Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Political economics of Indonesia'
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Waliyo. "Nuclear electric generation : political, social, and economic cost and benefit to Indonesia /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA294723.
Full textWeinerman, Michael Alexander 1983. "Misleading Modernization: A Case for the Role of Foreign Capital in Democratization." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11986.
Full textModernization theory posits that economic growth and democratization are mutually constitutive processes. I extend a recent literature that finds this relationship to be spurious due to the existence of a number of international factors, specifically the role of foreign capital. Through two-stage least square (2SLS) regressions for as wide a sample as the data allow and two case studies (Indonesia and the Philippines), I find that the presence of US capital significantly influences domestic political institutions. This relationship, however, is non-linear and interrelated with exogenous shocks.
Committee in charge: Tuong Vu, Chairperson; Craig Parsons, Member; Karrie Koesel, Member; Will Terry, Member
Prayudi, Dedek. "Childbearing Trends in Indonesia since the 1998 Political Reform : Weighing the Roles of Economic Development and Socio-demographic Factors." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-78961.
Full textPutriana, Vima Tista. "Performance measurement of local government in Indonesia." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6808/.
Full textHisada, Toru. "Indigenous Development and Self-Determination in West Papua: A Case Study of the Socio-Political and Economic Impacts of Mining upon the Amungme and Kamoro Communities of West Papua." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2457.
Full textHisada, Toru. "Indigenous development and self-determination in West Papua : socio-political and economic impacts of mining upon the Amungme and Kamoro communities of West Papua /." Saarbrücken, Germany : VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008. http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/DCARead?standardNoType=1&standardNo=9783639031560:srcdbname=worldcat:fromExternal=true&sessionid=0.
Full textFathimah, Fida. "The Extractive Institutions as Legacy of Dutch Colonialism in Indonesia : A Historical Case Study." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-376456.
Full textVerney, Eric. "Indonesie, terre d'avenir." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27468.
Full textEconomic take off is supported by a strong political regime that has been led by President Suharto for thirty years now. Foreign investors are attracted by this new, very magnetic and promising market. Faced with a high demand for investments approvals, the government is liberalizing regulations dealing with direct and portfolio investments.
In 1995, Indonesia was the first host country for foreign investments, before the Chinese People's Republic, which amounted to 39.9 billions of dollars.
Tilley, Lisa. "The Condition of Market Emergence in Indonesia: Coloniality as Exclusion and Translation in Sites of Extraction." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/238574.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Wibowo, Farid Arif. "A study on the implementation of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in the socio-economic, political, cultural and Islamic context of Indonesia." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11347/.
Full textWisnu, Dinna. "Governing Social Security: economic crisis and reform in Indonesia, the Philippines and Singapore." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179867530.
Full textDjafar, Zainuddin. "Rethinking the Indonesian crisis : a study of the political dimensions of Indonesia's economic crisis, 1997-99." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408873.
Full textHarple, Todd S., and tharple@hotmail com. "Controlling the Dragon: An ethno-historical analysis of social engagement among the Kamoro of South-West New Guinea (Indonesian Papua/Irian Jaya)." The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20030401.173221.
Full textDugis, Vinsensio. "Australian-Indonesian relations : a study of political, economic and defence cooperation (1986-1996) /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armd866.pdf.
Full textRosser, Andrew. "Creating markets: The politics of economic liberalism in Indonesia since the mid-1980s." Thesis, Rosser, Andrew (1999) Creating markets: The politics of economic liberalism in Indonesia since the mid-1980s. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1999. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/50874/.
Full textSyakhroza, Akhmad. "Influence of politics on the budgeting process : a study of the fertiliser manufacturing industry in Indonesia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1043.
Full textMuluk, Safrul. "The Indonesian army and political Islam : a political encounter 1966-1977." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33307.
Full textPrawiradinata, Muhamad Salmun. "Stability, elites and development policy in the new order Indonesia 1966-1983." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/111321.
