Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Politique urbaine – Europe – Études comparatives'
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Bouchet-Blancou, Géraldine. "Densifier et rénover à l'échelle urbaine par la surélévation ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAG031.
Full textThe thesis examines the potential of roof stacking to meet the expectations of urban densification policies, by studying three European cities : Paris, Geneva and Barcelona. Faced with the challenges of fighting against urban sprawl, thermal renovation of the building stock, social mix, easing of land pressure and enhancing the remarkable as the ordinary architectural heritage, roof stacking has been perceived since the early 2000’s as a proven solution on the building scale and now usable on a larger scale : that of the metropolis. Making a new city above the city would then be the solution to current urban ills. However, implementing a typology so strongly linked to the existing isn’t so simple and the results are sometimes even counter productive
Fontana, Francesca. "Seuils et densités dans les perspectives de régénération urbaine au tournant du XXIè siècle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAG034.
Full textAt the beginning of the 21st century, many new challenges have been proposed to the cities in the realms of ecology, economy and sociology. Several western metropolis aim at becoming nowadays a template for a sustainable, smart and fair development, particularly in the “after Kyoto” world. In recent international consultations on the future of cities (e.g. Grand Paris in 2007, followed by Bruxelles 2040, Lille 2030, Big Moscow 2050 etc.) politicians, economists and urban experts discussed together the relationship between regeneration and urban forms. In particular the practices of recycling, rescue and repair became central themes. In order to contain urban expansion, sprawl and lack of identity, the consultations re‐propose the concepts of concentration and intensification of urban areas, of vegetal and artificial density, of mixing and of functional hybridization. These are undeniable qualities of a sustainable city, but unfortunately deprived of real repercussions at the proper human scale. At present, while new inter‐municipal groups redraw their urban limits and envisage to renovate their identity around common goals, our research claims the need to understand and master different degrees of possible modifications on the already established urban fabric. In order for architecture to play a role in situations that are already in progress, reversibility and flexibility become two operational and complementary concepts. Architecture must become capable of integrating in time mutating perspectives and accepting its own transformation and evolution
Jardin, Antoine. "Voter dans les quartiers populaires : dynamiques électorales comparées des agglomérations de Paris, Madrid et Birmingham." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0041/document.
Full textThis research studies the evolution of voting turnout in in Paris, Madrid and Birmingham’s deprived neighborhoods since 1999. In France, after the 2005 riots, both registration and turnout increased sharply during the 2007 presidential election in those places. Yet their inhabitants face numerous social and physical barriers, reducing the likelihood that they would vote. We try to explain this paradox using combined theoretical frameworks from urban sociology, electoral sociology, electoral geography and public policies in a comparative research design. The core hypothesis is that those social groups are increasingly involved in politics and in voting. This study uses several methodological tools involving aggregate data analysis, survey data analysis, polling station observation and field interviews. The results show that public policies designed to influence turnout are sharply divided. Universalistic approaches appear more likely to get voters to participate
Evrard, Aurélien. "L'intégration des énergies renouvelables aux politiques publiques de l'électricité en Europe : une comparaison Allemagne, Danemark, France." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0064.
Full textSince its emergence as a new policy issue, in the 1970s, renewable energy has been integrated into electricity policies in most of European countries. However, it was initially a particular source of energy. It was indeed part of a radical transformation project of conventional energy systems. We conceptualize renewable energy as a “policy alternative”, defined as a set of propositions built on shared values, specific institutional arrangements and actors’ configurations, that not only aims at promoting a policy solution, but also intend to transform a policy sector. Comparing Danish, German and French cases with a long temporal perspective, this research draws two main conclusions. Firstly, only a multidimensional approach on policy change can explain national differences regarding the timing and the extent of renewable energy development. Secondly, the whole process of policy change led to a form of hybridization between renewable energy policy alternative and the electricity sector
Imbert, Florence. "Enjeu du concept d'émeute urbaine : approche comparée de quelques cas en Europe et dans le monde arabe dans le dernier quart du XXème siècle." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX32042.
Full textDupuy-Busson, Séverine. "La liberté cinématographique en France et en Europe : garanties et limites." Paris 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA020097.
Full textHitomi, Hiroko. "Étude comparative de l'évolution historique des structures de pouvoir et de la stratification sociale dans les sociétés d'Extrême-Orient (Chine, Japon) et d'Occident à la lumière du couple de concepts pluralisme / monopolisme." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040060.
Full textThe target of the whole study consists in deducing the two sorts of political flows which were getting more and more divergent, and so European societies and Far Eastern societies were destined to follow respectively these flows from the point of view of these two premises : the first premise is of the pluralism of European political system and of the monopolism of Far Eastern political system. .
Rief-Vernay, Barbara. "Construire sur le passé. Patrimoine culturel urbain et politiques de Développement : étude comparative sur le rôle des quartiers historiques dans les politiques de développement urbain de Vienne et de Budapest." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100037/document.
Full textMore than ever, European metropolises are concerned about their built heritage, its rehabilitation and staging. With the recent postmodern reassessment of the object “old town”, cities are rediscovering their own historic districts, formerly neglected, and are elevating them into a cultural heritage rank. Such promotion does not only appear in the guise of reconstruction of old building stock and its presentation but also by integrating built heritage into marketing and urban development strategies. In an international context, and particularly in light of competition amongst cities, they are increasingly defining themselves through their cultural potential by referring to their origins, their traditions and their built heritage. In essence, old quarters have become showcases of their cities, making them major coordinates of identity and image. It is due to these qualities that they are considered suitable to attract tourists, investments, qualified workforce etc.This study aims at examining the utilisation of urban heritage in the urban development strategies of Vienna and Budapest, two Central European metropolises, both of which boast a vast urban heritage. The study is based on two underlying hypotheses: Firstly, the urban cultural heritage is an intellectual construct of the present, which responds to current needs of society. Secondly, urban heritage can be functionalised as a resource for economic and urban development in postfordist urban policies
Jönsson-Leclerc, Alexandra. "Les politiques de la conciliation entre vie familiale et vie professionnelle en Europe : une comparaison entre la France, la Suède et le Royaume-Uni." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0039.
