Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Politique et gouvernement – Serbie – 1918-1945'
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Koppa, Maria Eleni. "La formation des systèmes partisans dans les Balkans." Paris 10, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA100107.
Full textBataković, Dušan T. "La France et la formation de la démocratie parlementaire en Serbie 1830-1914." Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040185.
Full textThe French influence on development of democracy in Serbia was considerable. It can be traced on several levels: 1 on political one from 1810 as the model of nation-state; corresponding with egalitarian and revolutionary experiences of Serbian history; 2 on ideological level because France was considered as the cradle of all democratic values: after reestablishment of the Serbian state in 1830, the French influence, up to 1914, was transmissioned by the "Parisians" who had scholarship of Serbian government in France. After 1838 they largely contributed to the formation of four political parties: liberal (1858), radical (1872), progressive (1881) and independent radical (1902). The French doctrines in Serbia were adapted to the local traditions. The strongest among the two radical parties, within their program and practical policy, the French influence was a basis for a development of a "rural democracy" finally established in 1903. This growth of French influence on ideological, cultural, political and financial plan was noticed by the frenchmen: they considered Serbia as the most francophile state in the world
Markovic, Sacha. "Les intellectuels marxistes humanistes de Serbie entre socialisme et nationalisme : aux origines intellectuelles et culturelles des transitions yougoslaves, des années 1920 aux années 1970." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100104.
Full textAt the end of the eighties, Yugoslavia is already quite far ahead with its desintegration process. This latter comes to light and forecasts a probable flight of violence. It also has in store many outward surprises as the presence of learned serbian marxist intellectuals by the side of Slobodan Milošević. Ljubomir Tadić, Mihailo Marković or Svetozar Stojanović, for instance, were among the more eminent figures of the yugoslav communism in the sixties and seventies. At first sight, this evolution takes place in the general upheavals that break out in Eastern Europe, during the liberal transition on the occasion of the communist collapse. The yugoslav decomposition and the individual mutations seem to be the result of a global transition process, territorial, political and socioeconomic at once, that takes the whole “Other Europe” at a glance. Thus, the serbian elites would just have experience a process of “conversion” to “liberalism” and the country would have been subjected to structural transformations because of the Tito’s regime collapse. However, the uncommon nature of the yugoslav self-management experience induces us to question the past of a country which went through many political and socioeconomic transitions, a good while before the eighties ones. These last-mentioned are able to explain the emergence of an exclusive nationalism, which has its source upstream from the eighties. This doctoral thesis intends to analyse the intellectual and cultural origins of the final yugoslav divisions by studiing the political evolution of a group which tells the Tito’s Yugoslavia: the humanist marxists of the University of Belgrade, from the birth of the humanist sensibility in the twenties, among writers, to the purge of the intellectual cercles of Belgrade in the seventies by the titist regime. This diving in the communist past of Yugoslavs reveals that neither the World War II nor the eastern communism collapse are the only historical matrix of the rise of nationalisms in Yugoslavia
Petrović, Piroćanac Zoran. "Anatomie d'une auto-dégradation : la Serbie et l'ascension de Slobodan Milosevic (1982-1992)." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0130.
Full textThis investigation includes a first phase of ascension of Milosevic, a period when he becomes the secretary of the Ligue of Communists of Belgrade(1982), till a period just before a civil war 10 ex-Yugoslavia(l992). Research is split in three parts and XVI chapters. First part, Yugoslav Communist Regime and the end of Yugoslavia (1944 -1991), deals with the origins of Yugoslav crisis, beginning with an analysis of the emergence of the titoist regime in the Central and Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, from 1945 to 1991, as a process of long duration. In the second part, Search for Serbian synthesis, we make radiography of the apparatus of the Ligue of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY), as well as the presentation of its roots (PCY). A third part, Battlefields and a beginning of the end, analyses a phenomenon of the Serb nationalism, and attempts of restoration of Serbian State, victim of federal Yugoslavia' s asphyxia. This investigation finishes with final negotiations on Kosovo, in the international political atmosphere resulting in independence of Kosovo Albanians, their geopolitical triumph. This work of research had as a goal to answer as well to the question why Serbia always turns to circle, without alternatives and where is lost this Iiberal constancy of Serbia ? Not this class, nor this system left the scene tIll today. Who was always an obstacle to this liberal option of Serbia? Why Serbia cannot become compatible with other countries of the region ?
Trechniewski, Boris. "Le facteur tchèque dans les relations polono-hongroises (1918-1939)." Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030037.
