) with floral rewards (sterile flowers rich in proteins and/or lipids) for the beetle pollinators, the secretion of resin to secure pollen on the pollinator, and the production of heat and odours (Chouteau et al. 2007, García-Robledo et al. 2004, Gibernau & Barabé 2002, Gibernau et al. 1999, 2000, 2003; Maia & Schlindwein 2006, Young 1986).

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Takahashi, Keigo, and Takao Itino. "Measurement of inbreeding depression in Rhododendron kaempferi: seed production, germination, juvenile survival, and growth." Botany 100, no. 4 (April 2022): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2021-0038.

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To understand the reproductive ecology of a plant species with both selfing and outcrossing reproductive systems, it is important to know how selfed individuals contribute to the maintenance of a population. Further, examination of the magnitude of inbreeding depression after pollination is essential for the accurate measurement of reproductive success. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of viable seeds and seedlings of Rhododendron kaempferi Planch. in a region where the bumblebee pollinator Bombus ardens Smith, 1879 are abundant. In a hand-pollination experiment, the fruit set from self-pollination was 32%, significantly lower than that from outcross-pollination (81%). The number of seeds per fruit from self-pollination was one sixth the number from outcross-pollination. However, the number of seeds per fruit was negatively correlated with the mass per seed. In addition, the germination rate was low when the seed mass was light. Although selfed seeds could germinate, 89% of the seedlings died within a year. The inbreeding depression coefficient one year after sowing was very high (0.89). These results indicate that R. kaempferi shows extremely strong selection for outcrossing but maintains a slight selfing potential in a natural population in central Japan.

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Reiter, Noushka, Björn Bohman, Marc Freestone, Graham R. Brown, and Ryan D. Phillips. "Pollination by nectar-foraging thynnine wasps in the endangered Caladenia arenaria and Caladenia concolor (Orchidaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 7 (2019): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt19033.

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Prior to undertaking conservation translocations of plants with specialised pollination systems, it is important to ensure the presence of pollinators at recipient sites. Here, for two threatened species, Caladenia concolor Fitzg. and Caladenia arenaria Fitzg. (Orchidaceae), we determine (i) the pollination strategy used, (ii) which floral visitors are involved in pollination, and (iii) whether the pollinator species are present at potential translocation sites. For both orchid species, pollination was primarily achieved by nectar-foraging thynnine wasps, with a single species responsible for pollination in C. concolor, whereas C. arenaria utilised at least two species to achieve pollination. Both orchid species secreted meagre quantities of sucrose on the upper surface of the labellum. Visits to C. concolor occurred primarily in the late afternoon, with some wasps perching on the flowers overnight. Surveys revealed that pollinators were present at all extant populations and most potential translocation sites for both orchids. The specialisation on one pollinator species in C. concolor means that the distribution of the pollinator needs to be considered for conservation translocations. With C. arenaria, the risk of hybridisation with other Caladenia that are known to share one of its pollinator species needs to be taken into account when selecting translocation sites.

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Tremblay, Raymond Louis. "Trends in the pollination ecology of the Orchidaceae: evolution and systematics." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-083.

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Reduction in the number of pollinator species per plant species is a mechanism that may lower the cost of pollen transfer. Using efficient pollinators may have an evolutionary significance. It is hypothesized that an evolutionary trend from many pollinators to few pollinators per plant species should be observable when species from ancestral versus recently derived monophyletic taxon are compared. Three different orchid phylogenetic sequences are used; two of the phylogenies show a reduction in the number of pollinator species per orchid species from the most ancestral to the most recently derived subfamilies. The third classification did not show this trend. It is thus possible to observe macroevolution of pollinator specialization of a monophyletic plant taxon. Key words: evolution, pollination, systematics, Orchidaceae, evolutionary ecology.

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Strelin, Marina M., Federico Sazatornil, Santiago Benitez-Vieyra, and Mariano Ordano. "Bee, hummingbird, or mixed-pollinated Salvia species mirror pathways to pollination optimization: a morphometric analysis based on the Pareto front concept." Botany 95, no. 2 (February 2017): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0145.

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Optimization of flower phenotypes to ensure pollination by agents differing in their match with fertile flower structures can involve fitness trade-offs if the aspects of the phenotype that enhance the fitness contribution of one pollinator are detrimental for pollination by the other agents. If these trade-offs are substantial, flower optimization for specialized pollination is expected. However, optimization for generalized pollination may also take place in trade-off scenarios, as long as the joint contribution of two or more types of pollinators to global pollination fitness is greater than each individual contribution. We used an observational approach to evaluate the role of pollination fitness trade-offs in flower trait optimization, a matter seldom addressed because of the difficulties in conducting experiments. A pattern-searching tool based on the Pareto front concept, borrowed from the fields of economics and engineering, was used to test for fitness trade-off patterns in the flower shape of four Salvia (Lamiaceae) species. Two are pollinated exclusively either by bees or by hummingbirds; the remaining species have mixed-pollination systems, with varying contributions of bee and hummingbird pollination. The patterning of flower shape in this study suggests a bee–hummingbird pollination trade-off in Salvia, and the optimization of generalized flower shapes.

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Cárdenas, Santiago, Carlos Nivelo-Villavicencio, Juan D. Cárdenas, Omar Landázuri P., and Boris A. Tinoco. "First record of flower visitation by a rodent in Neotropical Proteaceae, Oreocallis grandiflora." Journal of Tropical Ecology 33, no. 2 (March 2017): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467417000025.

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Abstract:There is still much to learn about pollination ecology in areas of high species diversity, such as the Neotropical region. For example, the role of non-flying mammals in pollination is largely unknown in the Neotropical areas, despite the importance of this group in the pollination of plants in other regions. Here we report evidence for flower visitation by a rodent to Oreocallis grandiflora (Proteaceae) in our study site in the southern Andes of Ecuador. For a period of 241 h, camcorders equipped with infrared lights revealed 22 occurrences of floral visitation by Microryzomys altissimus (Cricetidae) to inflorescences of O. grandiflora. Pollen samples taken from the fur of captured individuals showed that M. altissimus carries pollen of O. grandiflora, indicating a potential pollinator role for the rodent. This is the first record of flower visitation by a rodent in the Neotropical Andes. Pollination interactions between non-flying mammals and Proteaceae have been reported in other southern hemisphere continents. This study underscores the need for more research on pollination interactions in the Neotropics, especially in critical Andean biodiversity hotspots.

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Sapir, Yuval, and W. Scott Armbruster. "Pollinator-mediated selection and floral evolution: from pollination ecology to macroevolution." New Phytologist 188, no. 2 (September 27, 2010): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03467.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pollination ecology'

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