Full textThis comparative analysis reconstitutes the conditions of emergence and institutionalization of public policies regarding the conciliation of family and professional life in France, Sweden and the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century and during the 1960s, before questioning their evolution in the recent period of the 1990s to nowadays. Focusing on the forms and justifications by which governments have chosen to intervene in the organization of care services for young children and of parental leave measures, the analysis insists, on a first level, on the structural differences that dominate the national cases historically. On a second level, a series of recent gradual changes are demonstrated, following in the three cases a common pattern: One part forms a process of “defamiliasation”, indicating an intensified public involvement in the care of young children at the same time as an increasing variety in the provision of care services. The other part translates a process of “parentalisation”, pointing at a new public involvement in the organization of domestic care work within the family in order to favour parents’ professional participation as well as a more equal sharing of care responsibilities between women and men. The similar redefinition of the boundaries between public and private in the three countries indicates a convergence-trend, spurred by a more egalitarian public conception of gender relations. Considered in the context of an intensified European integration, this trend shows how European public policies are becoming ever more interwoven displaying a case of Europeanization where the influence of Europe can be neither certified nor excluded
Trinh, Ngoc Huy. "L'influence de la culture nationale sur la politique de rémunération des entreprises multinationales : une comparaison Vietnam-Europe." Toulouse 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU10074.
Full textThis research concerns the influence of national culture on the remuneration practices of European multinational enterprises in Vietnam. It is built on the G Hofstede's theoretical model of national culture (1980, 2001) in order to try to help leaders of multinational enterprises (MNEs) have a compensation policy in the international context. We also try to measure the employee satisfaction level with regard to the remuneration. By adopting a qualitative approach, an empirical study was conducted with a sample of 307 CEO of these MNEs from seven different European countries and 893 employees working in these 39 MNEs. The result demonstrates that there is an influence of the dimensions of power distance, individualism/collectivism and uncertainty avoidance on the remuneration policy. The effects of the other two dimensions (masculinity/feminity and long-term orientation) are still indicative. Moreover, our results also show that there is high level of employee satisfaction with regard to the remuneration if the compensation policy is built on the adaptation to the Vietnamese culture context. In conclusion, these results emphasize the importance of adapting national culture in compensation policy making in an international environment
Sabatier, Laurence-Marie. "Réseaux urbains et services aux entreprises en France métropolitaine et à La Réunion." Paris 1, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006274.
Full textHosseinpoor, Mohammad. "Densité et forme urbaine durable : Marseille et Chiraz, approche comparative." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32042.
Full textThe main axis of this research is an urban durability survey through a comparative analytic method, based on existing urban contexts, the relation between the form and the context. The impact of the traditional urban planning (zoning) and the diffuse habitat to follow the normal using of cars on the urban environment demands to take into account the relationship between density and sustainable urban planning and design. The objective of the struggle against of urban sprawl through a politic based on the social rights, sustainable economy and viable environment generated to find the best relation between density and urban form. Six neighborhoods, more or less dense of varying urban typo-morphology – historic/heritage fabric, large-scale apartment blocks, detached or semi-detached houses – found in two cities (Marseilles and Shiraz) shall be used as essential points (places) for our study. This research analyses the designed form – architectural and urban -, the anthropological human form and the historic form. The distinction between collective housing often situated in down towns and the detached houses in suburbs opens the dialogue between inside and outside urban growth. The analysis of the neighborhoods studied in terms of evaluation criteria based on sustainable neighborhood has lead our research to evaluate selected sites in relation to sustainable development principals. The measure of quantitative criteria of sustainable development and qualitative criteria based on the social survey next to inhabitants let us determine the value of proximity in the choice of the neighborhood and the sustainable housing
Frison-Roche, François. "Le modèle semi-présidentiel, instrument de la transition en Europe post-communiste : Bulgarie, Lituanie, Macédoine, Pologne, Roumanie, Slovénie." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010321.
Full textRubel, Katarsyna. "Le concept de mutualité et l'évolution des assurances sociales en Europe." Paris 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA020124.
Full textDézé, Alexandre. "Idéologie et stratégies partisanes : une analyse du rapport des partis d'extrême droite au système politique démocratique : le cas du Front national, du Movimento sociale italiano et du Vlaams Blok." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008IEPP0048.
Full textOn the whole, classical approaches have analysed extreme right parties by focusing on their structural conditions of emergence and success in a macroscopic and monographic way. This PHD dissertation aims to suggest another way of studying these parties, by adopting both an endogenous and a comparative approach centered around the relationships between these parties (which put forward an anti-system ideology) and the democratic political system. Three cases are considered: the FN, the MSI and the VB. Founded on archives, graphic propaganda and a fieldwork conducted in Italy, France and Belgium, this dissertation is organised around three main parts. The first part deals with taxonomic and theoretical issues, stressing various hypotheses on strategic possibilities for extreme right parties (between adaptation to the system and distinction from the system). The second and third parts test these hypotheses from an empirical point of view, by examining the genetic phase of the studied parties and by analysing the strategies implemented by their leaders, and their consequences during the three main phases of the evolution of the FN, the MSI and the VB (the political wilderness, the political emergence, and the coming to power)
Schaeffer, Benoît. "L'institution présidentielle dans les Etats d'Europe centrale et orientale." Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT4023.
Full textThis study aims to define the presidential institution in Eastern and Central European states. This institution is recent since it appeared with the constitutional modifications which have followed the "velvet revolutions". This institution lias many origins. The "constitutional models" offered by the Western states alongside with the constitutional history of these states, notably the democratic experience between the two world wars, had a decisive influence. After the fall of communism, because of charismatic leaders being present, the question of the role and the way to appoint a President was at the core of political debates between the main parties. The constitutional choices being made at this point, as well as the political practices during the constitutional transition, have proven beneficial to this institution. But in reaction to this period, the final Constitutions show on the contrary distrust towards this institution. After some founding confrontations, a determinedly parliamentarian reading of the constitutional texts has generally speaking asserted itself, following a rise in power of the Government. Only the lasting political crises enable Presidents to really intervene in the political games. Thus, with the exception of Romania and Poland, this institution plays today a litnited role in the parliamentary regimes
Le, Minor Loïc. "Image des villes : de l'image officielle aux perceptions habitantes : étude comparée de Poitiers et de la Rochelle." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT5015.