Full textInside the Polish-Hungarian relations between the two World Wars, Czechoslovakia appears as an unmissable factor, because it plays a crystallization’s rule, inserted between these both countries. Poles and Hungarian make their policy according to Czech affairs, searching to build again their mutual border, in Carpathian Ruthenia. The study of different alliances combinations deployed by these three nations in order to neutralize each other, broadened the evocation of various union and federation projects, which have been considered in order to guarantee the peace in the Danubian basin and more generally in Europe. As for Polish-Hungarian connection in the thirties, in the frame of the totalitarian rise in Central Europe, leads to realize the mutual border, after the Munich agreement, in september 1938
Paquet, Olivier. "La démocratie tchécoslovaque et ses problèmes nationaux (1918-1939)." Grenoble 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE21022.
Full textWehrlé, Frédéric. "La pérennité du problème tchéco-slovaque : facteur national et politique en Tchécoslovaquie, 1918-1992." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993IEPP0008.
Full textThe crisis that occured between the Czechs ans Slovaks after the fall of communism in 1989 was the culmination of a seventy-years old historical sequence during which the issue of the arrangement of the relations between the two peoples had continuously been the focus of political concern. Besides the fact that Czecho-Slovak dualism grounded in deep-rooted historical differences in development between the two communities, the Slovaks felt both estranged from the decision-making process and deprived of their share of central-government ressources. In spite of public policies implemented by the parliamentary and socialist regimes, power-decentralization appeared to be the best strategy for the Sslovaks who felt that Czechoslovakia did not equally belong to everyone. The failure of the Czechs and Slovaks to reach a common solution led to the disintegration in 1992
Ronsin, Samuel. "Police, nation(s) et République : histoire sociale et politique de la police d'État tchécoslovaque sous la Première République (1918-1938)." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0161.
Full textVergnon, Gilles. "Catastrophe et renouveau : socialistes, communistes et oppositionnels d'Europe et d'Amérique du Nord sous l'impact de la victoire nazie : crises et reclassements (1933-1934)." Grenoble 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE29005.
Full textThis work, which concerns the main european countries (including the ussrand the usa) in two decisive years (1933 and 1934), tries, after a picture of the german left from 1930 till 1933 and an overview of the vision of nazi rise from the main currents of the ruropean left, to sound out and to produce the typologie of their reactions against what is called as early as 1933 the "german disaster". Then, this transnational study brings out three succesive plans of renewal of leftist political strategies, each of them supported by different actors : the attempt of build "new parties", the "revolutionizing" of socialist parties, around "planism" or not, unity with communist parties, which, on communist's initiative, rapidly widens in "all-inclusive democratic blocs"
Franza, Michel. "L'Europe nouvelle (1920-1934) : étude et réactions d'une revue politique face au mouvement de rénovation internationale et sa double approche de la construction de la paix par la presse et la Société des nations." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010687.
Full textThe idea of reform became the major word of the years between the two wars. International politics was one of the main reasons of this reformer reflection. The league was the official political expression of this announced reform, but it was far from being sufficient for all those who considered that the century had toppled into a modern era where progress was synonymous with solidarity between the populations. An opposition saw the day between the supporters of a passive peace and the partisans of an active peace. In this struggle for the construction of peace by the international organisation, a large number of associations, groups and reforming movements, supported or at the origin of a militant press, worked at the conception of a solidary international company. « L’Europe nouvelle" was one of these reviews which, as from 1918, started, under the management of Louise Weiss, a painstaking work of reflection and gathering of the elite so as to define this new diplomacy. Circle of pacifist and european sociability , "l'Europe nouvelle" militates in favour of moral disarmament and for the construction of europe
Schirmann, Sylvain. "Les relations économiques et financières franco-allemandes : 24 décembre 1932 - 01 septembre 1939." Strasbourg 3, 1994. http://books.openedition.org/igpde/2150.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to bring to the fore the links between the economic and diplomatic aspects of relations between France and Germany. Did economic and financial relations delay the onset of war, or did they encourage it? Within the context of a world-wide crisis, exchanges between France and Germany were continually marked by a decline during the period evoked by this study. Henceforth, economic and financial relations had a limited impact on the field of diplomacy. The first section of this thesis shows how, between 1932 and 1934, the two countries are forced to alter the rules of the game. The second explains why, from the 1934 clearing agreement onwafds, Germany benefitted the most from compensation. From 1936 onwards, political questions are to have a decisive influence on economic and financial relations between the two countries. This is the subject of the third section. The final period, dealt with in section four, is dominated from 1938 onwards by the question of "economic appeasement". The notion of "economic munich" ends with the invasion of Czechoslovakia in march 1939. The oubreak of war, on the first of september, 1939, is sufficient proof that economic and financial relations had little impact on diplomatic relations. For Germany, the role of these exchanges was that of preparing the war economy more efficiently ; for paris, it was a way of facing the crisis and of avoiding, on the eve of war, a weakening of France
Le, Moal Frédéric. "Les relations entre la France et l'Italie dans les Balkans pendant la première guerre mondiale, 1914-1919." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040183.
