Relevant bibliographies by topics / Political geography

Academic literature on the topic 'Political geography'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 March 2023

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Political geography":

1

Short, John R. "Political Geography." Progress in Human Geography 9, no. 1 (March 1985): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913258500900107.

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O'Loughlin, John. "Political geography." Progress in Human Geography 12, no. 1 (March 1988): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913258801200109.

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Roche, Michael. "Political geography." New Zealand Geographer 63, no. 3 (December 2007): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2007.00117.x.

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PRESCOTT, J. R. V. "Political Geography." Australian Geographical Studies 26, no. 1 (April 1988): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8470.1988.tb00569.x.

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Etro, Federico. "Political geography." Public Choice 127, no. 3-4 (May 9, 2006): 321–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-2746-2.

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Waterman, Stanley. "Political Geography as a mirror of political geography." Political Geography 17, no. 4 (May 1998): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-6298(97)00075-9.

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Clark, Gordon L. "Political Corruption and Political Geography." New Zealand Geographer 54, no. 1 (April 1998): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.1998.tb00526.x.

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Robbins, Paul. "Political ecology in political geography." Political Geography 22, no. 6 (August 2003): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-6298(03)00071-4.

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TAYLOR, PETER J. "CONTRA POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY." Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 84, no. 2 (April 1993): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1993.tb00634.x.

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Mountz, Alison. "Political geography I." Progress in Human Geography 37, no. 6 (March 7, 2013): 829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132513479076.

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Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Political geography":

1

Smith, Leslie F. "The political geography of annexation--Roanoke, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45738.

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The evolution and relative importance of four issues -- civic boosterism and community autonomy, public services and planning, financial considerations, and race-related considerations -- were examined and analyzed as critical factors in Roanoke, Virginia's historic use of annexation. Particular attention was paid to the 1943, 1949, and 1962 annexation suits because they occurred during the period of increasing county opposition to annexation. An historical and political geographic methodology, which focused on Guelke's idealism, was used to analyze the role of the two principal actors, city and county officials as public personae, whose actions on the four issues constituted the scenario for the city's thirteen annexation suits. Civic boosterism and community autonomy played the initial role motivating the two principal actors in each suit. Expanding population, urbanization, and the statutory changes in Virginia’s annexation laws in 1904 increased the importance of public services and planning and financial considerations. Race-related considerations, however, were publicly ignored until the late 1960s after passage of the civic rights legislation. Rising county opposition resulted in passage of numerous bills permitting counties to provide services and other government functions comparable to those offered by cities. This gave Roanoke County officials and their constituents an alternative to annexation. As a consequence, Roanoke County increasingly opposed the city's annexation plans. In 1980 Roanoke County gained immunity from further annexations.
Master of Science
2

Kim, Myung Jin. "Optimization Approaches to Political Redistricting Problems." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306896676.

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Al-Mayyal, Ahmad Y. A. "The political boundaries of the state of Kuwait : a study in political geography." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262130.

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McGowan, Katherine Megan. "Political geography and political structures in earlier mediaeval Ireland : a chronicle-based approach." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272027.

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Kenny, T. J. "A critical geography of human rights." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240362.

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Clark, Rebecca. "Montesquieu on the History and Geography of Political Liberty." Thesis, Boston College, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:103616.