Full textStarting up a comparative study on about thirty years between Poitiers et La Rochelle, we tried to evaluate the similarity between the official image spread by the town councils and the perceptions of the inhabitants. First, we brought to light the different ways of building a brand image by the producers of space. It seems that the singularity of each town comes less from the set of themes than from the way they are treated and communicated. Secondly, we approached the representations of the inhabitants to perceive their closeness to the institutional discourse. The image of these towns are revealed as relatively stable in the present and shared both by councillors and citizens
Mossler, Geneviève. "Problématique constitutionnelle du bicamérisme en Europe." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN20015.
Full textLe bicamérisme ne peut pas uniquement se définir comme étant un parlement composé de deux chambres. Cette organisation institutionnelle emporte nécessairement des conséquences quant au concept de représentation et quant au travail parlementaire. Dans les Etats de l'Union Européenne, dont treize seulement ont opté pour un parlement bicaméral, ceci est particulièrement révélateur. Dans chaque Etat étudié, la question de la fonction représentative de la seconde chambre se pose, tant au niveau de ses fondements, que de leur réalisation concrète. De même, le bicamérisme interroge directement l'efficacité du travail parlementaire et donc la place à accorder à la seconde chambre, dans le cadre de la fonction législative et de contrôle. De tentatives de réformes en réflexions sur l'utilité réelle de la dualité des chambres parlementaires, la problématique constitutionnelle du bicamérisme en Europe est celle de l'adéquation des objectifs qui lui sont assignés à leur réalisation concrète dans des systèmes constitutionnels divers, qui ont en commun de vouloir trouver la solution institutionnelle la mieux adaptée à la complexité des sociétés politiques actuelles
Viollet-Peix, Nicole. "La politique pénale du Parquet dans le traitement des mineurs délinquants : étude comparative entre la Belgique, l'Espagne et la France." Bordeaux 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR40019.
Full textFor a few years, we have been attending an increasing interest demonstrated with reference o the part played by the public prosecutor in the treatment of juvenile delinquency on the national level as well as on the international one. Facing this movement and, its order to understand the meaning of it, evidently it has been very interesting to carry out a comparative study in this field on an european standard. We have noted the same increasing of the under-age public prosecutor's prerogatives in belgium and in spain and in france. Thanks to its strategic position within the penal procedure, it can be at the origin of a true education penal policy. Through this policy, deputy public prosecutors try to obtain a more and more interventionist roll in the processing of juvenile delinquency. Refusing to restrict themselves any longer to the mere function of carrying the cases or relinquish the proceedings, they wish to go further in the search for the meaning of the deed, set by the under-age in order to be able to bring him as good as possible answer. In that purpose, they have instituted different fittings of pursuit renunciations such as "mediation-redress", with this latest measure, the public prosecutor take up their position on the conflict-termination, which may not happen without giving rise to some critics from other judicial intervening parties and more especially from child-magistrates and from barristers. Besides these contestations, the development of the new roll played by the public prosecutor in the treatment of juvenile delinquency still remains dubious on the national field as well as on the european one. Indeed, the burden of compulsions to property and the variety of practices according to public prosecutors an as many bridles to the working out of european under-age public prosecutors common and coherent penal policy and cooperation between states still to improve
Lépori, Mélanie. "Conditions d'habitat, entourage, politiques publiques : l'adaptation des logements des personnes âgées en Europe." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAG012/document.
Full textThe consequences of the ageing of Europe’s population ageing are not limited to changes in the population structure. National and European contemporary public policies have been tackling its social and economic implications, particularly in the field of housing. This PhD thesis studies the adjustment of housing to ageing in Europe. To do so, it examines the ways in which both the elderly and public policy-makers take into account the impact of individual ageing on housing and living conditions. Housing adjustments in individuals aged 50 were measured with a focus on housing conditions (type of housing, occupation, and amenities), living conditions and home care. The Danish, French and Spanish cases are most particularly analysed, based on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Three research questions are addressed : in which countries are adjustments made ? How do individuals adjust ? Who adjusts and when ? Each of these questions is answered with a specific methodology : clustering, trajectory analysis and logistical regressions. Adjustments are shown to be ultimately limited, and mainly focused on the environment. No typical adjustment scheme is identified ; adjustments may or may not be responses to needs in terms of health or household size
Setbon, Michel. "Analyse des processus décisionnels en santé publique dans la lutte contre l'épidémie de SIDA : les politiques comparées de dépistage de l'infection par le VIH en France, Grande-Bretagne et Suède." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992IEPP0010.
Full textDecision-making concerning HIV infection (coming before the eventuality of developing aids) and national modalities of testing are analysed as policies attempting to respond both to a public health problem, preventing the spreading of contamination, and to a public problem, the fear of contamination. That gives them a great heterogeneity, unusual regarding biological practice and explains the quarrelling and unstable character of national policies. The comparison points out national choices as a social and political construction through a decision-making-process in which different structured-interests-groups in conflict try to direct policy testing to a pattern corresponding to their strategies. In 1985 the availability of HIV test and its introduction in the blood transfusion services put an end to the non-decision period noticed in the three studied countries inducing the politicization phase during which policies testing were concived and worked out. These policies get organized around a politico-technical coalition fitting the priority objective of the policy; this aim may be : epidemiological (detecting "groups risks"), medical (detecting seropositives in order to get them into the health care system) or in a direction of primary prevention (helping individuals to reduce their risk level to avoid futur hiv infection). These choices are expressed by very well differenciated national policies, quantitatively and qualitatively : two of them are extensive (France and Sweden), the third one is selective (Great-Britain) trying to meet individuals with behavior risks
Chevalier, Tom. "L'Etat social et les jeunes en Europe : analyse comparée des politiques de citoyenneté socioéconomique des jeunes." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0040.
Full textThis dissertation proposed a typology that accounts for the diversity of public policies promoting young people’s independence, i.e. what I call ‘youth welfare citizenship’, in Europe. This typology is built around two dimensions. The first dimension relates to public intervention on the school-to-work transition in order to promote the access to employment for young people, through the education policy and the employment policy: this is the issue of youth economic citizenship. It can be encompassing, when a country is strongly macrocorporatist, or selective, when it is not, according to the distribution of skills among the youth population. The second dimension has to do with public aids from the state towards young people: this is the issue of youth social citizenship. It can be familialized in Bismarckian welfare states, where young people are seen as children, or it can be individualized in Beveridgian welfare states, where young people are deemed to be adults. Combining these two dimensions, we end up with four regimes of youth welfare citizenship: an enabling citizenship (inclusive/individualized), a monitored citizenship (inclusive/familialized), a second-class citizenship (selective/individualized), and a denied citizenship (selective/familialized). In the first empirical part, I classify 15 western European countries into the typology by building two synthetic indices of youth economic citizenship and youth social citizenship. Then, in the second empirical part, I proceed to four case studies, each representing a regime of the typology: Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France
Hoeffler, Catherine. "Les politiques d'armement en Europe : "l'Adieu aux armes" de l'État nation ? : une comparaison entre l'Allemagne, la France, le Royaume-Uni et l'Union européenne de 1976 à 2010." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0016.
