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Journal articles on the topic 'Pollinating insects'
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SITOMPUL, AIDA FITRIANI, ELIDA HAFNI SIREGAR, DEWI IMELDA ROESMA, DAHELMI DAHELMI, and EKO PRASETYA. "Molecular identification of coffee (Coffea arabica) pollinator insects in North Sumatra, Indonesia based on designed COI primers." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 5 (September 21, 2018): 1876–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190540.
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Sitompul F, Siregar EH, Roesma DI, Dahelmi, Prasetya E. 2018. Molecular identification of coffee (Coffea arabica) pollinator insects in North Sumatra, Indonesia based on designed COI primers. Biodiversitas 19: 1877-1883. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the most important economic commodities in the province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Insects associated with pollination of C. arabica are one of the key factors for successful cultivation of C. arabica, but, the research regarding of these was still limited. The population of coffee plant is scattered across the highlands of Indonesia and the pollination of C. arabica is strongly believed linked to a diverse group of pollinating insects. However, lack of taxonomic identification of insects pollinating these plants has become one of constraints to succeed the cultivation of C. Arabica. This study aimed to analyze types and variations of pollinating insects of C. arabica in the province of North Sumatra, Indonesia, using DNA barcoding. DNA barcoding is now considered an alternative method of molecular identification. Sixteen of C. arabica flower visitors were captured in different planting location in North Sumatra province. Using mtDNA markers, the cytochrome oxidase subunit sequence I (COI), about 12 pollinator insect species were identified based on the COI sequence i.e Amegilla cingulata, Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, Trigona chanchamayoensis, Idiella divisa, Dolichopodidae sp., Allactoneura sp., Stomorhina discolor, Phytomia erratica, Rhiniidae sp., Melipona bicolor, and Hymenoptera sp.
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Robinson, Richard W. "Breeding Tomatoes for Attractiveness to Pollinating Insects." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 797C—797. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.797c.
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Bumblebees are commercially used to improve fruit set of greenhouse tomatoes, but they seldom pollinate tomatoes outdoors if not confined in a no-choice situation. Bumblebees frequently pollinated L. peruvianum and other self-incompatible (SI) Lycopersicon species, but not tomato plants, in the field at Geneva, N.Y. Bumblebees were very efficient pollinators of Sl Lycopersicon species, averaging only 5 s to pollinate one flower and fly to the next. Transfer of this attractiveness to pollinating insects to the tomato could improve fruit set of tomatoes grown in greenhouses with introduced bumblebees. It could also improve fruit set in the field, especially when conditions are poor for pollination. It has potential use for producing F1 hybrid seed, but associated problems make hybrid tomato seed production by insect pollination impractical now. Attractiveness to pollinating insects is being introgressed from L. peruvianum, L. hirsutum, and L. pennellii in the tomato breeding program at Geneva, N.Y. Several floral characteristics were found to be of importance for attracting pollinators, including the reaction to ultraviolet light. Flowers of SI species absorbed UV, whereas tomato flowers reflected UV light.
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Bożek, Małgorzata. "The Effect of Pollinating Insects on Fruiting of Two Cultivars of Lonicera caerulea L." Journal of Apicultural Science 56, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10289-012-0018-6.
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Abstract In 2004 and 2006-2008, a study was conducted on the effect of pollinating insects on the fruit, seed set, and development of two cultivars of blue honeysuckle Lonicera caerulea (Sevast.) Pojark.: "Atut" and "Duet". The experiment was carried out in south-eastern Poland, at the Experimental Farm of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland. Flowers accessible to pollinating insects throughout the whole flowering period, set fruit at a very high percentage. The study average was 90.57% for "Duet" and 88.08% for "Atut". During self-pollination under isolation, on the other hand, the percentage of fruit-bearing flowers was low. In the case of "Atut" the average was 9.37%, whereas for "Duet" it was 23.85%. Multiple fruits formed from isolated flowers had a 45-50% lower weight, on average, than those developed from flowers accessible to pollinating insects. The pollination mode was found to have a significant effect on the number of seeds produced in the multiple fruit. Flowers which were isolated to prevent insect foraging did develop multiple fruits, characterized by a significantly lower number of seeds. The recent studies confirm that several cultivars should be planted on honeysuckle acreage. The presence of managed pollinators can increase quantity and improve quality of fruit yield in honeysuckle.
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Rosa, Annelise de Souza, Betina Blochtein, and Diego Kweco Lima. "Honey bee contribution to canola pollination in Southern Brazil." Scientia Agricola 68, no. 2 (April 2011): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162011000200018.
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Although canola, (Brassica napus L.), is considered a self-pollinating crop, researchers have indicated that crop productivity increases as a result of honey bee Apis mellifera L. pollination. Given this crop's growing importance in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, this work evaluated the increase in pod and seed productivity with respect to interactions with anthophilous insects and manual pollination tests. The visiting frequency of A. mellifera was correlated with the crop's blooming progression, and productivity comparisons were made between plants visited by insects, manually pollinated plants (geitonogamy and xenogamy) and plants without pollination induction. Pod set and seed production per plant were determined for each treatment. Among the 8,624 recorded flower-visiting insects, Hymenoptera representatives were the most prevalent (92.3%), among which 99.8% were A. mellifera. The correlation between these bees and blooming progression was positive (r = 0.87; p = 0.002). Pollination induction increased seed productivity from 28.4% (autogamy) to 50.4% with insect visitations, as well as to 48.7 (geitonogamy) and to 55.1% (xenogamy) through manual pollination.
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Nicodemo, Daniel, Regina Helena Nogueira Couto, Euclides Braga Malheiros, and David De Jong. "Honey bee as an effective pollinating agent of pumpkin." Scientia Agricola 66, no. 4 (August 2009): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162009000400007.
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The production of fruits and seeds of many crops is increased when bees visit their flowers pollinating them. The aim of this research was to study the pollination of pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima Duch. var. Exposição), to determine the diversity of insects visiting its flowers, the time and type of provision obtained and the effect of the visits on fruit set, fruit size and weight, and number of seeds. Apis mellifera L. accounted for 73.4% of the visits made by bees, collecting pollen during 34.5 s per flower and nectar in 43.9 s and 29.3 s from female and male flowers, respectively. Trigona spinipes (Fabr.) collected only nectar, during a mean time of 60.5 s per flower, and represented 26.6% of the visits by bees. Diabrotica speciosa (Germ.) only fed on the petals of the flower. When no insect visits occurred, there was no production of fruits. In the flowers with free visitation by insects, fruit set was 40%. The higher the number of visits, up to 16, by A. mellifera to female flowers, the greater was the fruit set, fruit size and weight, and number of seeds. In flowers visited by insects from the onset of anthesis until 9 a.m., fruit set was 35%. After 9 a.m., there was no fruit set, demonstrating the important role of A. mellifera as a pollinating agent of pumpkin, since it was the only insect visiting up to 9 a.m.
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Allifah AF, Asyik Nur, Farida Bahalwan, and Nur Alim Natsir. "Keanekaragaman Dan Kelimpahan Serangga Polinator Pada Perkebunan Mentimun (Cucumis sativus L) Desa Waiheru Ambon." Biosel: Biology Science and Education 9, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33477/bs.v9i1.1314.