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Thesis advisor: Christopher Kelly
Montesquieu famously presents climate and terrain as enabling servitude in hot, fertile climes and on the exposed steppes of central Asia. He also traces England's exemplary constitution, with its balanced constitution, independent judiciary, and gentle criminal practices, to the unique conditions of early medieval northern Europe. The English "found" their government "in the forests" of Germany. There, the marginal, variegated terrain favored the dispersion of political power, and a pastoral way of life until well into the Middle Ages. In pursuing a primitive honor unrelated to political liberty as such, the barbaric Franks accidentally established the rudiments of the most "well-tempered" government. His turn to these causes accidental to human purposes in Parts 3-6 begins with his analysis of the problem of unintended consequences in the history of political reform in Parts 1-2. While the idea of balancing political powers in order to prevent any one individual or group from dominating the rest has ancient roots, he shows that it has taken many centuries to understand just what needs to be balanced, and to learn to balance against one threat without inviting another. Knowledge of the administration of criminal justice has proven the most important to liberty, as well as the most difficult to acquire and put into practice. Montesquieu's attention to accidental causes sheds light on the contradictions within human nature, and the complex relationship between humans and their physical and conventional environments. He shows how nature provides support for both political liberty and for despotism. The wisdom of organizing government with a view to political liberty, as well as the means for doing so, does not follow from human nature in the abstract, but has required reflection on experiences with the consequences of actual governments. By highlighting the dependence of free politics on conditions outside the legislator's immediate control, he encourages reformers to attend to the non-legal supports of political liberty, the limits of human ingenuity, and the risks of unintended consequences. His attention to forces beyond human control provides the occasion to clarify the character of liberal legislative prudence, the art of leading by "inviting without constraining."
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science
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Robert-Nicoud, Frederic L. "New economic geography : multiple equilibria, welfare and political economy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2879/.

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This thesis contributes to the body of research known as the new economic geography. According to this paradigm, increasing returns to scale at the firm level, monopolistic competition, and transportation costs interact in shaping the spatial distribution of economic activity. The introductory chapter lays out the motivation of this thesis and puts it into the perspective of the existing literature. Chapter 1 introduces a typical model of new economic geography: the nature of the agglomeration and dispersion forces it displays is recurrent in this body of research; the model also displays multiple equilibria. The welfare properties of these equilibria are also analysed. Chapter 2 completely characterizes the set of equilibria of a wide range of models that are the quintessence of the new economic geography paradigm. The model of chapter 2 is shown to share the qualitative features of these models. Chapter 3 integrates a simple version of the model chapter 2 within a political economy framework. The welfare analysis of chapter 2 provides the motivation for this theoretical exercise. Chapter 4 seeks to provide an answer to the important but thus far neglected question of what is the mechanism that actually determines the magnitude policies that seek to affect the equilibrium spatial allocation of industries. The geography model is integrated in a fully specified political economy process of policy selection. Chapter 4 extends the model of chapter 2 to deal with the issue of the 'fragmentation' of the production process when new economic geography forces are at play. Finally, the analysis of chapter 5 contributes to the growing literature on the labour market imperfections as a driving force for agglomeration. In particular it shows how the hold-up problem can be softened or worsened by the cluster of industries using workers with similar skills.
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Howell, Philip M. R. "'A free trade in politics' : a geography of Chartism's political culture, c.1838-1848." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272582.

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Ford, Of The. "Parallel worlds : attribute-defined regions in global human geography /." Thesis, Connect to resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2004.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Indiana University, 2009.
Department of Geography, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Owen J. Dwyer, Jeffrey S. Wilson, Scott M. Pegg. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-168).
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Mysak, Mark. "The Environmental is Political: Exploring the Geography of Environmental Justice." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30497/.