Full textThe topic of this dissertation in political science is the transformation of defence procurement policies in Germany, France, the UK, as well as at the European level, from 1976 to 2010. It is based on the analysis of national institutional changes as well as evolutions in European co-oeperative programmes through the cases of antitank missiles TRIGAT programmes. This study examines the redefinition of the role and instruments of States in this policy sector as they are confronted to European developments (OCCAR, European defence agency, and the directive on public contracts for defence procurement) and to national liberal reforms (privatization, new public management). In so doing, it explains why governments initiate these changes, and analyses the concrete machinery of cooperation. It shows that the apparently increasing role of Europe can be explained by a process characterized by a « double movement » : on the one hand, the implementation of liberal reforms, on the other hand, the strengthening of governmental strategies of defence industrial policies. The multiplication of arenas and modes of coordination indicates the evolution of state-led strategies of « economic patriotism », in their traditional and liberal versions, at various levels. Rather than a policy transfer from one level to another, these developments create a multi-level European governance that cannot be reduced to the European Union. In this context, governments remain crucial, while European organizations participate to a negative integration based on market making
Enos-Attali, Sophie. "Les politiques nationales de sécurité à l'épreuve du changement : analyse comparative de l'évolution des politiques de sécurité de trois "pays neutres" (Autriche, Finlande, Suède)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0012.
Full textThe comparative analysis of Austria’s, Finland’s, and Sweden’s – three small European States with a tradition of neutrality – security policies reveals a convergence towards a hybrid model, which consists both in non-alliance and active participation to the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union and to the Partnership for Peace (PFP) of NATO. Such a smooth evolution reflects an adaptation to the configuration of international relations after the cold war, as well as the entrenchment of neutrality in Austrian, Finnish, and Swedish security identities. This observation leads to qualify the common idea upon which the determination of small states’ security policies would rely mainly on international data. Being a source of flexibility, the governance of the CFSP and the PFP makes the choice of the three countries possible, since it enables them to point out their own preferences while they are influenced by the cognitive frame of the EU and NATO for security matters : exploiting the interactive process of the EU and of the PFP, Vienna, Helsinki and Stockholm have managed to find a golden mean between the constraints of the new international security order and their deep attachment to the principle of non-participation to military alliances. Such an impact of the CFSP and of the PFP on the national security policies of the countries that take part to them shows that integovernmentalism is not necessary a brake upon the deepening of integration within these institutions
Pradella, Sébastien. "Gouverner le sol urbain : la production comparée des politiques foncières à Paris et à Bruxelles." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0027.
Full textProperty and land use in European cities are covered by a large amount of public activities such as urban planning or building projects for residential or business development. However, the comparison carried out between Paris and Brussels, two metropolis chosen for their contextual similarities, shows the contrast between those cities regarding the governance and the making-process of their land policies. This difference in public policy trajectory, and therefore in urban development, stems from the institutionalization effects that follow each other during a long process to constrain the strategies and interests of urban capitalist investors, political and administrative actors and movements or advocacy group that defend the urban built environment. This dissertation proposes to apply an historical institutionalism framework never elaborated before in this structuring policy domain for cities. Thus, the hypothesis states that the main institutions – emerged from the 19th century – of land ownership and real estate development capitalism have strengthened the role of venture capitalists as the implementation's drivers of urban land policies. In later stages, institutional arrangements of the mixed economy and urban regeneration have been generated on basis of the existing framework. To go further in causalities mapping, we shed light on two sets of social mechanisms: namely institutional ones (activation or specification of rules) and interactions centered ones (interdependence between segments of the state and adjustment between economic interests and the predatory behavior of urban government)
Tamagne, Florence. "Recherches sur l'homosexualité dans la France, l'Angleterre et l'Allemagne du début des années vingt à la fin des années trente : à partir de sources partisanes, policières, judiciaires, médicales et littéraires." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998IEPP0005.
Full textThe twenties and thirties are a crucial period for the history of homosexuality. At the end of the first world war, homosexuality became fashionable and an homosexual scene flourished. In england, a cult of homosexuality developed in public-schools and universities, in Germany, homosexual movements were set up while berlin became the core of the homosexual subculture. In France, where the lesbian scene was very active, some writers defended the homosexual cause. In all these countries, an homosexual and lesbian identity came out, partially based on medical theories. In fact, three national models of homosexuality could be distinguished: the German model, based on community and militancy, was very open whereas the English and French models were more elitist and less demanding. The English model was above all cultural and social while the French one was individualist and intellectual. At this time, homosexuality became a symbol of modernity: an homoerotic imagery flourished in art and literature. Tolerance increased in the upper classes, intellectual circles and capital cities. Nevertheless, prejudices were still powerful: homosexuals were stakes for political parties, whether favourable like the SPD or KPD in Germany, or hostile like the NSDAP. Judiciary repression was very strong in England and Germany, where male homosexuality was still considered a crime. In France, unofficial supervision was maintained against some homosexuals. In the thirties, this situation got worse: as a consequence of the political, international and economic crises, homosexuals were described as dangerous and decadent and became easy targets for reactionary groups. In Germany, the nazis organized the persecution of homosexuals. Several thousands were sent into concentration camps and died of bad treatments and inhuman medical practices
Boisseuil, Clément. "Mettre en œuvre la mixité : rénovation et renouvellement urbains au sein des métropoles de Paris et de Chicago." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0052.
