Dissertations / Theses: 'Politics of toxic chemicals'

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Benn, Suzanne Harriette Science &amp Technology Studies UNSW. "The Environmental Challenge to the Overloaded State: The Politics of Toxic Chemicals in NSW since the late 1970s." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Science and Technology Studies, 1999. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32639.

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This thesis is a regional interdisciplinary analysis of the environmental challenge to the liberal democratic state. It situates these new problems of governance in one of the dominating political conflicts of our time, the battle between market and state for the 'commanding heights'. By the end of the 1970s, environmental concerns had added to the social crises associated with the overloaded, welfare state. The study sets the political context through an exposition of the perceived problems of the overloaded state, analysed by neo-Marxist theorists in terms of rationality and legitimacy deficits and by public choice theorists in terms of the incentives and calculations confronting rational individuals. It draws out the association between these alternative perspectives on 'state overload' and the political philosophies of corporatism and neo-liberalism, showing that, on the neo-Marxist understanding, corporatism addresses the functional requirements of late capitalism, while public choice precepts are strongly influential on leading elements of neo-liberalism. This political analysis is developed through the history of a landmark piece of legislation, the Environmentally Hazardous Chemicals Act (NSW) 1985, in toxic chemicals policymaking from the late 1970s to the end of 1997. The interpretation of the case material shows that the response in NSW to the environmental problematic has been driven by the reform agenda of the successive political programs of corporatism and neo-liberalism for the state, the bureaucracy and the democratic process. Neither the corporatist nor the neo-liberal programs succeeded in meeting environmental criteria. Examination of the inadequate responses of both corporatism and neo-liberalism, when measured against sustainability criteria, leads to a deeper understanding of the institutional reforms required if these criteria are to be addressed. The thesis concludes that the failure to effect successful reform of toxic chemicals policy in NSW reflects the failure of leading political theorems of the liberal democratic state to incorporate sustainability criteria successfully into their reform agenda for the state, the bureaucracy and the democratic process. These regional issues are shown to be thematic for the nation-state when raised in the context of the globalisation of the environmental challenge and the inter nationalisation of market forces. The thesis concludes with a brief review of some recent political theory in relation to the programmatic issues of sustainability and democracy which it has pursued.

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Siordia, Jimena Carolina. "Analysis of Toxic Chemicals Affecting the Oocyte." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192989.

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Gabrielson, Jenny. "Assessing the toxic impact of chemicals using bacteria /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-143-1/.

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Venier, Marta. "Investigation of toxic organic chemicals in the environment." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3319902.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, School of Public and Environmental Science Affairs, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 13, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-08, Section: B, page: 4637. Adviser: Ronald A. Hites.

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Goats, Geoffrey Charles. "Assessment of the effects of toxic chemicals upon earthworms." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37706.

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Li, Jing Adela, and 李晶. "Temperature-dependent toxic effects of selected chemicals on marine organisms." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/211051.

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Anthropogenically driven climate change not only results in rising of sea temperature but also leads to more frequent and longer-lasting cold and heat waves. Meanwhile, coastal marine ecosystems are constantly challenged by increasing threats of chemical pollution. Temperature and chemical stressors can jointly affect the livelihood of marine organisms, but their combined effects are still poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of thermal stress and chemical exposure on the marine medaka Oryzias melastigma, copepod Tigriopus japonicus and rotifer Brachionus koreanus. The four selected chemical contaminants included copper sulphate pentahydrate (Cu), dichlorophenyltrichloroethane (DDT), triphenyltin chloride and copper pyrithione. It was hypothesized that marine organisms are more susceptible to chemical exposure at both cold and warm extremes. In vivo acute ecotoxicity tests were conducted over a wide temperature range to ascertain the relationship between thermal stress and chemical toxicity. For O. melastigma larvae, the lowest toxicity occurred at an optimum temperature range; the chemical toxicity further increased with temperature increase or decrease from this optimum, and exacerbated at extremely low and high temperatures. For T. japonicus and B. koreanus, the chemical toxicity generally increased with increasing temperature. Such inter-species dissimilarities were possibly due to differences in the uptake route, detoxification mechanism, avoidance behaviour and physiological response between the fish and the copepod or rotifer. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the temperature-dependent physiological and biochemical responses, and thermal tolerance of O. melastigma larvae. The growth in the fish larvae showed an inverse and negatively skewed V-shape relationship with temperature, with a significant reduction in performance at both low and high thermal extremes. A mismatch between demand and supply of oxygen and energy under extremely cold and warm conditions was probably the primary cause of growth inhibition and metabolic impairment, leading to a temporary adaptation by a shift to anaerobiosis and an induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Temperatures at both cold and warm extremes increased toxicities of DDT and Cu to O. melastigma larvae, resulting in restricted growth and interrupted oxygen consumption rate. The fish larvae modulated their metabolic pathway and produced stress proteins (i.e., HSPs and metallothioneins) for adaptation to the combined stress. However, such responses were disrupted by combinations of thermal extremes, in particular high temperature, and high chemical concentration. Most importantly, both DDT and Cu exposure significantly reduced the thermal tolerance of the fish larvae. The interacting effect of temperature and Cu was also investigated on T. japonicus. The results showed that their combined effect could significantly reduce the survival, lengthen the developmental time and change the sex ratio of the copepod. Transcriptions of several stress-related genes (i.e., glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferases and HSPs) in the adult T. japonicus were significantly affected by the joint-effect of temperature and Cu exposure, implying that these genes played essential roles in protecting the cellular integrity against the stresses. This study advanced the understanding on the temperature-dependent toxicity of chemical contaminants to marine organisms, and provided valuable information and empirical models for deriving water quality criteria of chemical contaminants at various temperatures.
published_or_final_version
Biological Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Jeffs, Corinne Ailsa. "Removal of toxic industrial chemicals using novel adsorbent hollow fibres." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665437.

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The current military respirator provides protection from contaminants using a cartridge packed with adsorbent activated carbon particles treated with metal salts to provide protection from toxic gases. However, the user of this respirator is subject to a physiological burden as a result. One component of this burden is the pressure drop, which makes breathing through the respirator filter difficult, with the burden becoming more severe at higher breathing rates. This project investigates the reduction of pressure drop and hence burden in respirator cartridges by using adsorbent hollow fibres. These are made up of adsorbent powder held together with a polymer binder to replace the conventional adsorbent particles. Adsorbent hollow fibres have a number of advantages, including lower pressure drop, the ability to operate in any orientation, no special filling requirements and customisability against emerging threats, such as toxic industrial chemicals. Dynamic challenges were performed using ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and cyclohexane as candidate gases, as each typifies a particular category of toxic industrial chemicals. Adsorbent hollow fibres were customised by treating with metal salts, metal organic frameworks and pore forming agents, and by replacing the hollow fibre polymer binder with a novel microporous polymer. In addition, the pressure drop of these adsorbent fibres was compared to granular beds. Pressure drop was then modelled using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, and the breakthrough time was modelled with the Wheeler-Jonas equation, enabling the prediction of pressure drop and breakthrough time for new designs of adsorbent hollow fibre cartridges.

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Lum, Peck Yoong. "Cytochrome P-448 and the activation of toxic chemicals and carcinogens." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1987. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847660/.

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Studies were carried out on the developmental profile of PB-cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-448-dependent mixed-function oxidase activities in the foetal and neonatal rat. PB-Cytochrome P-450 activity, as examplified by benzphetamine N-demethylase was low at birth but increased with age. In contrast, cytochrome P-448 activity, as exemplified by ethoxyresorufin 0-deethylase (EROD) and biphenyl 2-hydroxylase, was higher in the neonate, reaching maximum levels at about two weeks postpartum and decreased with age. Cytochrome P-448 inducibility by 3-methylcholanthrene was low at birth and increased with age. Investigations were also carried out on the induction of cytochrome P-448, as measured by the 0-deethylation of ethoxyresorufin, by carcinogens and several other xenobiotics in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues of the adult male rat. EROD activity was highest in the liver, followed by the kidney > lung, in the untreated animal; activity was not detectable in the heart and the brain. Treatment with carcinogens enhanced EROD activity most markedly in the liver and to a smaller extent, in the kidney and lung. In addition, induction of EROD activity was achieved with very low doses of the inducing agent. A single intraperitoneal dose of 50 ug/kg of benzo(a)pyrene increased hepatic EROD activity by 2-fold. Activity was also significantly enhanced by single intraperitoneal doses of 0.5 mg/kg of 2-acetamidofluorene or safrole. Maximum induction was achieved at dose levels of 2-5 mg/kg, with peak activity occurring 24 hours after dosing. In addition, the O-dealkylations of a series of alkoxyresorufins (1C to 8C) and the debenzylation of benzyloxyresorufin were induced by 3-MC only in the responsive C57BL/6 mice but not in the non-responsive DBA/2 mice, indicating that these activities are associated with the Ah locus. The present study showed that carcinogens induced the O-dealkylation of the short-chain alkoxyresorufins (methoxy- to butoxy-) to a greater extent than did the long-chain derivatives. In addition, heptoxyresorufin dealkylation was most markedly enhanced by DDT while benzyloxyresorufin debenzylation was induced to similar extents by carcinogens and non-carcinogens. Although cimetidine has been shown to be an inhibitor of hepatic drug metabolism by binding to cytochrome P-450 through its imidazole ring structure, the present study demonstrated that neither cimetidine nor its nitrosated derivative, nitrosocimetidine exhibited any significant inhibition towards cytochrome P-448 activity in the rat, as measured by the EROD assay, even when administered at five times the oral therapeutic dose in man. Results of the present study indicate that the induction of cytochrome P-448 is associated with chemical toxicity/carcinogenicity. In addition, the 0-deethylation of ethoxyresorufin is a very sensitive and highly specific marker for cytochrome P-448 activity.

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Carway, Eugene Vincent. "Toxic chemical syndrome: body burden and immune parameters affected by environmental chemicals." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332749/.