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Pollinator insects are insects that play a role in pollination, namely intermediaries pollinating plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the abundance and diversity of insects pollinators in the Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) Plantation of Waiheru Village, Baguala District, Ambon City. Sampling was done by purposive sampling using a yellow glue trap (Yellow sticky trap). The customer observations are made in visual control. Observation starts at 07.00 WIT until 18.00 WIT which is divided into 3 time periods, namely: 07.00-10.00 WIT, 11.00-14.00 WIT and 15.00-18.00 WIT. The data obtained were analyzed using the diversity index (H ') according to Shannon and Wiener. The results showed that the total abundance of pollinator insects in vegetable plantations was 1220 individuals, consisting of 3 orders and 5 families. Insect families that play a role in the process of pollination are Family Apidae, Formicidae, Syrpidae, Muscidae and Papilionidae. The highest abundance of insects is dominated by the Formicidae Family while the lowest abundance is the Papilionidae Family. Value insect pollinator diversity found among the sites that H '= 1.21 which indicates that the level of diversity of insect pollinators on plantations Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) in the Waiheru Village, Baguala District, Ambon City in the medium category.
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Goodman, RD, and BP Oldroyd. "Honeybee pollination of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 3 (1988): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880435.
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The pollination requirements of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne cv. Tioga) were examined in a planting in southern Victoria. Plots that were accessible to honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) had 20.8% marketable berries (well shaped, > 10 g fresh weight), whereas plots that were not accessible had only 4.5% marketable berries. The total numbers of fruit (marketable and unmarketable) were not affected by the presence of pollinating insects. Honeybees were considered to be the main pollinators of this crop. They comprised 58.9% of insect visitors to the flowers. The behaviour patterns of other insects were such that they would effect little or no pollination. We conclude that the presence of an adequate population of honeybees increases the proportion of well shaped (marketable) berries.
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Wayo, Kanuengnit, Chama Phankaew, Alyssa B. Stewart, and Sara Bumrungsri. "Bees are supplementary pollinators of self-compatible chiropterophilous durian." Journal of Tropical Ecology 34, no. 1 (January 2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000019.
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Abstract:Nocturnally foraging insects may be supplementary pollinators to chiropterophilous plant species when bats are scarce. Given that insects are much smaller than bats, they may be more effective at transferring pollen for plant species with similar stamen and pistil lengths, such as the ‘Monthong’ durian cultivar. The present study clarifies the role of insects in pollinating the ‘Monthong’ cultivar by examining the floral biology, conducting pollination treatments on 19 trees and observing floral visitors in southern Thailand. Stigmas were receptive by 17h00, and over 50% of ‘Monthong’ anthers had dehisced by 17h30. Several bee species began foraging on flowers during the late afternoon, and the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata) continued to visit throughout the night. Our results show that at 4 wk after pollination, the highest fruit set occurred from hand-crossed pollination (13.5%), followed by open pollination (5.5%), insect pollination (3.3%) and automatic autogamy (2.0%), indicating that this cultivar is highly self-incompatible. Moreover, insects appear to be important pollinators of ‘Monthong’ durian in areas where nectar bats visit infrequently. One bee species in particular,Apis dorsata, commonly foraged on flowers at dusk and appears to be the most effective insect pollinator of durian. Our findings highlight that nocturnally foraging bees are capable of securing pollination for night-blooming plant taxa, even those typically considered to be bat-pollinated.
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Plebani, Marco, Olive Imanizabayo, Dennis M. Hansen, and W. Scott Armbruster. "Pollination ecology and circadian patterns of inflorescence opening of the Madagascan climber Dalechampia aff. bernieri (Euphorbiaceae)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 31, no. 1 (December 8, 2014): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467414000637.
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Abstract:Floral morphology often directly influences interactions with pollinators, but less is known about the role of extrafloral structures. We studied the relationship between bract motility, floral structural specialization and pollination in Dalechampia aff. bernieri, an endemic Madagascan species with floral structures indicating specialized buzz-pollination. We measured circadian bract angles in 47 inflorescences from 11 plants of D. aff. bernieri; in addition, we recorded any flower-visiting insects observed. The inflorescences had motile bracts with mean angles varying from ~50° at 00h00 to ~90° at 10h45. They were visited by buzz-pollinating Nomia viridilimbata bees (Halictidae), but also by non-buzz-pollinating Liotrigona bees (Apidae). The temporal pattern of bract motility observed in D. aff. bernieri may represent an extra-floral specialization to reduce visitation by non-pollinating visitors while maximizing visitation by diurnal buzz-pollinating bees.
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Labandeira, Conrad C. "The Paleobiology of Pollination and its Precursors." Paleontological Society Papers 6 (November 2000): 233–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000784.
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Perhaps the most conspicuous of associations between insects and plants is pollination. Pollinating insects are typically the first and most obvious of interactions between insects and plants when one encounters a montane meadow or a tropical woodland. The complex ecological structure of insect pollinators and their host plants is a central focus within the ever-expanding discipline of plant-insect interactions. The relationships between plants and insects have provided the empirical documentation of many case-studies that have resulted in the formulation of biological principles and construction of theoretical models, such as the role of foraging strategy on optimal plant-resource use, the advantages of specialized versus generalized host preferences as viable feeding strategies, and whether “pollination syndromes” are meaningful descriptions that relate flower type to insect mouthpart structure and behavior (Roubik, 1989; Ollerton, 1996; Waser et al., 1996; Johnson and Steiner, 2000). Much of the recent extensive discussion of plant-insect associations has centered on understanding the origin, maintenance, and evolutionary change in plant/pollinator associations at ecological time scales and increasingly at longer-term macroevolutionary time intervals (Armbruster, 1992; Pellmyr and Leebens-Mack, 1999). Such classical plant-insect association studies—cycads and cycad weevils, figs and fig wasps, and yuccas and yucca moths—were explored at modern time scales and currently are being examined through a long-term geologic component that involves colonization models based on cladogenetic events of plant and insect associates, buttressed by the fossil record (Farrell, 1998; Pellmyr and Leebens-Mack, 1999; A. Herre,pers. comm.). In addition to tracing modern pollination to the earlier Cenozoic and later Mesozoic, there is a resurgence in understanding the evolutionary history of earlier palynivore taxa (spore, prepollen and pollen consumers), which led toward pollination as a mutualism (Scott et al., 1992).
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Kati, Vaya, Filitsa Karamaouna, Leonidas Economou, Photini V. Mylona, Maria Samara, Mircea-Dan Mitroiu, Myrto Barda, Mike Edwards, and Sofia Liberopoulou. "Sown Wildflowers Enhance Habitats of Pollinators and Beneficial Arthropods in a Tomato Field Margin." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10051003.
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We evaluated the capacity of selected plants, sown along a processing tomato field margin in central Greece and natural vegetation, to attract beneficial and Hymenoptera pollinating insects and questioned whether they can distract pollinators from crop flowers. Measurements of flower cover and attracted pollinators and beneficial arthropods were recorded from early-May to mid-July, during the cultivation period of the crop. Flower cover was higher in the sown mixtures compared to natural vegetation and was positively correlated with the number of attracted pollinators. The sown Glebionis coronaria, Coriandrum sativum, Anethum graveolens, and Fagopyrum esculentum attracted mainly wild bees, which were the most abundant pollinating insects. In the natural vegetation, Rapistrum rugosum attracted mainly honeybees, while Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae, and Apiaceae species attracted wild bees. Beneficial arthropod abundance and diversity were higher in the sown mixture. Tomato flowers were visited by a small number of wild bees. Their number was not affected by the distance from the field margin, indicating no distraction effect from the sown or natural vegetation flowering plants. Our results suggest that selected flowering plants can improve the field margin habitats for pollinating insects and beneficial arthropods, but more work is needed to elucidate the effect on crop pollination.
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Vaz, Carlos G., Domingos de Oliveira, and Orlando S. Ohashi. "Pollinator Contribution to the Production of Cowpea in the Amazon." HortScience 33, no. 7 (December 1998): 1157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.7.1157.