Full textThe first objective of this dissertation is to understand the contrasted results of public programs aiming at the urban, social and economic transformation of low-income neighborhoods in the metropolitan areas of Paris and Chicago. Since the 1990s, large-scale programs have been implemented in those areas. They follow the goal of poverty deconcentration and try to tackle the multiple forms of urban segregation. If those initiatives have led to significant urban results, they have not engendered the expected social and economic outcomes. The analysis of implementation contributes to explain this phenomenon. This dissertation is structured around three main lines: institutions, practices and representations, learning effects. It builds upon a multi-scalar international comparison of four case studies conducted in two specific metropolises. First, we focus on the institutional heritage and the governance of urban renewal projects targeting diversity. Then, we analyze the multiple processes that relate to their implementation, emphasizing the significance of both contextual factors and the different interpretive frames within public policies. Finally, we study the learning processes recently at stake. We show that policy adaptation is only possible under certain conditions. In conclusion, distinct modes of implementation are theorized based on our empirical results and in accordance with the third generation of implementation research. Their theoretical analysis shows that ambiguities of policy design are leading toward proportional tensions, even conflicts, in the implementation phase
Waciega, Kamila Olga. "Regional policies of decarbonisation in Europe : case of Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0012.
Full textThe object of the study is a comparative examination of two regions' adaptation to the new political, legal and financial context that results from the development and extension of the EU integration in the field of energy and climate change – or decarbonisation agenda. The ‘usages’ refer to stakeholders’ ability and willingness to take advantage of the European opportunities and constraints provided to them to shape national (and in this case regional) policies. In addition to the intentional dimensions ‘usages’ also cover the actual practices observed in each region. We search to determine to what extent the ability of the regional executives to mobilise EU resources for the purpose of pursuing their strategies in the field of decarbonisation depends on whether they are situated in an ‘old’ or a ‘new’ member state of the EU. We attempt to assess to what extent their ability to innovate and to organise a territorial resilience is related to the East/West divide.The analysis is conduced on two case studies: two European regions that are today major CO2 emitters, because they are still industrialized, densely populated, they host energy production sites, and their housing requires deep and extensive thermal renovation. Two regions in Europe appeared particularly fitting that description, and cumulate all disadvantages (as regards the importance of CO2 emissions). Upper Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France can still be considered as industrialized territories that can be compared in a “new/old” member state of the EU perspective. The present research looks at differences in usages in the two case studies. We search for pertinent explanatory variables for those divergences to be found in each region’s past, deconstructed in institutional, interest-related and ideational components. We place our model in a path-dependence perspective and we look at how it is relevant in a regional setting
Borzillo, Laurent. "Les forces expéditionnaires bi/multinationales en Europe : analyse comparée des politiques d’alliance de la France et de l’Allemagne (1991-2016)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTD001.
Full textWhy do states create bi/multinational expeditionary forces? Why have not they been used yet? The objective of this PhD dissertation is to explain this paradox, which is well exemplified by the Franco-German brigade and the European Union Battle Groups (EUBG). Although these two units are not the only ones in Europe that can be qualified as expeditionary forces, we chose these two case studies to analyze, among others, the decision-making processes in both France and Germany.We have therefore focused on these two units and on the alliance policies that are at the origin of these units. In practice, our research builds on the work on alliances and the field of comparative foreign policy analysis. The theoretical framework developed to explain the foreign policy decisions is based on the theory of roles by Kal Holsti. Our findings indicate that these decisions are made only by a limited group of actors and result from the roles those actors assume for their country. Institutional arrangements, as well as conflicts and power struggles, moderate these roles. In addition, there is strong evidence for path dependency in cases where decisions have an institutional scope.The decisions in favor of the Franco-German brigade and the EUBG ultimately resulted from the role of a promoter of reinforced European military capabilities and the role of a faithful ally, which dominated among the actors behind these decisions. Other roles present among the French and German decision-makers tend, on the contrary, to slow down the use of these units. This is particularly true for the role of a great power (France) and the role of a civilian power (Germany). Several roles coexist indeed within each state and each sees its amount of influence fluctuate. This variation in roles’ influence depends on the actors involved, as well as on power struggles and relations.Our dissertation is divided into seven chapters. In the first three we will return to the literature on expeditionary forces and alliances, to our methodology, and to the international relations in Europe over the past thirty years. The following chapters deal with the development of the Franco-German brigade as an expeditionary force, the creation of battle groups, the choice of partners within them, and finally the non-employment of these military troops. These are the four empirical chapters of our research.In conclusion, we estimate that the probability of deployment of the studied units in the coming years remains rather low. Relying on role theory, our theoretical explanation serves as a tool for understanding the functioning of the French and German political-military decision-making structures. While validated for this analysis, this theoretical framework now has to be tested on other case studies
Botopoulos, Costas. "Les socialistes à l'épreuve du pouvoir : France, Grèce, Espagne dans les années quatre-vingt : idées et pratiques constitutionnelles." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010279.
Full textThe three socialist parties of France, Greece and Spain arrived in power having declared their intention to change profoundly the political system in their countries. The experience of power proved that it was the parties themselves, their political role and the way they function, which were to be transformed ; the socialist governments accepted the political institutions they inherited and did not even try to impose w new constitutionnal logic
Baronnet, Solenne. "Les politiques de développement durable, le défi urbain : Etude comparative des villes de New York, Chicago, Los Angeles et Paris." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040080.
Full textWhat are the urban challenges New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and Paris are facing regarding sustainable development? This thesis consists in examining the sustainable development policies that have been put in place in four cities with different typologies, but that are confronting the same issues. Analyzing the actions taken in support of sustainable development must be considered through three aspects representing three different groups implied in this challenge: municipal authorities, private companies and the people. We will analyze the different processes launched by each of these groups; we will discuss the assets of the four cities, as well as their weaknesses and possible improvements. The four cities have diverging priorities regarding sustainable development and the concept is never perfectly balanced between ecology, sociology and economy. One of these themes generally takes over
Gaxie, Louise. "La construction des services publics en Europe : contribution à l’élaboration d’un concept commun." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100175/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to contribute to the elaboration of a common European concept of public service. Adopting an historical perspective, this research tries to identify the main similarities and differences in the processes of construction of four areas of activity - police, compulsory education, water supply and sanitation, and public transports - in seven countries: Belgium, England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. Even though each country has its own historical and cultural specificities, they have all faced analogous problems and issues and they have brought similar responses. Relying on monographic studies of social and historical construction of various public services, we may describe the formation of worlds of very different material and symbolic social "objects", including legal ones, through a relatively similar social history. The legal institutionalization of public services available to everyone has required massive public intervention. Whatever the times, areas, and countries, constants of legal regulation have emerged. They relate to public control of the establishment of services (preliminary empowerment decisions, definitions of conditions of implementation, public financial supports), as well as to their operation (institutions of obligations towards the public, regulation of financing, introduction of monitoring and control means). Variants have also appeared. They are more often linked to historical than national or sectorial contexts. These variants mainly relate to the degree of direct public intervention in the provision of services and to the degree of effective competition in the service sectors. The various constant elements are the core component of a common European concept of public service defined in all its complexity. The deep ongoing transformations driven by European Union's neoliberal orientations raise questions about the future of this concept
Arango, López Diego. "Villes capitales en projet : histoire comparative de l'urbanisme moderne : Bogota Buenos Aires. 1920-1955." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0058.
