Journal articles on the topic 'Political ecology – Arctic regions'
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1
Tonami, Aki. "Influencing the imagined ‘polar regions’: the politics of Japan's Arctic and Antarctic policies." Polar Record 53, no. 5 (September 2017): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247417000419.
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ABSTRACTHow does a state that is not a ‘natural’ Arctic or Antarctic state perceive the polar regions, interpret their roles in its foreign policy and translate this into actual polar policy? This paper seeks to answer these questions by comparing the Arctic and Antarctic policies of Japan. The paper shows that Japan's national image of the polar regions as a combined region began before World War II due to its imperial past of joining the race to the Antarctic and the Arctic. However, from a policy point of view, the polar regions for Japan long meant primarily Antarctica. Japan, as a defeated power and a late-comer to the international system established after World War II, takes a liberal position in the governance of Antarctica. Having and maintaining a capability to conduct scientific research in the Antarctic via international decision-making institutions has been considered an important status marker associated with great power identity. Regarding the Arctic, Japan attempts to replicate the general success of its Antarctic policy, backed by tools of science and technological diplomacy, the purpose of which is to revive its domestic economy. Japan's scientific whaling in the Antarctic is primarily a domestic, identity-based political conflict between a nostalgia for Japan's imperial past and its more modern, liberal identity of today.
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Crittenden, P. D. "Aspects of the ecology of mat-forming lichens." Rangifer 20, no. 2-3 (March 1, 2000): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.2-3.1508.
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Lichen species in the genera Cladonia (subgenus Cladina), Cetraria, Stereocaulon and Alectoria are important vegetation components on well-drained terrain and on elevated micro-sites in peatlands in boreal-Arctic regions. These lichens often form closed mats, the component thalli in which grow vertically upwards at the apices and die off in the older basal regions; they are therefore only loosely attached to the underlying soil. This growth habit is relatively unusual in lichens being found in <0.5% of known species. It might facilitate internal nutrienr recycling and higher growth rates and, together with the production of allelochemicals, it might underlie the considerable ecological success of mat-forming lichens; experiments to critically assess the importance of these processes are required. Mat-forming lichens can constitute in excess of 60% of the winter food intake of caribou and reindeer. Accordingly there is a pressing need for data on lichen growth rates, measured as mass increment, in order to help determine the carrying capacity of winter ranges for rhese herbivores and to better predict recovery rates following grazing. Trampling during the snow-free season fragments lichen thalli; mat-forming lichens regenerate very successfully from thallus fragments provided trampling does nor re-occur. Frequent recurrence of trampling creates disturbed habitats from which lichens will rapidly become eliminated consistent with J.P. Grime's CSR strategy theory. Such damage to lichen ground cover has occurred where reindeer or caribou are unable to migrate away from their winter range such as on small islands or where political boundaries have been fenced; it can also occur on summer range that contains a significant lichen component and on winter range where numbers of migrarory animals become excessive. Species of Stereocaulon, and other genera that contain cyanobacteria (most notably Peltigera and Nephroma), are among the principal agents of nitrogen fixation in boreal-arctic regions. Stereocaulon-dominated subarctic woodlands provide excellent model systems in which to investigate the role of lichens in nitrogen cycling. Mat-forming lichens are sensitive indicators of atmospheric deposition partly because they occur in open situations in which they intercept precipitation and particulates directly with minimal modification by vascular plant overstoreys. Data from both the UK and northern Russia are presented to illustrate geographical relationships between lichen chemistry and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and acidity. The ecology of mat-fotming lichens remains under-researched and good opportunities exist for making significant contributions to this field including areas that relate directly to the management of arctic ungulates.
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Zhuravel, Valery. "Тhe Russian Federation's Chairmanship at the Arctic Council." Contemporary Europe 105, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope520219099.
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The article focuses on status, structure and organization of the Arctic Council (AC, Council). It is noted that the AC is an international, regional structure, which is designed to promote cooperation in the Arctic in the field of environmental protection and sustainable development of the circumpolar regions. In the activities of the countries chaired by the Arctic Council, special attention is paid to the continuity of the Arctic agenda. The importance of the Strategic Plan of the Arctic Council for 2021‒2030 adopted in 2021 for the further improvement of AC activities is highlighted. The central part of the study is devoted to Russia's approaches to international cooperation in the AC and an analysis of the content of the Programme of the Russian Federation's 2021 to 2023 Chairmanship of the Arctic Council. The aforementioned includes such priorities as the population of the Arctic and the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North; environmental protection and climate change; social and economic development in the region; strengthening the Arctic Council. The study also deals with the Main Action Plan, which covers all the countries of the AC and areas of its activities. The article draws attention to the risks and threats that may arise during the period of the Russian Chairmanship. It is concluded that the urgent problems of this region can be solved only through balanced and mutually beneficial international cooperation in the economic and social fields, in the field of ecology, development of indigenous peoples, cooperation in scientific research, Arctic tourism, emergencies in the region.
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Vihtakari, Mikko, Robinson Hordoir, Margaret Treble, Meaghan D. Bryan, Bjarki Elvarsson, Adriana Nogueira, Elvar H. Hallfredsson, Jørgen Schou Christiansen, and Ole Thomas Albert. "Pan-Arctic suitable habitat model for Greenland halibut." ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, no. 4 (March 8, 2021): 1340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab007.
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Abstract Deep-sea marine fishes support important fisheries but estimates of their distributions are often incomplete as the data behind them may reflect fishing practices, access rights, or political boundaries, rather than actual geographic distributions. We use a simple suitable habitat model based on bottom depth, temperature, and salinity to estimate the potential distribution of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides). A large presence-only dataset is examined using multivariate kernel densities to define environmental envelopes, which we link to spatial distribution using a pan-Arctic oceanographic model. Occurrences generally fit the model well, although there were gaps in the predicted circum-Arctic distribution likely due to limited survey activity in many of the ice-covered seas around the Arctic Ocean. Bottom temperature and depth were major factors defining model fit to observations, but other factors, such as ecosystem interactions and larval drift could also influence distribution. Model predictions can be tested by increasing sampling effort in poorly explored regions and by studying the connectivity of putative populations. While abundances of Greenland halibut in the High Arctic are currently low, some areas are predicted to be suitable habitat for this species, suggesting that on-going sea-ice melt may lead to fisheries expansion into new areas.
