Journal articles: 'Political Intermediarie'

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Caillaud, B., and J. Tirole. "Parties as Political Intermediaries." Quarterly Journal of Economics 117, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 1453–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355302320935070.

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Kordana, Kevin A. "Political Parties as Donative Intermediaries." Virginia Law Review 85, no. 8 (November 1999): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1073934.

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Tawakkal, George Towar Ikbal. "Integrating Social Values: Evidence from The Intermediary Institution in Indonesian Elections." Politika: Jurnal Ilmu Politik 13, no. 2 (October 15, 2022): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/politika.13.2.2022.337-348.

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Many scholars called the intermediary institutions in elections as vote brokers. As a consequence of that, then they built an argument based on a transactional framework, especially about the motivation of the institution. On the other side, they agreed that vote brokerage was built based on a social network, especially when they tried to define the vote brokerage. It means, the intermediary institution occurred in social interactions. That is weird for explaining social interactions without considering other social values. It looks like social interaction is only about material value. Other scholars tried to be fairness by calling the intermediary as middlemen, but still very few literature built the argument based on a non-transactional framework. This study will certainly provide new insights into the intermediary institution studies, particularly related to the understanding of non-transactional amid transactional arguments that have been shown in many kinds of literature, as well as expanding the study of intermediary institutions which likely to focused on providing voters, to be focused on the establishment of intermediary institutions. We conducted a series of in-depth interviews with 45 people consisting of persons in the intermediary institutions, political party leaders, leaders of campaign teams, election organizers, and more than a hundred voters during 2017 – 2019 in Indonesian elections, consists of four Villages head elections, 2018 Governor election, and 2019 legislative elections. We found the transactional logic or material value was not the only one, even mostly was not the dominant value that generated the intermediary institutions.

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Singh, Rajkamal, and Rahul Hemrajani. "Concentric Clientelism: A Case Study of Rural Saharanpur." Studies in Indian Politics 6, no. 2 (September 23, 2018): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321023018797482.

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In this article, we examine the role of intermediaries in sustaining political clientelism in rural Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Drawing from fieldwork and electoral data, we show that clientelism in Saharanpur is based around providing three specific guarantees to the voter—security from or by the police, facilitation in the tehsil and mediation in cases that would otherwise go to court—which we collectively refer to as guardianship. We explain how guardianship, more than most other forms of clientelistic exchange, requires intermediaries. In the case of Saharanpur, these intermediaries are usually individuals occupying formal positions of power within various circles of Panchayati Raj Institutions. Finally, we argue that it is the concentric nature of constituencies provided by the decentralized political structure which is ultimately responsible for the sustenance of intermediary networks as well as the perpetuation of clientelism in rural Saharanpur.

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Adams, Jacqueline. "When Art Loses its Sting: The Evolution of Protest Art in Authoritarian Contexts." Sociological Perspectives 48, no. 4 (December 2005): 531–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2005.48.4.531.

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Change in art is an understudied topic in sociological research. This article examines protest artworks ( arpilleras) produced by shantytown women during and shortly after the dictatorship in Chile, to explore the question why political art that is for sale changes over time. This research is based on 136 semi-structured and in-depth interviews with various members of the art world in Chile, Europe, and the United States, a year's worth of participant observation of art groups in Santiago and over five hundred photographs of arpilleras, taken by the author and analyzed thematically. Political art that is for sale can change because the intermediary (the organization connecting producers and buyers) becomes less or more politically conservative, develops a precarious financial situation, grows more afraid of repression, and has the power to enforce the changes it desires; because the original buyers are replaced with new buyers with different motivations; and because new artists with new ideas begin making the art, one artist in the group produces something different and the idea spreads, artists censor themselves, and artists have new experiences or learn about new events. Through these sources of change, international social movements, local and international political and economic developments, and global institutions impact the art. Meanings attached to the art by the different parties (intermediaries, buyers, and artists) and class differences between artists and intermediaries are also important in facilitating change. These findings, based as they are on political art made in a repressive context, not only contribute to our understanding of artistic evolution but they help correct the bias in the sociology of art toward “art” made in democratic countries of the “First World.” They are not just applicable to authoritarian regimes but also to art by politicized minority groups in democratic contexts, and to other cultural products such as newspapers, magazines, documentaries, and books.

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Maggetti, Martino, Christian Ewert, and Philipp Trein. "Not Quite the Same." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 670, no. 1 (March 2017): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217691240.

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This article compares the role of regulatory intermediaries in the governance of pharmaceuticals and medical devices in Australia and Switzerland. We argue that the creation, selection, and activation of specific intermediaries depend on the organizational capacity of the regulator and on the potential of the intermediary to be captured by the target. To limit the risk of capture of intermediaries where the regulated industries are powerful, regulators tend to keep intermediaries under their control. To do so, the regulator must be well-funded and well-staffed, or supported by its political principal. However, when the target has limited capture potential, regulators will rely more heavily on externalized intermediaries. These intermediaries typically consist of transnational organizations in charge of multiple regulatory issues in several jurisdictions, and can provide unique expertise in an efficient way. Four case studies of the Australian and Swiss regulatory regimes for therapeutic products support this argument.

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Strimling, Andrea. "Stepping Out of the Tracks: Cooperation Between Official Diplomats and Private Facilitators." International Negotiation 11, no. 1 (2006): 91–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180606777835766.