Full textThis research analyzes the simultaneous establishment of three urbanism projects in Bogota and three projects in Buenos Aires between 1920 and 1955. It explores the general characteristics of urbanism projects themselves and seeks primarily to understand the political and social transformations of both cities throughout the history of the projects within this time period. The comparative perspective used here required research in différent archives and libraries of Bogota, Buenos Aires and Paris. A diverse documentary corpus has been constituted with technical, administrative, political, personal, journalistic and other documents. This research allows us to understand how the establishment of similar projects triggers divergent social developments in two different societies. It also analyzes the power struggles between different social and political associations, with focus on the mechanisms used to reinforce their social standing and their action strategies. The research contributes to the reflection on the process of co-production of modem urbanism and proposes a new mode of analysis to understand the urban history of Latin America
Maggioni, Alessandro. "The regulation of urban logistics platforms : the urban governance of food wholesale markets in France and Italy : the case of Paris (Semmaris) and Milan (Sogemi)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0008.
Full textOne of the elements that characterize the process of economic globalization is the development of freight logistics as a strategic sector to determine the competitive advantages of urban regions. This study analyses the link between market changes, state reorganisation and the development of urban logistics infrastructures. The entry point for this analysis is the study of the policies that have produced and governed over time two European wholesale food markets: the MIN Rungis and the General Markets of Milan. Their comparison explains how structural changes have influenced their evolution and why today two wholesale markets, which were initially very similar from an analytical point of view, have nowadays two very different policy outcomes. Using a theoretical and methodological approach based on the contributions of historical neo-institutionalism and urban political economy, the role of interest groups, political actors, political rules and the market is clarified. These factors are interrelated to explain the policy conversion observed for MIN Rungis and the policy drift in the case of Milan. Finally, the policy processes that led to these results are explained in terms of causal mechanisms. The analysis highlights the central role of local policy rules and political context in determining the ability of local interest groups to influence decision-making processes, and the effect of their mobilization on the development of these urban infrastructures
Ortega-Trur, Carola. "Faire face à la pauvreté : approche comparative des zones urbaines défavorisées en France et au Pérou." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG004/document.
Full textBarriadas in Peru, Favelas in Brazil, Suburbios in Spain, Zones Urbaines Sensibles in France. Whatever is the country where they are located, these territories concentrate what the city rejects: populations in trouble, exposed more than others to the poverty and to the social exclusion. On the basis of two field studies, in Villa El Salvador, one of the largest slums in Lima, Peru, and in Borny, one of the poorest neighbourhoods in the Lorraine region of France, this research focuses on the processes leading to disadvantaged urban areas and on the decisive role of socioeconomic and political structures and relations in situations of poverty and social exclusion faced by the inhabitants. Using statistical tools and the verbal testimony of the people, this research highlights the peculiarities and the similarities of both districts as well as the individual and collective dynamics which allow them to face the poverty
Marie-Vivien, Delphine. "Le droit des Indications Géographiques en Inde, un pays de l'Ancien monde face aux droits français, communautaire et international." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587307.
Full textKohl, Sebastian. "Homeowner nations or nations of tenants : how historical institutions in urban politics, housing finance and construction set Germany, France and the US on different housing paths." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0030.
Full textThe thesis gives an answer to the question of why different countries ended up with different rates of homeowners and tenants in the 20th-century. The literature identifies Germanspeaking countries of low homeownership rates around 40% and English-speaking countries of high homeownership rates of more than 60%, with France falling in between the two groups. Moreover, most of these differences have persisted through the second half of the 20th-century and can be shown to reach back to different urban homeownership rates around 1900. The homeownership-question is of importance beyond the mere question of tenure as studies have associated homeownership questions with stability in financial crises, with embourgeoisement of the working-class in life-style, attitudes and voting behavior or with different unemployment rates. Existing explanations have used post-1980 international, regional or individual data to explain homeownership differences through socio-demographic, economic or urbanization differences, through a public-welfare/homeownership trade-off or else through cultural preferences. These explanations fail to account, however, for the persistent country differences that existed already prior to the 1980s and prior to government intervention in housing. The thesis, by contrast, goes back to 19th-century differences of urban organization, housing finance and the construction sector to claim that countries were historically set on different housing trajectories establishing differences hard to reverse in later periods. The US and Germany are chosen for historic case studies of the often opposed country groups. France is included to use the variables found for explaining why a country of similar welfare type as Germany kept a persistently higher urban homeownership rate. The thesis claims that different complementary institutions in city organization, the housing finance and construction industry locked countries into inert physical and institutional structures of either the compact tenement city-form in Germany or the suburbanized form of a city of homes like in the United States. More concretely, functional complementarities of public welfare cities, housing cooperatives, mortgage banks and a raftsmanship production of solid single-unit homes led to the German tenant-dominance, whereas private cities, savings and loans (SLAs) and a Fordist mass production of single-family homes created the American production regime in favor of more accessible homeownership. Though the thesis establishes the argument for Germany and the US in historic case studies, it tries to make plausible that it can be extended to other German- and English-speaking countries. The innovation of the thesis concerning the particular explanatory puzzle lies in its reference to relevant historical prior causes, its inclusion of the urban level of analysis and the combination of three institutional factors – urban organization, housing finance, construction – that even singly have not been put forward yet in comparative explanations. The thesis contributes to the literature on path dependencies that identifies distant occurrences as longterm causes for hard-to-reverse historical trajectories. On a theoretical level, the study contributes to research in a yet little noticed type of market, i.e. markets for durable goods whose use stretches over time, and which therefore requires history-directed explanations
Rivat, Emmanuel. "La transnationalisation de la cause antinucléaire en Europe : une approche comparée de la France et des Pays-Bas : (1970-2010)." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40005.