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Volkov, A. E., and J. de Korte. "Protected nature areas in the Russian Arctic." Polar Record 30, no. 175 (October 1994): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400024566.
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ABSTRACTThe protected nature area system in Russia is well developed in general, although not as well in the Arctic. On 1 January 1994 the total area of all types of Arctic reserves covered about 19.7 million ha, comprising about 10.2% of the area of the Russian Arctic. There are five categories of protected nature areas: strict nature reserwes (zapovedniki), national nature parks (natsional'nyye parki), nature monuments (pamyatniki prirody), special purpose reserves (zakazniki), and nature-ethnic parks (prirodno-etnicheskiye parki). The system of the zapovednik is unique. The oldest strict nature reserve in the Arctic is Kandalakshskiy (1939). Other major nature reserves include Ostrov Vrangelya (created in 1976), Taymyrskiy (1979), Ust-Lenskiy (1985), and Bol'shoy Arkticheskiy (1993). The first nature-ethnic park in the Arctic, Beringiya, was established in 1993. Because of the unstable economic and political situation in Russia, the nature protection system has a difficult time. Furthermore, the legal structure that defines the purpose of and responsibility for these areas is sometimes not completely clear, and a great deal is dependent on presidential decrees that, through time, have limited validity. The cooperation of Russian, western European, and North American scientists who study birds breeding in the Russian Arctic and migration patterns to temperate regions could give major support to the nature re-serves in the Russian Arctic.
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PAVLOV, K. "BORDER ECONOMY AS A PROMISING SECTION OF REGIONALISTICS." Vestnik of Polotsk State University Part D Economic and legal sciences 62, no. 12 (November 14, 2022): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1632-2022-62-12-66-72.
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The article deals with various problems of socio-economic and environmental development of the border economy as an important and promising area of regional studies. The economy of border regions is currently one of the least studied aspects of the theory of regional economy. The development of the border economy and border ecology is especially relevant for large countries, such as Russia, China, Kazakhstan, which also have a very long border. As you know, Russia borders on a large number of countries, both currently friendly with the Russian Federation (Belarus, China, etc.), and with states that currently have serious problems and disagreements with Russia, both political and economic in nature (Ukraine, Baltic states).
All this determines the relevance and importance of research on the reproductive system in the border regions. Taking into account the significant number of regions on the territory of Russia that have a border status, as well as the variety of political, environmental, social and economic conditions and factors for the development of border areas, including those located in such an important and promising region of the country as the Arctic, it is advisable to intensify the process of studying features of the functioning of the economy of the border regions and the identification of general trends and patterns of their development.
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Chaplin, Paul. "The International Polar Heritage Committee." Polar Record 42, no. 3 (July 2006): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247406225555.
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The International Polar Heritage Committee (IPHC) was formed to serve as a resource for professionals who often work in isolation on heritage protection projects in Arctic and Antarctic regions. Its credibility has now been established in a number of areas of the wider polar infrastructure and its networks continue to expand. With such an international structure it is also able to act as an independent advocate to promote polar heritage protection issues in professional, public and political arenas.
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Wilson Rowe, Elana. "Arctic hierarchies? Norway, status and the high north." Polar Record 50, no. 1 (February 27, 2013): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741200054x.
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ABSTRACTThis article focuses on one potential motivation for a state's behaviour in international affairs, namely status-seeking, in order to shed light on Norway's Arctic politics and to discuss the role of hierarchies in Arctic politics more generally. The idea that a state's political elite seek national security and economic gain is well established in international relations (IR) literature. However, another key motivation of human behaviour – seeking status and respect – is frequently overlooked as a potential factor shaping states’ behaviour. The argument begins with a brief review of post-cold war Arctic politics followed by a discussion of the status-related literature in IR. Norway's position in the Arctic Council (AC) and in bilateral relations with Russia is then examined, with particular attention paid to the extent to which other Arctic states acknowledge and confirm Norway's status claims. Norway's status as an information provider, a convener and a bridge to Russia gives the country a degree of influence in Arctic multilateral settings. Given the Arctic region's relatively peaceful nature and the emphasis on circumpolar cooperation, space has been made for creative approaches to status. Size and military or economic greatness are not always decisive factors for taking a lead in today's Arctic politics.
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Lewis-Jones, Huw W. G. "‘Heroism displayed’: revisiting the Franklin Gallery at the Royal Naval Exhibition, 1891." Polar Record 41, no. 3 (July 2005): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247405004432.
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The Royal Naval Exhibition (RNE) of 1891 offers an important entry point for the study of naval mythmaking. Scrutinising one part of the RNE showcase, ‘The Franklin Gallery,’ highlights the imaginative potential of the polar regions as a resource for imperial visions. This paper provides a review of the RNE and, more closely, considers the ideology of polar exploration in the context of political debate and naval reforms. The utility of images of the Arctic presented at the RNE is discussed, in particular, its role in displaying the ‘heroic martyrdom’ of Sir John Franklin (1786–1847). The paper draws upon an extensive study of late nineteenth-century newspapers, illustrated weeklies, periodical reviews, popular adult and juvenile literature, art, poetry, pamphlets, exhibition catalogues and handbooks, and associated ephemera. It argues that the RNE played a central part in the construction and enshrining of narratives of naval and national achievement in the late-Victorian period and in reviving a British commitment to the exploration of the polar regions.
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Wilson, Page. "An Arctic ‘cold rush’? Understanding Greenland's (in)dependence question." Polar Record 53, no. 5 (September 2017): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741700047x.
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ABSTRACTOver the last decade claims that an Arctic ‘cold rush’ is taking place have intensified. Proponents of the argument contend that the unprecedented effects of climate change plus strong global demand for the region's natural resources are creating the conditions for a future economic boom. In both of these respects, Greenland merits particular attention. Some recent predictions suggest great riches accruing to Greenland, on account of its abundance of oil, gas and mineral deposits; as a consequence, some further argue, Greenlandic independence from Denmark is assured. In response, this article contests these arguments. For now, the natural and mineral resource sector in Greenland is tiny, and thus it is still much too soon to know whether it will even deliver the dazzling economic outcome forecast – let alone whether or not this outcome will benefit Greenland. In addition, the question of Greenlandic independence does not simply boil down to economics, but also raises various social, political, legal and strategic issues which are not easily resolvable. Consequently, Greenland's independence from Denmark is not simply a matter of time, but remains very much an open question.