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AbstractIntermediary cooperation – encompassing various levels of communication, coordination, and collaboration – is necessary to realize the inherent complementarity of many official and private intermediary efforts. Effective negotiation between the intermediaries is necessary to achieve such cooperation. Official and private intermediaries must be willing to "come to the table" and, once there, they must be able to negotiate effectively. The article builds on existing research on complementarity and cooperation by focusing explicitly on the communication and relationships between intermediaries and applying negotiation theory to analyze opportunities for and barriers to cooperation.

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Talbot, Cynthia. "Political intermediaries in Kakatiya Andhra, 1175-1325." Indian Economic & Social History Review 31, no. 3 (September 1994): 261–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469403100301.

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Jackman, David. "Violent Intermediaries and Political Order in Bangladesh." European Journal of Development Research 31, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 705–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41287-018-0178-8.

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Acemoglu, Daron, Mikhail Golosov, and Aleh Tsyvinski. "Political Economy of Intermediate Goods Taxation." Journal of the European Economic Association 6, no. 2-3 (April 2008): 353–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jeea.2008.6.2-3.353.

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Honig, Meredith I. "The New Middle Management: Intermediary Organizations in Education Policy Implementation." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 26, no. 1 (March 2004): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737026001065.

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Intermediary organizations have become increasingly prominent participants in education policy implementation despite limited knowledge about their distinctive functions and the conditions that constrain and enable those functions. This article addresses that research-practice gap by drawing on theories of organizational ecology and findings from a comparative case study of four intermediary organizations that helped with collaborative policy implementation in Oakland, California. I define intermediaries as organizations that operate between policymakers and implementers to affect changes in roles and practices for both parties and show that such organizations typically vary along at least five dimensions. Oakland’s intermediary organizations all provided new implementation resources—knowledge, political/social ties, and an administrative infrastructure—but faced different constraining and enabling conditions. Using insights from this strategic case study, this article begins to build theory about intermediary organizations as important participants in contemporary policy implementation.

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Cardona, Aurélie, Cristiana Carusi, and Michael Mayerfeld Bell. "Engaged Intermediaries to Bridge the Gap between Scientists, Educational Practitioners and Farmers to Develop Sustainable Agri-Food Innovation Systems: A US Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 11886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111886.

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This article analyses the role of intermediaries’ engagements to bridge the gaps between research, education and practice in the processes of knowledge production needed for the shift to sustainable agri-food systems. It is based on an immersive study of an intermediary organization in the USA, including comprehensive interviews with the staff of the organization about their professional activities, their career paths, their close and longstanding professional relationships, and their values. Three characteristics of engaged intermediaries are identified, which can be positive add-ons for bridging activities: they consider farmers and scientists as equal contributors to the production of knowledge; they are involved in multiple life-worlds: for instance, being both a farmer and an outreach specialist or scientist; and they are closely associated with movements furthering the development of local and sustainable agri-food systems and an equitable sharing of knowledge. The article addresses topics often neglected in the innovation systems literature: the experience, social relations and political engagement of intermediary actors.

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Levy, Juliette. "Notaries and Credit Markets in Nineteenth-Century Mexico." Business History Review 84, no. 3 (2010): 459–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500002208.

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Little is known about the logic of lending transactions and the development of credit markets in Mexico, or the rest of Latin America, prior to banks. We know even less about what role financial intermediaries played in these pre-banking markets, or who these intermediaries were. This article analyzes the intermediary role notaries played in the long-term credit market in Yucatan, in southeastern Mexico, in the nineteenth-century. Using a unique dataset of mortgages from the notarial records in the Yucatan state archive, the article shows that, in the absence of banks, notaries facilitated access to credit, and that, in the institutional and political context of Yucatan, both entrepreneurship and monopoly were being fostered.

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Taggart, John. "‘I am not beholden to anyone… I consider myself to be an officer of the court’: A comparison of the intermediary role in England and Wales and Northern Ireland." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 25, no. 2 (April 2021): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13657127211002291.

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Intermediaries were first introduced by the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999) to facilitate communication between individuals with communication needs and the criminal justice system. Yet, despite increased academic attention into this new criminal justice actor, the content of the role remains unclear. Findings from 31 interviews with intermediaries in England and Wales and Northern Ireland as well as judges in Northern Ireland indicate that two distinct systems of intermediaries have emerged between the jurisdictions. The picture is complicated by an inequality in intermediary provision between witnesses and defendants. In England and Wales, the statutory intermediary scheme covers only witnesses whereas the ‘unitary’ system in Northern Ireland covers both witnesses and defendants. Drawing on the data collected, this article highlights key themes which underpin differences in intermediary practice and suggests that lessons can be learned in how we conceptualise the role and its work.

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Sabirova, Zhanel. "The effectiveness of climate financing intermediaries: comparative study of Kazakhstan and Ukraine." Journal of Global Social Sciences 3, no. 11 (September 1, 2022): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31039/jgss.v3i11.67.