Full textMost of the work about the politics and contention of nuclear energy deal with local and national issues. This thesis aims to show that « new governance » theories, speaking about the decline of the state, cannot capture properly enough the various dilemmas and conflicts that prevent the rise and dynamic of the transnationalisation of the antinuclear cause. Based on social movement sociology, network sociology and political sociology, this work studies the incremental cooperation between green political parties, environmental NGO’s such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth, and last but not the least, local and national protest groups from the beginning of the 1970’s to the end of the 2000’s. From the first United Nation International Conference on the Environment of Stockholm in 1972 to the International Conference on Climate Change of Copenhagen in 2009, this thesis show why and how transnational activists perceive and size political international and European opportunities. It shows as well how activists face two kinds of dilemmas that prevent further transnational cooperation: the widediversity of constraints of political fields and the degree of institutionalization of antinuclear groups. It focuses on how antinuclear activists become able to build up rules of transnational social capital, understood as a “collective good” that may well facilitate the production, circulation and reception of different types of social resources and competences for activists. Far from turning a blind eye on the contradictions of what could be seen as a « transnational civil society », this work emphasizes the heterogeneity of activists, who remain deeply rooted into national political fields. This situation explains why transnational activism in Europe is still temporary and discontinuous
Park, Jiyeon. "Aménagement du territoire, levier de développement durable : étude comparée des systèmes d'innovation français et sud-coréens dans le processus de métropolisation." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG036.
Full textThe development of a Metropolis is very often associated with the construction of a vast territory, which limits it to the simple search for a pertinent perimeter or level. It implies, however, much more. The French intercommunality, that opens up to various forms of cooperation between different territorial entities, is an interesting approach in this respect. France is, indeed, often presented aborad as an example of cooperation and of decentralization, especially in countries with a strong centralizing tradition, such as South Korea. In this perspective, we will carry out comparative case studies mirroring the process of metropolisation in France and in South Korea. Our study seeks to illustrate how to structure the innovation system (IS) according to the co-construction scheme PAS, making it possible, among otherthings, to co-create an ecosystem of exchange, sharing and arbitration -and thus serving as a driving force and optimizing force in an urban system of specialization. Finally, our study aims at orienting spatial planning towards the integrated approach of sustainable development
Cunha, Borges Ralid Renata. "Politiques de logement et modes de gestion urbaine face à l’habitat précaire : regards croisés sur Brasilia et Paris." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040103.
Full textThis research explores the theme of contemporary urbanization, specially the articulation of policies related to urban planning and management with those dealing with housing for disadvantaged populations. This is a study and reflection on the influence of the evolution of knowledge, discourse and management methods on urban policies applied to the development process and to meet the housing needs of people and equipment urban poor credit.Housing is the main component of the urban substance, and it is in the housing policies and forms of habitat that urban inequalities emerge and turn out to be more pronounced in the South and the North hemisphere, in Brasilia or in Paris. The treatment of housing and urban integration of low income groups and remains the largest apparent and publicized pitfalls of all urban policies.The thesis traces a retrospective of housing policies and urban management the past 50 years in Brasilia and Paris in response to precarious housing. The creation of policies and programs of mass housing have contributed to the construction of the "peripheries" of these two cities. However, these peripheral areas are now considered disadvantaged neighbourhoods compared to the central areas of both cities.Through half a century of housing policy and urban management analyses how the two cities may consider another form of housing policy and the city with another generation of urban instruments productive equality and more inclusive?
Pisarek, Weronika. "La contribution de la Pologne au capitalisme de l'Europe du Centre-Est depuis 1989 : configuration institutionnelle et dépendances." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7018.
Full textThe thesis focuses on the specificities of Polish model of capitalism. By following the diversity of capitalism approach, which is amended by introducing the sixth institutional form that is the mode of insertion in the international system, it shows the existence of Central and Eastern Europe model of capitalism that includes Poland. The qualitative analysis which complements the statistical one, explains the formation of this particular capitalism model during the transition and its evolution since the EU accession of Central and Eastern Europe countries. Poland is analysed as a specific case of this model of capitalism. Its particularities are : the important place of the State in the economy, in particular the public ownership, relatively big financial markets and the specialisation of the international trade. The formation of this model of capitalism was strongly influenced by institutional, political and economic legacy of the socialist era. After the EU accession the evolution of institutions is impacted by the globalisation which appears through the international trade, FDI and international institutions
Sachse, Victoria. "Les jardins partagés, terreau de participation citoyenne : de l'appropriation de l'espace public à la construction de commun(s) : regards croisés entre la France et l'Italie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAG001.
Full textThis research addresses the multifaceted roll-out of politics in shared urban gardens. The empirical survey highlights the customs and discourses that develop in these gardens as an ordinary expression of politics. This work focuses on two sites that were investigated (one located in Rome and the other in Strasbourg), to feed the research with a comparative approach. This work is characterized, among other issues, by the attention paid to the links between redefinition of democracy and its necessary entanglement with ecological issues. Our key assumption is that shared urban gardens are laboratories of local and practical application of participation and contribute to the invention of new models of development that respect ecological principles. The demonstration is built around two main parts. The first, dedicated to the study of politics in urban garden associations, analyses the forms of commitment that are deployed there. We first establish the profiles of commitment and the politicization processes of the members. Then, we analyze the ordinary environmentalism as a particular form of the commitment within the gardens which underlines the possible and necessary connection between ecological issues and citizen participation. The second part of the thesis points out the place of these initiatives in their respective local contexts and their relations with the institutions with which they interact. We adress how these initiatives take place on the territory, as "spontaneous" participatory processes, how they negotiate with local institutions their actions and their presence on these public spaces, but also how they are structured in time. After having highlighted the dynamics at work within these organizations and the differences between these two territories, in Rome and Strasbourg, we emphasize the main elements of comparative analysis and then articulate the reflection on participatory approaches - more or less institutionalized -with the notion of common(s). The 'commons' is considered as an operational category from the Roman field, but also as a theoretical notion that allows to think a new political horizon beyond the market / State alternative in broader context
Rori, Lamprini. "Les organisations partisanes à la lumière de la professionnalisation de la communication politique : une présidentialisation inachevée : analyse comparative du Parti socialiste français et du Mouvement socialiste grec." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010331.