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Petrov, Andrey N., and Philip A. Cavin. "Creative Alaska: creative capital and economic development opportunities in Alaska." Polar Record 49, no. 4 (June 29, 2012): 348–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247412000289.
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ABSTRACTThe flaws of the 20th century–type development ‘mega–projects’ in the circumpolar North prompt Arctic regions actively to search for alternative strategies of regional development that break away from resource–dependency and reconcile local (traditional) societies with the realities of post–Fordism and globalisation. This paper presents a study that focuses on the notion of creative capital (CC) and assesses its ability to foster economic development in Alaska. The findings suggest that some characteristics of the CC observed in Alaskan communities are similar to those found in southern regions, whereas others are distinct (but similar to those in the Canadian North). In Alaska, the synergy between cultural economy, entrepreneurship and leadership appear to be more important in characterising creative capacities than formal education. The geographical distribution of the CC is uneven and heavily clustered in economically, geographically and politically privileged northern urban centres. However, some remote regions also demonstrate considerable levels of creative potential, in particular associated with the aboriginal cultural capital (artists, crafters, etc.). A number of Alaskan regions, creative ‘hot spots’, could become places that can benefit from alternative strategies of regional development based on CC, knowledge–based and cultural economies.
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Alekseenko, A. P., and E. L. Lee. "Foreign approaches to increasing the migration attractiveness of northern, sparsely populated and hard-to-reach territories." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 559–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2208-02.
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Development of the Arctic zone of Russia and the Far Eastern Federal District and attraction of population to these territories have the strategic importance significance. To achieve this goal, various state programs are being implemented at the federal and regional levels and support measures are being provided. However, despite this, there is a stable migration outfl ow of the population. In this regard, there is a need to study the experience of states with regions similar in their characteristics to the Russian Arctic zone and the Far East. This article aims to identify and summarize foreign approaches to increase the migration attractiveness of northern, sparsely populated and hard-to-reach territories. Based on the use of the comparative method, as well as methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, there were selected foreign regions for the study: Alaska, Nunavut, Yukon, the Northwest Territories of Canada, the Federal Northern Territory of Australia, the Norwegian province of Troms-og-Finnmark and the Swedish region of Norbotten. Among the main measures increasing migration attractiveness abroad are used: the use of tax deductions, increased transport accessibility and the implementation of infrastructure projects through public-private partnerships, development of telemedicine, direct payments, educational loans, increased regional wages, tax benefi ts for legal entities that attract citizens from other regions to permanent residence. It is also concluded that the higher the population density, the fewer support measures are applied. The authors conclude that some foreign measures, with a number of exceptions, could be used for the development of Russian regions. At the same time, it is argued that impractical of foreign experience in making direct payments is not successful.
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Dubreuil, Antoine. "The Arctic of the Regions." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 66, no. 4 (December 2011): 923–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070201106600418.
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Gass, Jonathon, Hunter Kellogg, Nichola Hill, Wendy Puryear, Felicia Nutter, and Jonathan Runstadler. "Epidemiology and Ecology of Influenza A Viruses among Wildlife in the Arctic." Viruses 14, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14071531.
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Arctic regions are ecologically significant for the environmental persistence and geographic dissemination of influenza A viruses (IAVs) by avian hosts and other wildlife species. Data describing the epidemiology and ecology of IAVs among wildlife in the arctic are less frequently published compared to southern temperate regions, where prevalence and subtype diversity are more routinely documented. Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review addresses this gap by describing the prevalence, spatiotemporal distribution, and ecological characteristics of IAVs detected among wildlife and the environment in this understudied region of the globe. The literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar using a set of pre-defined search terms to identify publications reporting on IAVs in Arctic regions between 1978 and February 2022. A total of 2125 articles were initially screened, 267 were assessed for eligibility, and 71 articles met inclusion criteria. IAVs have been detected in multiple wildlife species in all Arctic regions, including seabirds, shorebirds, waterfowl, seals, sea lions, whales, and terrestrial mammals, and in the environment. Isolates from wild birds comprise the majority of documented viruses derived from wildlife; however, among all animals and environmental matrices, 26 unique low and highly pathogenic subtypes have been characterized in the scientific literature from Arctic regions. Pooled prevalence across studies indicates 4.23% for wild birds, 3.42% among tested environmental matrices, and seroprevalences of 9.29% and 1.69% among marine and terrestrial mammals, respectively. Surveillance data are geographically biased, with most data from the Alaskan Arctic and many fewer reports from the Russian, Canadian, North Atlantic, and Western European Arctic. We highlight multiple important aspects of wildlife host, pathogen, and environmental ecology of IAVs in Arctic regions, including the role of avian migration and breeding cycles for the global spread of IAVs, evidence of inter-species and inter-continental reassortment at high latitudes, and how climate change-driven ecosystem shifts, including changes in the seasonal availability and distribution of dietary resources, have the potential to alter host–pathogen–environment dynamics in Arctic regions. We conclude by identifying gaps in knowledge and propose priorities for future research.
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Gritsenko, Daria, and Elena Efimova. "Is there Arctic resource curse? Evidence from the Russian Arctic regions." Resources Policy 65 (March 2020): 101547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101547.
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Klick, Matthew. "When opportunity lags: human development policymaking in Arctic regions." Polar Record 52, no. 2 (July 6, 2015): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741500056x.
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ABSTRACTThe popular narrative of Arctic development continues to dwell on melting sea ice, untapped oil and gas reserves, an icebreaker arms race and the perils and potential of rapid industrialisation. Rarely is the welfare of Arctic populations considered in a holistic sense and with a precise call for policy change. The recently released Arctic human development report II, echoing the more widely distributed human development reports generated by the United Nations, does just this. Unfortunately, despite the laudable efforts of the authors to embrace the more systemic drivers of poverty and marginalisation, the report fails to account for governmental and policy shortcomings which continue to limit health and opportunity, while obscuring tangible pathways to prosperity for Arctic populations. This comment is intended as a call, amongst the fervour of Arctic exploitation, to refocus attention on the unmistakable disparities in public health and well-being that persist in the Arctic regions of otherwise wealthy countries, and to incorporate globally practised perceptions of human development, including the role of social and political marginalisation in explaining health and prosperity discrepancies, which have been largely lacking in Arctic development discourse, and practice.
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Pearson, Michael. "Sledges and sledging in polar regions." Polar Record 31, no. 176 (January 1995): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400024827.