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Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., is a very important legume in the diet of the population of the Amazon. Although it is autogamous, this species has a cross-pollination rate of ≈10%. Over several years, the mean productivity of cowpea has declined. We suggest that this is linked to a decrease in or an absence of pollinating insects in the fields. The objective of this study is to ascertain the pollinator contribution to cowpea production, as well as to determine the pollination type of the `BR3-Tracuateua' cultivar. In an experimental design, four treatments were compared: no pollination, with flowers in cages to prevent insect visits; open-pollination, with flowers exposed to all visiting insects; self-pollination, with flowers pollinated with their own pollen; and cross-pollination, with emasculated flowers being pollinated manually with pollen from another plant. We observed higher fruit set in the presence of pollinators (83%) than in their absence (77%, caged flowers). However, cross-pollination reduced both the number of seeds per pod and fruit set relative to self-pollination. This result suggests that pollinators have a complementary role in the yield of cowpea, by creating a mixed pollination system where self-pollination dominates.
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Kevan, Peter G., E. Ann Clark, and Vernon G. Thomas. "Insect pollinators and sustainable agriculture." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, no. 1 (March 1990): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003179.
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AbstractUnderestimation of the pivotal role played by managed and native insect pollinators is a key constraint to the sustainability of contemporary agricultural practices. The economic value of such insects to pollination, seed set, and fruit formation greatly outweighs that suggested by more conventional indices, such as the value of honey and wax produced by honeybees. Although the European honeybee has been widely regarded as the single most important pollinating species, the increasing spread of trachael and Varroa mites and Africanized bees threatens the distribution and magnitude of traditional honeybeekeeping enterprises in North America. A number of other bee and insect pollinators, such as orchard bees, bumblebees, and squash bees, which are not affected by either the mites or the Africanized bees, are considered as likely candidates for management and use in commercial agriculture. An additional role can be played by native or wild pollinators, provided that attention is given to curtailing of population losses caused by both inadvertent insecticide poisoning and habitat destruction. To ensure a reliable source of pollinators, both managed and native, a more comprehensive strategy for management of crop pollination is needed. Elements of this strategy include an increased understanding of the biology and ecology of pollinating insects, as well as providing appropriate nesting habitat, and ensuring the availability of alternative sources of “forage” to sustain populations when the target crops are not in bloom. Examples are discussed to illustrate how private initiatives and changes to public policy can enhance pollinator habitat, and ultimately, agricultural productivity.
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Convey, P., R. S. Key, and R. J. D. Key. "The establishment of a new ecological guild of pollinating insects on sub-Antarctic South Georgia." Antarctic Science 22, no. 5 (August 12, 2010): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201000057x.
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AbstractWe report the establishment of two representatives of a new ecological functional group on the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia - pollinating insects - in the form of the hoverfly Eristalis croceimaculata Jacobs (Diptera, Syrphidae) and the blowfly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera, Calliphoridae). The floricolous adults of these two species provide a new ecological role, pollination, in the ecosystems of this island. The activity of their respectively saprophogous or necrophagous larvae will also augment that of the native insect and microarthropod soil fauna. We discuss the potential new synergy between this functional group and that of a number of established non-native plants, reliant on insect pollinators for successful seed-set and hence dispersal, that are currently of persistent status with very limited local distributions.
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Bożek, Małgorzata. "Flowering and fruit set of six cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in the conditions of the Lublin Region." Acta Agrobotanica 62, no. 1 (2012): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2009.011.
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The results presented in this paper relate to the time and duration of flowering of highbush blueberry as well as fruit set in the conditions of flower isolation and free visitation by pollinating insects. Observations were carried out in the years 2001- 2004 at a plantation located in Niemce near the city of Lublin. Six cultivars: 'Bluecrop', 'Bluejay', 'Croatan', 'Darrow', 'Northland' and 'Spartan', were covered by the study. The flowering period of the studied highbush blueberry cultivars was in May in three years of study, whereas in 2004 in May and June. Depending on the year, it lasted from 14 up to 21 days, on the average. Significant differences were found in the life span of a single flower which, depending on the cultivar and conditions prevailing during flowering, bloomed from 5 up to 10 days (the average for all the years for all the cultivars). With free access of pollinating insects, highbush blueberry set an average of 92 false-berries per 100 flowers, whereas only 40 during spontaneous self-pollination under the isolating cover. In each year of study, irrespective of atmospheric conditions prevailing during flowering as well as the time and duration of flowering, fruit set of the investigated cultivars in flowers freely accessible to pollinating insects should be considered to be good or very good.
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Scaven, Victoria L., and Nicole E. Rafferty. "Physiological effects of climate warming on flowering plants and insect pollinators and potential consequences for their interactions." Current Zoology 59, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.3.418.
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Abstract Growing concern about the influence of climate change on flowering plants, pollinators, and the mutualistic interactions between them has led to a recent surge in research. Much of this research has addressed the consequences of warming for phenological and distributional shifts. In contrast, relatively little is known about the physiological responses of plants and insect pollinators to climate warming and, in particular, how these responses might affect plant-pollinator interactions. Here, we summarize the direct physiological effects of temperature on flowering plants and pollinating insects to highlight ways in which plant and pollinator responses could affect floral resources for pollinators, and pollination success for plants, respectively. We also consider the overall effects of these responses on plant-pollinator interaction networks. Plant responses to warming, which include altered flower, nectar, and pollen production, could modify floral resource availability and reproductive output of pollinating insects. Similarly, pollinator responses, such as altered foraging activity, body size, and life span, could affect patterns of pollen flow and pollination success of flowering plants. As a result, network structure could be altered as interactions are gained and lost, weakened and strengthened, even without the gain or loss of species or temporal overlap. Future research that addresses not only how plant and pollinator physiology are affected by warming but also how responses scale up to affect interactions and networks should allow us to better understand and predict the effects of climate change on this important ecosystem service.
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Mangla, Yash, and Rajesh Tandon. "Insects facilitate wind pollination in pollen-limited Crateva adansonii (Capparaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 1 (2011): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10174.
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Low fruit-set in obligately outbreeding plant species is attributed to a variety of reasons that can be ascertained from reproductive studies. In the present work, the causes of poor natural fruit-set in Crateva adansonii DC. were investigated. Floral biology, the role of wind and insects in pollination and the breeding system of the species were studied in two natural populations for three consecutive seasons (2006–08). The flowers exhibited traits conducive to a mixture of wind and insect pollination (ambophily). Although a variety of insects visited the flowers, they were ineffective in pollinating. Nevertheless, active foraging by the honeybees (Apis dorsata, A. mellifera and A. cerana indica) facilitated enhanced pollen dispersal in the air and resulted in indirect pollination by wind. Airborne pollen grains pollinated the plants only up to 10 m. Fruit-set from open pollination was comparable to wind-pollinated flowers. Supplemental pollination treatments established the occurrence of strong self-incompatibility (SI) (index of SI = 0.14). Spontaneous autogamy was prevented by pronounced herkogamy. Low natural fecundity in C. adansonii is due to pollination failure, pollen limitation (pollen limitation index = 0.98) and the sparse distribution of the conspecifics; partial SI may partly ensure reproductive assurance through geitonogamy. In the absence of a pollinator wind appears to act as a secondary mode of pollination.
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RICCIARDELLI D'ALBORE, G. "POLLINATING INSECTS OF KIWI (ACTINIDIA DELICIOSA CHEV.)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 288 (January 1991): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1991.288.78.
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Connolly, Christopher. "The risk of insecticides to pollinating insects." Communicative & Integrative Biology 6, no. 5 (September 21, 2013): e25074. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.25074.