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The dissertation is a philosophical approach to politicizing place and space, or environments broadly construed, that is motivated by three questions. How can geography be employed to analyze the spatialities of environmental justice? How do spatial concepts inform understandings of environmentalism? And, how can geography help overcome social/political philosophy's redistribution-recognition debate in a way that accounts for the multiscalar dimensions of environmental justice? Accordingly, the dissertation's objective is threefold. First, I develop a critical geography framework that explores the spatialities of environmental injustices as they pertain to economic marginalization across spaces of inequitable distribution, cultural subordination in places of misrecognition, and political exclusion from public places of deliberation and policy. Place and space are relationally constituted by intricate networks of social relations, cultural practices, socioecological flows, and political-economic processes, and I contend that urban and natural environments are best represented as "places-in-space." Second, I argue that spatial frameworks and environmental discourses interlock because conceptualizations of place and space affect how environments are perceived, serve as framing devices to identify environmental issues, and entail different solutions to problems. In the midst of demonstrating how the racialization of place upholds inequitable distributions of pollution burdens, I introduce notions of "social location" and "white privilege" to account for the conflicting agendas of the mainstream environmental movement and the environmental justice movement, and consequent accusations of discriminatory environmentalism. Third, I outline a bivalent environmental justice theory that deals with the spatialities of environmental injustices. The theory synergizes distributive justice and the politics of social equality with recognition justice and the politics of identity and difference, therefore connecting cultural issues to a broader materialist analysis concerned with economic issues that extend across space. In doing so, I provide a justice framework that assesses critically the particularities of place and concurrently identifies commonalities to diverse social struggles, thus spatializing the geography of place-based political praxis.
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Books on the topic "Political geography":

1

Flint, Colin, and Peter J. Taylor. Political Geography. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315164380.

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Blacksell, Mark. Political geography. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2005.

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Muir, Richard. Political Geography. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25628-0.

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Cox, Kevin R., ed. Political Geography. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470693629.

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Glassner, Martin Ira. Political geography. New York: J. Wiley, 1993.

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Glassner, Martin Ira. Political geography. New York: John Wiley, 1993.

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Glassner, Martin Ira. Political geography. 2nd ed. New York: J. Wiley, 1996.

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Glassner, Martin Ira. Political geography. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2004.

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Glassner, Martin Ira. Political geography. 3rd ed. [New York]: Wiley, 2003.

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Perry, Peter John. Political corruption and political geography. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Political geography":

1

Vinha, Luis da. "Political Geography." In Routledge Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis Methods, 82–97. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003139850-8.

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Flint, Colin, and Peter J. Taylor. "Geography of imperialisms." In Political Geography, 91–128. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315164380-4.

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Flint, Colin, and Peter J. Taylor. "Prologue: episodes in the life and times of a sub-discipline." In Political Geography, 1–10. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315164380-1.

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Flint, Colin, and Peter J. Taylor. "Epilogue: A political geography framework for understanding our twenty-first-century world." In Political Geography, 335–41. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315164380-10.

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Flint, Colin, and Peter J. Taylor. "A world-systems approach to political geography." In Political Geography, 11–47. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315164380-2.

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Flint, Colin, and Peter J. Taylor. "Geopolitics rampant." In Political Geography, 49–89. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315164380-3.

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Flint, Colin, and Peter J. Taylor. "Territorial states." In Political Geography, 129–73. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315164380-5.

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Flint, Colin, and Peter J. Taylor. "Nation, nationalism and citizenship." In Political Geography, 175–216. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315164380-6.

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Flint, Colin, and Peter J. Taylor. "Political geography of democracy." In Political Geography, 217–69. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315164380-7.

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Flint, Colin, and Peter J. Taylor. "Cities as localities." In Political Geography, 271–300. Seventh edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315164380-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Political geography":

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Demirci, Saadat. "The Effect of Geographical Factors on State Policies and Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00771.

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This study emphasizes environmental, especially spatial and geographical factors and determining and conditioning effects of economical and political behaviors of states. Natural values, location and geography determine policies and economic welfare of states. Various geographic characteristics and climates determine potential power of states. States, that have natural wealth and using will of this wealth, create economical and then political power. The main goal of this study is to analyze the concept of location and relation between power and its components.
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Dominczak, Jacek. "A Better City: Geography of Power or Ecology of Responsibility?" In 1995 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.1995.58.

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The paper discusses a design strategy based on the structure of responsibility. This structure generates the use of Hidden Compositional Codes for cities and the concept of a Dialogic Design -- ideas that are the subjects of research projects developed in cooperation with undergraduate design studio participants. The papers concludes in a design method discussion about the possible shift from political solutions ruled by the geography of power that generate the conservative quality of a compromise, towards ethical definitions organized by the ecology of responsibility that may generate new, yet unknown, qualities.
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Clark, Kenneth, Elisa Del Bono, and Antonio Luna Garcia. "The Geography of Power in South America: Divergent Patterns of Domination in Spanish and Porteguese Colonies." In 1995 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.1995.21.