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ABSTRACTSledges have been used for millennia in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Until the advent of British Arctic land exploration in the nineteenth century, explorers in these regions had relied on indigenous sledges. The British, and individuals from other nations engaging in polar exploration, often faced different conditions and challenges from those that had faced indigenous peoples, and so a period of adaptation and invention began, to develop sledges that better suited the needs of European survey parties. This paper looks at the range of indigenous sledges and the development of various polar sledge types based on indigenous ski-runner, edge-runner, and toboggan styles of sledges. The development of the Nansen sledge, which became the norm in the Antarctic, is discussed, and the issues and debates involving man-hauling versus dog-hauling and the relative effectiveness of sledges and motive power as shown by recorded sledging performances are outlined.
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Stone, Ian R. "F. W. Farrar's poem ‘The Arctic regions’, 1852." Polar Record 24, no. 149 (April 1988): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400008810.
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Slipenchuk, M. "Fractal Economy of Arctic." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2013): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2013-5-41-47.
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In recent decades Arctic attracts the attention of a growing number of states. For effective international cooperation it is necessary to undertake several important steps, including legal work and adoption of documents regulating the statuses and activities of state in Arctic region. It is also needed to undertake a delimitation of sea spaces in the Arctic Ocean, to determine the measures for providing environmental safety in the regions, to reach international agreement on the status of the Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage, to establish an innovation hub clusters and several others.
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Fauzer, V. V., A. V. Smirnov, T. S. Lytkina, and G. N. Fauzer. "Challenges and contradictions in the development of the North and the Arctic: demographic dimension." Arctic: Ecology and Economy 12, no. 1 (March 2022): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2022-1-111-122.
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The North and the Arctic have been in the focus of attention of the Russian statehood for more than one century. The North and the Arctic have been in the focus of attention of the Russian statehood for more than one century. They received special attention, provided socio-economic preferences. The North of Russia had a development strategy, a unified legislative base, while the Arctic as part of the North was mostly a transport artery and protective borders of Russia. The situation changed after the separation of the Arctic territories from the North. Since 2014, most of the strategic documents concerned the Arctic, and least of all the northern territories. Artificial competition aroused between the regions for access to material, financial and human resources. The paper identifies the following types of conflicts: between the northern and arctic regions and regions located outside of them; between the Arctic and non-Arctic regions of the Russian North; between indigenous and small-numbered peoples of the North and resource companies; between the indigenous and old-time population and migrants (newcomers). The authors outline that the allocation of the Arctic territories also determined a different development vector of the Arctic and the North of Russia. The economy of the Arctic more often represent large corporations, and own funds of enterprises dominate in the structure of investments in the Arctic regions; in the regions of the North, the structure of investments is more dispersed, less concentrated and corporate. The Arctic settlement system includes large, medium and small industrial cities and single-industry settlements, stationary and rotational; in the North, there are more agricultural villages, administrative regional centers and service settlements. The Arctic settlement system, in comparison with the northern one, is generally urban, more concentrated, more industrial and less settled. The viewpoint on the overpopulation of territories and the need to “unload” the network of settlements already created here, on the need for a total transition to a rotational model of development has more grounds in the North than in the Arctic.
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Chertoprud, M. V., S. V. Krylenko, A. I. Lukinych, P. M. Glazov, O. P. Dubovskaya, and E. S. Chertoprud. "Specific Features of the Macrozoobenthic Communities of Small Arctic Lakes in Eurasia." Inland Water Biology 14, no. 4 (July 2021): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995082921030056.
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Abstract The taxonomic structure, typology, species richness, and total abundance of bentic and littoral macroinvertebrate communities from small lakes of the Arctic and Subarctic zones are considered on the basis of original data from three northern Palearctic regions (the foot of the Putorana Plateau, Kolguev Island, and Western Svalbard Island). A comparative analysis of the communities of these regions has been carried out. The features of High Arctic insular, Low Arctic, subarctic, and boreal lake communities are discussed using a large volume of literature data. The complex pattern of changes in the total benthos biomass of small lakes has been revealed: it decreases in the subarctic taiga, increases in the hypoarctic tundra, and decreases again in the High Arctic.
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Miettinen, Arto. "Diatoms in Arctic regions: Potential tools to decipher environmental changes." Polar Science 18 (December 2018): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2018.04.001.
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Vlasova, O. S., F. A. Bichkaeva, T. V. Tretyakova, and N. F. Baranova. "Saturated Fatty Acids and Parameters of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Adolescents of sub-Arctic and Arctic regions." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 54, no. 3 (May 2018): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0022093018030031.
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SøChting, Ulrik, and Maria Olech‡. "The Lichen Genus Caloplaca in Polar Regions." Lichenologist 27, no. 6 (November 1995): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-2829(95)80006-9.
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AbstractExtensive material of Caloplacafrom Arctic and Antarctic regions has been critically examined. A list of 49 species is presented for Arctic regions. They are presumed to have a more or less circumpolar distribution. Twenty-two species are listed from the Antarctic region, but about ten more, probably undescribed species, are present there. About one-third of the species in the Antarctic region are bipolar or widespread in cold regions; these include mainly terricolous and muscicolous species and none of them are maritime. It is assumed that migration of the bipolar or cosmopolitan species has taken place along the Andean mountain chain, whereas the maritime polar species have evolved separately in the two hemispheres. The Caloplaca species of the Antarctic region are provisionally assigned to the following distribution types: continental Antarctic, western Antarctic, insul-Antarctic and sub-Antarctic. Caloplaca exsecuta, C. saxicola and C. phaeocarpella are recorded as new to the Antarctic region. Caloplaca johnstonii (Dodge) Søchting & Olech, comb, nov., is established as the correct name of C. tenuis Øvstedal.
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Antoniades, Dermot, Marianne S. V. Douglas, and John P. Smol. "Biogeographic distributions and environmental controls of stream diatoms in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago." Botany 87, no. 5 (May 2009): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-001.