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This research is focused on identifying the effectiveness of climate financing intermediaries based on the comparative study of Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Main aim of the research is to analyze main differences of activities of financing intermediaries in distinct states. Kazakhstan and Ukraine, two CIS countries have similar environmental description, but not alike commitments to climate issues. Ukraine is the best post-Soviet country through climate change performance indicators, while Kazakhstan is believed to be in the bottom of this list worldwide. The hypothesis testing showed that the quantity of the intermediaries in the state does not play a vital role, as three global intermediaries as EIB, EBRD, and IBRD that can be found in both states, showed different performance, resulting being more active and advanced in Ukraine than in Kazakhstan. This relates to the state’s general interest in committing more actions into its own environmental policies. Kazakhstan, according to postcolonial theory, emphasizes economic benefits more than environment, whereas Ukraine pays more attention to renewable energy and climate change. Therefore, what makes the intermediary better in Ukraine is its close cooperation with the global institutions that provide such financing. After the Euromaidan and war in Donbass, Ukraine changed its political direction to Europe, where largest intermediary – EBRD – is based. To maintain independence from Russia, Ukraine strongly determined to switch to renewable energy. That is why its cooperation with EBRD, and other intermediaries is substantially emphasized by government.

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16

Kruck, Andreas. "Asymmetry in Empowering and Disempowering Private Intermediaries." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 670, no. 1 (March 2017): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217691459.

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This article analyzes the empowerment and disempowerment of credit rating agencies (CRAs) as private regulatory intermediaries. Until the recent financial crisis, regulators heavily relied on private credit ratings to impose risk-sensitive requirements on financial market actors (targets). Regulatory use of credit ratings was instrumental in empowering CRAs because regulatory authority was delegated to them and their own private power was bolstered by public endorsement. But regulators’ subsequent efforts to disempower the CRAs—more recently regarded as dysfunctional “runaway” intermediaries—have proven costly, complicated to do, and hardly consequential in limiting CRAs’ de facto power. This dynamic reveals a path-dependent power shift in favor of private intermediaries that is more pronounced (1) the larger the intermediary’s own sources of power when an RIT arrangement is established, (2) the larger the transfer of authority to the intermediary, and (3) the longer regulators rely on the intermediary.

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Zhao, Shengnan, and Dallen Timothy. "The dynamics of guiding and interpreting in red tourism." International Journal of Tourism Cities 3, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-01-2017-0007.

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Purpose Despite the significance of tour guiding and interpreting in the tourism system, relevant research is lacking in both depth and breadth. Current scholarly work tends to ignore tour guides’ self-expectations and assumes they are altruistic mediators who carry out their tasks without question. Considering tourism intermediaries are rational individuals who attempt to maximize their own benefits, the purpose of this paper is to situate tour guiding and interpreting practices in a larger political and social context, to explore the external and intrapersonal factors that might influence the content and approaches of interpreting Chinese communist heritage. Design/methodology/approach Considering tourism intermediaries are rational individuals who attempt to maximize their own benefits, this study situates tour guiding and interpreting practices in a larger political and social context, to explore the external and intrapersonal factors that might influence the content and approaches of interpreting Chinese communist heritage. Findings The study reveals that institutional arrangements, environmental settings, characteristics of tourists and tourist-intermediary onsite interactions can have salient repercussions on intermediaries’ job skills, career attitudes and orientation, and self-perceived roles, and further shape their way of interpreting the past. Several managerial implications regarding enhancing the effectiveness of tour guiding and interpreting are also discussed. Originality/value It is mentioned above. The Chinese government has invested enormously in red tourism to achieve a political end. In reality, however, there are always gaps between official narratives and actual interpretation. To lessen such deviation, efforts are needed to understand the dynamics of tour guiding practices. Anchoring interpretation and guiding practices in a broader political, social, and economic context, this paper attempts to improve the static research by comparing two major types of intermediaries, site interpreter and tour guide, with regard to the content of, and approach to their interpretation of red heritage. It provides an in-depth insight into the meaning-making process of the communist heritage tourism in China.

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Cook, Hadrian, Laurence Couldrick, and Laurence Smith. "An Assessment of Intermediary Roles in Payments for Ecosystem Services Schemes in the Context of Catchment Management: An Example from South West England." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 19, no. 01 (March 2017): 1750003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s146433321750003x.

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Payments for Ecosystems Services (PES) schemes are an underdeveloped component of the policy mix for catchment management in many countries. The importance of intermediaries to such schemes is acknowledged in the literature but few studies go beyond theory to evaluate practice. This paper analyses generic intermediary functions for PES. It then evaluates an innovative example from southwest England that provides illustrations, and some lessons regarding necessary capabilities and characteristics for intermediaries, and understanding of their form, functions and modalities. The ‘UpStream Thinking’ project was co-developed by a private water company and an environmental charity. The former translated effective demand from shareholders and water customers for improved raw water quality into finance, whilst the latter had capabilities for catchment-scale on-farm delivery and trusted acceptance as an intermediary. While any sector can potentially provide a PES intermediary, the value driven, not-for-profit and politically neutral voluntary sector proves to be a good fit. Such ‘boundary organisations’ are also well placed for horizontal coordination of catchment management authorities and actions.

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Thomas, Lynn M. "Modernity's Failings, Political Claims, and Intermediate Concepts." American Historical Review 116, no. 3 (June 2011): 727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.3.727.

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Carter, David P. "Intermediary Attributes, Regulatee Experiences, and Perceived Expertise in Third-Party Regulation." Administration & Society 51, no. 8 (August 20, 2017): 1282–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399717725350.