Full textWhen the war strikes in August 1914 Italy remains neutral. When pressurised by the terrific German army on its own land France strives for calling its “roman sister” on its side from the very first hours of the conflict. French leaders intend to use Italians’ ambitions in the whole Balkans especially in the area along the Adriatic east coasts from Istria to the straits of Otrante. Aware that the Italian step in war lies in this area the French, and especially Delcassé, allow the Italians to settle on the Dalmatia coasts and to put Albania under its supervision, which violates nationalities principles and Serbs ambitions. The Treaty of London engraves in stone the Italians’ ambitions that are now furiously defended by Sydney Sonnino. However the conflict developments impact both political and strategic environments in 1915. The Yugoslavian idea gets then a greater interest. This project aims at creating a state laying along the Adriatic coasts from the Slovene regions to Albania and including Montenegro. Although the Yugoslavian idea gives the French the opportunity of getting a new ally in the Balkans it worries the Italians because it questions their ambitions. The French and Italian arguments grow and the political, diplomatic and military corps split up while leaders try to compromise. The problem caused by the Yugoslavian idea to both nations sheds light not only on the strong differences in their politics but also on the mental representations weight, which does not ease the quieting down during the 1919 peace negotiations. The first World War is not a mere vicissitude in the French and Italian couple but it is rather a fundamental turn in the history of their tumultuous relationships
Sayan, Celal. "La construction de l'État national turc et le mouvement national kurde (1918-1938)." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010669.
Full textDündar, Fuat. "L'ingénierie ethnique du Comité Union et Progrès et la turcisation de l'Anatolie (1913-1918)." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0120.
Full textThe Committee Union and Progress (CUP), majority of which consisted of young Balkan Turks and young officers, orchestrated the Revolution of 1908. The Ottoman defeat in the Balkan Wars in 1912 resulted in the loss of almost ail the European territories of the Empire. The Balkan losses led to a socio-political climate in which the CUP gained complete authority of the state with a coup in 1913 and launched policies to islamicize and turkify Anatolia that effected ail non-Muslim and non-Turk populations for five years. The CUP reshaped Anatolia's ethno-religious composition utilizing ethno-mapping, ethno-statistics and ethnographical studies, which prepared the ground for the ejection, the deportation and the mass murder of non-Muslim populations (mainly the Armenians, the Eastern Christians, the Rûms/Greeks, the Bulgarians, the Jews) and the resettlement of Muslim non-Turks (mainly the Kurds and the Arabs, the Bosnians, the Albanians, the Circasssians) in the regions populated by the Muslim Turks
Jolin, Gignac Jean-Sébastien. "Léon Blum et la politique étrangère de la France en Europe de l'Est (1919-1936) : du socialisme intégriste à la conception militaire de la sécurité." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18140.
Full textRadomska, Malgorzata. "What is "migration policy" ? : the case study of migration policy of the Second Republic of Poland (1918-1939)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0028.
Full textThe objective of this dissertation was to investigate the meaning and nature of ‘migration policy’ and give it a theoretical frame by conducting a global analysis of the migration policy of the Second Republic of Poland (1918-1939), a multi-linguistic, multi-faith, multi-cultural Polish state ‘(re)established’ after the Great War. Using qualitative research methods and applying the content analysis of archival sources and other primary printed materials as our data analysis method we aimed to investigate: the extent to which migration policy is a public policy of the state, a tool for the state and nation building and how the state protects its citizens abroad; the origins and construction of the state migration policy and the extent to which it is a constant policy and if/how it changes over time in different political scenarios: parliamentary democracy system, authoritarian regime and in the years of growing military and political tension preceding the outbreak of war; the interactions between migration policy, foreign policy of the state and international relations, as well as the meaning of bilateral migration agreements as international legal tools
Denéchère, Yves. "La politique espagnole de la France de 1931 à 1936 : une pratique française de rapports inégaux." Nantes, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NANT3015.