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Streams are amongst the most sensitive ecosystems in Arctic regions to environmental change. Although diatoms are excellent indicators of environmental change, little information is available about stream diatom distributions across the vast Canadian High Arctic. We sampled 42 streams from nine islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to study their diatom floras and evaluate the influences of biogeographic and environmental variables on species distributions. Highly divergent diatom communities were identified, with 100% species overturn between the most dissimilar communities. Taxa including Hannaea arcus (Ehrenberg) Patrick were characteristic of streams from all regions; other common taxa included Nitzschia perminuta (Grunow) Peragallo, Rossithidium petersenii (Hustedt) Round & Bukhtiyarova, Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki, and Eucocconeis laevis (Østrup) H. Lange-Bertalot. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that diatom assemblages were significantly related to differences in pH, temperature, latitude, and longitude, which together explained 14.7% of species variability. Analysis of similarities indicated that communities did not differ significantly between epilithic and epiphytic samples and that there were weak but significant differences between the diatom communities in our three regions. These data provide important baseline information for future biomonitoring efforts as well as for paleolimnological studies of past stream hydrology.
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Świątecki, Aleksander, Dorota Górniak, Marek Zdanowski, Jakub Grzesiak, and Tomasz Mieczan. "Polityczne i prawne aspekty prowadzenia badań naukowych w rejonach polarnych." Studia Prawnoustrojowe, no. 43 (October 26, 2019): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sp.4644.
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The Arctic and Antarctic have been of great interest to the international community for a number of years. The still unresolved problem regardingpolar regions is the still partially regulated legal issues concerning the management of these areas. Both the Arctic and Antarctica are areas of potentiallygreat scientific, economic, political and military importance. The political and legal status of polar areas is not uniform. Currently, there is no legalinternational document that would regulate issues related to the management of the Arctic region. The political and legal status of Antarctica wasdetermined in 1959 in Washington. The Antarctic Treaty regulates in detail the activities in this region. Territorial claims are a particularly importantproblem. A number of countries prove their territorial rights to both the Arctic and Antarctic. The Arctic division is discussed within five countries,without the participation of the international community, while the Antarctic Treaty arrangements have put these issues on ice until 2049. Internationalcooperation in the field of research of polar regions has a long history and is confirmed by bilateral and international agreements. Conducted researchin the Arctic and Antarctic relate to various scientific problems. Investigations of processes taking place on Earth on a global scale are of particularimportance, both in historical and prognostic perspective. The history of Polish polar research is rich, multi-faceted and dates back to the second half ofthe nineteenth century. Contemporary Polish polar research focuses on a number of problems: glaciology and periglacial phenomena, climatology,geomorphology, hydrology, and geo-ecosystems dynamics. Polish scientific activity, in these regions, significantly develops our positive relations withthe international community.
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Rahbek-Clemmensen, Jon. "The Ukraine crisis moves north. Is Arctic conflict spill-over driven by material interests?" Polar Record 53, no. 1 (November 8, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247416000735.
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ABSTRACTThe Ukraine crisis has led to tensions between Russia and the western states and the Arctic is one of the affected regions. Regional cooperation, institutions, and international law are essential for Arctic governance, and the crisis may thus have wide-ranging consequences for high north politics. The present article develops an interest-based model of Arctic conflict spill-over and examines its strength, based on a case-study of the first 18 months of the Ukraine crisis. Three hypotheses for Arctic conflict spill-over are developed: Arctic conflict spill-over will be less severe than spill-over in other regions, the western states will be more assertive than Russia, and the smaller Arctic states will be less assertive than the larger states. A review of the crisis confirms the bulk of these hypotheses with some exceptions, thus demonstrating that an interests-based model holds some merit, while also showing that a complete understanding of Arctic conflict spill-over necessitates a broader approach. The article concludes that conflict spillover is unlikely, but not impossible, in the Arctic.
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Doelle, Meinhard, and Roman Dremliuga. "Comparing Russian and Canadian Climate Policy: Protecting Arctic Interests?" Arctic Review on Law and Politics 13 (2022): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v13.3225.
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The global human influence on the climate is growing at an alarming pace. This trend appears doomed to continue. Polar regions are feeling the effects first. This means that if the impacts of climate change serve to motivate effective policies, polar regions could be a good place to look for climate policy innovation. It is within this context that this article considers Arctic climate policy in Russia and Canada. The basic question posed is whether the unique and immediate threat climate change presents in the Arctic is reflected in progressive laws and policies with respect to four key areas: mitigation, adaptation, impacts and vulnerability, and development.
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Efimova, Elena, and Daria Gritsenko. "The role of extractive industries in developing peripheral Arctic regions of Russia and Canada." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 37, no. 2 (2021): 241–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2021.203.
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Russian Federation and Canada are the largest arctic powers that have similar features in evolving their Arctic zones. In the mid-1920s both countries formalized their rights to the northern territories. Russian and Canadian arctic regions are located in harsh climatic zones,geographically distant from national political and business centers, poorly populated, and rich in natural resources. At the same time, there are obvious differences in political institutions,“core-periphery” relationships, business organization, and social activities of aboriginal people and newcomers. The purpose of this study is a comparative evaluation how the rich resource base and industrial production impact on the socio-economic development of the Arctic regions of Russia and Canada. To reach the goal authors use the official statistical sources of the Russian Federation and Canada. Case study method, comparative analysis, and econometric calculations are applied. As a result similar and distinctive features of the industrial development of the Arctic regions of these countries were identified. It can be explained, first of all, by the institutional characteristics of Russia and Canada. Comparing an evidence of the leading extractive companies completed the empirical analysis. Authors concluded that the regions under consideration are characterized by a high or medium share of the extractive industry in the regional economy. Specialization in natural resources extraction and primary processing does not have a negative impact on the economic development of the territories. However, outer companies are engaged in this business that increases the dependence of the regional economy on the conjuncture of world markets. The article investigates in empirical studying common features of the extractive industry in the peripheral Russian and Canadian Arctic territories and its impact on the socio-economic development of these regions.
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Degen, Renate, and Sarah Faulwetter. "The Arctic Traits Database – a repository of Arctic benthic invertebrate traits." Earth System Science Data 11, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-301-2019.
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Abstract. The recently increased interest in marine trait-based studies highlights one general demand – the access to standardized, reference-based trait information. This demand holds especially true for polar regions, where the gathering of ecological information is still challenging. The Arctic Traits Database is a freely accessible online repository (https://doi.org/10.25365/phaidra.49; https://www.univie.ac.at/arctictraits, last access: 20 February 2019) that fulfils these requests for one important component of polar marine life, the Arctic benthic macroinvertebrates. It accounts for (1) obligate traceability of information (every entry is linked to at least one source), (2) exchangeability among trait platforms (use of most common download formats), (3) standardization (use of most common terminology and coding scheme) and (4) user-friendliness (granted by an intuitive web interface and rapid and easy download options, for the first time including the option to download a fuzzy coded trait matrix). The combination of these aspects makes the Arctic Traits Database the currently most sophisticated online accessible trait platform in (not only) marine ecology and a role model for prospective databases of other marine compartments or other (also non-marine) ecosystems. At present the database covers 19 traits (80 trait categories) and holds altogether 14 242 trait entries for 1911 macro- and megabenthic taxa. Thus, the Arctic Traits Database will foster and facilitate trait-based approaches in polar regions in the future and increase our ecological understanding of this rapidly changing system.