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Expertise is a common rational for relying on third-party intermediaries in the administration of regulatory standards. Yet, little is known regarding how perceived competence varies across the diversity of intermediaries observed in empirical regulatory settings. This article offers a better understanding of perceived intermediary expertise through an examination of regulatee perceptions of certifier competence in the administration of U.S. organic regulations. From the results of a nationwide organic producer survey, the article concludes that what intermediaries look like matters less than how they fulfill their regulatory functions. These results suggest that diverse intermediaries have the potential to be similarly effective at supporting regulatory program goals, and that program credibility is not inherently threatened by an administratively diverse third-party landscape.

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Casteltrione, Isidoropaolo. "Facebook and political participation: Virtuous circle and participation intermediaries." Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture 7, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/iscc.7.2.177_1.

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Müller, Jan-Werner. "Democracy’s critical infrastructure: Rethinking intermediary powers." Philosophy & Social Criticism 47, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453720987874.

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Ever since the 19th century, political parties and free media were widely deemed indispensable for the proper functioning of representative democracy. They constituted what one might call the critical infrastructure of democracy, an infrastructure which enabled citizens to use their basic rights effectively and also to reach each other (and be reached). Both intermediary institutions are undergoing major structural transformations today (or might disappear altogether, if processes of ‘disintermediation’ continue). It has proven difficult to judge these changes, partly because we lack a proper account of the distinctive normative roles of intermediary institutions beyond standard claims of ‘connecting citizens to the political system’. The essay argues that intermediary powers remain indispensable in staging political conflict, in providing external and internal pluralism and in properly structuring political time.

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Abbott, Kenneth W., David Levi-faur, and Duncan Snidal. "Theorizing Regulatory Intermediaries." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 670, no. 1 (March 2017): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716216688272.

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Regulation is typically conceived as a two-party relationship between a rule-maker or regulator (R) and a rule-taker or target (T). We set out an agenda for the study of regulation as a three- (or more) party relationship, with intermediaries (I) at the center of the analysis. Intermediaries play major and varied roles in regulation, from providing expertise and feedback to facilitating implementation, from monitoring the behavior of regulatory targets to building communities of assurance and trust. After developing the basic regulator-intermediary-target (RIT) model, we discuss important extensions and variations of the model. We then discuss the varieties of regulatory capture that may appear where intermediaries are involved.

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De Silva, Nicole. "Intermediary Complexity in Regulatory Governance." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 670, no. 1 (March 2017): 170–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217696085.

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While regulatory governance can be theorized as a three-party game in which regulators use intermediaries to influence targets, I show how regulatory intermediaries can, through delegation and orchestration, engage their own “subintermediaries” to increase their capacity for fulfilling their regulatory mandates and their influence on regulators and targets. I elucidate how the International Criminal Court (ICC)—the key intermediary in the regulatory regime for international crimes—has used nongovernmental organizations’ (NGOs’) advocacy, expertise, and operational capacities to compensate for its limited capabilities. Through NGO intermediaries, the ICC has aimed to increase its ability to prosecute, punish, and thus regulate international crimes; amplify its influence on state regulators and potential perpetrators; and improve the regulation of international crimes overall.

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HUANG, Jie (Jeanne). "Internet (Un)Immunity: Where Does China Stand?" Asian Journal of Law and Society 7, no. 2 (June 2020): 345–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2019.27.

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AbstractThis paper focuses on Internet intermediaries’ civil liabilities for contents produced by third parties. By comparing Chinese law with the laws of the US and EU, it argues that the US law grants broad civil immunity to Internet intermediaries, and the EU and China restrict civil immunity to intermediaries but in different ways. This is on account of how, in the US, Internet intermediaries enjoy civil immunity as long as they do not become content providers. In the EU, aside from mere conduit intermediaries, all other intermediaries are subject to the notice-and-take-down mechanism before enjoying civil immunity. In contrast, in China, even after an intermediary properly follows the notice-and-take-down mechanism, it may still be subject to civil liability under the Chinese Consumer Law. Further, this paper argues that the policy priority for the law for Internet intermediaries varies fundamentally in the three jurisdictions. The US law for intermediaries’ liability focuses on protecting freedom of speech. The EU emphasizes the protection of personal information as a fundamental human right. Contrastingly, Chinese policy priority is unclear. Consumer protection has boomed in public popularity and increasingly attracted the attentions of the legislature and judiciary in China. However, it is doubtable that the protection of consumers can provide a prevailing policy support for Chinese law in the same way as freedom of speech and the protection of personal information do under the laws of the US and the EU, respectively.

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Korotaev, A. V., E. V. Slinko, S. G. Shulgin, and S. E. Biluga. "Intermediate Types of Political Regimes and Socio-Political Instability (Quantitative Cross-National Analysis)." Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia 82, no. 3 (2016): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2016-82-3-31-51.

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Downie, Christian. "How do informal international organizations govern? The G20 and orchestration." International Affairs 98, no. 3 (May 2022): 953–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac060.