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The purpose of the present study was to determine: (1) that dental office personnel would be exposed to more toxic chemicals in the workplace than the non-dental office controls; (2) that exposure should lead to a reduction in the efficiency of the immune system in the individuals in the dental office; and (3) the immunological deficit should manifest itself in psychological and/or physiological pathology as measured on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Bender Gestalt.

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Whitfield, George C. (George Calvin). "MEMS-based resonant sensor arrays : selective detection of volatile and toxic chemicals." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28874.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-59).
With growing concerns about homeland security, public health, and environmental cleanliness, there is a strong need today for robust chemical sensing systems that are portable in addition to being highly sensitive. While there are many options available for gaseous chemical detection and identification, not all are well-suited toward the creation of a portable device. Boston MicroSystems, Inc. (BMS) has developed a resonant chemical sensor that is predicted to meet the performance needs of the current market in terms of gas sensitivity, operational reliability, and overall device portability. Desirable device characteristics are attained through integrating aluminum nitride and silicon carbide in processes that are protected through a strong base of intellectual property. By developing a standardized platform for gas detection based on this sensor technology, barriers to entering the targeted markets may be overcome.
by George C. Whitfield.
M.Eng.

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Thomas, Samuel William III. "Molecules and materials for the optical detection of explosives and toxic chemicals." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36260.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 2006.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
Optical chemosensing, especially using amplifying fluorescent polymers, can allow for the highly sensitive and selective vapor-phase detection of both explosives and highly toxic chemicals, including chemical warfare agents. There are varieties of analyte targets, however, that remain challenging for detection by these methods. Research towards improving this technology has obvious implications for homeland security and soldier survivability. This dissertation details the development of new molecules, materials, and transduction schemes aimed at improving both the versatility and sensitivity of optical chemical detection. Chapter One provides an introduction to the field of fluorescent polymer sensors, principally focusing on their utility in the detection of nitroaromatic explosives. Brief descriptions of other analytical methods used for explosives detection are also included. Chapter Two describes the synthesis and optical properties of a new class of conjugated polymers that contain alkyl-amino groups directly bound to the arene rings of poly(phenylene ethynylene)s and poly(fluorene)s. These materials displayed red-shifted absorption and emission spectra, large Stokes Shifts, as well as long excited state lifetimes.
(cont.) Also described is the use of films of these readily oxidized polymers in the vapor-phase detection of hydrazine down to a concentration of 100 parts-per-billion. This new scheme for the detection of hydrazine vapor relies on the analyte's reduction of oxidized traps ("unquenching") within the polymer film to give a fluorescence "turn-on" signal. Chapter Three begins with an introduction to the various classes of explosive molecules, as well as to the concept of "tagging" plastic explosives with higher vapor pressure dopants in order to make them easier to detect. This is followed by a description of how the taggant DMNB was successfully detected using high band-gap poly(fluorene)s. The higher energy conduction bands of these materials allowed for exergonic electron transfer to DMNB and fluorescence quenching in both the solution and solid states. Phosphorescence is the theme of Chapter Four, in which two research projects based on highly phosphorescent cyclometalated Pt(II) complexes are summarized. This includes the synthesis and optical characterization of a phosphorescent poly(fluorene), one of the repeat units of which is a Pt(ppy)(acac)-type complex. Comparisons of its intrinsic photophysical properties and oxygen-induced quenching behavior to model compounds are also summarized.
(cont.) Chapter Four also details investigations into using oxidative addition reactions of new bis-cyclometalated Pt(II) complexes for the dark-field turn-on chemical detection of cyanogen halides. Incorporating substituents on the ligands that force steric crowding in the square plane accelerated the addition of cyanogen bromide to these complexes, which also correlated with the room-temperature phosphorescence efficiency of these complexes. Exposure of polymer films doped with these complexes gave a dark-field turn on signal to the blue of the reactant that corresponded to the phosphorescence of the Pt(IV) oxidative addition product. Finally, Chapter Five focuses on iptycenes, a very useful structural moiety in the field of optical chemosensing. The development of an improved synthetic procedure for the preparation of the iptycene group is described. This procedure has been showed to be effective in the preparation of a series of new iptycene-containing molecules, including a poly(iptycene). To conclude, the unique counter-aspect ratio alignment behavior of a poly(iptycene) in a stretch-aligned polymer film is summarized. This is rationalized by a "threading" model, in which the chains of the poly(vinyl chloride) matrix occupy the internal-free-volume defined by the poly(iptycene).
by Samuel William Thomas, III.
Ph.D.

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Scanferlato, Vjera Sostarec. "Environment risk assessment for toxic chemicals and genetically-engineered microorganisms : a microcosm approach /." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135357/.

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Coe, Jeffrey Ellis. "In vivo human ocular responses to irritant gases." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362322.

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Chatkittikunwong, Watcharee. "Analytical synthesis and stability studies of halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335138.

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Börjeson, Natasja. "Toxic Textiles : Towards Responsibility in Complex Supply Chains." Doctoral thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-33670.

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The governance of the environmental and health problems that follow in the wake of globalised trade is one of the great contemporary challenges. One of these challenges is the management of chemical pollution and associated risks, and one sector facing this challenge is the textile industry, which has complex supply chains spread across continents. At the same time the role of actors on the playing field are changing and market actors are being called on to responsibly manage the issue of chemical risks and associated challenges. However, governance and control are often obstructed due to complexity and considerable knowledge uncertainty. This situation complicates responsibility-taking and makes it difficult to ascribe liabilities to specific actors, as it is not obvious who is responsible for what. This thesis is concerned with the process of how a group of market actors – private and public textile buyers – assume responsibility of chemical risks in their supply chains in a situation that is characterized by uncertainty and complexity. This thesis aims to contribute to an understanding of what happens when market actors are called on to manage the negative side effects of globalisation. The focus is on Swedish textile-buying private and public organisations. The thesis constructs an analytical model based on the key concepts responsible governance, responsibilisation, and responsible supply chain management (RSCM). The thesis explores the barriers, challenges and opportunities that exist for buyers seeking to assume RSCM and whether a process of responsibilisation can be observed in the textile sector. The thesis uses an exploratory approach and interviews, participatory observations and literature studies, as well as case studies to understand the process and to investigate barriers, challenges, opportunities. In summary, the thesis shows that a process of responsibilisation is ongoing on the organisational and sector levels. Further, it is shown that due to the complex structures of the chains, there are more barriers and challenges than opportunities for buyers striving for RSCM. However, it is argued that cooperation, stronger public and private policy, and a reflexive approach could be ways forward towards RSCM and increased responsibilisation in the textile sector.
En av våra samtida stora utmaningar är hanteringen av de miljö- och hälsoproblem som följer i svallvågorna av en globaliserad handel. En av dessa utmaningar rör hanteringen av kemikalierisker. Inom textilbranschen är produktionen kemikalieintensiv och handelsmönstren karakteriseras av komplexa varukedjor som inte sällan sträcker sig över flera kontinenter. Samtidigt pågår en förändring av inblandade aktörers roller, där marknadsaktörer uppmanas att på ett ansvarstagande sätt hantera frågan om kemikalierisker och de utmaningar som hör därtill. Denna process försvåras ofta till följd av ett komplext samhälle präglat av kunskapsbrister. Detta komplicerar ansvarstagande och gör det svårt att hålla specifika aktörer, såsom företag och inköpande organisationer, ansvariga, då det inte är uppenbart vem som är ansvarig för vad. Denna avhandling undersöker hur en grupp marknadsaktörer – privata och offentliga textilinköpare – tar ansvar för kemikalierisker längs med sina varukedjor i en situation som karaktäriseras av osäkerhet och komplexitet. Avhandlingen syftar till att fördjupa förståelsen för vad som händer när marknadsaktörer uppmanas att hantera miljö- och hälsorisker från till exempel kemikalier i textil. Fokus ligger på svenska privata och offentliga textilinköpare, som exempelvis kläd- och textilföretag, offentlig förvaltning och andra inköpande organisationer. I avhandlingen konstrueras en analytisk modell baserad på nyckelbegreppen responsible governance, responsibilisation och responsible supply chain management. Avhandlingen är explorativ och genom intervjuer, deltagande observationer och litteraturstudier samt fallstudier undersöks en potentiell process av ansvarstagande samt de hinder, utmaningar och möjligheter som de inköpande organisationerna möter i sitt arbete med kemikalierisker längs med sina varukedjor. Resultaten belyser en pågående process av ansvarsförfarande på både organisations och sektornsivå. Avhandlingen visar också att på grund av kedjans komplexa struktur så förekommer större hinder och utmaningar än möjligheter för de textilinköpare som strävar efter ansvarstagande. Trots detta pekar resultaten på att samarbete, kraftfullare styrmedel och ett reflexivt tillvägagångssätt skulle kunna vara en väg mot ökat ansvarstagande inom textilsektorn.
Chemicals in textiles: Managing environmental and health risks from products with complex product chains

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Klöber, Wolfram. "Risikomanagement im Chemikalienrecht : ein Rechtsvergleich des US-amerikanischen Toxic Substances Control Act und des deutschen Chemikaliengesetzes /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/362362866.pdf.

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Jones, Susan H. "Nanoporous carbon/zeolite composites for the adsorption of green house gases (GHG) and toxic industrial chemicals (TIC)." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520577.