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Young, O. R. "Constructing the “New” Arctic: The Future of the Circumpolar North in a Changing Global Order." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 5 (January 7, 2020): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-5-6-24.
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Like all spatially delimited regions in international society, the Arctic is socially constructed. Political and economic considerations play prominent roles as determinants of the region’s boundaries, the identity of those states regarded as Arctic states, and the nature of the interactions between the Arctic and the outside world. From this perspective the recent history of the Arctic divides into two distinct periods: the late 1980s through 2007 and 2007 to the present. As the cold war faded, the Arctic became a peripheral region of declining importance in global political calculations. No one challenged the dominance of the eight Arctic states in regional affairs, and the Arctic Council focused on regional concerns relating to environmental protection and sus tainable development. Today, by contrast, the ‘new’ Arctic is a focus of intense glo bal interest, largely because climate change is proceeding more rapidly in this region than anywhere else on Earth with global consequences and because the increasing accessibility of the Arctic’s natural resources has generated enhanced interest on the part of outside actors. As a result, Arctic issues have merged into global issues, making the region a prominent arena for the interplay of geopolitical forces. Cooperative arrangements established during the first period (e.g. the Arctic Council) may require adjustment to operate effectively in the ‘new’ Arctic. Treated as a case study, the Arctic story provides an illuminating lens through which to analyze the forces that shape thinking about the nature of regions in international society and the role of cooperative arrangements at the regional level.
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Henderson, Ailsa. "Institutional Boundaries and Regionalism: Social, Economic, and Political Regions in the Canadian Arctic." Journal of Canadian Studies 43, no. 2 (February 2009): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.43.2.109.
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DNN, C. M. Hall, and M. E. Johnston. "Polar Tourism: Tourism in the Arctic and Antarctic Regions." Colonial Waterbirds 19, no. 2 (1996): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521889.
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Dahl, Justiina, Peder Roberts, and Lize-Marié van der Watt. "Is there anything natural about the polar?" Polar Record 55, no. 5 (September 2019): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000652.
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AbstractAre similarities of temperature, snow and ice cover, and (certain) marine mammals sufficient to warrant both polar regions being considered a single object of study or governance? We argue that their treatment as a unit is an invitation to examine the motivations behind the choice to be polar rather than Arctic or Antarctic. For individuals such as James Clerk Ross or Roald Amundsen, logistical requirements and analogous goals facilitated careers spanning both the Arctic and the Antarctic. This trend continued through the 20th century as individual scientists studying phenomena such as glaciers, sea ice, or aurora defined their research as “polar” in nature. Organisations such as the Scott Polar Research Institute and Norwegian Polar Institute could draw on traditions of national exploration in both polar regions, while the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg gained its southern mandate with the importance of the International Geophysical Year. By comparison, neither the Arctic Institute in Copenhagen nor the Argentine Antarctic Institute felt any need to become polar. The creation of polar identity is ultimately a matter of geopolitics, of the value states see in instruments and symbols that speak to polar rather than Arctic or Antarctic interests. In cases such as Finland’s icebreaker industry, a technological capability justified Antarctic interest even without any national research tradition. We conclude by asking whether there is anything more natural about the polar regions than there is about the concept of a “tripolar” world in which the high alpine regions form a natural unit along with the Arctic and Antarctic.
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Sizov, Oleg, Roman Fedorov, Yulia Pechkina, Vera Kuklina, Maxim Michugin, and Andrey Soromotin. "Urban Trees in the Arctic City: Case of Nadym." Land 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040531.
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Trees in Arctic cities perform not only important provisional and regulating ecosystem services, but also bring predominantly settler population closer to the visual images and household standards of their home southern regions. However, maintenance of green infrastructure in the Arctic has specific difficulties associated with the harsh climatic and environmental conditions. This paper focuses on state and dynamics of vegetation in the city of Nadym, Russia, with a particular focus on native and introduced trees as the main ecosystem service providers and an articulation of local values towards green spaces. The research is based on interdisciplinary approach which includes interviews with local residents, geobotanical survey and analysis of remote sensing data. The results of the study show that maintaining of natural vegetation requires specific measures due to environmental the critical impact of anthropogenic activity. The active introduction of plants from more southern regions is manifested both in the deliberate practice of landscaping the city’s streets and courtyards, and in spontaneous attempts to introduce plants from more southern (not Subarctic) agricultural regions of Russia, which are privately brought by city residents from other regions.
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Сорокина, Наталья, and Natalia Sorokina. "Criteria of Classification of the Regions and Territorial Subjects of the Russian Federation which are the Part of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 5, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59e5dc9ecf76e9.56071138.
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The approach to allocation of factors and criteria of classification of the regions which are the part of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is presented. It is shown that the multicriteria approach to classification of regions of the Arctic zone allowing reflecting in a complex influence on their social and economic development of political, resource, production and social factors is preferable. It is proved that the leading factor of development of the territory of this type is the production factor that allows to recognize it as a key factor of division into districts. It is accented that a main goal of development of classification is formation of the differentiated public social and economic policy concerning regions and territorial subjects of the federation of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.
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Komleva, Natalya A. "Specifi cs of the Circumpolar Expansion of Modern China." Koinon 1, no. 1-2 (2020): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/koinon.2020.01.1.2.015.
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The article focuses on the main areas of China’s geopolitical expansion in the Arctic and Antarctic regions nowadays. The research exploits such methods as historical-and-logical analysis and comparative analysis. The author examines the institutions and forms of China’s economic and political presence in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, as well as the main ways of implementing the country’s geopolitical expansion in the polar zones. The author concludes that China’s active stretch in the circumpolar zones of the Earth reflects its desire to become one of the leading actors in the development of strategic resources in these regions.
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Chernitsyna, S. Y. "Caspian or Arctic region: that is the question…" Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-4-427-437.