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The authors of this paper explore the geography of power in South America as expressed by Spain and Portugal in their different patterns of development in colonial America. The paper outlines the political position of each country during the Age of Discovery, the political attitudes of each and the resultant urban morphologies and spatial organizations developed by each colonial power. A close examination of two South American colonial cities one Spanish, one Portuguese-reveals that the Spanish urban pattern promoted a hierarchy of interconnected cities of gridded layout, with key state and religious functions strategically located in relationship to the plaza. Portugal, in contrast, created a series of isolated commercial-military towns, of informal morphology with key state and religious functions distributed according to topography. Two case studies of Spanish and Portuguese colonial cities clearly illustrate the divergent policies and patterns of spatial control of these two important colonizing powers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
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Büyükakıncı, Erhan. "The Siberian Factor in the Russian Foreign Policy: Economic Instruments and Geopolitical Games." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01297.

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In this paper, we try to discuss how the Siberian part of the Russian territory can present advantages and disadvantages for Russian foreign policy. Situated in the center of the Eurasian geography, Siberia offers many economic opportunities and energy reserves as well as a strategic value for Russia, whose population and interests are mostly concentrated in the western provinces. Long considered as an isolated continent for exile for political dissidents, Siberia has become nowadays a center of the economic strategies of the Russian administration, in relation with its foreign policy perspectives. As an energy source for natural gas and oil and transit corridor toward China and Kazakhstan, Siberia is now supported through governmental policies of restructuration and labour migration. This new perspective can lead to a new policy of regionalism in connection with foreign policy interests. For the federal center, there is an unavoidable correlation between the domestic and foreign policy stakes with Siberia’s integration in world and regional politics.
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Pereau, M. Jana. "Defining Edges: Toward a Social Poetics of Housing." In 1995 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.1995.87.

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The house, as a formal and functional type, also provides a basic container for culture and for meaning. Its form will not be altered casually, and when people do undertake to change their houses, those changes will undoubtedly signify other changes in their cultural and social world. Along the U.S./Mexico border, the unique political geography of the borderlands allows people to build their own housing on a broad scale - in other words, to build vernacular housing. This building takes place in colonias - outside the constraints of urban zoning and building codes - by a largely Latino and immigrant population.
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Krogmann, Alfred, Magdaléna Němčíková, Ján Veselovský, and Andrej Svorad. "Geographical approach to the analysis of elections on the example of parliamentary elections in Slovakia in 2016." In 27th edition of the Central European Conference with subtitle (Teaching) of regional geography. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9694-2020-8.

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With regard to surprising results of Parliamentary elections in Slovakia their geographic dimension is also important. The aim of this article is to analyze the milieu of elections and the subsequent spatial differentiation of the results of the 8 parties which were successful to enter the Parliament. Election data were processed via the diversification of election preferences, the identification of areas of election support and correlation analysis by means of which the mutual cohesion of individual parties election results was studied. We found out that within the diversification of election preferences the one party dominance – the winning SMER – SD (40 out of Slovakia’s 79 districts) – prevails. Further we have dealt with the identification of areas of political parties support, with emphasis to their core regions.
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Kripa, Ersela, and Stephen Mueller. "Inhabiting the Data Border." In 2019 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.fall.19.14.