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LTA (4A) and NaX (13X) zeolite have been grown in the macrostructure of four 'unmodified' carbons (MAST™, willow, pine and rattan) without blocking the meso/micropores of the substrate. A lack of modification reduces environmenta1/production costs, avoids weakening the substrate and prevents side reactions. The :MAST ™/NaX composites can be rapidly regenerated in-situ by electrical heating using the resistivity of the carbon substrate. Calcination of the composites to remove the carbon produces a zeolite-only replica of the carbon substrate and (though fragile) the zeolite structures may be of use jn their own right. Zeolite loading could be increased almost 200% (from 3.3% to 9.6% mass) by extending substrate time in the precursor solution, or further increased (to 28-44% MASTTM) by gravity deposition of the zeolite on the substrate. Extending the synthesis time may have produced a different zeolite inside the pores to that produced externally. SEM on a 5-week synthesised LTA sample suggests that the zeolite hydroxy sodalite (H-SOD) has formed inside the pores while LTA developed externally. Hence, growth rates were found to be different inside the carbon pores as crystal growth continued after it was attested in the external solution. However, XRD and 29Si MAS-NMR analysis indicated that, in the first 14 h, NaX zeolite synthesis was slower inside the carbon pores than the external liquor. Acidity was expected to be important in the ability of a material to adsorb the basic molecule ammonia, so, to assess if this is indeed the case, LTA, carbon and composites were H+ exchanged using Hel before ammonia adsorption. Ammonia adsorption was not found here to be significantly increased by acid exchange. Indeed, Na~ LTA was found to adsorb NHJ just as extensively (6.6mmol/g) as H~LTA (6.8mmol/g) and adsorption in ~ LTA zeolite exchanged using the N H./ LTA method (then heated to remove NHJ was decreased by 50%, and only 3.3nunol/ g was adsorbed (on the 6.6rrunol/g adsorbing LTA) after NH/ exchange. The carbon substrate, however, performed much better when acid treated. Boehm titration results indicated that acidity ranges from 0.14nunol/g to 1.36nunol/g, even in non-acidified synthetic carbons, depended on the activation method performed (steam, CO2, etc.) and when add treated the carbon NH, adsorption increased 10 fold (from O.3mmol/g to 3.3mmol/g). NaX was found to be the best zeolite for NH J adsorption (5. l mmol/g for a 2 h outgas, 9.7mmol/g for a 4 h outgas and 18.6mmol/g for a 10 h+ outgas), if properly pre-conditioned

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Henriques, InÃªs Domingues. "Elucidating the Response of Activated Sludge Cultures to Toxic Chemicals at the Process, Floc and Metabolic Scales." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27937.

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Activated sludge treatment systems rely on a microbial consortium structurally organized in bioflocs to treat pollutants present in wastewater. The treatment process efficiency in these systems can be severely affected by toxic chemicals present in the influent wastewater. The effects of chemical toxins at the treatment process level are determined by the mechanisms that occur at the biofloc and cellular levels, which can be physical, chemical and physiological in nature. We believe that the overall process effects of chemical toxins on activated sludge systems likely result from a combination of all three types of mechanisms and that they are interdependent, in the sense that specific bacterial stress response mechanisms (physiological mechanisms that protect the cell from toxic conditions) may lead to physical/chemical alterations at the floc level, and vice-versa. Ultimately, understanding the mechanisms that occur at the floc and metabolic scales will help to design more robust and efficient treatment systems, and to develop tools to prevent and mitigate the effects of toxic chemicals on activated sludge systems. In this research, we set out to establish the link between the effects of chemical toxins on activated sludge cultures at the process, floc and metabolic scales. First, the effects of shock loads of different toxic sources (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), cadmium, 1-octanol, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), weakly complexed cyanide, pH 5, 9 and 11, and high ammonia levels) on activated sludge process parameters (biomass growth, respiration rate, flocculation, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, dewaterability and settleability) were studied. For all chemical shocks except ammonia and pH, concentrations that caused 15, 25 and 50% respiration inhibition were used to provide a single pulse chemical shock to sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems containing a nitrifying (10 day solids retention time – SRT) and a non-nitrifying (2 day SRT) biomass. We found that cadmium and pH 11 shocks were the conditions that most detrimentally affected all the processes, followed by CDNB. DNP and cyanide primarily led to effects on respiration, while pH 5, 9, octanol and various ammonia concentrations did not impact the treatment process to a significant extent. Additionally, there was a clear correlation between biomass deflocculation and increases in the effluent soluble COD of the shocked reactors for different chemical sources. With this study, we were able to establish a source-effect matrix linking classes of chemical toxins to their potential inhibitory effects on activated sludge processes, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the potential effects of toxic industrial discharges into biological treatment systems. The findings of the first phase of the research, specifically the correlation between chemical-induced deflocculation and increases in soluble COD, served as a motivation to explore the role of floc structure in the response of activated sludge cultures to toxic compounds, and to conduct a more in-depth analysis of the supernatant (soluble phase) of toxin-exposed activated sludge. In one study, we evaluated the respiration inhibition induced by octanol, cadmium, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), cyanide and DNP on activated sludge biomasses with different floc structures but similar physiological characteristics, with the objective of assessing the role of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in flocs as a protection barrier against chemical toxins. Mechanical shearing was applied to fresh mixed liquor to produce biomasses with different floc structure properties and specific oxygen uptake rate assays were conducted on the sheared and unsheared mixed liquors. The results showed that the respiration inhibition by octanol and cadmium was more intense in sheared mixed liquor (which had less EPS material available in the flocs and smaller floc sizes) than in the unsheared biomass. Conversely, the respiration inhibition induced by NEM and cyanide was similar for the different mixed liquors tested. These results allowed us to conclude that the EPS matrix functions as a protective barrier for the bacteria inside activated sludge flocs to chemicals that it has the potential to interact with, such as hydrophobic (octanol) and positively-charged (cadmium) compounds, but that the toxicity response for soluble, hydrophilic toxins (NEM and cyanide) is not significantly influenced by the presence of the polymer matrix. In the final study that was conducted, we used the metabolomics-based technique metabolic footprinting to assess if the soluble phase of mixed liquor exposed to different chemical toxins exhibited a toxin-specific biochemical composition. We hypothesized that toxin-specific effects could be distinguished through footprint patterns of those soluble samples. The impact of cadmium, DNP and NEM shock loads on the composition of the soluble fraction of activated sludge mixed liquor was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results from this study indicated that there was a significant release of biomolecules (proteins, carbohydrates and humic acids) from the floc structure into the bulk liquid due to chemical stress. More importantly, using a multivariate statistical method called discriminant function analysis with genetic algorithm variable selection (GA-DFA), we were able to show that the soluble phase samples from the different reactors could be differentiated, thereby indicating that the footprints generated by LC-MS were different for the four conditions tested and, therefore, toxin-specific. These footprints, thus, contain information about specific biomolecular differences between the samples, and we found that only a limited number of m/z (mass to charge) ratios from the mass spectra data was needed to differentiate between the control and each chemical toxin-derived samples. In addition, since the experiments were conducted with mixed liquor from four distinct wastewater treatment plants, the discriminating m/z ratios may potentially be used as universal stress biomarkers. These results are promising and indicate that LC-MS may be used for the discovery of activated sludge stress biomarkers, to allow the development of new toxin detection technologies for prevention of upset events in activated sludge systems.
Ph. D.

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Degen, Marcia J. "Evaluation of the potential environmental toxic effects of a nylon fibers additive." Thesis, This resource online, 1985. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-020601/.

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Ucisik, Ahmed Suheyl. "Uptake of chemicals and metabolism kinetics related to toxic effects and consideration of phytoremediation as a remediation option." Kgs. Lyngby, 2007. http://www.er.dtu.dk/publications/fulltext/2007/MR2007-044.pdf.

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Thomson, Jennifer Christine. "From Wilderness to the Toxic Environment: Health in American Environmental Politics, 1945-Present." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10876.

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This dissertation joins the history of science and medicine with environmental history to explore the language of health in environmental politics. Today, in government policy briefs and mission statements of environmental non-profits, newspaper editorials and activist journals, claims about the health of the planet and its human and non-human inhabitants abound. Yet despite this rhetorical ubiquity, modern environmental politics are ideologically and organizationally fractured along the themes of whose health is at stake and how that health should be protected. This dissertation traces how these competing conceptions of health came to structure the landscape of American environmental politics. Beginning in the early 1950s, an expanding network of environmental activists began to think in terms of protecting the health of the planet and its inhabitants from the unprecedented hazards of nuclear energy and chemical proliferation. They did this by appropriating models and metaphors of health developed by postwar ecologists, philosophers, epidemiologists and nuclear physicians. Through this process of appropriation, scientists and philosophers were likewise drawn into environmental activism. Through five case studies, this dissertation traces the collaborations between scientists, environmental activists, philosophers, and medical doctors which enabled a broad range of articulations of health: the health of the wild, the health of the environment, the health of the planet, and the health of humans within the environment. Each case study attends to the intersection of political thought and practice, and explores how science and environmental activism were in constant dialogue in the postwar period. Drawing on archival materials and extensive oral history interviews, this dissertation demonstrates the centrality of health to American environmental politics from the end of World War Two until the present day.
History of Science

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Hägglund, Emelie. "GIFTFRI MILJÖ I FÖRSKOLAN : En studie om föräldrars medvetenhet om kemikalier i leksaker." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-148799.

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Children are sensitive to exposure of chemicals that may affect reproduction, cause allergies and cancer. Therefore it is important to strive for a toxin-free environment both at home and in preschools. The purpose of the study was to identify products in pre-school containing harmful chemicals. Furthermore, the purpose was to investigate how aware parents of the children in preschools are about chemicals in toys. The study included six preschools in Vindelns municipality and the parents of the children at these preschools. Inventories were made in the preschools to check which products could contain harmful chemicals and a questionnaire was distributed to the parents. The results of the inventories showed that most preschools have started removing plastic products but toys that can contain harmful substances still exist. The results of the surveys showed that 67% of parents do not know the concept of non-toxic preschool. This can be interpreted as the fact that the parents in question generally have limited knowledge about chemicals in toys and their impact on children's health. Parents need more information to become more aware of what products they have for their children and all the preschools in Vindelns municipality need to have a common plan to follow to continue to phase out products that may contain harmful substances in order to have a healthier environment for the children.

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Paulino, Connie B. "Application of Rapid, Alternative Methods to Monitor Waimanolo Watershed and Stream for Toxic Chemicals Under Dry and Rainy Conditions." Thesis, Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21915.