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The article compares the problems of two strategically important regions for Russia — the Caspian region and the Arctic region. Despite the fact that there are some significant geographical and climate differences, the geopolitical situation in the regions is similar. There are almost identical risks in the development of these regions. Special attention is paid to the issue of ecology in the conditions of active oil and gas production. The question concerning the instruments of regulation of interstate relations is sharply raised. International cooperation is essential in addressing key issues in the regions, such as improving socio-economic conditions, energy distribution and border management. In particular, it is necessary to define a regulatory framework that would meet the new realities in the Arctic. As for the international legal status of the Caspian sea, it was settled by the adoption of the Convention following the summit in 2018. The main difference is that the Caspian region was exposed to the anthropogenic factor much earlier. The lessons learned from the work in the Caspian region can be used in the Arctic region, which can reduce some of the risks associated with the interaction of coastal countries.
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Muchmore, William B. "A pseudoscorpion from arctic Canada (Pseudoscorpionida, Chernetidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-055.
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Many terrestrial arthropods have been reported from arctic regions of North America, but until now, no named pseudoscorpion has been recorded north of latitude 62°. A new species, Wyochernes arcticus, is described from the Yukon Territory at 69°10′N.
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SINEV, ARTEM Y., PETR G. GARIBIAN, NADEZHDA А. KIROVA, and ALISA A. NEPLYUKHINA. "New data on morphology and distribution of Alona werestschagini Sinev, 1999—the only Arcto-Alpine species of Chydoridae (Cladocera: Anomopoda) known to date." Zootaxa 5071, no. 2 (November 23, 2021): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5071.2.4.
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Detailed study of morphology of Alona werestschagini Sinev, 1999 (Crustacea: Cladocera) confirms its affinities with Alona guttata Sars, 1862. A. werestschagini is the only Arcto-Alpine species among the family Chydoridae, distributed along Arctic coast of Eurasia and in mountains of Central Asia, newer recorded in temperate lowlands of the continent. In our opinion, the species evolved in mountainous regions of Central Asia, while its spreading to Arctic regions took place in Pleistocene.
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Krasnopolski, Boris. "On the History of International Socio-Economic Relations of the Arctic Regions and Thirty-Year Anniversary of the «Northern Forum»." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(1).7-28.
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The research is a journey into a history of relatively recent establishment and development of international relations and cooperation of the Arctic regions of our country and the world. Thaw in relations between the Soviet Union taken place in the 80s of the last century and other countries affected the development of the territories of the states members of the well-known international Arctic Council, as well as a number of other countries with political and economic interests in the Arctic. This thaw created the basis for the creation of the Northern Forum in 1991, an international non-political organization of regional governors, which expressed the ambitions of the countries of the North and Arctic regions to develop international cooperation. In 2021, this organization will celebrate its 30th anniversary. Its creation is directly related to an active role of Walter J. Hickel (Wally J. Hickel), who in those years was the governor of Alaska (USA). He got elected twice to the office of governor and put enormous business and personal efforts into the creation of the Northern Forum. Unfortunately, in recent years the ability of the Forum to support and strengthen international sustainable socio-economic development in the Arctic region has substantially decreased. Despite the great efforts of the Forum secretariat, which is now located in Yakutsk, its role is declining, which is apparently caused by the growth of political and economic confrontations between the leading Arctic countries. The author puts forward his perspectives on the increasing role of the Northern Forum in the international cooperation of the Arctic countries in the light of new initiatives.
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Krasnopolski, Boris. "On the History of International Socio-Economic Relations of the Arctic Regions and Thirty-Year Anniversary of the «Northern Forum»." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(1).7-28.
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The research is a journey into a history of relatively recent establishment and development of international relations and cooperation of the Arctic regions of our country and the world. Thaw in relations between the Soviet Union taken place in the 80s of the last century and other countries affected the development of the territories of the states members of the well-known international Arctic Council, as well as a number of other countries with political and economic interests in the Arctic. This thaw created the basis for the creation of the Northern Forum in 1991, an international non-political organization of regional governors, which expressed the ambitions of the countries of the North and Arctic regions to develop international cooperation. In 2021, this organization will celebrate its 30th anniversary. Its creation is directly related to an active role of Walter J. Hickel (Wally J. Hickel), who in those years was the governor of Alaska (USA). He got elected twice to the office of governor and put enormous business and personal efforts into the creation of the Northern Forum. Unfortunately, in recent years the ability of the Forum to support and strengthen international sustainable socio-economic development in the Arctic region has substantially decreased. Despite the great efforts of the Forum secretariat, which is now located in Yakutsk, its role is declining, which is apparently caused by the growth of political and economic confrontations between the leading Arctic countries. The author puts forward his perspectives on the increasing role of the Northern Forum in the international cooperation of the Arctic countries in the light of new initiatives.
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Dalby, S. "Geopolitical Identities: Arctic Ecology and Global Consumption." Geopolitics 8, no. 1 (March 2003): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714001009.
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Kuzmenko, E. A. "Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)." Russia: society, politics, history, no. 4(4) (November 24, 2022): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56654/ropi-2022-4(4)-102-115.
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The strengthening of Germany's position after 1990 allowed it to expand its geopolitical ambitions in regions previously little included in the foreign policy agenda of Germany. One of these regions has become the Arctic, the development and study of which takes place through participation in international Arctic organizations, as well as through bilateral agreements with Arctic states. However, at the end of the twentieth century, until 2013, Germany's Arctic position can be characterized as unambitious and passive, due to the lack of funding for German delegations to participate in Arctic Council working groups, insufficient coordination policy between federal ministries and agencies whose areas include the development and implementation of Arctic policy, as well as the lack of common interest in the implementation of national priorities in the region through the structures of the Arctic Council. Germany participates in the development of projects mainly related to ecology. This position creates a favorable image of Germany as the patron saint of the Arctic, which does not detract from the scientific value of German climate and environmental research. For the Arctic policy of Germany, it is also characteristic to involve broad segments of society in scientific research, thereby instilling the idea of a stable German presence in the Arctic.
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Nikulin, Maksim Andreevich. "Great Powers’ Competition in the Arctic: Geopolitical Rivalry in the New Political Space." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-3-392-403.