Full textMajani, Saiful. "Religious democrats: democratic culture and Muslim political participation in post-Suharto Indonesia." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1054572222.
Full textJuhannis, Hamdan. "Mohamad Roem's political activities and Islamic political vision (1908-1983)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0018/MQ56702.pdf.
Full textAzdan, M. Donny. "Water policy reform in Jakarta, Indonesia : a CGE analysis /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1373993667.
Full textRahmawati, Arifah. "Papuan enthno-political conflict : causes, contexts, and policy implication /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Mar%5FRahmawati.pdf.
Full textThesis advisor(s): Douglas Porch. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-77). Also available online.
Alhumami, Amich. "Political power, corruption, and witchcraft in modern Indonesia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39273/.
Full textLAU, Wun Yin Wilson. "Terrorism : a new threat for Indonesia? : an analysis on the national security of Indonesia in the post-Suharto period." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2004. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/pol_etd/6.
Full textSharma, Anisha. "Essays on the allocation of labour and capital in Indonesia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:28a660e8-a87f-420f-9b09-16000a22281a.
Full textElk, Robert E. "A study of the effects of the Southeast Asian intrusive power system on the foreign policy of Indonesia /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64076.
Full textSumengen, Elif Deniz Gulenc. "Education Dynamics in a Developing Country| Evidence from Indonesia." Thesis, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10145874.
Full textThere is an urgent need for upper secondary-level and above educated people in Indonesia. According to a recent report, Indonesian companies cannot fill 50% of their entry level positions. To increase the educational attainment, government has been implementing various polices, such as school construction program, compulsory education and allocating 20% of its budget to education, but inadequate enrollment at upper secondary and tertiary levels and the quality of education still remain as big problems. To shed a light on these urgent and recent problems, I ask four questions: a) What is the effect of school quality on tertiary attainment? b) Which school level does the quality matter more? c) Which factors prevent high ability individuals to get tertiary attainment? d) How important is parental background for educational attainment at each stage of the educational path? Previous work focused on school quality’s effect on lower secondary education, and a lack of upper secondary-level and above educated people is an issue only brought up recently and analyzed in this paper. I show that primary school quality has a direct effect on tertiary attainment besides its indirect effect due to the accumulation of school quality at each level. To generate my dataset, I use four waves of Indonesia Family Life Survey. My model accounts for unobserved heterogeneity to handle self selection issues in education. This is one of the few studies in a developing country modeling long term educational decisions. I analyze the role of family background, location, personal characteristics, number of schools used in each community, primary school quality, as well as student’s ability and motivation for transitions to lower secondary, upper secondary, and tertiary education in Indonesia. With a focus on tertiary educational attainment, I show that long term factors and early fundamental education play a big role. These findings further support the importance of promoting cognitive ability and high quality education early in life; especially for those who are coming from more disadvantaged environments.
Drometer, Marcus. "Essays in Political Economics." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-96230.
Full textSKHIRTLADZE, SOPHIKO. "Essays in Political Economics." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/7325.
Full textThis thesis consists of four self-contained chapters. The four chapters have the common denominator that they all deal with political economics of media. In the first chapter I review theoretical literature on politics of media with focus on emerging economies. In the second chapter I analyze political economy of media capture. I introduce dynamic model of media and audience relationship with the possibility of side payments from the incumbent government. The model developed here produces a number of interesting insights in the relationship between features of the media industry, media capture, and political outcomes. In the third chapter I study how the incentive mechanism for potential political candidates to emerge and run for the office is shaped by the media environment. I extend the original citizen-candidate model proposed by Osborne and Slivinski (1997) and Besley and Coate (1997) by introducing heterogeneous costs associated with running for the office. The last chapter examines links between media and political polarization by looking at the introduction and diffusion of high speed internet at the onset of the 21st century in the United States. I provide causal evidence that internet diffusion has increased ideological extremism of US representatives in the recent history.
Rockey, James Charles. "Essays on political economics." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446187.
Full textVenkatesh, Raghul S. "Essays in political economics." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/91957/.