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PARK, CYNTHIA N., LISA M. OVERALL, LOREN M. SMITH, TED LAGRANGE, and SCOTT MCMURRY. "Melittofauna and Other Potential Pollinators in Wetland and Uplands in South Central Nebraska (Insecta: Apoidea)." Zootaxa 4242, no. 2 (March 10, 2017): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4242.2.3.
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Our objective was to document potential wild pollinating insects in south central Nebraska. This intensively cultivated region is known as the Rainwater Basin and contains some of the most endangered wetland systems in North America. We used blue vane traps to passively collect insects and insect nets to actively collect on flowering plants from April through October in 2014 and 2015. Habitat types included playa wetlands, adjacent mixed and tallgrass prairies, and agricultural fields. Over 112,000 insects were collected; Hymenoptera represented 78% of the total, and the families Apidae and Halictidae comprised 99% of the total melittofauna. Insects from 13 orders were collected, but Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera were the most abundant potential pollinators.
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Canale, Angelo, and Giovanni Benelli. "Bee and Beekeeping Research in a Rapidly Changing World: Advancements and Challenges." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 3066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113066.
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Majewski, Janusz. "THE ROLE OF POLLINATING INSECTS IN ENSURING FOOD SECURITY IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3244.
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The aim of the paper was to determinate the importance of pollinating insects for food security in Poland. To assess this, there was estimated crop production without pollinators. The information published by the Institute of Horticulture and the Central Statistical Office was used as well as the literature on the subject. The results of the study indicate that insect pollinators play a key role in fruit production, absence of pollinators may result in a crop yield reduction about 80%. In terms of physical availability of food, Polish food security will be preserved even in the absence of insect pollinators. However, at the level of economic availability, food security may not be preserved without such pollinators, in particular in terms of fruit and food security associated with the consumption of properly balanced rations.
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Hall, John A., Gimme H. Walter, Dana M. Bergstrom, and Peter Machin. "Pollination ecology of the Australian cycad Lepidozamia peroffskyana (Zamiaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 3 (2004): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03159.
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Experiments carried out to investigate the reproductive ecology of the Australian cycad Lepidozamia peroffskyana (Regal, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1857, 1: 184) revealed that this species is pollinated exclusively by host-specific Tranes weevils (Pascoe 1875). The weevils carry out their life cycle within the tissues of the male cones but also visit the female cones in large numbers. Female cones from which insects (but not wind) was excluded had a pollination rate that was essentially zero. In contrast, female cones from which wind (but not insects) were excluded had a pollination rate comparable with naturally pollinated cones. Assessment of Tranes weevil pollen load indicated that they are effective pollen-carriers. No other potential insect pollinators were observed on cones of L. peroffskyana. Sampling of airborne loads of cycad pollen indicated that wind-dispersed grains were not consistently recorded beyond a 2-m radius surrounding pollen-shedding male cones. The airborne load of cycad pollen in the vicinity of pollination-receptive female cones was minimal, and the spatial distribution of the coning population indicated that receptive female cones did not usually occur close enough to pollen-shedding male cones for airborne transfer of pollen to explain observed natural rates of seed set. These multiple lines of evidence suggest that wind–once considered the only pollination vector for cycads and other gymnosperms–plays only a minimal role in the pollination of L. peroffskyana, if any at all. The global diversity of insects associated with cycads suggests that some lineages of pollinating beetles may have been associated with cycad cones since Mesozoic times.
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Sedgley, M., J. Harbard, RMM Smith, R. Wickneswari, and AR Griffin. "Reproductive-Biology and Interspecific Hybridization of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 1 (1992): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920037.
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Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis flowered between February and May, producing mature pods between October and April. The flowers of both species were similar in structure and showed weak protogyny and variable levels of andromonoecy. Male flowers either lacked pistils completely or had small sterile pistils. Controlled hand pollination resulted in pollen tubes in the pistil and penetration of the ovules following self and cross intraspecific and interspecific pollination. The cross A. auriculiformis × A. mangium was more successful than the reciprocal, but fertile seed was produced following interspecific pollination in both directions and all seedlings were shown to be hybrid by isozyme analysis of parents and seedlings. There were relatively few insect visitors to the flowering branches, but the same suite of insects was observed foraging for pollen on both species. Native bees belonging to the Halictidae carried most polyads on their hairy bodies and may act as pollinating agents. There appeared to be no major fertility barriers to interspecific hybridisation between Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis, and hybrids could occur spontaneously via synchronous flowering and common insect visitors.
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Nuortila, Carolin, Juha Tuomi, and Kari Laine. "Inter-parent distance affects reproductive success in two clonal dwarf shrubs, Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Ericaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-079.
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Clonal propagation and limited dispersal of seeds lead to genetic population structures in which most potential mates are relatives. If the species suffers from inbreeding depression or is self-incompatible, the number of seeds matured per fruit may be limited by the lack of outcrossing by unrelated pollen. We tested for distance-related genetic structure by hand-pollinating plants at increasing distances and measuring fruit set (berries/pollinated flowers) and seed number per fruit in natural populations of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.). Bagging of the flower buds without natural (pollination by insects) or hand-pollination yielded almost no fruit or seed, suggesting that the species are obligately insect pollinated. Self-pollination led to a significant reduction in seed number per fruit and increased seed abortion compared with cross-pollination. Moreover, seed number increased with increasing distance between the pollen donor and pollen recipient. Flight distances of bumblebees were estimated for bilberry by monitoring between-flower and, for lingonberry, between-inflorescence flight distances. About 90% of all flights were at distances of less than 1 m. At this distance, we observed less than the maximum seed number per fruit in hand-pollinations in both study species. Consequently, clonal growth is likely to be an important factor that constrains fruit and seed number in these species.Key words: bumblebee forage distance, clonal, hand-pollination, inter-parent distance, reproductive success, Vaccinium.
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Wróblewska, A. "ATTRACTIVENESS OF PHASEOLUS L. FLOWERS FOR POLLINATING INSECTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 288 (January 1991): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1991.288.51.
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Yanbing, Gong. "On methodology of foraging behavior of pollinating insects." Biodiversity Science 15, no. 6 (2007): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/biodiv.070155.
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Tonhasca Jr., Athayde, Gilberto S. Albuquerque, and Jacquelyn L. Blackmer. "Dispersal of euglossine bees between fragments of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 1 (January 2003): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003122.
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The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the world's ‘hot spots’ for conservation because of its high level of endemism and number of endangered species (Myers et al. 2000). After centuries of deforestation, most of the remaining Atlantic Forest is scattered as small fragments on private land (Fonseca 1985, Jorge & Garcia 1997). Pollination could be impaired in these fragments because isolation often negatively influences the dispersal of insects, the most important pollinating agents in the tropics.
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Cook, Brynn, Alexander Haverkamp, Bill S. Hansson, T’ai Roulston, Manuel Lerdau, and Markus Knaden. "Pollination in the Anthropocene: a Moth Can Learn Ozone-Altered Floral Blends." Journal of Chemical Ecology 46, no. 10 (September 2, 2020): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-020-01211-4.
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Abstract Insect pollination is essential to many unmanaged and agricultural systems and as such is a key element in food production. However, floral scents that pollinating insects rely on to locate host plants may be altered by atmospheric oxidants, such as ozone, potentially making these cues less attractive or unrecognizable to foraging insects and decreasing pollinator efficacy. We demonstrate that levels of tropospheric ozone commonly found in many rural areas are sufficient to disrupt the innate attraction of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta to the odor of one of its preferred flowers, Nicotiana alata. However, we further find that visual navigation together with associative learning can offset this disruption. Foraging moths that initially find an ozone-altered floral scent unattractive can target an artificial flower using visual cues and associate the ozone-altered floral blend with a nectar reward. The ability to learn ozone-altered floral odors may enable pollinators to maintain communication with their co-evolutionary partners and reduce the negative impacts that anthropogenically elevated oxidants may have on plant-pollinator systems.