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Li, Xiaoxun Livant Peter D. "Toward a breathable fabric for protection against airborne toxic chemicals, and an olefin-forming cascade reacion en route to 2,2'-BI(glycerol)." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1829.

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Spångberg, Christian. "En studie om regleringen av nanomaterial : - i The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) och Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-327381.

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Kirby, Peter Wynn. "Environmental consciousness and the politics of waste in Tokyo : "nature", health, pollution, and the predicament of toxic Japan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620198.

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Foehringer, Merchant Emma. "Radical Housewife Activism: Subverting the Toxic Public/Private Binary." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/101.

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Since the 1960s, the modern environmental movement, though generally liberal in nature, has historically excluded a variety of serious and influential groups. This thesis concentrates on the movement of working-class housewives who emerged into popular American consciousness in the seventies and eighties with their increasingly radical campaigns against toxic contamination in their respective communities. These women represent a group who exhibited the convergence of cultural influences where domesticity and environmentalism met in the middle of American society, and the increasing focus on public health in the environmental movement framed the fight undertaken by women who identified as “housewives.” These women, in their use of both traditional female stereotypes as well as radical influences from other social movements, synthesized their own unique type of activism, which has had a profound influence on the environmental movement and public health in the United States, especially in its relation to environmental justice.

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Jones, Sunahtah D. "Ain't I a Woman, Too? Depictions of Toxic Femininity, Transmisogynoir, and Violence on STAR." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7818.

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As the rate of the murder of Black trans women at the hands of Black cisgender men rises steadily every year (HRC, 2017), discourses regarding the detrimental impact of toxic masculinity within Black communities continue to increase within different branches of feminist literature. However, the role that Black cisgender women and toxic femininity play in the violent and systematic subjugation of Black trans women is largely ignored in feminist literature. In this thesis, I conduct a cultural analysis of the representations of the Black trans character Cotton Brown (from the Fox show Star) to examine how the show illustrates toxic femininity and complex intersections of race, class, gender, and sexuality. Through a cultural analysis and review of current literature, I bridge the gap between the representation of cultural politics in Star, literature regarding the same cultural politics, and the realities of the lives of Black trans women in the United States. I argue that Black cisgender women and toxic femininity play significant roles in sociocultural understandings of sexuality and gender identity within Black American communities, as well as the facilitation of violent transphobia that specifically targets Black trans women.

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Taylor, Dedric Esmond. "The Acute Toxic Effects of the Synthetic Cannabinoid, JWH-018 on the Cardiovascular and Neuroendocrine Systems in Ictalurus punctatus (Channel Catfish)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1011766/.

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Cannabinoid (CB) receptors have been found in most vertebrates that have been studied. The location of various CB receptors in the body and brain are known, but their physiological functions are not fully understood. The effects CBs have on the cardiovascular system have been of growing interest in recent years. Increasing reports from emergency departments and law enforcement agencies detail acute cardiovascular and psychological effects from synthetic CB intoxication, such as JWH-018. This major health concern is substantiated by governmental agencies like the CDC and NIDA. This pilot study investigates the acute toxic effects of the synthetic CB, JWH-018, on the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine systems in Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish). Research in organisms besides the traditional mammal models can provide new insights into CB function and physiology. Ictalurus punctatus lend multiple benefits as a model organism that permits researchers to investigate in vivo effects of both cardiovascular and neuroendocrine systems without much influence from traditional sampling methods, and further more provide ample size and tissue to perform specific cardiovascular experiments. Multiple methods were used to assess cardiovascular function and sympathetic nervous system activation. Two different doses, low (500 µg/kg) and high 1,500 µg/kg, of JWH-018 were evaluated in the study. Delivery of JWH-018, via dorsal aorta cannulation, was administered to channel catfish in order to measure cardiovascular functions and sample blood. Plasma levels of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) biomarkers; ACTH, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, were measured using ELISAs. Myocardial and neural tissue was collected after the exposures for rt-PCR analysis on β2 adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptor density change. Acute exposure of JWH-018 in undisturbed channel catfish yielded several findings: (1) High dose of JWH-018 was responsible for cardio depressor effects in catfish with a tendency to produce tachycardia, (2) rt-PCR results showed a 2.7 fold increase of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA density in catfish cardiomyocytes when exposed to each dose of JWH-018, (3) Catfish plasma ACTH levels were increased with high doses of JWH-018, while plasma cortisol was increased by low doses. Channel catfish is an excellent animal model to examine the effects of synthetic cannabinoids and cardiovascular function. Acute exposures to high levels of JWH-018 appear to produce cardiovascular dysfunction providing evidence that substantiates emergency department reports, in addition yields novel information about the interaction of CBs exposure and the increase of glucocorticoid receptors levels on cardiomyocytes. The channel catfish is a new animal model that can aid in further investigations of CB exposure and multiple physiological functions for health and toxicology studies. With relatively easy adjustments from this pilot study, the effects on CBs can be monitored on Ictalurus punctatus with confident results concerning human health.

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Kitti, Martina. "På väg mot en kemikaliesmart förskola : Förekomsten av skadliga kemikalier på förskolor och den kommunala tillsynens effekt på utrensningsarbetet." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-123424.

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The purpose of this study was to identify materials and products in preschools that may contain harmful chemicals and to suggest possible areas of improvement. Another purpose was to examine if a supervisory project focused on chemicals leads to reduced incidence of harmful chemicals and improved routines in preschools. Inspection reports from 46 preschools in Lidingö were examined to see what routines, materials and products that currently existed. The results were compared with inventories of preschools in two other municipalities and a national inventory project. Follow-up questionnaires were sent to 41 of the preschools in Lidingö to examine if the preschools continued to work for a non-toxic environment after the supervision period ended. Preschools at Lidingö showed similar results as the rest of the country, except that the prevalence of old electronics was much lower. Vinyl gloves, soft plastic toys and other plastic objects appeared in more than half of the preschools, and the presence of inappropriate material showed that there is a need for initiatives that promote a non-toxic preschool. The follow-up survey showed that inspections focused on chemicals generally leads to improvements in many areas and can therefore be a good method. The respondents in this study consider the inspectors to be an important support in the process of eliminating harmful substances. Proper cleaning and good purchasing procedures are important to avoid exposure to harmful substances and the removal of phthalates and plastic kitchenware should be a priority for future inspections.

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Nacano, Letícia Ramos. "Avaliação da concentração de elementos químicos tóxicos na merenda escolar de crianças da cidade de Ribeirão Preto e estimativa de suas ingestões diárias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60134/tde-30102012-102601/.

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A contaminação do ambiente por elementos químicos é um problema crescente em várias regiões do planeta. Muitos destes elementos químicos, que incluem o Cd, Pb e As são tóxicos aos humanos.De acordo com os órgãos de saúde como a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), 90% da ingestão destes elementos tóxicos ocorre por meio do consumo de alimentos (Tavares et al., 1992; Virga et al., 2007). Neste sentido, a estimativa da exposição pela alimentação é fundamental para avaliação de risco de possíveis efeitos adversos. A avaliação da exposição alimentar consiste em associar os dados de consumo alimentar de uma determinada população com as concentrações observadas dos elementos químicos em sua dieta (Nasreddine, 2010). Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi, determinar a ingestão diária dos elementos químicos tóxicos (As, Pb e Cd) em crianças em idade escolar através dos alimentos fornecidos pela Prefeitura de Ribeirão Preto nas merendas escolares. A metodologia utilizada no trabalho foi de dupla dieta, onde os alimentos analisados já estão prontos para o consumo. As merendas fornecidas por duas escolas municipais (infantil e ensino fundamental) e a cozinha piloto foram coletadas durante todos os dias letivos dos meses de março, junho, agosto e novembro de 2011. Os alimentos coletados foram congelados e liofilizados para posterior análise. As análises foram feitas utilizando a espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado (ICP-MS) com prévia solubilização ou digestão ácida das amostras, com hidróxido de tetrametilamônio (TMAH) eácido nítrico (HNO3)/peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), respectivamente. A concentração média de As no arroz, feijão, legumes/verduras, carne vermelha, frango, peixe de água doce, peixe de água salgada e carne suína foi respectivamente de: 111 ng g-1, 17,3 ng g-1, 35,6 ng g-1, 34,3 ng g-1, 27,4 ng g-1, 65 ng g-1, 3,3 ?g g-1 e 33,6 ng g-1. A concentração de Cd encontrada nos mesmos alimentos foi respectivamente de: 11,4 ng g-1, 2,9 ng g-1, 24,6 ng g-1, 4,9 ng g-1, 2,6 ng g-1, 4,9 ng g-1, 63,6 ng g-1 e 5,1 ng g-1. Já a concentração de Pb encontrada foi respectivamente: 1,1 ng g-1, 3,4 ng g-1, 23,6 ng g-1, 8,1 ng g-1, 5,1 ng g-1, 4,4 ng g-1, 6,9 ng g-1 e 18,6 ng g-1. Com estes valores encontrados, calculou-se a ingestão média destes elementos químicos tóxicos pelas crianças durante o almoço servido pelas escolas municipais de Ribeirão Preto. A ingestão média de As, Cd e Pb na escola de ensino infantil foi respectivamente de 5,3 ?g, 0,6 ?g e 0,4 ?g; na escola de ensino médio foi respectivamente 6,9 ?g, 0,9 ?g e 0,6 ?g. Estes valores estão abaixo dos valores de referência toxicológicos fornecidos pela Autoridade Europeia de Segurança Alimentar (EFSA) e Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS).
Chemical\'s contamination in the environment is a growing worldwide problem. Many of these chemical elements, including Cd, Pb and As are toxic to humans. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 90% of the intake of these toxic elements occurs through the food consumption (Tavares et al., 1992; Virga et al., 2007). Therefore, the estimation of exposure to these chemicals in the diet is essential for risk assessment and, possibly, to determine the relationship between the adverse effects observed in humans and dietary exposure to certain substances. Dietary exposure assessment is an association between the data of food consumption of a specific population with the observed concentrations of chemical elements in their diet (Nasreddine, 2010).In this sense, the objective of this study was to determine the daily intake of toxic elements (As, Pb and Cd) in children through the food provided by the city hall of Ribeirão Preto in school lunches. The methodology used in this study was double-diet, where the foods analyzed are ready for consumption. The meals provided by two local schools and the kitchen pilot were collected during all school days in March, June, August and November of 2011. The food collected was frozen and lyophilized for further analysis. The analyzes were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after the solubilization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) or acid digestion with nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of the samples. The average concentration of As in rice, beans, vegetables, beef, poultry, freshwater fish, saltwater fish and pork were respectively: 111.2 ng g-1, 17.3 ng g-1 35.6 ng g-1, 34.3 ng g-1, 27.4 ng g-1, 65.6 ng g-1, 3.3 mg g-1 and 33.6 ng g-1. The Cd concentration found in the same foods were respectively: 11.4 ng g-1, 2.9 ng g-1, 24.6 ng g-1, 4.9 ng g-1, 2.6 ng g-1, 4.9 ng g-1, 63.6 ng g-1 and 5.1 ng g-1. The Pb concentration was found respectively, 1.1 ng g-1, 3.4 ng g-1, 23.6 ng g-1, 8.1 ng g-1, 5.1 ng g-1, 4.4 ng g-1, 6.9 ng g-1 and 18.6 ng g-1. With these values found, we calculated the average intake of these toxic elements by children during the lunch served by public schools in Ribeirão Preto. The average intake of As, Cd and Pb in elementary school children was respectively 5.3 mg, 0.6 mg and 0.4 mg; in high school was respectively 6.9 g, 0.9 g and 0 , 6 g. These intake values of As, Cd and Pb calculated are below the toxicological reference values provided by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