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Abstract One dimension of the growth in informal global governance has been the rapid rise in the number of informal international organizations (IOs). While some of these organizations, such as the Group of Twenty (G20), are now at the centre of global debates across multiple policy domains we know very little about how they govern. We do not have answers to critical questions, including to what extent do informal IOs rely on indirect forms of governance? On what basis do they select IOs as intermediaries? And why do IOs choose to participate as intermediaries? Drawing on an original database of G20 orchestration between 2008 and 2019, combined with interviews with IO officials and G20 negotiators, this article provides answers to these questions. The data highlight the frequency of G20 orchestration, the importance of capabilities and control in intermediary selection, and IO efforts to solicit G20 orchestration. The findings advance debates on informal IOs to consider how they govern, how intermediaries like the OECD can shape G20 agendas, and why IOs participate in these indirect governance arrangements.

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Zaal, F. Noel, and Carmel R. Matthias. "Intermediaries for Child Witnesses: Old Problems, New Solutions and Judicial Differences in South Africa." International Journal of Children's Rights 19, no. 2 (2011): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181810x527987.

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AbstractSouth Africa has utilised intermediaries to protect child witnesses and assist their communication in criminal proceedings in the magistrates' courts since 1993. is article examines some lessons to be learned from the South African experience. It provides an overview and assessment of attempts to overcome implementation problems and develop the legislation providing for intermediaries. It reviews contradictory solutions for improvement of the law recently put forward by the high court and constitutional court. Applying both the South African history and international standards, we argue that the high court offered a better way forward. We suggest some additional reforms which may also be relevant for advocates of the intermediary system in other jurisdictions.

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Frohlich, Xaq. "Accounting for Taste: Regulating Food Labeling in the “Affluent Society,” 1945–1995." Enterprise & Society 13, no. 4 (December 2012): 744–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700011447.

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Accounting for Taste examines the history of the US Food and Drug Administration's regulation of markets through labels as a form of public–private infrastructure, built through the ceaseless work (and antagonisms) of public regulators, the food industry, and expert advisors. From public hearings on setting “standards of identity” for foods to rule making on informative labels like the Nutrition Facts panel, it links a narrow history of institutional change in food regulation to broader cultural anxieties of twentieth-century America, arguing that the recurrence to informative labels as a political solution reflects a transformation in not only scientific understandings of dietary risk but also cultural understandings about the responsibility of consumers. In describing this “informational turn” in food politics, the dissertation foregrounds the important role of intermediaries, specifically consumer and health experts, and intermediate spaces, such as labels, in the framing of political debates about the production and consumption of everyday goods.

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Palmieri, Teresa, and Marion Serre. "Experimenting intermediate lived spaces in residential subdivisions: Action, interaction and storytelling." SHS Web of Conferences 64 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196401002.

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Suburbanization and more precisely the development of residential subdivisions in Europe are at the core of many current debates. Over the years, they have been strongly criticized for the waste of land, increased infrastructure and network costs, car-dependency and the lack of urbanity. In this context, two processes are politically-driven in Europe: the densification of residential areas and the revitalization of the city centers. These political guidelines interrogate the transformation − and possible deterioration − of living environments and ambiances of residential subdivisions. Indeed, beyond the negative perspectives, other investigations have revealed the potentials of residential subdivisions from different points of view: ecology, social, architectural and urban. In order to contribute to these studies, this paper proposes to investigate the intermediate lived spaces in the specific context of residential subdivisions.

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Chen, Donghua, Yuyan Guan, Tianyu Zhang, and Gang Zhao. "Political connection of financial intermediaries: Evidence from China's IPO market." Journal of Banking & Finance 76 (March 2017): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.11.023.

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Van Eecke, Patrick. "Online service providers and liability: A plea for a balanced approach." Common Market Law Review 48, Issue 5 (October 1, 2011): 1455–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2011058.

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Internet access providers, online platforms and other intermediaries benefit from a protection against liability claims caused by end-users' illegal or harmful information. This liability limitation is enshrined in the 2000 Directive on Electronic Commerce, a directive considered crucial for a proper functioning of the internal market, the uptake of the information society and the protection of freedom of speech. Throughout the years, the liability protection for online intermediaries seems, however, to have been gradually carved out by case law, particularly on the Member State level. In recent cases, such as C- 236/08, Google France, and C-324/09, L'Oréal, the European Court of Justice has also interpreted relevant EU legislation. Online intermediaries are increasingly forced to monitor the activities of their users if they want to remain shielded from liability. Paradoxically, obliging online intermediaries to monitor the information transmitted or stored by users is forbidden by the same Directive on Electronic Commerce. This article proposes a balanced approach in which the intermediary protection regime can be safeguarded, whilst still protecting the rights of third parties whose rights may be infringed on the internet.

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Moreton, John. "The Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader: Political and Cultural Articles." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 40, no. 3 (July 2013): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2013.808917.

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Cornwall, Marie, Brayden King, Elizabeth Legerski, Eric Dahlin, and Kendra Schiffman. "Signals or Mixed Signals: Why Opportunities for Mobilization are not Opportunities for Policy Reform." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.12.3.k6q6303j65h1l432.

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Drawing on political opportunity theory, the theory of legislative logic, and political mediation theory, we hypothesize differential effects of the political environment on the actions of challengers (suffragists) and state actors (legislators) in the women's suffrage movement. We use sequential logistic regression to assess the effects of explanatory variables on two intermediate stages of mobilization and policy change. In the case of challengers, we estimate the likelihood a state-level organization is present in any given legislative year. In the case of state actors, we estimate the likelihood a bill passes one legislative house given the presence of a state-level suffrage organization and that a bill has been introduced. Mixed signals are apparent in that challengers and legislators respond to the same environmental factors differently. Challengers respond to perceived opportunities for change. Legislators seek to enhance their political careers and are responsive to the demands of challengers when they perceive challengers as politically powerful or when social and cultural change signals a demand for policy reform. Legislators, in the end, are much more conservative in their response to the political context.