Full textThis thesis addresses the organizational change that parties undertake under the dynamics developed by political communications. It sheds light in the way that modernization of communication technology influences the intra-party functions, by altering the political public space in which parties integrate. Following the most different systems’ design, the comparison between the French and the Greek socialist party develops a reflection on party organizations, trying to understand the causes of their information, the forces that interact in their mutation, the parameters of organizational configuration, and the effects of this transformation on their party function. By creating an original typology of presidentialization on the basis of the source of leadership legitimization, I use the term post-modern, in order to distinguish the contemporary presidentialization sealed by the dynamics of public opinion , from those occured in the past. Institutional and structural factors in Greece and France revealed the existence of a series of parameters that enhance presidentialization. Having then analyzed the transformation of the political public sphere, I demonstrate the complexity of relations, competition and interdependence existing among and between media, communication and political entrepreneurs in the fields of politics and media. I have then identified the nature and degree of professionalization of political communication within the socialist family, through and online survey Heads of Communication in seventeen socialist parties. Among numerous effects stemming from mediatization of politics and professionalization of communication in the macro and micro political level, I consider changes in the links of representation, personalization of politics and the rising cost of politics a the most importantly related to post-modern presidentialization. The rize of public opinion, the dependence of parties from a series of experts and non-partisan agents in a broader-sense, as well as the need to continually adapt communication resources in order to meet the needs of this mediatized political competition, force parties to undertake changes. PASOK and PS confirm the trend of presidentialization, albeit only partially. Although exogenous factors push towards an opening processes and functions of the socialist parties, such as the generalization of a direct relationship between the leader and the citizen, this presidential logic is hampered by other logics – local and parliamentary – as well as dynamics rather than horizontal than vertical. By placing at the heart of my analysis media constraints and conversion to public opinion demands, I have shown that by its nature, this post-modern presidentialization is vulnerable because of external factors related to parties. So while it is supposed to strenghten the leaders and the principal candidates, presidentialization linked to media constraints transfers the leadership legitimization from the intra-party arena towards public opinion. Post-modern presidentialization stengthens already existing deprivation of both parties from their traditional functions and contributes to their ideological and intellectual disinvestment
Wernert, Carole. "L'historicité de la transition énergétique bas carbone : analyse comparée des politiques énergie-climat locales en France (Metz) et en Allemagne (Sarrebruck)." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3016.
Full textThis thesis questions the capacity of cities to seize the energy issue through history, then through a low carbon perspective. It is based on assumptions that the introduction of energy as a local resource, is to become a reason for low carbon transition in cities. The historicity of this transition indicates that its lineaments are sometimes identifiable before the advent of its imperatives. Through a territorial history of energy, the thesis contributes to decoding keys of interest of cities to the low carbon transition as well as "its atomic elements" at the local scale.The city of Metz has a Local Distribution Company (ELD), rare in France, created under German annexation in 1901: Usine d'Electricité de Metz (UEM). The company produces and distributes electricity and heat. It belongs to the city (85%) and consolidates public finances while developing local and / or renewable resources.Saarbrücken, the capital of a German coal and industrial land, seems reluctant to the low carbon transition. However, in the years 1980-1990, the city and its "Stadtwerk" (German ELD) challenged nuclear power-plants and played the role of laboratory for renewables. The energy transition in Saarbrücken also shows ruptures, coal path dependencies, and illustrates the non-linearity of the process. Depending on the historical characteristics of cities and the exogenous pressures on urban supply, low-carbon energy transitions interest local actors to different extents and take various forms and rhythms
Pigalle, Éléonore. "Sur le chemin des écoliers, les politiques en faveur de la marche à pied : le pédibus en France et en Suisse romande : discours, déploiement et pratiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0362/document.
Full textMany objects aim to guide spatial behaviours towards alternative to the car. Among them, the walking school bus (WSB) is a school transport under the supervision of volunteers to escort children to school on foot. Its institutionalisation and its media coverage illustrate the mechanisms of handling contemporary public problems and the capacity of actors of the government of behaviour to make up the discourse. Thus, the WSB is presented as beneficial in every way whereas research remains fragmented and nuanced, when the practice is marginal and short-lived. It is in this context that we suggested a comprehensive analysis of both France and French-speaking Switzerland combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, based on three elements: promotional speeches, effective deployment and WSB usages. Our analyses showed that the WSB was inserted in a communication strategy based on the logic of modal choice, emphasising individual responsibility, referring to morality, guilt and pedagogy. While Swiss promoters are easily identifiable, in France they are more erratic and their actions remain isolated. Our results also showed that the practice of the WSB was dependent on specific urban and social characteristics. On the one hand, it is especially present in wealthier urban neighbours, cordoned off by roads, questioning the definition of WSB as an alternative solution to car use. On the other hand, a specific user profile was highlighted, suggesting that there exists social provisions in favour of collective commitments such as WSB. It being perceived more as a practical, educational and reassuring mean to remedy policy failures, than as a healthy and green mode of travel
Panagopoulos, Antonis. "Modèle américain ou modèle européen de justice constitutionnelle ? : étude comparative a travers le cas hellenique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32000/document.
Full textThe project of the Greek government in 2006 to introduce a Constitutional Court in order to replace the diffused control poses the problem of the choice between the American model and the European model. There is non inherent superiority of one model from axiological, logic, technical and empirical point of view. The defaults of the American system are amplified in Greece by the European context, so that the Greek system assures the depoliticization of the control but it does not assure the legal security. In addition, it is activist in the socioeconomic domain but it is self-restrained concerning the fundamental liberties. The remedial mechanisms (Supreme Special Court, Plenary Court, “Tribunal of Wages”) aggravate the problem of irrationality, because of the existence of lot of judges and they engender also provocative decisions in the electoral and judicial domain. On the other hand, the introduction of a Constitutional Court comes up against the existence of an active American system, a non continental cultural context, the historical interpretation or irrevisable principles and a clientelist social context. More particularly, the proposed Constitutional Court favors the law owning to the fact that the judges are appointed only by the majority party and that the Court intervenes after two invalidations of the law. In conclusion, it is convenient to establish a mixed system according to the nature of controlled laws including a restricted Plenary Court and a Constitutional Court constituted among a triple list
Che, Da. "La dimension publique et la télévision en Chine : les exemples de CCTV et de Phénix TV." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00996300.
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