Full textIn april 1931, the spanish monarchy of alfonso xiii felle like a ripe fruit. The second republic then followed and encountered a great deal of vicissitudes until the 17th-18th july 1936 pronunciamiento. During that period of time, the french foreign policy had to adapt to the new spanis facts. The french representatives in spain, and more paticularly the ambassador jean herbette, informed the + machine diplomatique ; of the quai d'orsay. The political evolution of the spanish republic was analysed day after day, taking into account the hightly specific nature of franco-spanih relations. Because of the new regime in madrid, france had to adapt its cultural and political influence in the peninsula. As to the franco-spanish bilateral issues, france chose to reinforce or at the least to maintain its positions. The democratic improvement of spain did not seem to have been taken into account by the quai d'orsay which made no concessions to immigrants and spanish political refugees oe else to the andorra issue. The uneven nature of franco-spanish relations was even more obvious in the economic field and in marocco : france imposed power struggles for its own benefit. In the wider domain of international relations, france did not have the same freedom of movement. It had to take into account the interventions of the other powers in the the + great spanish game ;. From 1931 to 1932, france hoped to be backed by spain as far as international issues were concerned. But no more than the monarchy before, was the spanish republic ready to abandon its neutrality. From 1933 to 1935, a time during which the french diplomaty seemed to be looking for its way, the question of the place france should have kept for spain in its international game was raised. In 1936, with the popualr fronts in power in both countries, a certain closeness in diplomacy was coming to life. The beginning of the civil war brutallly broke this evolution. The policy of france towards spain from 1931 to 1936 illustrates the way france conceived unequal relations and shows the self-importance with which it viewed its relations with weaker country
Drweski, Bruno. "Le domaine national polonais au XXème siècle." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991IEPP0004.
Full textThis thesis analyses the tendencies manifested throughout the XXth century within the Polish society toward all ethnical groups inhabiting the Polish area. This study helps to understand the constitutive elements of the Polish contemporary identity formed of successive stratums including a tolerant legitimity, a patronizing sensibility and some ethnocentric feelings. The imbrication of ethnical, social, geopolitical, religious and ideological problems in the Polish territories made difficult, for the poles as for their neighbours, to develop a good understanding of the realities and to elaborate a coherent national project corresponding to the interests of each ethnical group living in the Polish area. The numerous shocks suffered by the poles all over the XXth century explain why the situation we described has made difficult up till now the cristallisation of a modernized Polish personality integrated to its cultural and regional environment
Dramé, Papa El Hadji. "La France , le Sénégal et la défense de l'Afrique Occidentale Française de 1918 à 1940." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040078.
Full textThe foundation of the Gouvernement Général de l'Afrique Occidentale Française in 1895 marked the beginning of the military, administrative, and political reorganization of the territories conquered by France in West Africa during the 19 th century. The colonial power became sovereign in these once African spaces. In the context of the interwar period, overshadowed by looming conflicts with other European powers, France designed a defensive plan in two facets for the African empire she sought to develop economically as well. First, the plan called for the " maintenance of order " in the interior by suppressing the insurrections, rebellions and dissent of a native population subject to a new administrative, social and economic order (taxes, forced labor, military conscription, etc. )Second, the plan sought to defend the empire, using methods. It first called for the recruitment of native troops (tirailleurs sénégalais) to protect the metropole, and then it organized resistance against potential aggression by Germany, Italy, Spain or even the joint anglo-gaullist coalition along the maritime and land borders of French West Africa. As a result, the naval base at Dakar, long neglected during the interwar period, witnessed a period of growth at the end of the 1930s that rendered it a strategic objective of the Second World War, as can be seen by the intensity of the Battle of Dakar (23-25 September 1940)
Davion, Isabelle. "Les relations polono-tchécoslovaques dans la politique de sécurité française entre les deux guerres (1919-1939)." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040071.