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Chen, Ping. "Applications of Chemometric Algorithms to Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1206019463.

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33

Eriksson, Johanna. "Förskolepersonals tankar kring projekt ”Giftfri förskola” : En intervjustudie om positiva och negativa konsekvenser." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för pedagogiska studier (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68159.

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Syftet med studien var att öka kunskapen om hur förskolepersonal anser att projekt ”Giftfri förskola” har påverkat verksamheten. Sju verksamma inom förskolan i två mindre kommuner intervjuades. Med ett sociokulturellt perspektiv utformades intervjuerna och analyserade att det fanns både positiva och negativa konsekvenser av projektet. De positiva konsekvenserna var ökad medvetenhet, kunskap och kreativitet samt att det bidragit till en tryggare miljö. Den ökade medvetenheten visas vid inköp av nya material då innehållet granskas noga. Den ökade kuskapen har bidragit till ett ökat intresse kring ämnet kemikalier och det anses viktigt att handla giftfritt. Kreativiteten anses fått en större plats i verksamheten då alternativa material fick plockas in för att ersätta det material som slängdes bort. Den största positiva effekten som tolkas utifrån förskolepersonalen är att barnen vistas i en säkrare förskolemiljö då de inte blir utsatta för lika mycket kemikalier som innan projektets start. De negativa konsekvenserna som visas i studiens resultat är dyrare inköp, färre material, felaktig prioritering och osäkerhet. Giftfria material är ofta dyrare i inköp, vilket i sin tur lett till att det finns färre material på förskolorna. Projektets prioritering ifrågasätts av förskolepersonalen då enbart material stått i fokus, men lokalerna inte setts över. Det finns även en viss osäkerhet hos förskolepersonalen kring vilken forskning de ska lyssna på, då det i efterhand kommit ny som visar att kemikalier inte är farliga.

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Hedlund, Jennie. "Kemikaliesmart förskola : En inventering av 19 kommunala förskolor i Gävle kommun." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22792.

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Svenska myndigheter och kommuner arbetar utifrån miljökvalitetsmålet Giftfri miljö med att minska användning och exponering för hälso- och miljöskadliga ämnen (Miljömål, 2016). På delegation från regeringen har Kemikalieinspektionen upprättat en handlingsplan för att nå miljömålet. Handlingsplanens fokus riktas till stor del mot kemikalier i barns vardag. Gävle kommun är i uppstartsfasen av arbetet inom förskolor, för att fortsätta arbetet strukturerat och med god prioritering så bör ett utgångsläge med riskområden inom förskolan identifieras. I det här examens arbetet inom miljöteknik genomförs en inventering av Kemikaliesmart förskola där 19 kommunala förskolor i Gävle kommun, med målet att identifiera riskområden och barns utsatthet för kemikalier i förskolan. Ett samarbete med Utbildning Gävles miljöstrateg har givit kontaktnät och ekonomisk möjlighet för personal vid de enskilda förskolorna att medverka under inventeringen. Den färdiga rapporten lämnas till verksamheten att använda som underlag vid prioriteringar i arbetet med kemikaliesmart förskola. Genomförandet sker med en befintlig mall från Naturskyddsföreningen som grund (Naturskyddsföreningen, 2013). Inventeringen görs i två etapper, en intervju inför inventeringen och inventering av lösöre och till viss del byggnadstekniska detaljer som golv- och väggytor. Inventeringen av lösöre består av cirka 100 frågor som ställs och undersöks vid varje förskola, de sammanfattas i tabellformat med beskrivande text. Därifrån lyfts eventuella riskområden, som stödjs genom underlag från Svenska myndigheter eller forskning. Diskussionen påvisar svårigheter som uppstår vid val av produkter då innehållsförteckningar är svåra att tyda eller obefintliga. Men också hur rutiner kring städ, tvätt och vädring kan påverka inom de identifierade riskområden. Riskområden som enligt mål och slutsats identifierats är skildrade genom typ av skadligt ämne eller negativ hälsopåverkan. Identifieringen gav sex olika områden: Flamskydds-, vatten- och fläckavvisande medel, Kemikalier från plast, Allergiframkallande ämnen, Polycykliska aromatiska kolväten, Bly och Kvicksilver. För dessa områden redogörs vilka typer av produkterkategorier som är berörda och vilken typ av hälsorisk de innebär.
Swedish authorities and municipalities are working on the basis of the environmental quality objective non-toxic environment by reducing the use and exposure to health and environmental pollutants (Miljömål, 2016). The Swedish Chemicals Agency, on commission by the government, has drawn up an action plan to achieve the environmental objective. The Action Plan's focus is mainly on achieving a non-toxic everyday environment for children. Thru identication of riskareas, the preschools in Gävle will be able to get a good structure for the work to be done. In this diploma work in Environmental technology an inventory of Chemical Smart preschools is conducted. Nineteen municipal kindergartens in the city of Gävle are examined, with the goal of identifying areas of risk and vulnerability of children to chemicals in the preschool environment. A collaboration with the department of Education Gävle ́s environmental strategist has provided contacts and economic opportunity for the staff at the individual preschools to participate during the inventory. The final report is submitted to the department and its preschools to use as the basis of the priorities in the work of chemical smart preschool. The implementation is done with an existing template from the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (Naturskyddsföreningen, 2013). The inventory is made in two stages, an interview before the inventory and inventory of chattels and some architectural details such as floor and wall surfaces. The inventory of chattels consists of approximately 100 questions asked and examined at each nursery, they are summarized in table format with descriptive text. Areas of risk are identified based on supported data from Swedish authorities or research in the subjected area. The discussion demonstrates the difficulties that arise in the choice of products when the contents are difficult to decipher or inaccessible. But also how the routines for cleaning, washing and airing can influence the identified risk areas. Risk areas according to the objectives and conclusions identified are depicted by type of substance or negative health effects. The identification gave six different areas: Flameproof, water and stain repellents, Chemicals from plastics, allergens, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead and mercury. These areas outline the types of product categories that are of concern and what kind of health risk they entail.

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Haikola, Simon. "Bortom kontroll? : Den svenska kemikalieövervakningens logik." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema teknik och social förändring, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-85662.

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Kemikalier utgör en grundläggande beståndsdel av det senindustriella samhället, och en omfattande produktion av kemikalier brukar allmänt anses som en nödvändig förutsättning för teknisk utveckling och ekonomisk tillväxt. I Sverige ledde miljölarmen om DDT, PCB och kvicksilver på 1960- och 1970-talet till inrättandet av ett system för kemikaliekontroll som brukar framhållas som ett av världens främsta. Avhandlingen undersöker detta kontrollsystem och dess logik. Detta görs genom textanalys av propositioner, statliga utredningar, rapporter från Naturvårdsverket och Kemikalieinspektionen, samt genom intervjuer med anställda på sistnämnda myndigheter. Analysen identifierar kemikaliekontroll i Sverige som ett system genomsyrat av motsättningar, vilka bottnar i en epistemologisk paradox som innebär att ju mer kunskap som ackumuleras om kemikalier, desto mer ökar osäkerheten. Den konstanta ökningen av världens kemikalieproduktion, i kombination med kemikaliers epistemologiska komplexitet, placerar kontrollmyndigheterna i en omöjlig sits. Samtidigt visar avhandlingen att myndigheterna är delaktiga i att upprätthålla detta kontrollsystem som till stor del är ett system av simulerad kontroll. Dels förmedlar kontrollsystemet genom sin blotta existens intrycket av kontroll, och dels fungerar vissa centrala regulatoriska begrepp som signaler om kontroll, trots att de visar sig vara ihåliga. På så vis blir osäkerhet inom kontrollsystemet alltid ett undantag, trots att den är så utbredd.
Chemical substances have become an inextricable feature of the late-industrial society, deemed necessary for the welfare, technological development and economic growth that large parts of the world have come to expect. In Sweden, the identification in the 1960s and 1970s of DDT, PCB and mercury as serious environmental threats led to the establishment of a system of chemicals control which is widely held to be one of the most advanced in the world. The thesisexamines this control system, its possibilities, its problems and its logic, through text analysis of state reports, governmental propositions, the reports of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) and the Swedish Chemicals Agency (SCA), and interviews with employees at these agencies. The analysis shows chemicals control in Sweden to be a system pervaded with contradictions, which may be explained by an epistemological paradox at its core: that the accumulation of knowledge only serve to increase uncertainty. The constant increase of chemicals production, in combination with the highly unpredictable character of chemicals in the environment, puts the monitoring agencies in an impossible situation, always working against the tide. The thesis also shows, however, that the agencies are themselves an important part of maintaining a system of control that is to a large extent simulated. This in the sense that the system, by its very existence as well as by the circulation of regulatory concepts and principles within it which are in fact without much substance, always signals control, and constitute uncertainty as the exception.