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Thalwitzer, Liezl, Dave Kelly, Rob D. Smissen, Ruth Butler, David M. Suckling, and Ashraf El-Sayed. "Species-specific male pollinators found for three native New Zealand greenhood orchids (Pterostylis spp.) suggest pollination by sexual deception." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 3 (2018): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17111.
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Many orchids achieve pollination by deceptive means. Sexually deceptive orchids are pollinated by male insects, which are lured to flowers that mimic the sex pheromones and/or appearance of their female conspecifics. This specialised pollination strategy was recently confirmed for the first time in a Pterostylis species in Australia. We investigated whether this pollination strategy may also be operating in Pterostylis species in New Zealand where generalised plant–insect pollination strategies are most commonly documented. The breeding systems of Pterostylis oliveri Petrie and Pterostylis irsoniana Hatch were investigated in the field with pollination treatments. Sticky traps were set up over flowering P. oliveri, P. irsoniana and Pterostylis venosa Colenso to catch potential pollinators of the flowers. Insects caught carrying orchid pollinia were identified, and the pollinia were identified to plant species with nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) sequences. Both P. oliveri and P. irsoniana were found to be self-compatible, but dependent on insects for pollination. Pollinia from each of the three Pterostylis spp. were found to be carried species-specifically by male fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae): only Mycetophila latifascia fungus gnats carried the pollinia of P. oliveri, Morganiella fusca gnats carried the pollinia of P. irsoniana, and Tetragoneura sp. carried the pollinia of P. venosa. The pollinator specificity indicates that each of the male fungus gnat species was attracted to the flowers of a specific Pterostylis orchid. This strongly suggests that each of the orchid species emit a specific floral volatile, most probably resembling the sex pheromones of the female conspecifics, to lure their male pollinators. These are the first documented cases of highly specialised sexually deceptive pollination in New Zealand orchids, which were thought to be predominantly self-pollinating.
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Elisante, Filemon, Patrick Ndakidemi, Sarah E. J. Arnold, Steven R. Belmain, Geoff M. Gurr, Iain Darbyshire, Gang Xie, and Philip C. Stevenson. "Insect pollination is important in a smallholder bean farming system." PeerJ 8 (October 20, 2020): e10102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10102.
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Background Many crops are dependent on pollination by insects. Habitat management in agricultural landscapes can support pollinator services and even augment crop production. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume for the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in many low-income countries, particularly so in East Africa. While this crop is autogamous, it is frequently visited by pollinating insects that could improve yields. However, the value of pollination services to common beans (Kariasii) yield is not known. Methods We carried out pollinator-exclusion experiments to determine the contribution of insect pollinators to bean yields. We also carried out a fluorescent-dye experiment to evaluate the role of field margins as refuge for flower-visitors. Results Significantly higher yields, based on pods per plant and seeds per pod, were recorded from open-pollinated and hand-pollinated flowers compared to plants from which pollinators had been excluded indicating that flower visitors contribute significantly to bean yields. Similarly, open and hand-pollinated plants recorded the highest mean seed weight. Extrapolation of yield data to field scale indicated a potential increase per hectare from 681 kg in self-pollinated beans to 1,478 kg in open-pollinated beans indicating that flower visitors contributed significantly to crop yield of beans. Our marking study indicated that flower-visiting insects including bees, flies and lepidopterans moved from the field margin flowers into the bean crop. Overall, these results show that insect pollinators are important for optimising bean yields and an important food security consideration on smallholder farms. Field margin vegetation also provides habitat for flower-visiting insects that pollinate beans. Hence, non-crop habitats merit further research focusing on establishing which field margin species are most important and their capacity to support other ecosystem services such as natural pest regulation or even pests.
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Zych, Marcin, and Andrzej Jakubiec. "How much is a bee worth? Economic aspects of pollination of selected crops in Poland." Acta Agrobotanica 59, no. 1 (2012): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2006.030.
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Scientific studies state that a considerable part of the economic value of crop plant production should be attributed to the free services of pollinating insects. Such calculations are available for several EU and North American countries, and the present paper evaluates the value of pollination services to 19 important Polish crop plants. It is estimated that the market value of 19 entomogamous crops reaches the sum of approx. 7.5 billion PLN (thousand million) (approx. 1.8 billion EUR), 39% of this may be attributed to the insect activities, the most important being bees (the service value of approx. 2.5 billion PLN/0.6 billion EUR) and dipterans (almost 0.3 billion PLN/ 74 billion EUR). The paper discusses also the challenges and pitfalls of similar estimations and the need for conservation actions directed on crop plant pollinators.
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Verónica C., Soto, Fernández María de los Ángeles, Galmarini Claudio R., and Silva María Fernanda. "Analysis of phenolic compounds in onion nectar by miniaturized off-line solid phase extraction-capillary zone electrophoresis." Anal. Methods 6, no. 13 (2014): 4878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay00240g.
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Eeraerts, Maxime, Lieve Borremans, Guy Smagghe, and Ivan Meeus. "A Growers’ Perspective on Crop Pollination and Measures to Manage the Pollination Service of Wild Pollinators in Sweet Cherry Cultivation." Insects 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060372.
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Recent declines in insect pollinators and the increasing dependence on insect pollination in agriculture present major challenges to ensuring future food production. As part of the effort to deal with this challenge, there is a pressing need to understand growers’ perceptions with regard to pollinator diversity and crop pollination management. At present, many growers are dependent on domesticated honey bees (Apis mellifera), however, targeted management strategies involving naturally occurring pollinator species might be necessary to ensure future crop pollination. In this study we used semi-structured interviews to explore growers’ knowledge about crop pollination and current practices to manage insect pollination in sweet cherry cultivation. Our findings suggest that growers have a clear understanding of the importance of pollination and its determining factors. However, with respect to their current pollination management, growers depend mainly on honey bees and only apply measures to enhance wild pollinator communities to a limited extent. Our study highlights the gap between the growers’ perception of the contribution of wild pollinators to crop pollination, and their efforts to manage these species. We conclude that this is due to a lack of communication of recent scientific findings on the contribution of pollinating insects to crop pollination through the information channels that are being used by growers today. It is therefore crucial that scientists, government and other stakeholders work together with growers and communicate scientific evidence as well as practical guidelines to growers.
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Tiusanen, Mikko, Paul D. N. Hebert, Niels Martin Schmidt, and Tomas Roslin. "One fly to rule them all—muscid flies are the key pollinators in the Arctic." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1839 (September 28, 2016): 20161271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1271.
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Global change is causing drastic changes in the pollinator communities of the Arctic. While arctic flowers are visited by a wide range of insects, flies in family Muscidae have been proposed as a pollinator group of particular importance. To understand the functional outcome of current changes in pollinator community composition, we examined the role of muscids in the pollination of a key plant species, the mountain avens ( Dryas ). We monitored the seed set of Dryas across 15 sites at Zackenberg, northeast Greenland, and used sticky flower mimics and DNA barcoding to describe the flower-visiting community at each site. To evaluate the consequences of shifts in pollinator phenology under climate change, we compared the flower visitors between the early and the late season. Our approach revealed a diverse community of insects visiting Dryas , including two-thirds of all insect species known from the area. Even against this diverse background, the abundance of muscid flies emerged as a key predictor for seed set in Dryas , whereas overall insect abundance and species richness had little or no effect. With muscid flies as the main drivers of the pollinating function in the High Arctic, a recently observed decline in their abundances offers cause for concern.