Full textIn 1919, French diplomacy aims at constructing the alliance between Poland and Czechoslovakia so as to make it the main pilar of its alliance system in the east of Germany. From July 1920 onward, this security policy is undermined by the dividing of the Silesia of Teschen, jointly decided by France and the Allies, as it turns out to be unfavourable to the Polish. From 1924, with the bringing together of Prague and Warsaw, France starts to seriously contemplate the founding of a strategic barrier, closely linked to the French army, a barrier which would protect the eastern frontiers of post-locarnian Europe. But the rough outline of this triangular security policy as it is imagined by Paris does not survive the political upheavals of the second half of the twenties while French diplomats strive to reinforce collective security, staff officers try hard to make both the Polish and the Czechoslovakian armies aware of the stakes of their collaboration. These moves as well as the diplomats in Prague and Warsaw come up against the political turning of the Polish government after the coup d'etat of Marshal Pilsudski. When Hitler comes to power, the perception of a collective threat for the three countries does not cause any reaction. Whereas Warsaw has underpinned privileged relationships with Hungary, Bene consolidates the Little Entente, while the French government on the other hand let themselves be talked into the negociations of the Four Pact which are perceived as a betrayal by the eastern allies. The German-Polish non-aggression Pact drives Prague away from Warsaw for good. France proves powerless to check the crisis about the Polish minority in Czechoslavakia. In 1938, Czechoslovakia and Poland are but playthings in the hands of the great powers. The Polish government takes back the initiative with their ultimatum of September 30. It is for the Quay d'Orsay to try and convince Prague to give up Teschen two days after Munich
Anizan, Anne-Laure. "Paul Painlevé (1863-1933) : un scientifique en politique." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9kd50h8hsp.
Full textThe mathematician Paul Painlevé was a prominent personality of the French Republic, an expert in the nation's defence and a leader of the French left. A supporter of Captain Dreyfus, a member of the Human Rights League, a député of Paris, he made his career as a republican socialist. In the first world war, as the minister of inventions, he led the research policy regarding the country's defence and encouraged the scientists' involvement in it. As the minister of war in 1917, he had to face the mutinies among the French soldiers, appointed Pétain as the general-in-chief and prepared the US troop' landing. In 1920s, he chaired the Ligue de la République and promoted the Cartel. In 1925, as the président du Conseil and the minister of war, he enforced the repression of rebellions in the colonies and supported the signature of the Locarno agreements. Either as the minister of war or of the air force in nine cabinets from the late 1920s to the early 1930s, he presided over the great reforms of the French army. This thesis focusses on the structures of political life under the Third Republic in France. It studies the part played by independent socialism, the possibility for its elected representatives to thrive outside the mainstream left parties in the context of the competition with the Ligue. It documents an unusual accession to the parliamentary charge and the specific defence culture a civilian who had become the minister of war could have and it analyses the participation of scientists as an aspect of war culture. Lastly it concentrates on the way theState was reformed both in wartime and once peace had been restored through its involvement in research, the organisational changes in the presidence du Conseil and the evolution of the relations between the legislative and executive powers
Andrivon, Milton Sabine. "La Martinique et la grande guerre." Antilles-Guyane, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AGUY0103.
Full textSzurek, Emmanuel. "Gouverner par les mots : une histoire linguistique de la Turquie nationaliste." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0027.
Full textThis thesis focuses on language policies in nationalist Turkey between the late 1920s and the mid 1940s. It claims to present a social and intellectual history of linguistic practices and their authoritarian transformation in the single-party era (adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1928, systematic eviction of usual Arabic and Persian words in the 1930s in favor of Turkish vocables, massive production of "Turkish-pure" neologisms in the 1930s and 1940s ; adoption of a patronymic system of identification of the individuals from 1934 onwards). It is a cross analysis, conducted in the long term and from a transnational perspective, of four types of phenomena, respectively a linguistic phenomena (language practices, clutched on social variance), a metalinguistic phenomena (scientific knowledges) and an epilinguistic dimension (linguistic opinion movements). Highlighting the interrelationships between these four levels of reality is what we call a linguistic history of nationalist Turkey
Boulé, Richard. "La montée du fascisme et de la Grande Dépression en Allemagne, vue par la presse de France, de Grande-Bretagne et des États-Unis (1930-32)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27167.
Full textDuring the years 1931-32, international disputes about the Treaty of Versailles accompanied the rise of fascism and Great Depression in Germany. Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon powers justified their support of the Reich by public opinions. Historians have said that the latters were deluded about German issues, but what were those illusions and where do they came from ? This comparison of British, American and French newspapers shows that they were not only made from wrong assessments of objective realities, but also from hidden facts or inventions, even a media war serving to justify some financial and political choices. The fast dissemination of the same inventions on both sides of the Atlantic also suggest the existence of priviledged channels of « opinion fabrics » from Germany, to and between Britain and the United States.
Verheyde, Philippe. "L'aryanisation des grandes entreprises juives sous l'Occupation : contraintes, enjeux, pouvoirs." Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA081359.