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For the past few decades, the Arctic Ocean has experienced a rapid reduction in both the extent and amount of sea ice. These events, caused by global temperature increase, opened previously inaccessible sea shipping lanes and made possible the extraction of natural resources from deposits previously inaccessible. Such changes entailed an increase in the activity of states both belonging to the Arctic region and those outside it - this led to a gradual increase in rivalry between the leading powers for the development of resources in the Arctic and for the control of shipping routes. The author points out that in the Arctic, unlike other regions, a unique situation has developed due to the interdependence of all actors, which is associated with the special environmental conditions and the commonality of both economic and public interests. The author analyzes the way how the great powers interaction affects the Arctic region. Using the example of the growing Russian-American rivalry being key for the Arctic, the author stresses a softening effect of the institutional regional base. Against this background, the level of interest of another leading power in this region - the PRC - is also growing. Unlike the Russian Federation and the USA, China adheres to the non-confrontational path in the Arctic region, advocating peace and stability strategy, which is associated mainly with the natural resource potential of the Arctic and the possibilities of using the Northern Sea Route. As a result, the rivalry of states in the northern latitudes can be described in terms of the Cold War competition on a regional scale.
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Konyshev, E. V., and A. K. Lutoshkina. "Economic consequences of the COVID-19 impact on the tourism development in Arctic regions of Russia." Arctic: Ecology and Economy 11, no. 4 (December 2021): 504–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2021-4-504-518.
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The authors assess the economic impact of the restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the components of tourism and recreation system in the Arctic regions of Russia. They propose the estimation method, which includes indicators of changes in the sale volume and structure of the tourism industry services, changes in the revenue volume and share of tour operators, changes in the monopolization level and the distribution structure of market shares of tour operators in the Arctic regions. The study results can be used to adjust policy and strategic documents for tourism development in the Arctic regions of Russia.
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Poland, John S., Martin J. Riddle, and Barbara A. Zeeb. "Contaminants in the Arctic and the Antarctic: a comparison of sources, impacts, and remediation options." Polar Record 39, no. 4 (October 2003): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247403002985.
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Contaminants, in freezing ground or elsewhere in the world, are of concern not simply because of their presence but because of their potential for detrimental effects on human health, the biota, or other valued aspects of the environment. Understanding these effects is central to any attempt to manage or remediate contaminated land. The polar regions are different from other parts of the world, and it would be naïve to assume that the mass of information developed in temperate regions can be applied without modification to the polar regions. Despite their obvious environmental similarities, there are important differences between the Arctic and Antarctic. The landmass of the Arctic is much warmer than that of the Antarctic and as a result has a much greater diversity and abundance of flora. Because of its proximity to industrial areas in the Northern Hemisphere, the Arctic also experiences a higher input of contaminants via long-range aerial transport. In addition, the Arctic, with its indigenous population and generally undisputed territorial claims, has long been the subject of resource utilisation, including harvesting of living resources, mineral extraction, and the construction of military infrastructure. The history of human activity in Antarctica is relatively brief, but in this time there has been a series of quite distinct phases, culminating in the Antarctic now holding a unique position in the world. Activities in the Antarctic are governed by the Antarctic Treaty, which contains provisions dealing with environmental matters. The differences between the polar regions and the rest of the world, and between the Arctic and the Antarctic, significantly affect scientific and engineering approaches to the remediation of contamination in polar regions. This paper compares and contrasts the Arctic and Antarctic with respect to geography, configuration, habitation, logistics, environmental guidelines, regulations, and remediation protocols. Chemical contamination is also discussed in terms of its origin and major concerns and interests, particularly with reference to current remediation activities and site-restoration methodology.
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Joly, Kyle, Anne Gunn, Steeve D. Côté, Manuela Panzacchi, Jan Adamczewski, Michael J. Suitor, and Eliezer Gurarie. "Caribou and reindeer migrations in the changing Arctic." Animal Migration 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ami-2020-0110.
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Abstract Caribou and reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, are the most numerous and socio-ecologically important terrestrial species in the Arctic. Their migrations are directly and indirectly affected by the seasonal nature of the northernmost regions, human development and population size; all of which are impacted by climate change. We review the most critical drivers of Rangifer migration and how a rapidly changing Arctic may affect them. In order to conserve large Rangifer populations, they must be allowed free passage along their migratory routes to reach seasonal ranges. We also provide some pragmatic ideas to help conserve Rangifer migrations into the future.
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Shadian, Jessica. "Remaking Arctic governance: the construction of an Arctic Inuit polity." Polar Record 42, no. 3 (July 2006): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247406005316.
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This article focuses on the construction of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC), the aim being to offer the historical context within which the ICC came to serve as a significant voice for Arctic policy making and as a representative of Inuit peoples in general. It explores the role of the ICC in relation to the domestic, regional, and international political events taking place during its formative years in order to provide the basis through which the ICC came to be a political authority in the Arctic. While the main coalescence of events was around the theme of Arctic resource development, each event significantly helped lay the foundation for, and structures under which, Arctic policy would proceed into the future. This includes a changing Arctic narrative that has transformed the Arctic from a being a region concentrated on resource extraction and Cold War security into a region serving as a symbolic pinnacle for global sustainable development. Through the expanded political agency of the ICC and an international focus on the Arctic, a vision of the Arctic has emerged under which it is defined by its natural environment and by the indigenous peoples who inhabit this space. This is an INDIPO project paper (Tennberg 2006).
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Rothwell, Donald R. "Australian and Canadian initiatives in polar marine environmental protection: a comparative review." Polar Record 34, no. 191 (October 1998): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400026012.
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AbstractIncreasing attention has been given to the protection of the polar marine environment throughout the 1990s. In the case of the Antarctic Treaty System, in addition to a number of recommendations and measures adopted at Antarctic Treaty Meetings, the 1991 Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty contains a number of measures that will enhance marine environmental protection in the Southern Ocean. In the case of the Arctic, the 1991 Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy identified marine pollution as being one of the major environmental issues in the Arctic, and a number of initiatives have since been developed to encourage the Arctic states to deal with the problem collectively and individually. However, while the collective responses of the polar states have been helpful in giving prominence to the importance of marine environmental protection in polar waters, it is the coastal states of the polar regions that need to take responsibility to give effect to these initiatives. Australia and Canada are two of the most prominent polar states in Antarctica and the Arctic, respectively. Both have large maritime claims and have also developed a range of domestic legal and policy responses to enhance marine environmental protection in the polar regions. A review is undertaken of the respective global and regional marine environmental protection regimes that apply in the polar regions, followed by a comparative analysis of the Australian and Canadian initiatives.