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Just as borders mineralize jurisdictional boundaries, they also create gaps in the availability and interoperability of geospatial data, limiting the ability to forecast cross border transformations. The geography of border space is defined by fragmented, proprietary datasets. Differences in methods, measurements, protocols, and languages leave blindspots for researchers, planners, and designers seeking impacts across a range of fields. Additionally, changing political climates and research agendas affect the availability of comprehensive cross-border environmental data. We present Inhabiting the Data Border, an immersive installation and platform for reflection on working within and across fragmented datascapes, and outline emerging research and initi atives from POST (Project for Operative Spatial Technologies), where we are working to forge mutually-supportive communities and shared environmental, cultural, and geopolitical interests within this context.
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Turchina, Svitlana, Kateryna Turchina, and Liudmyla Dashutina. "RESEARCH OF THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ONE OF THE WORLD’S LEADING COUNTRIES." In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.111.

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The article addressed the community as the smallest unit in geography scope, which unites individuals, companies, and government. The role of each one is significant and irreplaceable. For this paper, the community is as a synergy between group of individuals, institutions, and a government that live and (or) operate within geographical, political, social, and economic boundaries. This article focuses on banks, as a link between individuals and government in the development process. In particular, the supply and retention of financial and human capital. The authors try to prove financial companies and banks play a key role in the community and economic development because they deliver financial capital to individuals and businesses. This research allows concluding that the Finance & Insurance industry contributes toward the development of both national and local levels with the high share and positive mix and competitive components.
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Emilova, Irena. "The Anti-Crisis Management in The Process of Global Integration." In G.I.D.T.P. 2019 - Globalization, Innovation and Development, Trends and Prospects 2019. LUMEN Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2022/05.

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The global integration demands a theoretical understanding and characterization of anti-crisis management. On the one hand, it is associated with changes, which not only create opportunities, but also raise a number of difficulties, and on the other - with the necessity of a concept, combining different approaches. The globalization has various dimensions. It is the subject of discussion by the researchers of many scientific fields - sociology, economics, geography, politics, international relations, culture, technique and technology, history, demographics and more. The definitions of the specialist of policy and international relations are interpreted as a accelerating and improving transnational nature of the relationship between the partners and establishment an international order with help of the UN and other international organizations. The anti-crisis management is a relatively new area of scientific knowledge. In the process of globalization, changes in economic, political, social and spiritual environment, there are expanding opportunities but also pose serious constraints to its theoretical study and practical application. This paper examining with some aspects of the anti-crisis management in the process of global integration. Clarified are the main requirements for anti-crisis management as a system, as a set of mechanisms and processes, specific technologies and management styles. It discusses factors that determine the effectiveness of anti-crisis management. There is substantiating necessity of interpretation on the need for new specific features in management thinking.
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Piotrowski, Andrzej. "The Conquest of Representation in the Architecture of Guatemala." In 1995 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.1995.11.

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This paper will argue that the connections that exist between architecture and political powers are located in representational functions of architecture. Representation is defined here as a culture-specific process of establishing the relationships between reality and the signs created to symbolize that reality. Architecture of Guatemala provides a unique material to study how representational constitution of symbolic places reflects an ideological struggle of two different cultures. To substantiate this point, I will expand on Tzvetan Todorov’s observations made in “The Conquest of America” and show how they could enhance our understanding of the symbolic function of architecture. The discussion of representational attributes and workings of architecture will be informed by a comparative reading of three cities in Guatemala: Mayan ruins in Tlkal, colonial city of Antigua, and indigenous Chichicastenango. My objective is to test the workings of this critical inquiry against the geography of power that these three cities represent.

Reports on the topic "Political geography":

1

Glaeser, Edward, and Bryce Ward. Myths and Realities of American Political Geography. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11857.

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Nelson, Matthew J., and Seth Oldmixon. Bangladesh on the Brink: Mapping the Evolving Social Geography of Political Violence. RESOLVE Network, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/bgd2017.4.

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Cragg, Michael, and Matthew Kahn. Carbon Geography: The Political Economy of Congressional Support for Legislation Intended to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Production. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14963.

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Baluga, Anthony, and Bruno Carrasco. The Role of Geography in Shaping Governance Performance. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200378.