Full textYazdani, Delfani Marzieh. "La construction du nationalisme iranien basée sur l'archéologie et la gloire passée." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030044.
Full textIn order to implement modern projects, Reza Shah had need literally to change the mentality of Iranians who had trained for centuries by religious principles and the tradition. Without a prior change of mentality, the creation of the new national identity would have been difficult to prevail. And without the creation of this new identity, all the principles of nationalism could not be assimilated. Thus the Pahlavi government was aware of the importance and necessity of nationalism to ensure the success of these projects. Indeed, to achieve its objectives, the Pahlavi dynasty needed a solid and mostly common and unifying elements accepted by the entire Iranian population. Reza Shah has conducted two parallel policies to build nationalism. First the government tried to establish a fundation based on unifying elements such as history, the glorious pre-Islamic past, patriotism and independence. Thus, with the introduction of new cultural and educational institutions, the Pahlavi government has tried to create a new national identity. Indeed the path to this new identity was through archeology. And unlike other countries in the region who were also in search of nationalism, the role of archeology in Iran was not limited to conduct archaeological excavations, but also to develop ideas on how to implement the nationalism and a new social identity based on the millennium history of Iran
Paris, Nicolas. "L’impact du dirigisme économique de Vichy sur le droit administratif." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCF006.
Full textTo cope with the circumstances of the Second World War and to satisfy the new ideology in power, the Vichy government (1940-1944) implements a policy directing the economy which confuses the jurist. Facing the silence of the legislator and in order to determine the applicable law and the competent jurisdiction, the authors, both publicists and privatists, divide themselves as well as the judges, whether administrative or judicial, on the legal categories in which the realities of state-controlled economy should be classified. The conditions are favorable for a paradigmatic revolution in administrative law because no concept in this field seems able to withstand the shock of the events. However, the issues of qualifying the new economic realities are addressed in continuity. The hypothesis of a third (economic or professional) law appearing, with authority over management bodies and activities, is rejected. To support a sound administration of justice and to foster the necessary balance between public and private interests, the Conseil d’Etat, followed by the Cour de Cassation, confirms the value of traditional concepts and accepts only certain developments in definying them. Vichy’s State-directed economy thus reveals how strongly the traditional concepts of administrative law may resist and how its content, which is never definitively fixed, appears able to adjust to changes in social life. But above all, the phenomenon highlights the importance of past authority : jurists, conservative by nature, refuse to break with tradition. They prefer to maintain imperfect classifications, but of which they know the effects, rather than replacing them with new ones, which seem better, but whose real effectiveness they can doubt
Majerus, Benoît. "Occupations et logiques policières: la police communale de Bruxelles pendant les première et deuxième guerres mondiales, 1914-1918 et 1940-1944." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211112.
Full textLe développement des appareils administratifs a pris de telles dimensions dans le XIXe siècle que l’occupant est obligé de trouver un modus vivendi avec les institutions existant sur les territoires occupés, lui-même étant incapable de gérer seul les pays sous son contrôle. Cette constellation donne une marge de manœuvres importante à la police locale, l’institution qui fait l’objet de notre étude.
Pendant les deux guerres, la police est soumise à un processus de réformes visant à améliorer son fonctionnement :centralisation du commandement, spécialisation d’unités, élargissement géographie des compétences d’intervention… Ces changements s’inspirent d’une part d’idées ambiantes en Belgique et d’autre part de projets réalisés en Allemagne dans les deux périodes procédant la guerre.
L’intégration de l’appareil policier communal à l’intérieur d’un régime d’occupation est facilitée par le professionnalisme de celui-ci qui contraste fortement avec la pratique des polices auxiliaires pour lesquelles l’ordre patriotique et/ou idéologique peut prendre le dessus sur le ‘maintien d’ordre classique’. Cette prédominance professionnalisante explique la continuité du fonctionnement de l’institution qui poursuit ses tâches entre 1914-1918 et 1940-1944.
En m’inspirant des travaux de l’historien allemand Alf Lüdtke et du sociologues français Dominique Montjardet, j’ai essayé de questionner trois postulats sous-jacents dans l’historiographie :
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Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire
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Blair, Scott G. "La France et le pacte de la Société des Nations : le rôle du gouvernement français dans l'élaboration du pacte de la Société des Nations, 1914-1919." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010529.