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Harris, Bethany A., S. Kristine Braman, and Svoboda V. Pennisi. "Influence of Plant Taxa on Pollinator, Butterfly, and Beneficial Insect Visitation." HortScience 51, no. 8 (August 2016): 1016–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.8.1016.
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Insects provide ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological control. Additionally, flowering ornamental plant species have the potential to support beneficial insect communities, such as pollinating bees, wasps, and predatory plant bugs. We conducted visual observations and sampled via sweep nets to assess the potential of flowering ornamentals to act as a conservation resource for pollinators. Hoverflies (family: Syrphidae), small bees [Lasioglossum (dialictus) imitatum Smith and Halictus ligatus Say], skippers (family: Hesperiidae), predatory plant bugs (family Miridae), and parasitic wasps were frequent visitors to the specially designed Butterfly and Conservation Gardens. Agastache (Pursh) Kuntze ‘Black Adder’ and Celosia spicata L. were the most frequently visited by pollinators among 74 plant taxa. The results obtained will be useful in formulating recommendations on planting the best species for the purpose of attracting pollinators as well as for conservation purposes.
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Bhattachar, Ashoke, Subrata Mondal ., and Sudhendu Mandal . "Pollinating Agents of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. –Insects or Wind?" Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 4, no. 5 (August 15, 2005): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2005.492.495.
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Gange, Alan C., and Annabel K. Smith. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence visitation rates of pollinating insects." Ecological Entomology 30, no. 5 (October 2005): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00732.x.
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Lagerlöf, Jan, Josef Stark, and Birgitta Svensson. "Margins of agricultural fields as habitats for pollinating insects." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 40, no. 1-4 (May 1992): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(92)90087-r.
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Miftakhova, S. A. "Antecological features of Rubus odoratus L. during introduction in the North." Bulletin of the State Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, no. 139 (August 11, 2021): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0513-1634-2021-139-62-68.
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The article describes the peculiarities of flowering and pollination of an introduced sample of Rubus odoratus in the conditions of the North (Komi Republic). Experiments on controlled pollination have shown that the species is characterized by xenogamy, although there was also idiogamy. The fruits formed through idiogamy had many voids between the drupes, often did not reach maturity, and the seeds were dissimilar. Dichogamy in the form of protandria and partial hercogamy are not an obstacle, but only additional factors that prevent self-pollination. The probable cause of self-sterility is self-incompatibility. R. odoratus has no specific pollination strategy. The main method of pollination of the species is entomophilia, carried out by pollinating insects mainly representatives of three orders: Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. R. odoratus is characterized by visual and olfactory attraction.
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Blaise Pando, Joseph, Denis Djonwangwé, Olivier Balti Moudelsia, Fernand-Nestor Tchuenguem Fohouo, and Joseph Lebel Tamesse. "Diversité des insectes floricoles de Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae) et leur impact sur les rendements fruitier et grainier à Maroua-Cameroun." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 43:1 (January 31, 2020): 7350–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v43-1.2.
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Pour déterminer la richesse spécifique, la fréquence relative, les produits alimentaires recherchés, les insectes pollinisateurs et l’impact de ces insectes sur les rendements, deux traitements ont été formés à partir du marquage de 240 boutons floraux en 2015 et 2017 chacun selon la présence ou l’absence de protection contre les insectes. Les observations ont été faites sur les fleurs de Abelmoschus esculentus en libre pollinisation du 11 au 22 septembre 2015 et du 7 au 19 septembre 2017 à Wourndé et Palar respectivement. La diversité spécifique des insectes floricoles de gombo était de 17 et 20 espèces respectivement à Wourndé et à Palar. L’indice de Jacard (J = 0,15) révèle une similarité entre les deux sites, preuve que les conditions environnementales sont similaires dans les deux habitats. Les insectes butinaient les fleurs du gombo de 8 h à 13 h, avec le pic de l’activité de l’ensemble de visites de ceux-ci situé entre 10 h et 11 h. Les insectes développaient un comportement très élaboré lors de la récolte du nectar et/ou du pollen et la consommation du pétale. On peut regrouper ces insectes en pollinisateur majeur (Lipotriches collaris), pollinisateurs mineurs [Sphecodes albilabris, Camponotus flavomarginatus, le Vespidae (1 sp.), Lasioglossum albilabris, Seladonia sp., Lasioglossum albipes, Lipotriches pulchriventris et le Formicidae (1 sp.)] et pollinisateurs occasionnels. La comparaison des rendements des fleurs non protégées à celui des fleurs protégées des insectes ont montré que les insectes ont un impact positif sur ce rendement. L’influence de ces insectes est estimée à 9,57%, 7,18% et 4,34% pour le taux de fructification, le nombre de graines/capsule et le pourcentage de graines normales respectivement. Afin d’améliorer le rendement de A. esculentus, il est conseillé de préserver les insectes floricoles non nuisibles dans les champs de gombo en évitant les traitements aux pesticides pendant la période de floraison lorsqu’ils ne se justifient pas. ABSTRACT To determine the species richness, the relative frequency, desired food products, the pollinating insects and impact of these insects on the yields, two treatments were formed from the marking of 240 flower buds in 2015 and 2017, differentiated according to the presence or absence of protection against insect’s activities. Observations were made on free-pollinated Abelmoschus esculentus flowers from 11 to 22 September 2015 and from 7 to 19 September 2017 in Wourndé and Palar respectively. The specific diversity of the flowering insects of okra was 17 and 20 species respectively in Wourndé and Palar. The Jacard index (J = 0.15) reveals a similarity between the two sites, proof that the environmental conditions are similar in both habitats. The insects foraged the flowers of the okra from 8h to 13h, with the peak of the activity of the set of visits of them located between 10 h and 11 h. The insects developed a much elaborated behaviour during the harvest of the nectar and / or the pollen and the consumption of petal. These insects can be grouped into major pollinators (Lipotriches collaris), minor pollinators [Sphecodes albilabris, Camponotus flavomarginatus, Vespidae (1 sp.), Lasioglossum albilabris, Seladonia sp., Lasioglossum albipes, Lipotriches pulchriventris and Formicidae (1 sp.)).] and occasional pollinators. By comparing the yield of unprotected flowers to that of insect-protected flowers, it appeared that insects have a positive impact on this yield. The influence of these insects is estimated at 9.57 %, 7.18 % and 4.34 % for the fruiting rate, the number of seeds / capsule and the percentage of normal seeds respectively. To improve the yield of A. esculentus, it is advisable to preserve the flower-dwelling insects in okra fields by avoiding pesticide treatments during the flowering period when they are not justified.
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Boucher, Matthew, Rowan Collins, Kayli Harling, Gabrielle Brind’Amour, Stephen Hesler, Karen Wentworth, Kerik Cox, and Greg Loeb. "Field Evaluation of Interactions Between Insects and Erwinia amylovora in a New York Apple Orchard." PhytoFrontiers™ 1, no. 2 (April 2021): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-10-20-0032-r.
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The role of insects in dissemination of Erwinia amylovora has been studied for over 100 years. Pollinating bees do not feed on bacterial ooze but are suggested to transmit between flowers. It has been suggested that various hemipteran species walk on bacterial ooze and subsequently shed acquired bacteria into their own feeding wounds. Dipterans have been observed readily feeding on ooze, but their importance has been understudied. The goal of this study was to advance understanding of the ecology of insect-mediated transmission of E. amylovora through field collections and observations conducted in a research apple orchard with actively oozing fire blight symptoms. We found that field-collected pollinating bees did not test positive for the bacterium, suggesting that their role in blossom blight dissemination may be overstated. Flies were prominent flower visitors, underscoring the need for further research into their role in bloom time bacterial dissemination. Flies were observed feeding on ooze droplets in the late spring and early summer and the insects retained bacteria for at least 7 days. Flies shed transmissible amounts of E. amylovora for the duration of the experiment. The role of hemipterans was not clarified in this study but it is possible that their role is indirect through interactions with other insects. Collectively, this research outlines the ecological role of different insects in disease transmission and underscores the underappreciated potential importance of flies, providing a roadmap toward a better understanding of the complex dynamics at play. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Kalaman, Heather, Gary W. Knox, Sandra B. Wilson, and Wendy Wilber. "A Master Gardener Survey: Promoting Pollinator-friendly Plants Through Education and Outreach." HortTechnology 30, no. 2 (April 2020): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04460-19.