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This paper demonstrates that good governance in one country can influence governance improvements in neighboring countries and highlights that regional political and economic cooperation can benefit institutional development across borders. Governance has a spatial dimension due to spillovers and resource flows across juridical boundaries. This paper finds that governance in a given country—manifested most clearly through voice and accountability—exhibits a positive relationship with those in neighboring countries. Feedback mechanisms are traced in that any change in the income level of a country can affect its governance performance and also impact the governance scores of neighboring countries. This phenomenon is observed in the “Arab Spring,” “Me Too,” and “Black Lives Matter” cross-border movements
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Jung, Paul H., Jean-Claude Thill, and Luis Armando Galvis-Aponte. State Failure, Violence, and Trade: Dangerous Trade Routes in Colombia. Banco de la República, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.303.

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We investigate the effect of domestic armed violence brought about by political instability on the geography of distance frictions in freight mobility and the resulting differential access of regions to global markets. The Colombian transportation system has been found to be impeded by deficiencies in landside transport infrastructure and institutions, and by fragmented political environments. The micro-level analysis of U.S.-bounded export shipping records corroborates that export freight shipping from inland regions is re-routed to avoid exposures to domestic armed violence despite greatly extended landside and maritime shipping distances. We exploit the trajectories of freight shipping from Colombian regions and spatial patterns of violent armed conflicts to see how unstable geopolitical environments are detrimental to freight shipping mobility and market openness. The discrete choice model shows that the shipping flow is greatly curbed by the extended re-routing due to domestic armed violence and that inland regions have restricted access to the global market. The perception of risk and re-routing behavior is found heterogeneous across shipments and conditional to shipment characteristics, such as commodity type, freight value and shipper sizes. The results highlight that political stability must be accommodated for improved freight mobility and export-oriented economic development in the global South.
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Ferguson, Thomas, Paul Jorgensen, and Jie Chen. The Knife Edge Election of 2020: American Politics Between Washington, Kabul, and Weimar. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp169.

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This paper analyzes the 2020 election, focusing on voters, not political money, and emphasizing the importance of economic geography. Drawing extensively on county election returns, it analyzes how spatial factors combined with industrial structures to shape the outcome. It treats COVID 19’s role at length. The paper reviews studies suggesting that COVID 19 did not matter much, but then sets out a new approach indicating it mattered a great deal. The study analyzes the impact on the vote not only of unemployment but differences in income and industry structures, along with demographic factors, including religion, ethnicity, and race. It also studies how the waves of wildcat strikes and social protests that punctuated 2020 affected the vote in specific areas. Trump’s very controversial trade policies and his little discussed farm policies receive detailed attention. The paper concludes with a look at how political money helped make the results of the Congressional election different from the Presidential race. It also highlights the continuing importance of private equity and energy sectors opposed to government action to reverse climate change as conservative forces in (especially) the Republican Party, together with agricultural interests.
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Birchall, Jenny. Intersectionality and Responses to Covid-19. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2021.003.

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There is a small but growing body of literature that discusses the benefits, challenges and opportunities of intersectional responses to the socioeconomic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic. There is a strong body of evidence pointing to the disproportionate impact of Covid-19 borne by women, who have suffered record job losses, been expected to take on even greater unpaid care burdens and home schooling responsibilities, and faced a “shadow pandemic” of violence against women and girls. However, gender inequalities cannot be discussed in isolation from other inequalities. Emerging literature stresses the importance of a Covid-19 recovery plan that addresses how gender intersects with class, race, disability, age, sexual orientation, geography, immigration status and religion or belief, and other factors such as employment, housing (and homelessness) and environmental and political stressors.
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Haider, Huma. Scalability of Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Interventions: Moving Toward Wider Socio-political Change. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.080.