Full textSufficient historical attention has not been paid to the role of the French governement in the elaboration and drafting, between 1914 and 1919, of the covenant of the league of nations. This role was one of reticence and ambivalence. On one hand, no wartime government gave active, unconditional or persuasive support for the idea of creating a league in order to guarantee french security and international peace on the other hand, for diverse political reasons, each government quietly pursued the league idea, particularly those of Ribot and Clemenceau. A committee, directed by leon bourgeois, was created in 1917 to drait a plan reflecting the french viewpoint of an effective league. This ambivalence, along with the divergent views between the french and anglo-american conceptions of the league, as well as with the poor and distrustful relations between clemenceau and bourgeois, and later btween bourgeois and wilson, all weakened french league diplomacy during the paris peace conference. This permitted the form ation of a secret, anglo-american front that was able to impose and win international acceptance of the final league covenant-a document in which the french had little input and even less confidence
Öz, Eyüp. "Le Parti libéral républicain dans la région égéenne en Turquie : histoire politique d’une grande mobilisation contestaire : [Du 12 août au 17 novembre 1930]." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0073.
Full textFor several reasons, the year 1930 can be defined as a genuine turning point for Turkey. The radical religious reforms under the kemalist leadership and the growing social discontent due to the economic crisis forced the country to go through a transformation towards two essential directions : economic; statism and pluralistic political system. Created on the personal order of Mustafa Kemal, the liberal Republican party took its place in the historical scene on august 12th, as a pure product of the political engineering. Nevertheless, the welcome of Fethi Okyar at Smyrna as a redeemer overturned all expectations. Breaking with his impartiality, the president of the Republic had to reaffirm immediately his attachment to the republican people's party. The opposition was successful during the elections, despite the legitimization of all injustices and state coercions. Though the liberal party was unexpectedly dissolved, its electorate continued to exist for several more months. The disproportionate response to a singular messianic uprising did not succeed in the suppressing of social protests. Born in Magnesia and ended in Menemen on december 23rd, 1930, this insurrectionary wave has shaken the power profoundly, with the murder of a sub-lieutenant. Gallows erected on public places after the incident were part of a unique fear engineering that disintegrated the opposition coalition. The concept of liberalism thus became synonymous with violence and liberal opponents will be silenced by fear of religious reactionism
MacFarlane, John. "Ernest Lapointe : Quebec's voice in canadian foreign policy, 1921-1941." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26356.
Full textMiloš, Edi. "Antun Radić et la genèse du mouvement paysan croate (1868-1905)." Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040036.
Full textAt the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Antun Radić (1868-1919) mobilizes his efforts through studies and activities to give a new breath to the national croatian movement, which flourishes in the southern parts of the Habsbourg Monarchy. Convinced that the peasantry is the nation’s incarnation, Antun Radić applies himself to educate the rural areas in order to prepare the peasants to fight against foreign rule. Progressively, he devises a system of ideas based on the conservation of rural areas' traditional structures and culture, and on slavic solidarity, which will support the creation of the Croatian popular peasant party in 1904. Long marginalized, the party will play a major role in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after the First World War
Arikanli, Zeynep. "La politique mandataire britannique en Irak : à la recherche d'un « principe d'accord » : le traitement du mouvement nationalitaire kurde dans la wilaya de Mossoul, 1918-1926." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1018.
Full textThis study focuses on how an actor justifies its actions in heterogenous and fragmented environments. It aims at proving that in the absence of a principle of agreement constraning the actors’ actions, the relations between equal partners of action turn into polyarchy whilst those between inequal ones end in arrangement, contention and finally, violence. To this end, this research concentrates on the British mandatory policies in Iraq through the management of Kurdish nationalist movement in the wilaya of Mosul from 30rd October 1918 to 5th 1926. The 30rd October 1918 is the date of the signature of Armistice of Mudros between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire at the end of the First World War. It is in the aftermath of this armistice that the British occupied Mosul. In 5th 1926, Turkey and Great Britain signed the Treaty of Angora which settled the question of frontier between Turkey and Irak, a question which is also known as Question of Mosul
Bernardo, Y. Garcia Luis Angel. "Le Ventre des Belges: miracle économique et restauration des forces de travail :origines et développement de la politique alimentaire du second immédiat après-guerre, 1914-1948." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209052.