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Broman, Emma, and Malin Johansson. "Vision Giftfri miljö : Hinder och utvecklingsmöjligheter för Sveriges fjärde miljökvalitetsmål." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130166.

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Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vilka problem och möjligheter Kemikalieinspektionens anställda upplever i arbetet medmiljömålet Giftfri miljö och dess delmål. Detta för att bättre förstå komplexiteten i miljömålsarbetet och vilka drivkrafter och barriärer som finns iarbetet. För att göra detta har fem respondenter från Kemikalieinspektionen genom ett strategiskt urval valts ut till kvalitativa semistruktureradeintervjuer som varade mellan ca 30-60 min i omfattning. Som komplement till dessa intervjuer har även fyra rapporter från Naturvårdsverketanalyserats. Dessa är: uppföljningsrapporterna från 2005, 2010, 2015 och den fördjupade utvärderingsrapporten för 2015. Detta med avgränsningtill de kapitel som behandlande Giftfri miljö och etappmålen. Materialet har sedan analyserats och tematiserats med inriktning på de problem ochmöjligheter som vi kunnat se. Resultatet av denna analys gav tillslut 9 teman som är: Giftfri miljö, Etappmålen för farliga ämnen, Samordning,Företagsansvar, Produktionsökning och diffusa produktinnehåll, Det komplexa Reach, Styrmedel, Skadliga ämnen i miljön, EU och EUkommissionen.Det största hindret för miljökvalitétsmålet Giftfri miljö, är att det egentligen inte alls är ett definierat mål utan snarare en vision,vilket alla våra respondenter förtydligade under intervjuerna. 2020 har aldrig vart en realistisk tidsram för att miljömålet ska kunna bli uppnått.Problematiken som vi ser det med att nå Giftfri miljö ligger i målets struktur. Efter denna studie ser vi i stället hur etappmålen kan fungera som ettsteg på vägen men att miljökvalitetsmålet är allt för orealistiskt och kanske istället borde formuleras om till en vision.
This paper aims to examine the problems and opportunities that the employees at The Swedish Chemicals Agency experience in theirwork with the environmental objective A Non- Toxic Environment. We want to get a better understanding of the complexity of the environmentalobjectives and the driving forces and barriers that exist in the workfield. To do this, five respondents from The Swedish Chemicals Agency wasselected through strategic selection and later interviewed through qualitative semi-structured interviews, which lasted between 30-60 minutes. As acomplement to these interviews four reports by the Environmental Protection Agency has also been analyzed. These are: annual monitoring reportsfrom 2005, 2010, 2015, and one the in-depth evaluation report from 2015. We have limited ourselves to the chapters about toxic environment andits environmental objective milestones. The material has then been analyzed and thematized with a focus on the problems and opportunities thatwe have seen through analyze. The result of this analysis eventually gave 9 themes: The environmental objective Non-toxic environment, Theenvironmental objective milestones for harmful substances, Coordination, Company responsibility, Production increase and diffuse productcontent, The complex REACH, Policy instruments, Harmful substances in the environment, and EU and the European Commission. The biggestobstacle to the objective of non-toxic environment is that it is not really a defined goal but rather a vision, which all of our respondents expressedduring the interviews. 2020 has never been a realistic time frame for this quality objective Non-toxic environment. The problem as we see it has todo with the structure of the environmental quality objective in question. By this we mean that none of the respondents actually see theenvironmental objective as anything that can be achieved. After this study we can see how the environmental objective milestones can serve as astepping stone, but that the environmental quality objective is unrealistic and should instead be made into a vision.

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Huchthausen, Nadine. "Hälso- och miljöfarliga kemikalier : En kvantitativ studie om vuxnas kännedom om kemikalier i vardagen." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-72537.

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Bakgrund: Många kemikalier som produceras och används i olika vardagsprodukter, material och byggnader är hälso- och miljöfarliga. Det finns lagstiftning för att göra kemikaliehanteringen säkrare och för att skydda människors hälsa och miljön. Trots insatser på strukturell nivå exponeras människor vid kontakt med produkter där farliga kemikalier ingår eller via damm, inomhusluft, vatten och livsmedel samt genom hudabsorption. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka vuxnas kännedom om hälso- och miljöfarliga kemikalier samt deras attityd och beteende kopplat till att bidra till att skapa en giftfri miljö. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där data från 176 respondenter samlades in. Datainsamlingen gjordes med verktyget Survey & Report och databearbetningen och analysen gjordes i SPSS. Chi2-tester genomfördes för att undersöka samband mellan studiens variabler (p-värde <0,05 var signifikant). Resultat: Resultatet visade att nästan 65 procent av respondenterna hade hög kännedom om kemikalier och att det fanns samband mellan kännedom och beteende samt att 70 procent i hög omfattning vidtog kemikaliesmarta beteenden. Det framkom att mindre andel respondenter med barn var helt ointresserade av kemikalier (9,0%) jämfört med respondenter utan barn (24,4%). Dessutom hade större andel respondenter med barn hög kännedom om kemikalier jämfört respondenter utan barn (69,2 respektive 46,3%). De vidtog också i högre omfattning beteenden för att skapa giftfria miljöer. Resultatet visade signifikanta samband mellan beteenden och den allmänna attityden respektive attityden gentemot statligt ansvar för respondenter med barn. Vidare fanns kopplingar mellan vissa bakgrundsfaktorer och kännedom, beteende och attityder. Slutsats: Det genomförs insatser på olika nivåer för att skydda människors hälsa och miljön mot farliga kemikalier. Respondenternas intresse för och kännedom om kemikalier och beteenden för att skapa giftfria miljöer i vardagen skilde sig mellan grupper. I syfte att skapa giftfria miljöer och därmed jämlik hälsa för alla är det av intresse att ytterligare undersöka skillnader mellan olika grupper och vad dessa beror på samt hur individer kan motiveras till kemikaliesmarta beteenden.
Background: Many chemicals that are being produced and used in products, materials and buildings are hazardous for human health and the environment. There are laws to make chemical usage safer and to protect human health and the environment. Despite efforts on a structural level people are still being exposed through contact with products that contain hazardous chemicals or through dust, indoor-air, water and food as well as skin absorption. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine adults’ awareness of hazardous chemicals and attitudes and behaviors to contributing to create non-toxic environments. Method: This study was performed as a cross-sectional study in which data from 176 respondents was collected. For data collection the software Survey & Report was used, and data processing and analysis were done in SPSS. Chi-square tests were done to examine associations between the variables used in the study (p-value <0,05 was significant). Results: The results showed that nearly 65 percent of the respondents had good awareness of chemicals and that there was an association between awareness and behavior and 70 percent of the respondents did take actions to minimize chemical exposure. Only 9 percent of the respondents with children were uninterested in chemicals compared to almost 25 percent of the respondents without children. Also, a larger part of respondents with children were highly aware of chemicals than those without children (69,2 and 46,3% respectively). They also took actions in a larger extend. Results showed significant associations between behavior and general attitudes and attitudes towards governmental responsibilities for respondents with children. Furthermore, there were connections between some background factors and awareness, behavior and attitudes. Conclusion: Actions are being taken on different levels in order to protect human health and the environment against hazardous chemicals. The respondents’ interest in and awareness of chemicals and behaviors to create non-toxic environments in everyday-life differed between groups. In order to create non-toxic environments and equal health for everyone it is important to further examine differences between groups and the cause of these as well as how people can be motivated to proactively minimize their exposure to chemicals.

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Faerber, Anna. "Top leaders’ relationships and their destructive results : A look into the relationship between top U.S.political leaders and business leaders." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-26135.

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It has been a lot of talking about who’s president’s fault has been for the crisis that Started in the United States and how it spread around the world. Is it really a specific group of people’s fault? Our leaders’ responsibility to prevent all this? Or is it all of our fault for living in the illusions leaders created for us in order to keep being elected? I am not here to point fingers but, rather, analyzing what has happened by researching legislations that passed and did not pass, and who lobbied and why they lobbied on specific legislations that could have made a difference in the economic situation but were never given the chance. The research are mainly on the years right before the 2007- 2008 recession and specifically from 2004 to 2006. I conclude with analyzing the types of leadership styles that I feel have influenced the current situation and what is the follower’s responsibility in letting it happen, why, and how they could change the situation.

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Roul, Annick. "Exposition de la peau aux produits chimiques : méthodologie et évaluation de la décontamination par la terre de foulon." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1134/document.