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As land-use patterns change over time, some pollinating insects continue to decline both in abundance and diversity. This is due, in part, to reductions in floral resources that provide sufficient nectar and pollen. Our overall goal is to help increase the use of plants that enhance pollinator health by providing research-based information that is easily accessible to the public. To assess the most successful mode of sharing this information, a survey was distributed to more than 4000 Master Gardener (MG) volunteers of Florida. The objectives of our survey were to gauge both knowledge and interest in common pollinators, common pollinator-friendly floral resources, and a favored means of accessing material about additional pollinator-friendly plants for landscape use. With a response rate of just over 18%, results showed that there is a clear interest among Florida MGs in learning more about pollinators and pollinator-friendly plants with face-to-face classes followed by a website as the preferred modes of accessing educational materials on this topic. Respondents on average were extremely interested in learning more about pollinator plants [mean of 4.41 out of 5.0 (sd = 0.89)], with greatest interest in butterflies/moths (Lepidoptera), followed by bees (Hymenoptera), birds (Aves), bats (Chiroptera), and beetles (Coleoptera). Overall, MG participants felt more confident (P < 0.0001) in their knowledge of pollinator-friendly plants (mean 3.24 out of 5.0) than pollinator insects (mean 3.01 out of 5.0). When tested, 88.5% were able to correctly identify black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta), with 70.1% correctly identifying spotted beebalm (Monarda punctata). Variations were observed in tested knowledge of pollinating insects, with 90.2% correctly identifying a zebra longwing (Heliconius charithonia) and only 32.6% correctly identifying a striped-sweat bee (Agapostemon splendens). These results revealed that MGs perceived themselves to be fairly knowledgeable about both pollinator plants and pollinating insects, yet their tested knowledge ranged widely depending on the actual plant and pollinator type. This suggests an emphasis be given for future MG training focused on diverse plant and pollinator species, preferably in a face-to-face environment. Results also show that additional resources regarding pollinator-friendly plants, as well as identification material on pollinating insects, are both desired and valued by our Florida MG community.
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Labandeira, Conrad C. "Diversity, diets and disparity: determining the effect of the terminal Cretaceous extinction on insect evolution." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007346.
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A considerable amount of research has been devoted toward evaluating the impact of the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction on terrestrial life. This research has focused primarily on terrestrial vertebrates (primarily dinosaurs), marine invertebrates (notably molluscs and foraminifera), and to a lesser extent, terrestrial vascular plants. Terrestrial arthropods, especially insects, have seldomly been investigated, principally because of an alleged depauperate fossil record. Nevertheless, within the past two decades, some of the most productive and taxonomically diverse insect faunas have originated from Cretaceous amber- and compression-fossil deposits from every continent. Whereas it was once thought that the Cretaceous represented an unknown void in the understanding of insect evolution, now it appears that many extant lineages are traceable to Cretaceous precursors.Three approaches are available for determining the extent of the effect of the terminal Cretaceous extinction event on insects. Assessed for the interval from the Early Cretaceous to the Early Paleogene, these approaches are: (1) establishing the secular pattern of familial- and generic-based taxonomic diversity (macroevolution); (2) recognizing the persistence or eradication of specific insect/vascular plant interactions, such as leaf-mining, wood-boring and pollination (behavior); and (3) establishing temporal trends in the range of mouthpart design, as an indicator of faunal disparity or structural diversity (morphology). These three operationally separate but complimentary approaches allow the advantage of using distinct data bases to bear on a common question. The body-fossil record of insects provides primary data for the taxonomic expansion, steady-state, or contraction of insect faunas. The trace-fossil record of those insect interactions that are coevolved with plant hosts reveals the temporal continuity of highly stereotyped and taxonomically obligate behaviors. Both of these are contrasted to an assessment of insectan structural disparity, herein determined from a robust data base of 30 modern insect mouthpart classes that are traced back in geologic time.A preliminary analysis of each of these three approaches indicates broad agreement–namely that insects were not dramatically affected by the terminal Cretaceous extinction event. First, insects experienced only a modest decline in diversity, about 9 percent at the family level. (The generic level is not yet analyzed.) Second, although the data base is limited, there is no indication of the extinction of major leaf-mining, wood-boring, pollinating or other plant-specific behaviors at the end of the Cretaceous. In fact, leaf-mine morphologies for three lepidopteran families with Cretaceous occurrences are apparently indistinguishable from their modern descendants. Last, of the 30 mouthpart classes occurring during the Paleogene, 28 are represented during the Cretaceous. These data provide strong evidence for a largely uninterrupted continuum of insect faunas across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary as measured by taxonomic diversity, coevolved behavior, and structural disparity.Because of abundant and often intimate associations between insects and flowering plants, these results are consistent with a gradual and not catastrophic change in terrestrial floras across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Acceptance of a catastrophic extinction of flowering plants during the terminal Cretaceous would necessitate an unprecedented level of host-switching by coevolved insects on contemporaneous plants. This is unlikely, based on evidence from the prolific literature on modern insect/plant interactions. These studies indicate the ubiquity of obligate insect specificity for various secondary chemicals on many flowering plant species.
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Wisdom, Michelle M., Michael D. Richardson, Douglas E. Karcher, Donald C. Steinkraus, and Garry V. McDonald. "Flowering Persistence and Pollinator Attraction of Early-spring Bulbs in Warm-season Lawns." HortScience 54, no. 10 (October 2019): 1853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14259-19.
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Early-spring flowering bulbs can increase biodiversity while adding color to lawns and other grassy areas. However, few studies have investigated whether bulbs can flower and persist in warm-season lawns or provide feeding habitat for pollinating insects. Thirty early-spring flowering bulbs, including species of Anemone, Chionodoxa, Crocus, Eranthis, Hyacinthus, Ipheion, Iris, Leucojum, Muscari, and Narcissus, were established in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers) and buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) J.T. Columbus] lawns in late autumn 2015 in Fayetteville AR. Bulbs were assessed over three growing seasons for flowering characteristics, persistence, and their ability to attract pollinating insects. A growing degree day model was also developed to predict peak flowering times in our region. Numerous bulb entries produced abundant flowers in bermudagrass and buffalograss lawns in the first year after planting, but persistence and flower production were reduced in both the second and third years of the trial. Five bulbs persisted for multiple years in both turfgrass species and continued to produce flowers, including Crocus flavus Weston ‘Golden Yellow’ (crocus), Leucojum aestivum L. (spring snowflake), Narcissus (daffodil) ‘Baby Moon’, Narcissus ‘Rip Van Winkle’, and Narcissus ‘Tete-a-Tete’. Several bulbs, primarily crocuses and Muscari spp. (grape hyacinth), were also observed to attract pollinating insects, principally honey bees (Apis mellifera). These results demonstrate that some early-spring bulbs can persist in competitive warm-season turfgrasses, while providing pollinator forage, but species and cultivar selection is critical for long-term success.