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Ph.D. [Economics], Peter Bearse,. "Finance and Political Participation." Advances in Politics and Economics 2, no. 3 (July 19, 2019): p224. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v2n3p224.

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This essay identifies and discusses the factors and forces arising from finance that influence peoples’ political participation. It does so at two levels: (1) micro-economic or individual and (2) macro-economic and social. We find that both factors and forces at work are significantly adverse to political participation at all levels. The prime intermediate factor here is economic inequality, which is the subject of a companion essay published earlier.

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Bukhtiarova, Alina, Andrii Semenog, Yevgeniya Mordan, Viktoriia Kremen, and Yevgen Balatskyi. "Modeling the dynamic patterns of banking and non-banking financial intermediaries’ performance." Banks and Bank Systems 17, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.17(1).2022.05.

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Nowadays, there are many preconditions and circumstances for conducting shadow schemes in the financial market. Therefore, the level of risk of participation of bank and non-bank financial intermediaries in such schemes is assessed as high. The lack of a practical methodology for assessing the development trajectory of financial intermediaries raises the question of the need for preventive control and quality modeling of their growth dynamics. The study aims to identify and formalize the patterns of development paths of banking and non-banking financial intermediaries based on the Harrington desirability function, which will be used to identify risk patterns as indicative patterns of financial intermediaries’ participation in shadow schemes. The sample includes 13 banking institutions, 3 credit unions, 3 pawnshops, 3 insurance companies, and 3 financial companies. The obtained results showed the relationship between the financial intermediary risk level in terms of its participation in shadow schemes and the phases of the economic cycle as a catalyst for the economic dynamics of the formal and informal economy. Thus, in 2012–2015, most financial intermediaries were in the zone of most significant risk, especially banks, characterized by economic, social, and political instability. Today, banks are in the group with a controlled level of risk of participation in scheme operations. Over the years analyzed, a stable neutral level of risk of participation in shadow schemes was inherent in most non-bank financial institutions. They were less sensitive than banks to the phases of the economic cycle. AcknowledgmentAlina Bukhtiarova and Yevgeniya Mordan gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (0120U100473, 0121U100469).

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Pegram, Tom. "Regulatory Stewardship and Intermediation." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 670, no. 1 (March 2017): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217693986.

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The regulator-intermediary-target (RIT) framework exposes the potential for intermediaries to provide alternative channels for capture. In this article, I argue that the risk of capture can be mitigated through what I call regulatory stewardship—a novel conception of regulatory management that involves the intermediaries themselves monitoring the performance of one another. I explore regulatory stewardship by examining a new generation of human rights treaty innovation: the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture (OPCAT) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). These instruments differentially formalize relations between intermediaries. I use their contrasting experiences to identify three factors central to effective regulatory stewardship: (1) the nature of the task environment, (2) the quality of rule frameworks, and (3) the approaches adopted by potential stewards in practice. This study argues for the importance of regulatory stewardship within RIT arrangements, particularly where targets are strongly motivated to resist implementation.

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Fehren, Oliver. "Who organises the community? The university as an intermediary actor." Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement 3 (November 25, 2010): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijcre.v3i0.1544.

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For more than 25 years the Institut für Stadtteilentwicklung, Sozialraumorientierte Arbeit und Beratung (ISSAB) (‘Institute for community development, social space orientation and counselling’) of the University Duisburg-Essen, Germany, has been engaged in the development of disadvantaged urban communities. Increasingly, however, there is a need for intermediaries to bridge the gap between the community and the municipality because of the polarisation of the complex institutional world on the one hand and the increasing fragmentation of the life-world on the other. Based on a long-term cooperation contract with the municipality of Essen, this university institute plays a continuing and active role in local neighbourhood renewal projects. The article reflects on the prospects, challenges and ambivalences of the specific task of the university institute within these community development processes: to take on a mediating role – a moderating intermediary function – between the everyday life-world of the community and the political and administrative municipal system in order to support and enhance community development. Key words: Community development, university-community partnership, intermediary function, integrated approach, civic engagement

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M., Dasani. "INSTRUCTIVE STANDARDS AND THE ENGLISH ACCENT EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM IN HONG KONG INTERMEDIATE ACADEMY SINCE 1975." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 02, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-05-02.

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English is a significant accent. In Hong Kong, a worldwide city situated on the southern shoreline of the People's Republic of China that, for more than 150 years to 1997, was a British settlement. This paper depicts and investigations changes in instructing strategies in the English accent. Educational program officially proposed for Hong Kong junior optional academy’s from 1975 to the current day, to concentrate how the educational program improvements reflect interrelated social, political, financial, and social components of the period and the philosophy in instructive circles that was pre-famous at that point.

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de Alba, Felipe. "Challenging state modernity: Governmental adaptation and informal water politics in Mexico City." Current Sociology 65, no. 2 (September 24, 2016): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392116657288.