Full textYustika, Ahmad Erani. "Transaction Cost Economics of the Sugar Industry in Indonesia /." Kiel : Wissenschaftsverl, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/480269734.pdf.
Full textHalldorsson, Jon Ormur. "State, class and regime in Indonesia structural impediments to democratisation /." Thesis, University of Kent, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/38734269.html.
Full textMawardi, Ahmad Imam. "Socio-political background of the enactment of Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0002/MQ43914.pdf.
Full textWellstead, K. James. "Evolving Governance Spaces: Coal Livelihoods in East Kalimantan, Indonesia." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19910.
Full textChua, LuFong 1978. "Konfrontasi : rethinking explanations for the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation, 1963-1966." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8260.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 79-81).
This thesis is a study of the causes of "Konfrontasi" or Confrontation, the low-intensity war waged by the Republic of Indonesia, under the leadership of President Sukarno, against the Federation of Malaysia, which became independent in 1963. The Confrontation lasted between 1963 and 1966. The thesis compares three categories of hypotheses or arguments for its causes - threat, ideology, and domestic politics - and evaluates each type of argument in tum. The "threat" argument claims that Malaysia posed a security threat to Indonesia, and that the Confrontation was the outcome of a security dilemma between both states. The "threat" of Malaysia has some substantive elements necessary to justify Indonesian aggression, but it is shown to be largely an exaggerated claim, and does not provide a sufficient motive for the conflict. The "ideology" argument claims that the Indonesia Confrontation was driven by the ideology of the Indonesian Revolution and the central role of Indonesia in leading a struggle of New Emerging Forces against the Old Established Forces of neo-colonialism, colonialism and imperialism. It is shown that this argument has more substance than the "threat" argument, since Indonesian ideology traces its existence independently to earlier Indonesian historical experience, and Confrontation could not have been rationalized without recourse to ideological principles. However, this thesis also shows how the "ideology" hypothesis for Confrontation is over-determined, as Indonesian ideology did not necessarily make Confrontation an inevitable and necessary outcome. Ideology was necessary, but insufficient for motivating the decision to confront Malaysia. Finally, the "domestic politics" argument draws its claims from the idea that the Indonesian Confrontation was a "diversionary war" against the Malaysia, where the latter filled the role of "scapegoat," "bogeyman" or "safety valve." According to this argument, the Confrontation was started in order to contain serious internal disunities in the Indonesian government, most notably between the army and the ascendant communist party, and to unite these conflicting elements in a nationalist cause. This thesis finds the greatest evidence and theoretical support for this "domestic politics" explanation of Confrontation, and finds this account to be the most consistent and satisfactory argument.
by LuFong Chua.
S.M.
Simpson, Jon Mark. "The political determinants of access to higher education in Indonesia /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487687485811293.
Full textWidodo, Teguh. "Performance-based budgeting : evidence from Indonesia." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7501/.
Full textSyaroni, Mizan. "The Majlisul Islamil Ala Indonesia (MIAI) : its socio-religious and political activities (1937-1943)." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21270.
Full textThe mission of the MIAI was seen by Muslims as a response to the threat posed by external forces. It reacted in particular against Dutch policies considered discriminatory by Muslims concerning matters involving Islamic belief and practice, such as marriage and education. The federation also took a strong stand regarding Christian polemic aimed at Islam and took part in Indonesian Muslim response. That the establishment of the MIAI was favored by most Islamic organizations attested to the strong sentiment among Indonesian Muslims for a common front, regardless of their differences on socio-religious and political issues. Together with the GAPI (Gabungan Partai Politik Indonesia or the Federation of Indonesian Political Parties) and the PVPN (Persatuan Vakbonden Pegawai Negeri, or the Association of Government Employees), the MIAI took part in demanding political reform on behalf of Muslim groups. Indeed, notwithstanding its short life span, the MIAI was a pioneer for national unity in general and Indonesian Muslim unity in particular.