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Arnold, Sarah E. J., Samantha J. Forbes, David R. Hall, Dudley I. Farman, Puran Bridgemohan, Gustavo R. Spinelli, Daniel P. Bray, et al. "Floral Odors and the Interaction between Pollinating Ceratopogonid Midges and Cacao." Journal of Chemical Ecology 45, no. 10 (October 2019): 869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-019-01118-9.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMost plant species depend upon insect pollination services, including many cash and subsistence crops. Plants compete to attract those insects using visual cues and floral odor which pollinators associate with a reward. The cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, has a highly specialized floral morphology permitting pollination primarily by Ceratopogonid midges. However, these insects do not depend upon cacao flowers for their life cycle, and can use other sugar sources. To understand how floral cues mediate pollination in cacao we developed a method for rearing Ceratopogonidae through several complete lifecycles to provide material for bioassays. We carried out collection and analysis of cacao floral volatiles, and identified a bouquet made up exclusively of saturated and unsaturated, straight-chain hydrocarbons, which is unusual among floral odors. The most abundant components were tridecane, pentadecane, (Z)-7-pentadecene and (Z)-8-heptadecene with a heptadecadiene and heptadecatriene as minor components. We presented adult midges, Forcipomyia sp. (subgen. Forcipomyia), Culicoides paraensis and Dasyhelea borgmeieri, with natural and synthetic cacao flower odors in choice assays. Midges showed weak attraction to the complete natural floral odor in the assay, with no significant evidence of interspecific differences. This suggests that cacao floral volatiles play a role in pollinator behavior. Midges were not attracted to a synthetic blend of the above four major components of cacao flower odor, indicating that a more complete blend is required for attraction. Our findings indicate that cacao pollination is likely facilitated by the volatile blend released by flowers, and that the system involves a generalized odor response common to different species of Ceratopogonidae.
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Nancy, NP, MR Amin, MRU Miah, and MG Miah. "Native Insect Pollinators and Their Effect on Sweet Gourd Production." Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture 23, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aba.v23i1.51474.
Full textAbstract:
The study was conducted in the field laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh during September 2016 to June 2017 to know the insect pollinators of sweet gourd, their behavior and their role on sweet gourd yield and seed quality. The study showed that ten species of insects belong to seven families in three orders (Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera) were found as pollinator. The abundance of the pollinator species ranged from 0.1±0.1 to 2.2±0.3 per 30 sweeps. The cabbage butter fly and ant showed statistically similar and higher abundance compared to other insect pollinators. The foraging durations of the frequently abundant pollinators ranged from 16.8 ± 2.2 to 36.6 ± 4.4 S per flower and ant spent the longest duration. Insect pollination showed the highest number of fruit plant-1, yield ha-1 and seed fruit-1 both in winter and summer season compared to natural and hand pollination. Production of fruit, seed set and yield of insect pollinating plot in winter and summer seasons were 6.4 ± 0.3 and 4.8 ± 0.2 plant-1, 84.8 ± 2.7 and 62.6 ± 1.0 fruit-1, and 18.5 ± 0.8 and 16.7 ± 0.7 t ha-1, respectively. The findings indicated that the native insect pollinators increased the production of fruit, seed and yield of sweet gourd. Conserving and enhancing native insect pollinators may boost sweet gourd production in Bangladesh.
Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(1) : 63-68
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Shrestha, Mani, Jair E. Garcia, Freya Thomas, Scarlett R. Howard, Justin H. J. Chua, Thomas Tscheulin, Alan Dorin, Anders Nielsen, and Adrian G. Dyer. "Insects in the City: Does Remnant Native Habitat Influence Insect Order Distributions?" Diversity 13, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13040148.
Full textAbstract:
There is increasing interest in developing urban design principles that incorporate good ecological management. Research on understanding the distribution and role of beneficial pollinating insects, in particular, is changing our view of the ecological value of cities. With the rapid expansion of the built environment comes a need to understand how insects may be affected in extensive urban areas. We therefore investigated insect pollinator capture rates in a rapidly growing and densely urbanized city (Melbourne, Australia). We identified a remnant native habitat contained within the expansive urban boundary, and established study sites at two nearby populated urban areas. We employed standard pan trap sampling techniques to passively sample insect orders in the different environments. Our results show that, even though the types of taxonomic groups of insects captured are comparable between locations, important pollinators like bees and hoverflies were more frequently captured in the remnant native habitat. By contrast, beetles (Coleoptera) and butterflies/moths (Lepidoptera) were more frequently observed in the urban residential regions. Our results suggest that the maintenance of native habitat zones within cities is likely to be valuable for the conservation of bees and the ecosystem services they provide.
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Dounia, Clautin Ningatoloum, Chantal Doukaa, Elono Azang Pierre Stephan, Amada Brahim, Joseph Lebel Tamesse, and Fernand-Nestor Tchuenguem Fohouo. "Impact of insect pollinators on yields of Glycine max L. (Fabaceae) at Yaoundé (Cameroon) Douniaa, Clautin Ningatoloumb, Chantal Doukaa, Elono Azang Pierre Stephana, Amada Brahimc, Joseph Lebel Tamessea, Fernand-Nestor Tchuenguem Fohouod." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 11 (June 22, 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v11i.8797.
Full textAbstract:
To appreciate the impact of insect pollinators on the pod, seeds, and seed weight yields of Glycine max, the pollinating activities of flowering insects were studied in Yaoundé, during the two mild, rainy seasons in 2016 and 2017 (March-June). Observations were made on 45 to 20400 flowers per treatment. The flowers were subjected to different treatments: Free flowers (Treatment 1), bagged flowers (treatment 2), castrated and free flowers (treatment 3), and castrated and bagged flowers (treatment 4). Some (8695 and 3325) flowers of Glycine max (Fabaceae) were observed in 2016 and 2017, respectively, for the diversity and Frequency of insect visits. For results, 1527 visits of 13 insect species distributed in seven orders were recorded on G. max flowers. The most dominating Hymenoptera observed was Apis mellifera, with 40.20 % of the total insect visits. The highest number of insect pollinators harvested in the flowers of this Fabaceae was between 8h-9h. The studied insects have a positive impact on the yields of this plant. This positive impact of the pollinator insects on the yields was 26.29 %, 16.13 %, 15.02 and 4.45 % in fructification rate, number of seeds pod, the weight of seeds, and percentage of normal seeds respectively. The avoidance of pesticide treatment of plants during flowering could be a good management strategy to improve on plant yield.
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Xin, Zhaozhe, Dawei Huang, Dan Zhao, Jiaxing Li, Xianqin Wei, and Jinhua Xiao. "Genome-Wide Analysis of Chemosensory Protein Genes (CSPs) Family in Fig Wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)." Genes 11, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11101149.
Full textAbstract:
Chemosensory proteins (CSP) are a class of acidic soluble proteins which have various functions in chemoreception, resistance and immunity, but we still have very little knowledge on this gene family in fig wasps, a peculiar insects group (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) that shelter in the fig syconia of Ficus trees. Here, we made the first comprehensive analysis of CSP gene family in the 11 fig wasps at whole-genome level. We manually annotated 104 CSP genes in the genomes of the 11 fig wasps, comprehensively analyzed them in gene characteristics, conserved cysteine patterns, motif orders, phylogeny, genome distribution, gene tandem duplication, and expansion and contraction patterns of the gene family. We also approximately predicted the gene expression by codon adaptation index analysis. Our study shows that the CSP gene family is conserved in the 11 fig wasps; the CSP gene numbers in pollinating fig wasps are less than in non-pollinating fig wasps, which may be due to their longer history of adaptation to fig syconia; the expansion of CSP gene in two non-pollinating fig wasps, Philotrypesis tridentata and Sycophaga agraensis, may be a species-specific phenomenon. These results provide us with useful information for understanding the evolution of the CSP gene family of insects in diverse living environments.