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This article analyzes political practices shaping water usage in the Mexico City region. Based on four different case studies, it reflects on the role of intermediaries in the state restructuring process. The cases explore political negotiation over the use of water in contexts of shortage or abundance, clean potable water, or waste water. The article illustrates how the use of natural resources affects the state’s role and how it reconfigures citizen participation. It compares traditional political mechanisms such as clientelism or electoral promotion, with emergent informal practices such as the multiplication of intermediaries who distribute water privately, but are ambiguously subsidized and organized by public institutions. It concludes that unequal water provision and intermediaries are key elements for the renewal of state legitimacy.

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Farid, May, and Hui Li. "International NGOs as intermediaries in China's ‘going out’ strategy." International Affairs 97, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 1945–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab183.

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Abstract China's ascendancy as a global development actor has significant implications for geostrategic dynamics and international development. While the push to ‘go out’ has been seen as a major strategy of the Chinese state, the actors are increasingly diversifying, including Chinese state agencies, businesses and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). We analyse the inconspicuous but important involvement of international NGOs (INGOs) in China's globalizing strategy. Drawing on in-depth interviews, we develop an integrated framework for INGOs as intermediaries in China's ‘going out’ strategy, based on the content of intermediary support (tangible vs intangible resources) and the function of the intermediary (bridging vs initiating). These intermediary roles have implications for how INGOs navigate conflicts between their domestic work in China and their outbound efforts, INGO legitimacy as actors that promote global norms or as ambassadors of the party-state, and the extent to which they facilitate Chinese expansion and soft power or shape China's global engagement. We show how INGOs as northern actors continue to play a role in South–South Cooperation. Our findings shed light on how global civil society chooses to invest its significant material and discursive resources, and how global actors under authoritarianism internalize, resist or promote its projects.

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Qu, Jason. "Self-Strengthening Movement of Late Qing China: an Intermediate Reform Doomed to Failure." Asian Culture and History 8, no. 2 (August 25, 2016): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v8n2p148.

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<p class="1Body">Despite of strong economy including highest GDP gross and self-sufficient feudal economy system, the late Qing Empire fell behind the world trend with its isolationist trade policies. As the Western world caught up technologically, economically, and politically, the former biggest economy had suffered from consecutive losses in wars. In order to preserve the feudal regime, the initiative reform, termed the Self Strengthening Movement was grandly carried out. However, without the true support from the supreme power on one hand, and without the support of the populace on the other, the Movement was an intermediate reform in attempt to preserve the royal system and forestall its continued decline. In policy, the reforms envisioned Western-style modernization without adjusting the political order, yet the entrenched conservatism of the Qing Imperial Court proved to be the decisive hindering factor in the failure of the Movement.</p>

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Lukasiewicz, Mariusz. "Finance, Investment and Decolonisation in Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 67, no. 2 (September 8, 2022): 189–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2022-0016.

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Abstract Given the relative scarcity of capital and the small volume of savings in most African economies at independence, the establishment of stock exchanges and their regulation showed that several countries considered them as strategic financial intermediaries for channelling capital to their national, and even regional, economies. This article examines the Lagos Stock Exchange’s formative years as a political process of Nigeria’s decolonisation and the First Republic. Originally incorporated as a private limited liability company on 15 September 1960, and as the first stock exchange in West Africa and the region’s largest economy, the new financial intermediary defined the relationship between the post-independence state and the growing capital market during a period of considerable political and economic changes. The role of the post-independence state and state-owned enterprises in facilitating the trade on the Lagos Stock Exchange broadens the analytical scope of this investigation to identify the sources of Nigeria’s development finance. While significant efforts were taken to grow private individual participation in the share trade and ownership, the early years of the Lagos Stock Exchange were ultimately marked by the dominance of institutional investors such as state-owned enterprises and private commercial banks.

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Bartenev, Vladimir, and Alexey Solomatin. "The World Bank Financial Intermediary Funds as a Multilateral Mechanism to Channel Assistance to Politically Unstable Regions: The Case of the Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund." International Organisations Research Journal 15, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 72–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2020-03-03.

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In recent years there has been a steady growth of “multi-bilateral aid,” or voluntary earmarked contributions transferred by international donors through multilateral organizations. The World Bank Group’s financial intermediary funds (FIFs) and trust funds have gained an especially wide recognition and have been particularly instrumental in channelling aid to fragile states — a priority group of partners for achieving the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. But researchers have paid much less attention to FIFs than to trust funds.This article identifies characteristic features of World Bank IFIs as a multilateral mechanism to channel aid to politically unstable regions, focusing on the Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENA TF) established in 2012 to support Arab countries undergoing political transitions as a result of the Arab Awakening. The introductory section examines the particularities, benefits and risks of establishing FIFs as multilateral mechanisms to transfer development assistance. These parameters are illustrated in subsequent sections which discuss the MENA TF’s establishment procedures, governance structure, and mobilization and allocation of funds.The article concludes that for each of the parties involved, hypothetically, World Bank FIFs are a quite convenient mechanism for supporting fragile states. However, the example of the MENA TF conclusively shows that everything depends on the concrete political context of their establishment and operation. In terms of some key parameters (establishment procedure, governance structure) the MENA TF mechanism is very similar to other funds of the same type, but its operation is strongly affected by challenges uncommon to the majority of FIFs, which are focused on more politically neutral sectors. These challenges stem from several factors, including the predominance of political decisions within the Deauville Partnership, a unique list of contributors, and a severity of discord among them given the drastic deterioration of the political climate in the Arab world and beyond in 2014. This not only disrupted plans to engage more donors and mobilize the planned amount of funds, but it also stipulated a visible politicization of aid allocation. Political risks which materialized in the MENA TF operations might occur in other FIFs focused on fragile states and situations. The establishment of additional multilateral mechanisms, thus, requires learning from experience and prioritizing risk assessment and mitigation.