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Literature focusing on the aftermath of conflict in the Western Balkans, notes that many people remain focused on stereotypes and prejudices between different ethnic groups stoking fear of a return to conflict. This rapid review examines evidence focussing on various interventions that seek to promote inter-group relations that are greatly elusive in the political realm in the Western Balkan. Socio-political change requires a growing critical mass that sees the merit in progressive and conciliatory ethnic politics and is capable of side-lining divisive ethno-nationalist forces. This review provides an evidence synthesis of pathways through which micro-level, civil-society-based interventions can produce ‘ripple effects’ in society and scale up to affect larger geographic areas and macro-level socio-political outcomes. These interventions help in the provision of alternative platforms for dealing with divisive nationalism in post-conflict societies. There is need to ensure that the different players participating in reconciliation activities are able to scale up and attain broader reach to ensure efficacy and hence enabling them to become ‘multiplier of peace.’ One such way is by providing tools for activism. The involvement of key people and institutions, who are respected and play an important role in the everyday life of communities and participants is an important factor in the design and success of reconciliation initiatives. These include the youth, objective media, and journalists. The transformation of conflict identities through reconciliation-related activities is theorised as leading to the creation of peace constituencies that support non-violent approaches to conflict resolution and sustainable peace The success of reconciliation interventions largely depends on whether it contributes to redefining otherwise antagonistic identities and hostile relationships within a community or society.
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Russo, Margherita, Fabrizio Alboni, Jorge Carreto Sanginés, Manlio De Domenico, Giuseppe Mangioni, Simone Righi, and Annamaria Simonazzi. The Changing Shape of the World Automobile Industry: A Multilayer Network Analysis of International Trade in Components and Parts. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp173.

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In 2018, after 25 years of the North America Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States requested new rules which, among other requirements, increased the regional con-tent in the production of automotive components and parts traded between the three part-ner countries, United States, Canada and Mexico. Signed by all three countries, the new trade agreement, USMCA, is to go into force in 2022. Nonetheless, after the 2020 Presi-dential election, the new treaty's future is under discussion, and its impact on the automo-tive industry is not entirely defined. Another significant shift in this industry – the acceler-ated rise of electric vehicles – also occurred in 2020: while the COVID-19 pandemic largely halted most plants in the automotive value chain all over the world, at the reopen-ing, the tide is now running against internal combustion engine vehicles, at least in the an-nouncements and in some large investments planned in Europe, Asia and the US. The definition of the pre-pandemic situation is a very helpful starting point for the analysis of the possible repercussions of the technological and geo-political transition, which has been accelerated by the epidemic, on geographical clusters and sectorial special-isations of the main regions and countries. This paper analyses the trade networks emerg-ing in the past 25 years in a new analytical framework. In the economic literature on inter-national trade, the study of the automotive global value chains has been addressed by us-ing network analysis, focusing on the centrality of geographical regions and countries while largely overlooking the contribution of countries' bilateral trading in components and parts as structuring forces of the subnetwork of countries and their specific position in the overall trade network. The paper focuses on such subnetworks as meso-level structures emerging in trade network over the last 25 years. Using the Infomap multilayer clustering algorithm, we are able to identify clusters of countries and their specific trades in the automotive internation-al trade network and to highlight the relative importance of each cluster, the interconnec-tions between them, and the contribution of countries and of components and parts in the clusters. We draw the data from the UN Comtrade database of directed export and import flows of 30 automotive components and parts among 42 countries (accounting for 98% of world trade flows of those items). The paper highlights the changes that occurred over 25 years in the geography of the trade relations, with particular with regard to denser and more hierarchical network gener-ated by Germany’s trade relations within EU countries and by the US preferential trade agreements with Canada and Mexico, and the upsurge of China. With a similar overall va-riety of traded components and parts within the main clusters (dominated respectively by Germany, US and Japan-China), the Infomap multilayer analysis singles out which com-ponents and parts determined the relative positions of countries in the various clusters and the changes over time in the relative positions of countries and their specialisations in mul-tilateral trades. Connections between clusters increase over time, while the relative im-portance of the main clusters and of some individual countries change significantly. The focus on US and Mexico and on Germany and Central Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) will drive the comparative analysis.
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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.

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Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities

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