Full textLe choix assumé par une Belgique solvable d’une « politique d’abondance » aux dépens d’une planification des investissements se démarque des choix opérés par la France, les Pays-Bas ou la Grande-Bretagne impécunieux mais obsédés par la modernisation de leurs appareils de production respectifs. L’objectif belge d’apporter à la population – à coup de subventions massives – l’indispensable puis l’utile mais aussi le superflu va se maintenir jusqu’à la libération progressive des transactions et des prix et participe à la restauration rapide de l’économie belge transformatrice et exportatrice. Dès la fin de la guerre en Europe, un apparent « miracle économique » se produit en Belgique avec la reprise rapide des exportations à destination des pays limitrophes. Le processus de restauration économique a été initié dès les premières semaines de la Libération grâce aux prestations massives aux armées alliées et le « remboursement » inespéré d’une partie conséquente de celles-ci après-guerre. Dès le début de l’année 1947, la production industrielle belge rattrape le niveau d’avant-guerre alors que les productions charbonnière et agricole restent à la traîne. La politique alimentaire du second immédiat après-guerre place le consommateur au centre de l’économie agricole et multiple les contraintes du côté de l’offre en matière de transactions et de prix. Encombrée par l’héritage de l’occupation – en dépit d’un droit d’inventaire – elle rencontrera une forte opposition de la part du secteur alimentaire et principalement le monde agricole et le petit commerce. Ceux-ci déploieront des stratégies défensives à la fois politiques et illégales. Ces dernières s’expriment essentiellement depuis l’occupation par le détournement d’une part conséquente des maigres disponibilités alimentaires au profit de l’ennemi et d’une minorité au fort pouvoir d’achat. Quant au monde ouvrier organisé qui constitue aux yeux de la puissance publique le principal acteur du côté de la demande alimentaire, il va contester dès la Libération la politique d’austérité et l’inéquité des sacrifices demandés au nom de la restauration du pays. En dépit d’une pacification convenue entre les élites patronales et syndicales en échange de réformes sociales et la participation loyale des communistes au pouvoir, la seconde sortie de guerre sera marquée par de nombreuses grèves « sauvages » débordant le cadre syndical réformiste et communiste.
À vrai dire, la politique alimentaire mise en œuvre au cours de la seconde libération et du second immédiat après-guerre – ainsi que les réponses apportées par l’offre et la demande – ne peuvent être étudiées et comprises qu’en convoquant les crises alimentaires précédentes depuis la première occupation que la Belgique fut la seule à connaître en Europe occidentale sur la plus grand partie de son territoire, à l’exception du petit voisin grand-ducal. Tant la puissance publique, les élites dirigeantes que le monde agricole ou encore le mouvement ouvrier sauront tirer les enseignements des expériences passées. Enfin, la production agricole de la Belgique structurellement dépendante des importations massives de céréales et autres aliments du bétail s’inscrit depuis la fin du XIXème siècle dans une économie alimentaire mondialisée. Les crises alimentaires des temps de (sortie de guerre) traversées par la petite économie transformatrice et exportatrice sont avant tout des crises des approvisionnements extérieurs marquées par leur diminution voire leur quasi disparition. Au cours du second immédiat après-guerre, la politique alimentaire de la Belgique – comme celle des autres grands pays importateurs français, britannique ou néerlandais – sera toujours aussi tributaire des approvisionnements extérieurs régulés depuis la guerre par les Grands Alliés anglo-saxons. Ceux-ci passeront le relais en 1946 aux organismes internationaux gravitant autour des Nations Unies jusqu’aux abondantes récoltes mondiales de l’An 1948.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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Bourrinet, Philippe. "Aux origines du courant communiste international des conseils : la Gauche communiste hollandaise (1907-1950) : du tribunisme au conseillisme." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010553.
Full textThe 'dutch marxist school', a revolutionary current represented most by gorter and pannekoek, arrose at the turn of the century. In opposition to the 'reformism' and 'opportunism' of the 2. International, it was first supported by lenin, before he rebuffed them in 1920. During the german revolution (1918-21), they became the theoretical leaders of the "councils movement" (aau, kapd), standing up against unionism and parlamentarism. This communist 'dutch-german' left - hostile to the russian state policy - was expelled from komintern in 1921. The council communist current fought the 'party communism' and the 'state communism'. After 1933 this one 'withdrew' to the netherlands and took over the theoretical head of the concilist groups who had escaped from the german catastrophe. Hostile to any political organization, the dutch gic of pannekoek and canne-meijer disappeared in 1940. Despite a short revival in 1945 (spartacusbond), the dutch 'councilism' little by little faded away. After 1968 the councilism had a significant ideological influence by its rejection of all political and trade unionist apparatus of the 'old workers' movement', which the rank and file of the workers often criticise. 'Councilism' today has many similarities with the old anarchist current