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Clausen, Christian, and Wendy Gunn. "From the Social Shaping of Technology to the Staging of Temporary Spaces of Innovation − A Case of Participatory Innovation." Science & Technology Studies 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55358.

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This paper addresses recent developments within the social shaping perspective, specifically the forward-looking and political dimensions of intervening in processes of innovation. With a focus on the concept of ‘temporary spaces’ as an analytical framework we present a study of a case on participatory innovation concerned with indoor climate practices in the building sector. Based on an analysis of the travel and uptake of narratives derived from fi eld studies in industrial and research environments, we discuss the role of intermediaries such as ethnographic provocations concerning user practices in the staging of these temporary spaces. While the direct uptake of qualitative knowledge on user practice in the engineering worlds of indoor climate is limited, the paper highlights the role of staging temporary spaces and intermediary objects in collaboration with stakeholders as a way of reframing conceptions of indoor climate practices.

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Pruitt, Dean. "Back-channel Communication in the Settlement of Conflict." International Negotiation 13, no. 1 (2008): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234008x297922.

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AbstractSecret back-channel communication is often employed in severe conflict to explore the feasibility of front-channel negotiation. It can also be used as an adjunct to front-channel negotiation when talks become deadlocked or as a substitute for front-channel negotiation. Its value lies partly in the flexibility and future orientation it brings to talks. In the prenegotiation phase, it also provides political cover, is cost-effective, does not require formal recognition of the adversary, and allows communication with adversaries who do not meet preconditions for negotiation such as a cease-fire. Intermediaries and intermediary chains are sometimes used in back-channel communication. Heavy reliance on back-channel communication can produce flimsy agreements that are too narrowly based or fail to deal with major issues. But this problem can be avoided if enough time is spent assembling a broad central coalition.

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Biza-Khupe, Simangaliso. "An Alternative Theoretical Perspective to the Analysis of Global Trends on Consumer Debt." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 7, no. 3-4 (2008): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914908x370692.

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AbstractAlarming global trends in consumer debt have remained a subject of interest for many decades. Despite literature being replete with studies on the subject, the role that information intermediaries play in influencing financial rationality of consumer credit decisions has remained unexplored. This article presents a perspective that is being proposed for the first time. It is proposed that the rationality of consumer credit decision in an economy is determined by the combined effect of a most commonly used primary financial information intermediary and the propensity for consumers to rely on the advice of a primary financial information intermediary. This perspective of analyzing consumer debt acquisition is instrumental to policymakers, consumer lobbyists, and marketers.

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Groom, A. J. R. "Intermediaries in international conflict." International Affairs 69, no. 2 (April 1993): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621605.

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Mutu, Adriana. "Intermediary roles in the transposition of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive into domestic legislation: Evidence from Spain." Journal of Digital Media & Policy 12, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jdmp_00077_1.

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This article discusses the role played by regulatory intermediaries including non-state actors, professional associations and transnational networked agencies during the transposition of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive into Spanish national legislation. It aims to fill in the gap in prior research by extending the application of the Regulator‐Intermediary‐Target (RIT) theoretical framework to the field of audiovisual media regulation. The analysis focuses on the transposition stages of the Directive after the date of entering into force on 19 December 2018, up to 19 September 2020. Data are taken from publicly available national sources and European databases. Results show that the RIT framework helps to single out the main initiatives undertaken by relevant Spanish authorities and institutional players, their methods and responses to policy challenges. Mapping out regulatory intermediaries and network of relationships established among multiple actors facilitates our understanding on the complex forms of audiovisual governance and implementation of European law.

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Amatori, Franco. "IRI: financial intermediary or entrepreneurial state?" Financial History Review 27, no. 3 (November 10, 2020): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000219.

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The Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI), a state-controlled holding company, was founded in 1933. Its original mission was to prevent the collapse of Italy's largest universal banks by taking over their huge industrial shareholdings. As a consequence, the historiography traditionally associates it with the concept of ‘entrepreneurial state’. This article aims to challenge this interpretation by focusing on the ideas and actions of three prominent figures: Alberto Beneduce, the IRI's first chairman; Donato Menichella, Beneduce's right-hand man who became governor of the Bank of Italy after World War II; and Pasquale Saraceno, a technocrat who spent his entire career as one of the IRI's top managers. Beneduce and Menichella regarded the IRI as a financial intermediary open to private shareholders. To Saraceno, by contrast, the IRI was an expression of a Catholic ideology that entrusted to the state the mission of promoting the industrialization of the south. This view, which aimed at reducing regional inequalities in order to complete the country's political unification, prevailed only in the second half of the 1950s. By trying to blend profit maximization with political and social goals, this strategy sowed the seeds of the IRI's decline and eventual demise.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Political Intermediarie'

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