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L’exposition cutanée aux produits chimiques par des rejets criminels ou accidentels impose une méthode de décontamination rapide et efficace pour sauver des vies et limiter le transfert de la contamination. L’exploration bibliographique recense des produits toxiques (armes chimiques, toxiques industriels) ainsi que les décontaminants naturels ou synthétiques et leurs méthodes d’application dans un contexte d’intervention sur le terrain. Le sujet vise à la qualification d’un outil de décontamination, la terre de foulon dans des formulations simples, faciles à mettre en œuvre en urgence par les services de Sécurité civile (sapeurs-pompiers). Le travail réalisé comporte :La caractérisation chimique et structurale de la poudre de terre de foulon NBC-Sys qui a permis d’identifier le composant principal : la palygorskite, La formulation et la caractérisation galénique et physico-chimique (granulométrie, zêta potentiel) en milieu concentré et milieu dilué des systèmes dispersés,La capacité d’adsorption de la terre de foulon et ses formulations vis-à-vis d’un modèle contaminant, le 4-cyanophenol, d’intérêt pour l’évaluation de la décontamination, in vitro en milieu aqueux, ex vivo sur explant cutané. L’adsorption du 4-CP en solution aqueuse (10, 100 et 500 mg/L-1) est rapide (5-15min) au contact de la terre de foulon, varie avec le ratio terre de foulon/4-CP, atteint un plateau (saturation) entre 45 et 60 min, l’équilibre entre 60 min et 120 min. Les suspensions de terre de foulon sont plus efficaces (90%) pour la décontamination que les poudres (70%) et l’eau (60%) dans des conditions expérimentales identiques. L’évaluation de la terre de foulon et ses formulations sur les paramètres physiologiques de la peau (perte insensible en eau et conductance) in vivo chez l’homme ne montre pas d’altération de la fonction barrière cutanée.L’ensemble est un premier pas vers une référence (qui n’existe pas actuellement), incluant une méthodologie de décontamination chimique
Cutaneous exposure to contaminants chemicals after criminal or accidental release enforces a rapid and efficient decontamination to save lives and avoid cross contamination. A bibilographic exploration of this work identifies toxic chemical (chemical warfare agents, toxic industrial chemicals), raw and synthetic decontaminants and their application methods applied in emergency. The aim of this study focuses on a decontamination tool qualification, the fuller’s earth (FE), simple formulated, easy to apply in emergency by civil Security services (fire fighter brigades). The work performed includes :The chemical and structural characterization of the powder of fuller’earth NBC-Sys , that lead to identify the palygorskite as main component, The formulation of dispersed systems and their physico chemical characterization (granulometry, zêta potentiel) in concentrated or diluted medium. The adsorption capacity of the FE and formulations for a contaminant model, the 4-cyanophenol, to assess decontamination in vitro, in aqueous medium, ex vivo on cutaneous explant.4-CP adsorption in aqueous solutions (10, 100 et 500 mg/L-1) is rapid (5-15min), when contact with FE, vary with the ratio FE/ 4-CP, to reach a plateau phase (saturation) between 45 and 60 minutes, and an steady state between 60 and 120 min. FE suspensions are more efficient (90%) than powder (70%) and water (60%) in the same experimental conditions. L’évaluation de la terre de foulon et ses formulations sur les paramètres physiologiques de la peau (perte insensible en eau et conductance) in vivo chez l’homme ne montre pas d’altération de la fonction barrière cutanée. FE and its suspensions were assessed on physiological skin parameters (Transepidermal water loss and conductance) in vivo in a human study and exhibit no alteration on the skin barrier function. Results obtained is a first step towards a reference (that actually don’t exist) including a chemical decontamination method

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Murray, Jacolin Ann. "High Flow Air Sampling for Field Detection Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2414.

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The ability to rapidly detect and identify hazardous analytes in the field has become increasingly important. One of the most important analytical detection methods in the field is gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this work, a hand-portable GC-MS system is described that contains a miniature toroidal ion trap mass analyzer and a low thermal mass GC. The system is self-contained within the dimensions of 47 x 36 x 18 cm and weighs less than 13 kg. Because the instrument has a small footprint, it was used as the detector for an automated near-real-time permeation testing system. In permeation testing, materials that are used to make individual protective equipment such as gloves, masks, boots, and suits are exposed to hazardous analytes to determine how long the equipment can be worn safely. The system described herein could test five samples simultaneously. A multi-position valve rotated among the various sample streams and delivered time aliquots into the MS for quantitation. Current field air sampling techniques suffer from long desorption times, high pressure drops, artifact formation and water retention. These disadvantages can be avoided by concentrating the analytes in short open tubular traps containing thick films. There are several advantages to using polymer coated capillaries as traps, including fast desorption, inertness and low flow restriction. An air sampling trap was constructed utilizing open tubular traps for the concentration of semi-volatile organic compounds. The system consisted of multiple capillary traps bundled together, providing high sample flow rates. The analytes were desorbed from the multi-capillary bundle and refocused in a secondary trap. The simultaneous focusing and separation effect of a trap subjected to a negative temperature gradient was also explored. In this configuration, analytes were focused because the front of the peak was at a lower temperature than the rear of the peak and, hence, moved slower. In addition to the focusing effect, analytes with different volatilities focused at different temperatures within the gradient, allowing for separation.

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Bibri, Mohamed. "ICT Design Unsustainability & the Path toward Environmentally Sustainable Technologies." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5935.

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This study endeavors to investigate the negative environmental impacts of the prevailing ICT design approaches and to explore some potential remedies for ICT design unsustainability from environmental and corporate sustainability perspectives. More specifically, it aims to spotlight key environmental issues related to ICT design, including resource depletion; GHG emissions resulting from energy-intensive consumption; toxic waste disposal; and hazardous chemicals use; and also to shed light on how alternative design solutions can be devised based on environmental sustainability principles to achieve the goals of sustainable technologies. The study highlights the relationship between ICT design and sustainability and how they can symbiotically affect one another. To achieve the aim of this study, an examination was performed through an extensive literature review covering empirical, theoretical, and critical scholarship. The study draws on a variety of sources to survey the negative environmental impacts of the current mainstream ICT design approach and review the potential remedies for unsustainability of ICT design. For theory, central themes were selected for review given the synergy and integration between them as to the topic under investigation. They include: design issues; design science; design research framework for ICT; sustainability; corporate sustainability; and design and sustainability. Findings highlight the unsustainability of the current mainstream ICT design approach. Key environmental issues for consideration include: resource depletion through extracting huge amounts of material and scarce elements; energy-intensive consumption and GHG emissions, especially from ICT use phase; toxic waste disposal; and hazardous substances use. Potential remedies for ICT design unsustainability include dematerialization as an effective strategy to minimize resources depletion, de-carbonization to cut energy consumption through using efficient energy required over life cycle and renewable energy; recyclability through design with life cycle thinking (LCT) and extending ICT equipment’s operational life through reuse; mitigating hazardous chemicals through green design - low or non-noxious/less hazardous products. As to solving data center dilemma, design solutions vary from hardware and software to technological improvements and adjustments. Furthermore, corporate sustainability can be a strategic model for ICT sector to respond to environmental issues, including those associated with unsustainable ICT design. In the same vein, through adopting corporate sustainability, ICT-enabled organizations can rationalize energy usage to reduce GHG emissions, and thereby alleviating global warming. This study provides a novel approach to sustainable ICT design, highlighting unsustainability of its current mainstream practices. Review of the literature makes an advance on extant reviews of the literature by highlighting the symbiotic relationship between ICT design and environmental sustainability from both research and practice perspectives. This study adds to the body of knowledge and previous endeavours in research of ICT and sustainability. Overall, it endeavours to present contributions and avenues for further theoretical and empirical research and development.
+46704352135/+212662815009

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Benn, Suzanne. "The environmental challenge to the overloaded state : the politics of toxic chemicals in NSW since the late 1970s /." 1999. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-NUN2000.0017/index.html.

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Chang, Keng-yu, and 張耿毓. "Hazardous analysis on leaking of toxic chemicals." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37188095365018385270.

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碩士
雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
99
Industrials were fast to develop in early Taiwan and it was not the concept and implementation of environmental impact assessment at development of the industrial area. Residential, hospitals and schools often were neighborhoods with the industrial area. But, the environmental awareness promotes nowadays, and it is attention in acute toxicity, chronic toxicity and environmental accumulation of toxic chemicals especially. Therefore, toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and dimethyl formamide (DMF) were selected using Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) model to simulate the spread of harmful gases in central Taiwan. When the wind was 1.7m/sec, temperature was 28.24℃, humidity was 75.84%, atmospheric stability was B, wind direction is south-southwest in summer, 185 tons of liquid type of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) tank complete leaked within 10 minutes and then gas type of 15 kg as to be calculated. The results of simulation showed that after 60 minutes the ERPG-1 terminal concentration of 0.01 ppm, the influence distance was 3.8 km. In the same situation, 30 tons of dimethyl formamide (DMF) tank leaked, the gas type was calculated with 158 kg and the ERPG-1 terminal concentration of 2 ppm, the influence distance was 1.4 km. Because it is different on the largest reserves, volatile, and toxic hazards, so manufacturers should be according to their business scale and toxic characteristics provide appropriate storage and transportation planning and protection capability with chemical spills. Therefore, this study suggests that manufacturers should build at least 95% effective protection, it will effectively reduce the spread of toxic chemical spills affected areas, effectively reduce personnel injury.