Hapsari, Maharani. "The Political Economy of Forest Governance in Post-Suharto Indonesia." Gadjah Mada University Press, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15874.
Full textElmhirst, Rebecca Jane. "Gender, environment and culture : political ecology of transmigration in Indonesia." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8414.
Full textGilligan, Daniel. "The economics of agricultural labor exchange with evidence from Indonesia." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/198.
Full textThesis research directed by: Agricultural and Resource Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
Olsson, J. Mikael. "Austrian Economics as Political Philosophy." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-111489.
Full textSILVEIRA, BERNARDO SANTOS DA. "TWO ESSAYS IN POLITICAL ECONOMICS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=10614@1.
Full textEsta dissertação consiste em duas partes independentes. A primeira delas é uma avaliação empírica de ciclos políticos orçamentários nos municípios brasileiros. Nessa parte, investigamos primeiramente se as receitas e despesas municipais variam com a proximidade das eleições para prefeito. Em seguida, estimamos os efeitos dos níveis de competição política e transparência governamental sobre a magnitude dos ciclos orçamentários. Nossos resultados sugerem a existência de fortes ciclos orçamentários nos municípios do Brasil, embora seja difícil identificar uma relação causal entre tais ciclos e o calendário eleitoral. Além disso, encontramos evidência de que maior competição política e menor transparência governamental geram incentivos para que os prefeitos em exercício invistam mais nos últimos anos de seus mandatos. Na segunda parte da dissertação, procuramos estimar o impacto de propaganda eleitoral sobre o desempenho dos candidatos a prefeito e governador no Brasil. Estudos anteriores estabeleceram a idéia de que gastos de campanha e propaganda política teriam impacto muito modesto sobre os resultados de pleitos eletivos. No entanto, esses estudos sofrem de problemas sérios de identificação, como omissão de variáveis relevantes e causalidade reversa. Em nosso trabalho, exploramos uma fonte de variação exógena na distribuição dos tempos de propaganda entre os candidatos produzida pela legislação eleitoral brasileira. Nossos resultados indicam que a propaganda política por meio de rádio e televisão exerce um forte efeito sobre o desempenho dos candidatos.
This thesis consists on two independent parts. The first one is an empirical evaluation of political budget cycles in Brazil. The research question is twofold. We ask the factual question of whether municipal level receipts and expenditures vary with the proximity of elections for mayor. Then, we investigate the effects of political competitiveness and govern transparency on the size of the budget cycles. Our results suggest the existence of strong budgetary cycles in the Brazilian municipalities, though it is difficult to identify a causal relationship between such cycles and the electoral calendar. Also, according to our findings, higher political competitiveness and lower govern transparency generate incentives for the incumbent mayors to invest more in the last year of their terms. In the second part of the thesis, we estimate the impact of political advertising on candidate performance in Brazilian mayoral and gubernatorial elections. Previous studies have established a minimal effects conventional wisdom that campaign spending and advertising have little impact on elections outcome. However, such studies suffer from omitted variable bias and reverse causality. We explore a quasi-natural experiment produced by Brazilian electoral legislation, and show that TV and radio advertising have a strong effect on candidates´ electoral performance.
Perotti, Roberto. "Three essays in political economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13886.
Full textTitle as it appears in the M.I.T. Graduate List, June 1991: Three essays in political economy.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-123).
by Roberto Perotti.
Ph.D.
Meloni, Luís Eduardo Negrão. "Essays in empirical political economics." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-19022016-120257/.