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Shih, Wen-Chih, and 施文智. "Investigation of Toxic Effects of Three Dental Resin Chemicals." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90352091576473577269.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
臨床牙醫學研究所
101
Resin-containing products are widely applied in modern dentistry. Chemical substances released from the materials may cause cytotoxicity and adverse biological effects. N,N-Dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT), 2-Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and 4-Dimethylaminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (DMABEE) are three chemicals released from composite resins. Because of moderate toxicity, they were less investigated in previous studies. However, these three chemicals do not bond to composite resin after curing and are released to oral cavities for a long time. Thus, it is necessary to examine their cytoxicity and toxic mechanism. Investigations of cell growth, cell cycle progression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage are valuable direction to realize the mechanism, thus were applied in the present studies to get insight into the chemicals-induced toxicity. First of all, we evaluated the effect of DMPT on CHO-K1 cells. DMPT induced both short-term and long-term growth inhibition of CHO-K1 cells. In the mean time, the ratio of micronuclei (MNi) increased in a dose-dependent manner. However, ROS production was not elevated and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) could not rehabilitate the growth potential. On cell cycle analysis, after treating with DMPT, there were no obvious arrest at different phases of cell cycle compared to control group. Moreover, the mode of cell death most accumulated in necrosis. According to the results from above, it suggested that ROS production was not the main cause of CHO-K1 cell death and we needed to examine other pathways to explain of DNA damage and cell death. DMAEMA also produced growth inhibition of CHO-K1 cells in the same pattern compared to DMPT. But, the effect of DNA damage of DMAEMA was weaker than DMPT. Only under 3.5 mM DMAEMA, the amount of MNi rised slightly. Similarly, ROS production obviously increased when CHO-K1 cells exposed to the highest concentration DMAEMA. However, we found that the cell cycle arrested at S and Sub-G0/G1 phase started from 1.5 mM DMAEMA. This result implied that the cells might get into apoptosis. Thus, first, we could state that DMAEMA could induce CHO-K1 cells death by ROS production, but the ability of self-repairing might alleviate the toxicity of DMAEMA. Secondary, due to different results of DNA damage between DMPT and DMAEMA, we hypothesize that they induced cell death by different mechanism. Among three drugs, DMABEE was the most toxic to CHO-K1 cells. It elicited growth inhibition of CHO-K1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and at a much lower concentration compared to DMPT and DMAEMA. In short-term inhibition, 0.75 mM DMABEE induced about 50% down-regulation of growth capacity; in long-term inhibition, there were obvious decrease of growth potential from 0.25 mM DMABEE. Further, in morphology, CHO-K1 cells changed from cuboid- or round-shape to fibroblastic variation under high concentrations of DMABEE. However, the morphologic change could be recovered by pre-treating with carboxylesterases (CES). Similarly, after co-incubating with CES, the growth inhibition of CHO-K1 cells by DMABEE could be prevented. In CBMN assays, the percentage of MNi elevated started from 0.25 mM DMABEE. The cells were severely broken and could not be calculated by treating with 1.0 mM DMABEE. ROS production of CHO-K1 cells also increased in a dose-related manner of DMABEE. But, there was no prevention of growth inhibition after pre-incubating with NAC. We believed that NAC played a role of pro-oxidant instead of anti-oxidant. Thus, the growth inhibition of CHO-K1 cells dramatically increased. The cell cycle got arrested on G0/G1 phase started from treating with 0.25 mM DMABEE and the cell residing in the quadrant of necrosis and late apoptosis would increase. Theses results indicated that CHO-K1 cells would death through DNA damage by ROS attack and cause cell necrosis or late apoptosis. The present studies helped us to elucidate the cytotoxic mechanism of these three chemicals leached from composite resins. Although the cytotoxic concentration reported by us might not reached in prudent application. while lacking sufficient thickness of dentin or poor polymerization, the unbound chemical substances could lead potential toxic effect to the pulp tissue.

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Ming-Chun, Lu, and 盧明俊. "Photocatalytic Oxidation of Toxic Chemicals with V-Illuminated Titanium Dioxid." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51785642228894057438.

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Tai, Wei-Ming, and 戴偉明. "Research about the reduction of toxic chemicals in glass substrate manufacturer." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61609901145735060175.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系
103
The glass manufacturer of liquid crystal display would do analysis of glass substrate regarding chemical composition and physical property. The gravity analysis of glass trial would use chemicals - Tribromomethane. Tribromomethane is one of controlled toxic chemicals by Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan,R.O.C (Taiwan). Tribromomethane will restrain the central nervous system for physical harm. It could be much serious that causes respiratory failure and death. Maybe it'd cause cancer, genetic mutation, liver and stomach damage. For environmental harm, it'd make marine life poisoning. Therefore, we try to reduce potential environmental pollution caused by analysis trial of Tribromomethane. Our research tried to reduce usage of toxic chemicals. We did the trial of gravity about non-toxicity and Archimedes principle. We discussed the result for above trial We found out there’s obvious achievement about reduction of toxic chemicals by the experiment. It may make working people reducing gravity liquid contact and raise safety for working people. The research of toxic reduction was decreased from 285 g from 199.68 g in last year. Because there’s 68.6% Tribromomethane with gravity liquid, it may help lower consumption of 136.98 g Tribromomethane. There’re suspension and crystal released under LST experiment. We may filter suspension and make it clear again. Because the suspension may affect reality with test figures, it is not suitable for high accuracy experiment. However, its characteristic may help working people reduce contact on gravity liquid. The advantage of Archimedes Law is no chemicals use, short test timing and high safety to working people. The accuracy of Archimedes Law is the fourth digit after the decimal point. Suppose it’s urgent test and no need on high accuracy on test figures, Archimedes Law may be for temporary reference.

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Chang, Kuo-Hui, and 張國輝. "Investigate the Certain Toxic Chemicals of Electrocautery Smoke in Operation Rooms." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7c3wmk.

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碩士
輔仁大學
公共衛生學系碩士班
96
Abstract Introduction: Electrocautery is widely used to cut and coagulate tissue during surgery in the operating room. A visible smoke with unpleasant odor is produced by electrocautery to pyrolysis tissue. It’s so-called “electrocautery smoke”. Electrocautery smoke contains several mutagens and carcinogens. This study intends to quantify certain chemicals with unpleasant odor and hazard in the electrocautery smoke. Meanwhile, the correlation between the concentrations and the factors included the type of diagnosis, surgery, patient’s BMI, suction condition, using electrocautery time and energy will be analyzed. Method: This study was conducted in a medical center hospital of Taipei and focused on the breast surgeries. The investigated chemicals included toluene, styrene, o,m- xylenes, phenol, acrolein and furfural. The electrocautery smoke was collected by different samplers to investigate the concentrations of target chemicals simultaneously. The samplers were SKC 575-002 passive sampler for toluene, styrene and xylenes; SKC active samplers: ST 226-95 (XAD-7), ST 226-118 (XAD-2), SKC 226-01 (charcoal) for phenol, acrolein and furfural respectively. All samplers were assembled in a chamber system and the sampling probe was located at approximately 2 ~ 3 cm from the tip of diathermy pencil. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) was utilized for qualification and quantitation purposes. For each sample, the personal (patient) data, surgery, suction, using electrocautery time and energy were recorded for further analyzed. Result: Five individual samples and five cumulated samples were collected. The concentrations of styrene, o,m-xylenes, phenol, acrolein and furfural were lower than lowest quantitation levels（LQLs）in all samples. Toluene was identified in nine samples. The toluene concentration ranges of individual samples were 2.48 mg/m3 ~ 5.50 mg/m3（0.65 ppm ~ 1.45 ppm）and cumulated samples were 1.80 mg/m3 ~ 22.00 mg/m3（0.47 ppm ~ 5.80 ppm）. All measured concentrations of toluene are lowered than the 2006 ACGIH TLV-TWA, 50 ppm. Conclusion: No correlation between the chemical concentrations and the type of diagnosis, suction system, using electrocautery time and energy were established in this study. However, the patient’s BMI and type of surgery might affect the toluene concentrations. More research on odor materials of electrocautery smoke should be performed. Keyword: electrocautery smoke, toluene, styrene, o,m-xylenes, phenol, acrolein, furfural, GC-MS.

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Kolb, Anthony A. "Modeling the fate of toxic chemicals in four Wisconsin wastewater treatment plants." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33035038.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-169).

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Yang, Chia-Chan, and 楊家洲. "Hazard Potential and Evacuation Planning for Toxic Chemicals of Tucheng Industrial Park." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fyb27c.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
101
In recent years, fires, explosions, and chemical spills frequently happened in factories causing tremendous loss of lives and properties. These accidents in disasters often raise costs for the government; it also brings negative effects to the Nation Economy. In addition, most toxic chemical factories do not emphasize the importance of disaster preventions and rescue managements. As a result, when disasters occur, toxic chemical factories are unable to react effectively. Therefore, this may cause a significant damage and impact in the environment - an inevitable outcome. The aim of this study is to investigate the Tucheng Industrial District toxic chemical substances handling site and conduct an on-site inspection of the industrial district and area surrounding current environmental conditions. All collections and compilation of statistical data were divided into three major categories: usage volume of statistical data, actual conditions of management of andling site, and preparation for disaster prevention. These three major categories provides an understanding of the regional geography environment, the conditions of industrial district (toxic chemical substance handling site), the areas of sensitivity, and the reserve energy in regional of disaster rescue. Using the volume of statistical data and meteorology investigation iii from Application of ALOHA, Surfer-A owerful contouring, Gridding, and Geographic Information System

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50

Wang, Chong-wen, and 王重文. "Distribution of Toxic chemicals and Disaster Risk Management – A case of Kaohsiung City." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/376822.

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Abstract:

碩士
國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
103
Kaohsiung is a heavily industrialized city in southern Taiwan. Hundreds factories in the city may cause serious environmental pollutions and inhibitants may expose potential risk of chemical disaster. The disaster may cause severe casualties as well as have a negative impact on Taiwan’s competitive ability and domestic economic growth. For instance, the tragic gas explosion occurred at Cianjhen, Kaohsiung in August 2014 has caused incalculable damage to the area. At persent, more than a thousand of chemicals are utilized in the industries. The prevention of chemical disasters especially caused by toxic chemicals is crucial for the risk management of city government. This research first investigated the locations and operating status of toxic chemicals under each district of Kaohsiung City. The statistics indicates that the percentages of large-scale handling licenses and registration documents issued by Kaohsiung City are 1.88% and 8.26%. Most of them are petroleum refineries and chemical factories. And the percentages of approved documents which are lower than the large-scale handling standard and class 4 toxic chemical are 56.7% and 33.15% of the overall issued documents. The operational locations are mostly laboratories, inspection agencies, institutions, and few operating factories. On the part of disaster stimulation, the research will screen out the large-scale handling factories in each industrial area in Kaohsiung and analyze the stimulated spreading of toxic chemicals from class 1 to 3 in order to evaluate the damage and disaster prevention in which toxic chemicals leaking caused. This research focuses on the spread simulated analysis on the ejection speed of gas or fluid using direct ejection. The simulation setting takes wind speed, atmosphere conditions, ambient temperature, humidity, ejection height, and others into consideration for their effective range. The simulation accounts for the highest limit of each design variables.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Politics of toxic chemicals'

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