Full textEsta tese é composta por três ensaios empíricos em economia política. O primeiro capítulo investiga se a presença de prefeitos nomeados em um subconjunto de municípios durante a ditadura brasileira levou à captura por parte da elite. Isso é feito comparando medidas de desigualdade após a redemocratização entre municípios que tiveram prefeitos nomeados e municípios onde os prefeitos foram eleitos democraticamente. Os principais resultados deste capítulo são consistentes com a hipótese de captura e indicam que a desigualdade de renda aumentou mais em municípios que tiveram prefeitos nomeados pelo regime e que isso se deve principalmente a um aumento na parcela de rendimentos auferidos pelos mais ricos. O segundo capítulo investiga em que medida os veículos de comunicação são propensos a captura política no contexto da ditadura brasileira. Isso é feito investigando os efeitos da Rede Globo, a principal emissora de televisão brasileira, sobre os resultados eleitorais das eleições para prefeito durante a ditadura brasileira, especialmente sobre o percentual de votos obtido pela ARENA, o partido de situação durante a ditadura militar. Os principais efeitos mostram que durante os primeiros anos da ditadura, a Globo tem um efeito positivo sobre o percentual de votos obtidos pela ARENA. Nos últimos anos, no entanto, o efeito torna-se negativo e, em média, sobrepõe-se o resultado positivo dos primeiros anos. São fornecidas evidências de que esta quebra no efeito da Globo está associado a uma mudança na posição da empresa em relação ao regime e no conteúdo dos programas transmitidos por ela. O terceiro capítulo investiga se professores com fortes posições partidárias são capazes de interferir nos resultados eleitorais a partir de influência exercida sobre o voto dos seus alunos. Para isso são utilizados dados sobre filiação partidária de eleitores, sobre professores das escolas públicas e sobre resultados eleitorais e características dos eleitores no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As principais conclusões deste capítulo sugerem um efeito positivo e significativo da presença de professores filiados sobre o desempenho eleitoral do partido correspondente, especialmente em eleições majoritárias.
Adamson, Jordan. "The Economics of Political Violence." Thesis, Clemson University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10271914.
Full textWe live in what is probably the most peaceful time in hundreds, if not thousands of years (Pinker 2012). This peace has major implications for human welfare, yet the causes of peace are not well understood (N. P. Gleditsch et al. 2013). My dissertation helps us understand those causes by examining how internal political institutions and external political competition affect violence.
Rifai, Nurlena. "Muslim women in Indonesia's politics : an historical examination of the political career of Aisyah Aminy." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69679.
Full textWibisono, Makarim. "The political economy of the Indonesian textile industry under the New Order government." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/20920285.html.
Full textGumilang, Howard Putra. "Economic and environmental impacts of trade liberalization: the case of Indonesia." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86586.
Full textAu cours des dernières années, la pression publique a attisé l'intérêt concernant l'impact environnemental découlant de la libéralisation des marchés. Malheureusement, les études se penchant sur ce sujet ne sont pas encore arrivé à un consensus. Cette recherche a pour objectif d'augmenter la compréhension dans ce domaine de recherche par l'utilisation d'une étude de cas basée sur l'Indonésie et de sa participation dans le traité de libre échange avec le Japon (IJEPA) et celui de l'Association des Nations du Sud-Est Asiatique (AFTA). L'étude de cas utilise un modèle monétaire d'équilibre général, multisectoriel et intertemporel, connu sous le nom anglais de Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), pour évaluer l'impact environnemental de la croissance et de la libéralisation des marchés. Les prévisions pour l'économie Indonésienne jusqu'en 2022 indique une croissance importante pendant cette période. Cependant, en comparant le scénario d'ouverture des marchés avec celui sans ouverture des marchés, la participation de l'Indonésie dans cet accord de libre échange indique un faible impact sur la production industrielle de l'Indonésie. Malgré peu d'effet sur la production, une augmentation significative des échanges et une modification du type d'échanges se produit. En 2022, le modèle prédit une détérioration de l'environnement du pays causée par une croissance de la production. Une comparaison avec le statu quo indique que la libéralisation des marchés n'a qu'un effet négligeable sur l'environnement. En général, la pollution atmosphérique augmente alors que la pollution de l'eau diminue suite à la réforme des tarifs douaniers. En conclusion, l'étude suggère que la participation de l'Indonésie dans les accords de l'AFTA et l'IJEPA ne génère pas de changements drastiques dans les performances économiques et environnementales du pays.